RU2417614C2 - Infant food containing beta-whey - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to infant food containing beta-whey or beta-whey with low lactose content, a carbohydrate source, a lipid source and a protein source.

EFFECT: invention allows to produce a product wherein levels of phospholipids and gangliosides in beta-whey make it acceptable for usage in the process of infant food enrichment.

2 dwg, 7 tbl, 8 ex

Description

The present invention relates to dairy products and methods for producing such products. Dairy products of the invention include products suitable for use in infant formula.

Commercial infant formula is usually made using non-human milk. However, the nutritional composition of human milk is different from that of other milk (for example, milk from cows, sheep, buffalo or goats).

Whole milk, different from human milk, such as cow, goat or sheep’s milk, has a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids than human milk, and a deficiency of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are necessary for the normal growth and development of the child. In addition, butyric acid, which is found in milk fat, can cause stinking belching in children.

Therefore, standard infant formulas are usually produced using low-fat dairy products, such as skim milk. The use of a low-fat dairy product means that the undesirable milk fat components are not included in the infant formula, but it also means that the levels of phospholipids and (glyco) sphingolipids are significantly lower than the content of these substances in human milk.

A study conducted over the past 5-10 years has shown that increasing levels of phospholipids and (glyco) sphingolipids in infant formula to levels found in human milk (especially ganglioside GM ₃ , ganglioside GD ₃ , ceramides and sphingomyelin) can be the cause of:

- accelerated intestinal development while reducing the risk of infection;

- prevention of infections through modification of the intestinal flora and competitive binding of antigens;

- preventing the development of allergies and

- optimal development of the nervous system.

Therefore, it is desirable to produce a baby formula having sufficient levels of the desired lipids, while minimizing or removing undesirable ingredients.

One of the modern methods used to achieve this is the addition of lipid-containing extracts and other individual ingredients to the basic composition, while obtaining a baby mixture with the desired nutritional profile. Lipid extracts can be obtained using conventional extraction solvents (for example, WO 94/18289 describes a method for extracting sphingomyelin from a phospholipid-containing fat concentrate using solvent extraction techniques). The production of such lipid extracts is expensive. In addition, before obtaining permission to use them in the relevant authorities, thorough toxicity and safety studies must be carried out.

Another method used to achieve this is to include buttermilk in infant formulas. Buttermilk is a by-product water stream obtained in one of three ways:

1) traditional oil production using the Fritz buttermaking method or the batch oilmaking method;

2) the traditional production of butter (also known as anhydrous milk fat or AMF) from cream, as shown in Figure 1;

3) the production of butter from cream using the two-whey method, as shown in FIG. 2, where buttermilk is obtained by mixing streams of skim milk and beta-serum.

Buttermilk formula contains lower amounts of undesirable milk fat components than milk other than human milk, but higher levels of phospholipids and (glyco) sphingolipids than dairy products with low fat content. However, the levels of these required lipids are not high enough to use buttermilk in infant formula with a predominance of whey to achieve the same levels of phospholipids and (glyco) sphingolipids as in human milk.

It is known that neutral lipids are extracted from buttermilk powders by a supercritical extraction method using carbon dioxide as a solvent. Astaire J. C, Ward R., German J. B. and Jimenez-Flores R. (2003) Concentration of Polar MFGM Lipids from Buttermilk by Microfiltration and Supercritical Fluid Extraction, J. Dairy Sci. 86, 2297-2307 describes supercritical extraction of buttermilk using carbon dioxide as a solvent and obtaining a protein rich product with elevated levels of polar lipids. However, the powdered buttermilk thus obtained still has low levels of polar lipids, not more than 2% of the weight of the dry powder, and thus is not suitable for infant formula.

A possible way to obtain a suitable product would be to separate the protein components from the lipid components in the dairy product.

Dimethyl ether (DME) was previously used to extract lipids from raw egg yolk (Yano et al., US Pat. No. 4,157,404) and dried egg powder (Yano et al., US Pat. No. 4,234,619). The result of this method is the fractionation of lipid and protein components into separate streams. In US Pat. No. 4,157,404, Yano states that while lipids can be extracted from raw egg yolks (75% moisture content), the proteins denature. In US Pat. No. 4,234,619, Yano claims that proteins do not denature if the egg yolk is dry and phospholipids can only be partially extracted.

WO 2004/066744 describes the extraction of lipids from an aqueous milk stream using solvent extraction in the near-critical state, in which the solvent is dimethyl ether. WO 2004/066744 also discloses that neither supercritical CO ₂ nor subcritical dimethyl ether can extract lipids from dried milk products based on whey protein concentrate (WPC) in suitable yields. However, this document does not disclose the extraction of lipids from powders rich in membrane material of milk fat globules.

Attempts to extract lipids from dried milk products with a high lactose content (where a high content corresponds to at least 30% of the total powder weight) by extraction using liquefied dimethyl ether have been unsuccessful.

Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved or alternative dairy products that can be used in infant formulas and / or at least give people a useful alternative.

