RU2416781C1 - Explosive charge formation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: explosives.

SUBSTANCE: formation method of charge from separate liquid inexplosive components, which involves arrangement in the development of the cover, for explosive of relay detonator with pipes which pass through stemming and leave the mouth of charging development to the surface; at that, first, the fuel is poured into the cover, and oxidiser and initiating agents are introduced through the pipe immediately prior to explosion.

EFFECT: possible strength control of stemming and arrangement of cover for relay detonator inside the cover with pipes of the main explosive.

5 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mining, construction and other industries, as well as to military affairs, where it is possible to use shells to form explosive charges.

One of the most dangerous operations when carrying out blasting operations is the operation of placing explosives in the charge generation, in which there are already means for blasting (initiating), the sensitivity of which to mechanical, chemical, electrical and other influences is usually much higher than that of the main explosive. Therefore, it would be logical to place explosive weapons in the charge at the very last moment or to bring them into a combat state immediately before the explosion, for example, in a few minutes. This could be done by placing the militants in the charge generation above the main explosive charge, but this is possible only in the absence of jamming material, which can significantly increase the explosion effect by up to 30% (depending on the purpose of the explosion and the explosives used). It takes quite a lot of time to clog a large number of wells, for example on a block, and dumping clogging material onto an action movie located on top of the main explosive charge is very dangerous. In addition, it is known from practice that the location of the fighter in the upper part of the well is inefficient, because this, like the absence of jamming in the charge structure, significantly reduces the efficiency of the explosion.

In the authors' opinion, to ensure the formation of the action movie in charge at the very last moment, i.e. immediately before the explosion, it is possible using liquid explosives (LHV).

To date, the most widespread application in domestic industry has been found in liquid-based substances based on the diazot tetraoxide (amyl) with liquid petroleum products, known from history as Panpen's panclastite [1].

An analysis of the content of Russian patents showed that there is a fairly large number of technical proposals for the formation of explosive charges directly at the sites of blasting. This method of forming charges undoubtedly has great advantages compared to the use of standard factory-made explosives, because avoids the cost of transporting dangerous goods and maintaining warehouses of explosive materials, as well as reduce the degree of emergency risks associated with this.

The technical solutions presented in the patents can be systematized mainly in the following main areas:

- the formation of charges by pouring liquid explosives into the shell with the placement of explosive devices in it before or after filling the liquid explosives (patents RU 2066837, RU 2149861) or by separately supplying explosion-proof components into the shell with their further mixing in it, i.e. directly in the places of explosion (patents RU 2086906, RU 2138469);

- the components of the live explosives are placed inside one shell (capacity, volume, capsule, etc.), but separately (binary charges), and their connection (mixing) takes place directly on the spot by removing in various ways partitions or other obstacles (membranes, etc.). ), preventing their premature mixing (patents RU 2135439, RU 2148572, RU 2174110);

- the combustible component is present in a solid state of aggregation, and an oxidizing agent, such as diazot tetraoxide, is poured and fills the free space inside (between particles) of the combustible component with a stoichiometric ratio of the components used (patent RU 2144911).

The technical solutions variants cited in these patents have many positive aspects, however, they also have a number of drawbacks related to the safety of work, insufficient reliability, and also the complexity of their execution, and that is probably why today they are practically not used in blasting operations. In more detail, the noted disadvantages of these methods are presented below.

Closest to the proposed method from analogues is the method described in patent RU 2149861 (prototype) - "explosive charge containing the main explosive charge and means of its detonation, including an intermediate detonator (PD) and initiating means (SI), characterized in that the explosive PD of the required mass is formed of two or several liquid, separately non-explosive components, mixed in a predetermined ratio in the PD body directly at the place of its detonation, and detonation initiators immersed in liquid BB PD are used as SI explosive, containing Suitable explosives in their housing or sensitive compositions, e.g. ED, CD, DS, SI or explosion-proof, for example, Quasar CB ".

However, this method, as well as the methods described in the patents mentioned above, is also not without drawbacks, which primarily include the following:

- the operation of immersion of the initiation means in the LHV is dangerous for the personnel, because when it is carried out, toxic nitrogen oxides are actively released from explosives based on the diazot tetraoxide, especially at positive ambient temperatures, when the release of nitrogen oxides can occur very intensively (gushing), and therefore you have to work in a gas mask and other personal protective equipment;

- the means of initiation are forced to stay for a long time (in mining during the preparation of mass explosions for up to several weeks) in live explosives containing impurities of nitrous and nitric acids, i.e. it is a chemically aggressive environment in which, as practice has shown, there is a destruction of almost all of the initiation means known today that are used with explosives, as a result of which failures occur during blasting operations;

- operations for loading the well, including its jamming is carried out when the fighter is placed on the charge, which also poses a serious danger, for example, due to falling pieces of rock into the well and striking the explosive network communications (damage or initiation of the explosive network, for example, in the case of using a firearm).