The present invention relates to methods for producing dairy products that have a lower content of neutral lipids, or a higher content of polar lipids, or both. These products can be used as ingredients in infant formulas.

Thus, the invention relates to a method for producing a dairy product with a reduced content of neutral lipid based on beta-serum, comprising the following stages:

1) obtaining dry beta serum and

2) exposure of beta-serum to the process of extraction with carbon dioxide in a near-critical state.

The term "beta-serum" as used herein means an aqueous ingredient in a dairy product, separated from streams of dairy products containing more than 60% fat, by phase inversion from an oil-in-water emulsion to a water-in-oil emulsion. The preferred starting material for the production of beta serum are cream; beta-serum is obtained, for example, from the production of cream butter (also known as anhydrous milk fat or AMF), as shown in FIG.

Preferably, the dry beta serum is powdered.

Preferably, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the near-critical state is at least 73.2 bar, and the temperature is in the range from 304.2 to 373K (supercritical region); or the pressure of carbon dioxide is higher than or equal to the vapor pressure, and the temperature is in the range from 273 to 304.1 K (up to the critical region). More preferably, the pressure of carbon dioxide is at least 250 bar, and the temperature is in the range of 313 to 353K.

Beta serum lactose is preferably reduced before the extraction process. Preferably, the lactose content is reduced by ultrafiltration. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, during ultrafiltration, the lactose content is further reduced by diafiltration.

The lactose content is preferably reduced to a value of 30% or less by dry matter before the stage of extraction with carbon dioxide in the near-critical state. More preferably, the lactose content is reduced to a value of 25% or less by dry matter before the stage of extraction of carbon dioxide in the near-critical state. Even more preferably, the lactose content is reduced to 20% or less by dry matter before the stage of extraction of carbon dioxide in the near-critical state. Most preferably, the lactose content is reduced to 10% or less on dry matter before the stage of extraction with carbon dioxide in the near-critical state.

Preferably, beta-whey-based dairy product depleted in neutral lipids is enriched in phospholipids, sphingolipids and glycolipids. Preferably, the dairy product contains about 50-70% protein (TN × 6.38), preferably at least 60% protein (TN × 6.38); 5-25% phospholipids and glycolipids, preferably 15-25% phospholipids and glycolipids; and 0-10% neutral lipids, preferably about 5% neutral lipids. Most preferably, the dairy product contains less than about 5% neutral lipids.

The invention also relates to a method for producing a dairy product depleted in neutral lipids, comprising the following steps:

(1) obtaining a dry source of milk material with a high fat content and low lactose content;

(2) subjecting the starting material to a near-critical state of carbon dioxide extraction, and

subsequent fractionation of the dairy product to obtain a fraction enriched in lipids and a fraction depleted in lipids, comprising the stage of:

(3) subjecting lipid-depleted milk extraction to liquid dimethyl ether.

Preferably, the pressure of carbon dioxide in the near-critical state was at least 73.2 bar, and the temperature is in the range from 304.2 to 373K (supercritical region); or the pressure of carbon dioxide is higher than or equal to the vapor pressure, and the temperature is in the range from 273 to 304.1 K (subcritical region). More preferably, the pressure of carbon dioxide is at least 250 bar, and the temperature is in the range of 313 to 353K.

Dimethyl ether is preferably liquefied and its pressure is increased to at least a vapor pressure at an extraction temperature, and even more preferably to a pressure of at least 10 bar above the vapor pressure. Preferably, the temperature is in the range of 273-373K, and even more preferably in the range of 293-353K.

The expression "high fat content" means a content of more than 10 wt.% Fat by weight of solids, preferably more than 15 wt.% Fat by weight of solids and most preferably more than 20 wt.% Fat by weight of solids.

The expression "low lactose" means that the lactose content is less than or equal to 30 wt.% On a dry matter basis. More preferred is a lactose content of 25% by weight or less on a dry matter basis. More preferred is a lactose content of 20% by weight or less on a dry matter basis. Most preferred is a lactose content of 10% by weight or less on a dry matter basis.

Beta serum lactose is preferably reduced before the extraction process. Preferably, the lactose content is reduced by ultrafiltration. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, ultrafiltration further reduces the lactose content by diafiltration.

The preferred high fat, low lactose dairy feed is low-lactose beta serum. An alternative high-fat, low-lactose dairy material is low-lactose buttermilk.

The high-fat, low-lactose-containing milk raw material is preferably spray dried before the stage of using the near-critical carbon dioxide. Alternatively, the high-fat, low-lactose-containing raw milk material is lyophilized or vacuum dried prior to the near-critical stage of carbon dioxide extraction.

The lipid rich fraction preferably contains at least 50% phospholipids and glycolipids and a substantially reduced amount of neutral lipids. More preferably, the lipid rich fraction contains at least 80% phospholipids and glycolipids and is substantially free of neutral lipids.

In a preferred embodiment, the lipid-depleted fraction is enriched in membrane proteins of milk fat globules and contains 65-79% (TN × 6.38) protein by weight of powder, 8-12% lactose, 5-11% fat, including phospholipids (4-9% fraction ), more preferably about 72% protein (TN × 6.38), 9% lactose, 8% fat, including phospholipids (6% fractions), 5% ash and 4% moisture.

The invention also relates to a method for producing a fraction enriched in lipids and a fraction depleted in lipids, comprising the following steps:

(1) obtaining a raw milk material with a high fat content and low lactose content; and

(2) processing the starting material by an extraction method using liquid dimethyl ether.

The lipid-depleted fraction contains all the membrane proteins of the milk fat globules and therefore can be used in infant formulas, bringing health benefits, which, more strictly, is associated with the membrane protein components of milk fat globules.

The dimethyl ether is preferably liquefied and its pressure is increased to at least a vapor pressure at an extraction temperature and, more preferably, to a pressure of at least 10 bar above the vapor pressure. Preferably, the temperature has a value in the range of 273-373K, and more preferably in the range of 293-353K.

The expression "high fat content" means a content of more than 10 wt.% Fat by weight of solids, preferably more than 15 wt.% Fat by weight of solids, and most preferably more than 20 wt.% Fat by weight of solids.

The expression "low lactose" means that the lactose content is less than or equal to 30% by dry matter. More preferred is a lactose content of 25% or less on a dry matter basis. More preferred is a lactose content of 20% or less on a dry matter basis. Most preferred is a lactose content of 10% or less on a dry matter basis.

Beta serum lactose is preferably reduced before the extraction process. Preferably, the lactose content of the beta serum or the starting material is reduced by ultrafiltration. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, ultrafiltration further reduces the lactose content by diafiltration.

The preferred high fat, low lactose dairy feed is low-lactose beta serum. An alternative high-fat, low-lactose dairy material is low-lactose buttermilk.

The high fat and low lactose dairy feed material is preferably spray dried before the extraction step with liquid dimethyl ether. Alternatively, the high-fat, low-lactose-containing raw milk material is dried by freezing or evacuating before the extraction with liquid dimethyl ether.

In one embodiment, the lipid-rich fraction contains at least 40% phospholipids and glycolipids. In this method, neutral lipids are not initially recovered with CO ₂ , and since DME extracts both polar and neutral lipids, the DME lipid extract contains about the same ratio of neutral lipids to phospholipids as the starting material. For example, for raw materials having a ratio of neutral lipids to phospholipids of about 1.2, the composition of the DME extract of lipids based on 3% moisture is 80-90% fat, including phospholipids (35-45% fraction), 5-9% ash, 2 -5% lactose and 2-3% moisture.

The lipid depleted fraction is enriched in membrane proteins of milk fat globules and contains about 60-80% protein (TN × 6.38) by weight of the powder, 6-12% lactose, 5-11% fat, including phospholipids (5-9% fraction ), preferably 73% protein (TN × 6.38), 9% lactose, 8% fat, including phospholipids (7% fractions), 5% ash and 3% moisture.

The protein content of the products described in this specification is calculated as total nitrogen (TN) in the sample, multiplied by a factor of 6.38.

The invention also relates to products obtained by the methods of the present invention, and compositions and infant formulas containing such products.

As used herein, the term “infant formula” includes mixtures intended for infants aged 0-12 months, mixtures intended for children aged 6-12 months (the following mixture) and mixtures intended for toddlers and children 1-7 years old (milk / milk powder for growing up children).

Preferably, the invention relates to an infant formula comprising:

a) 30-60% lactose;

b) 15-35% of vegetable oils;

c) 0-40% powdered skim milk;

a) 0-40% whey protein concentrate;

e) 1-50% of the product obtained by the method of the present invention.

More preferably, the invention relates to an infant formula containing:

a) 40-60% lactose;

b) 20-30% of vegetable oils;

c) 10-15% of powdered skim milk;

a) 6-8% 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80)

e) 1-5% of the product obtained by the method of the present invention.

The infant formula may also contain 2-4% of at least one of the following components:

a) a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins;

b) a pre-prepared mixture of minerals;

c) lecithin;

a) antioxidant;

e) a stabilizer;

f) nucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment, infant formulas can be prepared in such a way as to provide from 2700 to 3000 kJ / l.

The invention also relates to an infant formula containing beta-serum as an ingredient. A preferred infant formula contains:

a) 30-60% lactose;

b) 15-35% of vegetable oils;

c) 0-40% powdered skim milk;

a) 0-40% whey protein concentrate;

e) 1-50% powdered beta serum.

A more preferred infant formula contains:

a) 40-60% lactose;

b) 20-30% of vegetable oils;

10-15% powdered skim milk;

c) 6-8% 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80);

d) 1-10% powdered beta serum.

The most preferred infant formula contains:

a) 40-60% lactose;

b) 20-30% of vegetable oils;

c) 10-15% of powdered skim milk;

d) 6-8% 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80);

e) 2-5% powdered beta serum.

The infant formula may also contain 2-4% of at least one of the following components:

a) a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins;

b) a pre-prepared mixture of minerals;

c) lecithin;

d) an antioxidant;

e) a stabilizer;

f) nucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment, infant formulas can be prepared in such a way as to provide from 2700 to 3000 kJ / l.