The proposed technical solution avoids these shortcomings and is aimed at improving the safety of technological operations during blasting operations associated with the handling of toxic live explosives and the components from which they are formed.

1. The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the explosive charge containing the main explosive charge and means of detonating it, including an intermediate detonator (PD), the explosive of which is formed of two or more liquid, separately non-explosive components mixed in the PD housing directly at the place of its detonation , and initiating means (SI), immersed in a liquid explosive PD, which is used as detonation initiators, explosion-proof or containing explosives, as a housing PD use a shell with pipes coming out of it, which pass kvoz stemming of the mouth and out of the charging output, wherein the fuel is poured in DD body at the moment of a main explosive charge generation and tamping, and oxidant and an initiator is introduced into the enclosure through pipe PD immediately before explosion.

The withdrawal of pipes to the surface of the destructible object provides the ability to safely arrange and duplicate SI lines, moreover, through parallel channels, as well as easily and quickly replace SI in case of failure.

The presence of the second pipe allows avoiding air congestion during the filling of the oxidizing agent, its spills and leaks, which often occurs when filling the oxidizing agent or explosive substances through one pipe or one hole in the shell, i.e. the presence of the second pipe, through which excess air and toxic gases exit, can significantly accelerate the loading of blast holes, holes, etc. and protect the labor of explosives. In addition, in this case, it is possible to tightly connect (twist together) the drain hose (pipe) from the tank with the oxidizing agent to the tube of the rechargeable shell. The second pipe can be used (recommended) for the removal of toxic gases for neutralization, having put on it a hose leading to the corresponding equipment.

Filling the oxidizer in the PD at the last moment before the explosion creates conditions under which the charged unit is in a much safer state during the entire charging time compared to the state of the block in which the fighter is in each well. At the same time, the time for filling the oxidizer is an insignificant part of the total preparation time of the block. So, for example, if you take an explosive block in which 500 wells with 500 kg of explosives each and the total volume of explosives is 250 tons, then it usually takes up to 2-3 weeks to charge such a block depending on the means of mechanization and labor resources of the enterprise . With a mass of PD equal to 1 kg and 2 kg per well (PD duplicated), the total mass of the oxidizer for the entire block will be no more than 1 ton. This amount can be placed in the PD directly on the day of the explosion for 2-3 hours, no more those. it’s enough to quickly bring the unit into combat condition.

A schematic diagram of the design of the charge until the oxidizer is poured and the initiation means are placed in the PD shell is shown in FIG. 1, where: 1 - the borehole (hole), 2 - the main charge explosive, 3 - PD shell with pipes, 4 - liquid petroleum product, 5 - stemming, 6 - the upper surface of the detonated block or destructible object.

As a means of initiation, one can use both standard, approved by Rostekhnadzor, ED KDSh or non-electric initiation systems, as well as safe means of blasting that do not contain explosive, pyrotechnic or flammable substances, i.e. similar to those mentioned in patents 2065559 RU (explosion-proof explosive means based on an exploding wire bridge), 2066837 RU and 2174110 RU (exploding wire), 2093784 RU (using a semiconductor discharge excited along the interface of a liquid explosive and the surface of a resistive element) [ 2].

2. In principle, a shell with pipes can be used for the main explosive charge. For example, when loading blast holes, cylindrical shells can be used, the diameter of which, as shown by the experience of researchers in Russia and the USA [3], should be no more than 75% of the diameter of the charged well.

In order for the clogging material not to wake up between the walls of the shell and the charging output, lump material (crushed stone, gravel, pebbles) with a rib length of at least 1/3 of the length should be used as the first clogging layer (approximately 5-15% of the total length of the clogging) the magnitude of the difference between the diameter of the charging output and the outer diameter of the shell of the charge. Dumping bulk material of the clog on the shell can not cause concern, because jamming is done before the oxidant is poured into the shell and the initiation means are placed in it.

A schematic diagram of the design of a fully equipped borehole (hole) charge is presented in Fig. 2, where: 1 - a well (hole), 6 - the upper surface of the blasting block or destructible object, 7 - the shell of the charge with pipes, 8 - live rocket engine, 9 - means of initiation , 10 - stemming from lump material, 11 - fine-grained stemming.

In the case of the formation of an explosive substance with high sensitivity, a charge shell design is proposed that avoids direct impacts of an oxidizing agent falling from a high height onto an explosive substance formed in the shell. The proposed design of the shell of the charge includes internal inclined planes (slopes), which can be located inside the shell at an angle of 25 to 65 degrees from the vertical. The purpose of the ramps is to exclude a direct fall of the oxidizing agent onto the surface of the formed explosives (impact), and also to extinguish the oxidizer flow rate by changing the direction of its flow when rolling from one ramp to another. Slopes are made of the same material as the shell (plastic). A schematic diagram of the design of the shell with slopes is shown in Fig. 3, where: 7 is the charge shell with tubes, 8 is the live rocket (in the process of formation), 12 are slopes, 13 is the direction of the oxidizer, indicated by the arrow, 14 is the pipe through which oxidizing agent, 15 - pipe through which toxic gases are discharged.