The invention also relates to an infant formula containing, as an ingredient, a fraction obtained from beta serum enriched in polar lipids or depleted in neutral lipids, or both.

A preferred infant formula contains:

a) 30-60% lactose;

b) 15-35% of vegetable oils;

c) 0-40% powdered skim milk;

d) 0-40% whey protein concentrate;

e) 1-50% of a fraction obtained from beta serum enriched in polar lipids or depleted in neutral lipids, or both.

A more preferred infant formula contains:

a) 40-60% lactose;

b) 20-30% of vegetable oils;

c) 10-15% of powdered skim milk;

d) 6-8% 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80);

e) 1-5% of a fraction obtained from beta serum enriched in polar lipids or depleted in neutral lipids, or both.

The infant formula may also contain 2-4% of at least one of the following components:

a) a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins;

b) a pre-prepared mixture of minerals;

c) lecithin;

d) an antioxidant;

e) a stabilizer;

f) nucleotides.

In a preferred embodiment, infant formulas can be prepared in such a way as to provide from 2700 to 3000 kJ / l.

You can use the products, compositions and infant formulas of the present invention, to the benefit of health.

For example, the following health benefits are contemplated:

- acceleration of intestinal development,

- reduced risk of infections,

- modification of the intestinal flora and competitive binding of antigens,

- prevention of infections,

- prevention of allergies,

- optimization of the development of the nervous system,

- treatment of a dermatological condition,

- optimization of the development of the immune system,

- maintaining optimal immune function,

- prevention or treatment of colon cancer.

Applicants have found that the levels of phospholipids and gangliosides in beta serum make it suitable for use in fortifying infant formulas. Applicants also found that dairy products that are high in fat but low in lactose (including low-lactose beta serum) can be processed to lower neutral lipids, or increase polar lipids, or both, by thus, products that are even more suitable for enriching infant formula.

The methods described in the invention use processing and extraction methods that do not leave toxic residues, therefore, additional processing of the final dairy product is not required.

In addition, the use of ultrafiltration and extraction with carbon dioxide in the near-critical state as a solvent implies that it is easier to obtain permission from the relevant authorities to use this product when the minimum amount of solvent remains in the product (or does not remain at all) compared to using conventional solvents, such like acetone and ethanol. In addition, conventional solvents significantly denature proteins, making the use of these solvents unsuitable for the production of dairy products for use in infant formula.

As used herein, the term "milk" means containing milk or related to milk and its products. The term includes, but is not limited to, human, cow, buffalo and goat milk.

Each substance has its own “critical” point at which the liquid and vapor states of the substance become identical. Above the critical point, but close to it, the substance is in a fluid state, which has the properties of both liquids and gases. The fluid has a density that is the same as in a liquid, and a viscosity and diffusivity that is the same as in a gas. As used herein, the term “supercritical” refers to a pressure-temperature region above a critical point of a substance. As used herein, the term "subcritical" refers to the pressure-temperature region with a pressure equal to or higher than the vapor pressure for a given liquid, but below the critical temperature. The expression “close to critical” as used herein includes the “supercritical” and “subcritical” regions and refers to pressure and temperatures near the critical point.

In the drawings:

Figure 1 is a block diagram of a traditional method for producing butter from cream and the production of buttermilk in this process.

Figure 2 is a flowchart of a method for producing butter from cream and the production of beta serum in this process.

EXAMPLES

The following examples further illustrate the practical application of the invention.

Example 1: extraction of a powdered whey protein concentrate.

This example shows that the extraction of lipids from a powder with high concentrations of whey proteins gives very low lipid yields. Powdered whey protein concentrates containing 80.26 wt.% Protein, 6.83 wt.% Lipid and 3.57% moisture are extracted with solvents: carbon dioxide, propane and dimethyl ether (DME) in the near-critical state. Table 1 shows the solvents used, pressure, temperature, dry weight, weight of solvent used and extractable dry matter, and lipid yields.

The yields of lipids are very low, and increasing the temperature of extraction does not increase the yield of extraction to the desired level.

Example 2: extraction of beta-serum powders with a standard lactose content of supercritical CO ₂ .

This example shows that it is possible to extract neutral lipids from beta-serum powder with a standard lactose content, but the yield is much lower than for powders where the lactose content is reduced. In the final powder, the protein content and total phospholipid content are low. Beta-serum powders of the following compositions are extracted with supercritical CO ₂ at 300 bar and 313K: batch 1-total protein 29.4%, lactose 42.5%, total fat 19.7%, moisture 3.1% and ash 6%; batch 2-total protein 31.7%, lactose 44.6%, total fat 20.6%, moisture 2.3% and ash 6.1%. Total fat is composed of neutral lipids, phospholipids, gangliosides, ceramides and cerebrosides such as lactosylceramide. The results of the extraction of fat and phospholipids in the extracts are shown in Table 2. Supercritical CO ₂ extracts only neutral lipids, while other types of fat and, in particular, phospholipids, are not soluble in this solvent.

After extraction, the powders have the following composition: batch 1 — total protein 32.0%, lactose 47.9%, total fat 13.6%, moisture 3.8% and ash 3%; batch 2-total protein 34.2%, lactose 44.2%, total fat 11.3%, moisture 3.5% and ash 6.3%.

The powder from portion 2 was examined for denatured whey protein. It is believed that casein protein does not denature. A typical sample of the powder is taken and mixed with water to obtain approximately 3% of whey proteins in solution. Caseins are precipitated with hydrochloric acid at pH 4.6 and removed from the solution by centrifugation. The composition of the remaining soluble serum proteins is determined by reverse phase chromatography. The amount of soluble whey proteins decreases from 13.43 g / 100 g of protein in the starting material to 8.39 g / 100 g of protein in the extracted powder. A very large decrease is observed in natural (undenatured) beta-lactoglobulin. Protein denaturation makes the powder less suitable for infant formula than the products described in Example 3.

Example 3: Extraction of Low Lactose Beta Serum Powders by Supercritical CO ₂

This example shows that it is possible to extract neutral lipids with a yield above 90% from beta-serum powders with a low content of lactose. Beta serum lactose is reduced by ultrafiltration to a volume concentration of 8. The protein content and total phospholipid content of the final powder are high. Supercritical CO ₂ at 300 bar and 313 K is extracted with low-lactose beta-serum powders of the following composition: batch 3 with a low lactose content - total protein 48.3%, lactose 14.4%, total fat 30.1%, moisture 3, 0% and ash 4.8%; batch 4 - total protein 52.0%, lactose 7.8%, total fat 31.9%, moisture 2.7% and ash 4.8%. The results of the extraction of fat and phospholipids by weight in the extract are shown in Table 3. Supercritical CO ₂ extracts only neutral lipids, whereas other types of fat, and in particular, phospholipids, does not dissolve in the solvent.

After extraction, the powders have the following composition: batch 3 — total protein 57.3%, lactose 15.1%, total fat 18.7%, total phospholipids 14.4%, moisture 4.1% and ash 5.7%; batch 4 - total protein 61.6%, lactose 10.1%, total fat 21.9%, total phospholipids 16.8%, moisture 4.5% and ash 5.6%. Parts 3 and 4, extracted with supercritical CO ₂ , also have elevated ganglioside levels - 0.7 wt.%. The remaining difference between the total fat in the residual powder and the content of phospholipids and gangliosides consists mainly of ceramides and cerebrosides, mainly lactosylceramide.

The powders from batch 3 (low lactose) and 4 (very low lactose) are tested for protein denaturation to make sure they are suitable for use in the baby formula of Example 2. The amount of soluble whey proteins increases from 12.20 g / 100 g of protein in the starting material up to 13.57 g / 100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 3; and from 12.44 g / 100 g of protein in the starting material to 12.94 g / 100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 4. The absence of protein denaturation and the high content of protein and phospholipids in extractable powders with a low lactose content makes them very suitable for infant formula.

Example 4: extraction of beta-serum powders with standard and low lactose supercritical CO ₂ , then dimethyl ether in the near-critical state.

This example shows that extraction of phospholipids with a high yield of beta-serum powder, which is pre-extracted with supercritical CO ₂ , is possible only when the lactose content of the powder is reduced; and that the extraction temperature with dimethyl ether affects the extraction yield. This example also shows that it is possible to control the final phospholipid content of the powder after extraction by adjusting the temperature of extraction. Partially fat-free powdery batches 2 (standard lactose content, initial weight 4318.7 g), 3 (low lactose content, initial weight 2952.6 g) and 4 (very low lactose content, initial weight 2668.2 g) obtained in the examples 2 and 3, re-extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 293 ° K using 12.236, 13.828 and 5.117 kg, respectively; and then extracted again with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 323K using 13.037, 10.962 and 6.965 kg, respectively. The results of the extraction yield are shown in table 4.

The total lipid extract also has a significant level of gangliosides: 2.5 wt.% For batch 4 at 293K; and 1 wt.% for batch 4 at 323 ° K. After extraction with dimethyl ether, the protein content in all powders increases compared to the starting material. After extraction with CO ₂ and dimethyl ether, the powders have the following composition: batch 2-total protein 34.6%, lactose 47.1%, total fat 8.9%, total phospholipids 6.3%, moisture 2.7% and ash 6 7%; batch 3-total protein 64.4%, lactose 17.9%, total fat 8.4%, total phospholipids 5.7%, moisture 3.6% and ash 5.4%; batch 4-total protein 73.2%, lactose 8.7%, total fat 7.6%, moisture 4.3% and ash 5.1%. All powders have a significant level of gangliosides, approximately 0.4 wt.%. The remaining difference between the total fat content in the residual powder and the content of phospholipids and gangliosides consists mainly of ceramides and cerebrosides, in particular lactosylceramide.

The powder from batch 2 (standard lactose content), 3 (low lactose content) and 4 (very low lactose content) after extraction with supercritical CO ₂ and dimethyl ether was examined for protein denaturation according to Example 2. The content of soluble serum proteins was reduced from 13.43 g / 100 g protein for a batch of 2 to 8.00 g / 100 g protein in DME-extracted powder. The serum protein content is reduced from 12.20 g / 100 g of protein in the starting material to 15.23 g / 100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 3; and from 12.44 g / 100 g of protein in the starting material to 16.98 g / 100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 4. The absence of denaturation of the protein and the high content of protein and phospholipids in the extracted powders with a low lactose content makes them very suitable for infant formula. Extraction with dimethyl ether produces an unexpected effect, increasing the apparent solubility of the whey protein, which first decreases when lactose is removed from the starting material.

Example 5: extraction of powders with standard and low lactose dimethyl ether.

This example shows that extraction of neutral lipids and phospholipids with a high yield of beta-serum powder is possible only when the lactose content of the powder is reduced when dimethyl ether is used as a solvent without preliminary extraction of the powder with supercritical CO ₂ ; and the extraction temperature with dimethyl ether affects the extraction yield. This example also shows that it is possible to control the final phospholipid content of the powder after extraction by adjusting the temperature of extraction. Lot 2 (standard lactose content, weight of the starting material 4245.6 g) with the composition specified in example 2; and batch 3 (low lactose content, starting material weight 3407.5 g) and 4 (very low lactose content, starting material weight 3204.4 g) with the compositions described in example 3, extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 273K, 293K using 13.426, 12.666 and 13.938 kg, respectively; and then re-extracted with dimethyl ether at 40 bar and 323K using 15.727, 11.673 and 11.123 kg, respectively. The results of the extraction yield are shown in table 5.

After extraction with dimethyl ether, the protein content in all powders increases compared to the starting material. After extraction with dimethyl ether, the powders have the following composition: batch 2-total protein 34.8%, lactose 44.2%, total fat 16.3%, phospholipids 8.3%, moisture 2.3% and ash 6.2%; batch 3-total protein 65.1%, lactose 15.3%, total fat 8.3%, phospholipids 6.7%, moisture 2.2% and ash 5.3%; batch 4-total protein 73.3%, lactose 8.8%, total fat 8.3%, total phospholipids 6.8%, moisture 2.6% and ash 5.2%. For parties 3 and 4, the difference between total fat and phospholipids is composed of gangliosides, ceramides, and cerebrosides.

The powder from batch 2 (standard lactose content), 3 (low lactose content) and 4 (very low lactose content) after extraction with dimethyl ether was examined for protein denaturation according to Example 2. The content of soluble whey protein increased from 13.43 g / 100 g protein up to 14.38 g / 100 g for batch 1; from 12.20 g / 100 g of protein in the starting material to 15.47 g / 100 g of protein in the extracted powder for batch 3; and from 12.44 g / 100 g protein, in the starting material up to 15.55 g / 100 g protein, in the extracted powder for batch 4. The absence of protein denaturation and the high protein content in DME-extracted powders with a low lactose content makes them suitable for widespread use in food, especially in sports nutrition. Extraction with dimethyl ether produces an unexpected effect, increasing the apparent solubility of the whey protein, which first decreases when lactose is removed from the starting material. The total extraction yield of lipids and phospholipids is very low for powders with a high lactose content (batch 2), if only dimethyl ether is used as the extraction solvent. The high content of neutral lipids makes this powder less suitable for infant formula.

Example 6: levels of phospholipids and gangliosides in selected dairy products

The phospholipid content in human milk is usually 200-400 mg / L (Jensen RG (1989) Textbook of Gastroenterology and Nutrition in Infancy, 2 ^nd Edition, E. Lebenthal (Ed), Raven Press Ltd, New York, 157-208).

According to Harzer G, Haug M, Dieterich I & Gentner PR (1983), Changing patterns of human milk lipids in the course of the lactation and during the day, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 37, 612-621, in human phospholipids milk after 36 postpartum days includes phosphatidylcholine (PC) 24.9%, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 27.7%, phosphatidylserine (PS) 9.3%, phosphatidylinositol (PI) 5.4% and sphingomyelin (SM) 32.4% .

Table 6 shows the phospholipid composition for:

- powdered beta serum (product A),

- powdered beta-serum with a low content of lactose (product B),

powdered beta serum depleted in neutral lipids (product C), and

- lipid extract (product D) and residual powder (product E) for product C after DME extraction.

These products are made from cow's milk.

Product A (powdered beta serum) was prepared using the method shown in FIG. 2. Product B (powdered low-lactose beta-serum) is obtained by ultrafiltration of product A. Product C is obtained using the method described in Example 3. Products D and E are obtained using the method described for batch 4 in Example 4, except that carry out one stage of DME extraction at 55 ° C.

The total lipid content is determined by a modified Rose-Gottlieb method, where the lipid extracts are evaporated in vacuo and freeze dried (compared to drying in an oven, low-temperature drying minimizes the hydrolysis of phospholipids that occurs when drying in an oven due to the presence of ammonia in lipid extracts) . The total phospholipid content is calculated by multiplying the phosphorus content of the fat extract by the modified Rose-Gottlieb method by 25.5 (see McDowell AKR (1958), Phospholipids in New Zealand Modairy products. Journal of Dairy Research, 25, 192-202.)

Individual phospholipids are determined by ³¹ P NMR.

In Pan XL & Izumi T (2000) Variation of the ganglioside compositions of human milk, cow's milk and infant formulas. Early Human Development, 57, 25-31, showed that GD3 ganglioside and GM3 ganglioside account for about 60% of the total amount of gangliosides in human milk and that the total ganglioside content in the infant formula, which is determined by the content of lipid-bound sialic acids (LBSA), significantly lower than in human milk. The content of GD3 ganglioside plus GM3 ganglioside in human milk is 10-16 mg / l depending on the stage of lactation (Nakano et al., 2001, Sialic acid in human milk: Composition and functions, Acta Paediatrica Talwanica, 42, 11-17). Table 6 shows the content of ganglioside GD3 and ganglioside GM3 in product A, product B, product C, product D and product E. The levels of ganglioside GD3 and ganglioside GM3 are calculated as follows: samples are dissolved in a mixture of chloroform / methanol / water 6: 3: 0 , 45 and filtered. The gangliosides are then separated into GM3 and GD3 fractions by rigid anion-exchange solid-phase extraction and sialic acids are determined by the Svennerholm method (Svennerholm, L. 1957, Quantitative estimation of sialic acids. II. A colorimetric resorcinol-hydrochloric acid metho, Biochim. Biophys. 24: 604-611). The sialic acid content is then used to calculate the concentrations of GM3 and GD3.

Table 6 The composition of polar lipids for products AE Component (wt.%) BUT AT FROM D E Total content lipids 20.6 33.9 20.9 86.1 6.3 Total content phospholipids 9.7 15.1 17.5 66.6 5.2 Phosphatidylcholine 2, b ¹ 4.1 4.9 13.3 1.7 Phosphatidylethanolamine 2.7 ¹ 4.2 4.8 22.0 1,0 Phosphatidylserine 0.8 ¹ 1.3 1.7 8.2 0.36 Phosphatidylinositol 0.6 ¹ 1,0 1,2 6.1 0.35 Sphingomyelin 2.7 ¹ 4.2 4.4 15.1 1.8 Ganglioside GD3 0.36 0.58 ² 0.66 ³ 2.09 0.28 Ganglioside GM3 0.04 0.06 ² 0.05 ³ 0.34 0,0 ¹ Evaluation based on measured values for LLBSP. ² Evaluation based on average values for standard ³ Powdered beta serum. Assessment completed. Results for another VRC60 sample.

Example 7: infant formula containing a selected dairy product.

Table 7 shows the percentage (by weight of powder) of each product (A, B, C, D, and E) that must be added to the infant formula to increase the “total” content of gangliosides (ganglioside GD3 plus ganglioside GM3) in the ready-to-eat (RTF) infant formula (IF) at 16 mg / L.

The assumptions are that the baseline levels of these components in a standard infant formula are 0%, that the powdered infant formula reproduces up to 13% of total solids, and that the RTF IF density is 1.0 kg / l.

The degree of increase in the content of products in beta serum, shown in table 7, also increase the content of individual phospholipids in the infant formula to levels exceeding the levels found in human milk, the only exception is product E, where the added levels of PE and PS are slightly lower than the levels found in human milk (baseline levels of these components in a standard infant formula probably compensate for these deficiencies). Note that product D can be used instead of soya lecithin, which is usually used to prepare instant infant formulas, thereby facilitating their recovery.

Table 7 Added levels of polar lipid components in RTF IF at 13% total solids Added component (mg / L) Human milk BUT AT FROM D E Additional degree (% powdered infant formula) NA 3.08 1.92 1.73 0.51 4.40 Common phospholipids 300 ⁴ 388 377 394 442 297 Phosphatidylcholine 75 105 102 110 88 97 Phosphatidylethanolamine 83 109 105 108 146 57 Phosphatidylserine 28 34 32 38 54 21 Phosphatidylinositol 16 26 25 27 40 twenty Sphingomyelin 97 108 105 99 one hundred 103 Gangliosides GD3 + GM3 16 16 16 16 16 16 Added Neutral Lipids ⁵ NA 436 469 76 129 63

Example 8: infant formula

Total instant solids = 13.0%

The ratio of serum: casein = 60: 40 (whey protein is at least 60.0% of the total protein)

Target protein ⁶ = 14 g / L.

Target fat ^6.7 = 35, 4-37, 6 g / l.

Target carbohydrate ⁶ = 72.1-72.9 g / l.

^{4 The} average value from the range indicated by Jensen (1989). Individual phospholipids are calculated based on this average and the percentage indicated by Harzer and DR. (1983).

⁵ Neutral lipids are estimated as the difference between the content of total lipids and the content of phospholipids. However, this is an overestimated estimate, since it includes glycolipids (for example, ceramides, gangliosides). In a broader context, the ANZFA range for fat in IF RTF is 21,600-45,000 mg / kg, i.e. the effect of added neutral lipids on the balanced fatty acid profile of IF is small, especially for products C, D and E.

⁶ Based on the levels in Similac Advance with Iron and Enfamil LIPIL with Iron, noting that the levels in Enfamil LIPIL with Iron give as grams per 100 calories (compare g / 100 g), so the RTF energy content 2800 kJ / L for this product is estimated.

⁷ Estimated levels for Similac and Enfamil, respectively.

These target levels meet ANZFA energy requirements for infant formula (2700-3000 kJ / l). It is assumed that the difference between the total content of proteins, carbohydrates and fats and 13% of the total content of solid target substances is made up of pre-prepared mixtures of vitamins and minerals, antioxidants, lecithin (used to obtain the final infant formula in a ready-to-use form) and, possibly, nucleotides / nucleosides. The amount of these components is usually about 3% of the powdered infant formula.

The oil mixture used in the preparation of infant formulas typically contains a mixture of vegetable oils to provide a fatty acid profile close to that of human milk. Vegetable oils commonly used in infant formulas are palm olein high in oleic acid, sunflower oil high in oleic acid, safflower oil high in oleic acid, coconut oil and soybean oil. In addition, many of the high-quality brands also contain fish oil / microalgae oil and fungal oils as sources of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, respectively.

Infant formula 1 (using powdered beta serum - product A): a nutritional mixture containing:

but. about 46.54% lactose;

b. about 26.92% of the oil mixture (including 45% palm olein high in oleic acid, 20% soybean oil, 20% coconut oil and 15% safflower oil high in oleic acid or high oleic acid sunflower oil);

C. about 13.85% powdered skim milk (SMP);

d. about 6.54% ALACEN 392 (80% whey protein concentrate);

e. about 3.15% beta-serum powder (product A);

f. about 3.00% of a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins and minerals, lecithin, antioxidants / stabilizers, optional components, for example, nucleotides.

Infant formula 2 (using low-lactose beta-serum powder - product B): a nutritional mixture containing:

but. about 47.69% lactose;

b. about 26.92% of the oil mixture;

from. about 13.85% SMP;

d. about 6.54% ALACEN 392;

e. about 1.92% beta-serum powder with a low content of lactose (product B);

f. about 3.08% of a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins and minerals, lecithin, antioxidants / stabilizers, optional components, for example, nucleotides.

Baby formula 3 (using product C): a nutritious mixture containing:

but. about 47.69% lactose;

b. about 26.92% of the oil mixture;

from. about 13.85% SMP;

d. about 6.54% ALACEN 392;

e. about 1.73% of product C;

f. about 3.27% of a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins and minerals, lecithin, antioxidants / stabilizers, optional components, for example, nucleotides.

Baby formula 4 (using product D): a nutritional mixture containing:

but. about 46.54% lactose;

b. about 26.92% of the oil mixture;

from. about 16.15% SMP;

d. about 6.77% ALACEN 392;

e. about 0.51% of product D;

f. about 3.11% of a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins and minerals, lecithin, antioxidants / stabilizers, optional components, for example, nucleotides.

Baby formula 5 (using product E): a nutritional mixture containing:

but. about 50.77% lactose;

b. about 26.92% of the oil mixture;

from. about 8.23% SMP;

d. about 6.00% ALACEN 392;

e. about 4.40% of product E;

f. about 3.68% of a pre-prepared mixture of vitamins and minerals, antioxidants / stabilizers, optional components, for example, nucleotides, lecithin.

The above examples are illustrative of the practical application of the invention. Specialists in this field understand that the invention can be implemented with many variations and modifications. For example, the temperature and pressure of the extraction can be different, as the protein and lactose content in the starting material allows.

It is also understood that the dairy products of the invention can also be used in products for dermatological or general consumer benefits, including sports nutrition and nutrition for the elderly.

Used in this description, the expression “comprising” or “including” means “consisting at least partially of”, that is, when interpreting the statements in this description that include this expression, all necessary distinguishing features must be present, preceded by this expression in each statement, but other distinguishing features may also be present.

Claims (4)

1. Baby food containing beta-serum or beta-serum with a low content of lactose, a source of carbohydrate, a source of fat and a source of protein. 2. Baby food according to claim 1, containing 30-60% lactose, 15-35% vegetable oils, 0-40% skimmed milk powder, 0-40% whey protein concentrate, 1-50% powdered beta-serum or beta- low lactose whey. 3. Baby food according to claim 2, containing 40-60% lactose, 20-30% vegetable oils, 10-15% skimmed milk powder, 6-8% 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80), 1-10% powdered beta-serum or beta-serum with a low content of lactose. 4. Baby food according to claim 3, containing 40-60% lactose, 20-30% vegetable oils, 10-15% skimmed milk powder, 6-8% 80% whey protein concentrate (WPC80), 2-5% powdered beta-serum or beta-serum with a low content of lactose.

Images