3. It is possible to use a shell with pipes for both the primary explosive and the primary explosive. In this case, the shell for the PD is placed inside the shell for the main charge, while the pipes of the shell of the PD pass inside the pipe or pipes of the shell for the main charge of the explosive. The schematic diagram of this design of the charge is presented in Fig. 4, where: 1 is the well (hole), 2 is the main explosive charge, 3 is the PD shell with pipes, 6 is the upper surface of the blasting block or destructible object, 7 is the charge shell with pipes ( for explosives of the main charge), 8 - ZHVV, 9 - means of initiation, 10 - stemming from bulk material, 11 - fine-grained stemming.

There are no technical difficulties in the manufacture of this design in modern production, although at first glance it may seem cumbersome.

The positive aspect of this design is that inside the shell of the main charge can be located fuel of both liquid and solid state of aggregation. Examples of two-component mixtures with a stoichiometric ratio of solid fuel and liquid oxidizing agent (diazo tetraoxide) are presented in patent RU 2144911. This list is easy to supplement using the formula for calculating the oxygen balance [4], however, when choosing components, their chemical compatibility must be taken into account.

4. The withdrawal of pipes of the PD shell or the main charge from the wellhead provides the opportunity to exclude from the technology the operation of immersing the initiating means directly in the liquid explosives. This operation can only be performed with personal protective equipment, including therefore, it is considered to be particularly dangerous in production.

After filling with liquid explosive pipes to the top, closing them with a stopper or bending and tying, etc. means of blasting (initiation) can be located outside the pipes, on the surface of the destructible block (object). In this case, charges are initiated only with the help of a surface explosive network, incl. with the ability to use various methods of blasting, for example, slowing down between individual borehole charges or rows of wells. The second shell pipes are recommended to be used to control the completeness of filling the shells (communicating vessels), for which it is recommended that the pipes be made of transparent or translucent materials. Such control is convenient when using shells of complex shape, when it is difficult to accurately determine (calculate) the required amount of liquid substances in advance. In addition, it is possible to place means of initiation on both pipes of the same shell, which increases the reliability of the initiation of charges due to duplication. As the means of initiation, any means of initiation can be used, which should ensure reliable transmission of detonation to the liquid explosive through the pipe wall. According to the authors, in this case, the most convenient SI is the LH, which is convenient to wind around the pipe, and the required number of its turns is easily determined empirically directly on the spot, because their number may depend on many factors, including: type, grade and quality of live water supply materials, thickness and characteristics of the sheath (pipe) material, brand, quality and size of the suspension, etc.

The schematic diagram of this charge design is presented in figure 5, where: 1 - well (hole), 3 - PD shell with pipes, 5 - clogging, 6 - upper surface of the blasting block or destructible object, 8 - live rocket engine, 16 - plug, 17 - LH (option), 18 - checker-detonator with ED (option).

5. To improve the quality of crushing or ejection of rocks, soils, etc., ie to increase the efficiency of blasting, it is possible to use high-strength stemming, for the formation of which to specifically use materials whose strength increases over time, and the explosion is carried out when the stemming reaches a predetermined, calculated strength. Various binders, such as cement and mixtures based on it, various resins, as well as quick-setting materials, which increase the time of resistance (departure) of the clogging, which significantly increases the piston effect of the explosion, can be used as stemming.

6. During blasting operations in the winter, as well as in permafrost zones, the strength of the stem can be increased due to its natural freezing.

The location of the communications of the blasting network in pipes located inside the bottomhole prevents them from being damaged during long-term storage, during which stresses can occur and movements of individual layers of the bottomhole due to freezing processes occur. In practice, there are known cases of rupture of communications of an explosive network, for example, LH lines, during freezing and icing of wells.

When working on any of the proposed options, industrial and environmental safety measures must be observed. For this purpose, a hose should be put on the second control pipe through which nitrogen oxides and other toxic gases can be removed to neutralize in special equipment or to be passed through alkaline (soda) solutions or air filters, etc. Techniques for neutralizing toxic gases are well known in chemical production Therefore, we do not stop on this issue.

7. In military affairs, shells with pipes can be used to create landmines, controlled or uncontrolled land and sea mines, which in the form of minefields can, for example, be placed along the state border or, in case of military operations, in the second, third and / or subsequent defense levels, as well as in water areas. For this shell should be placed in advance (placed in the ground or in a pond) in the right places, mask, equip with means of fragmentation, cumulative or other damage and pour fuel into them. Prepared shells in the event of a real threat of an attack (offensive) by the troops of a likely enemy can be quickly and easily put into a combat position (land mines, mines), for which an oxidizing agent should be poured through the pipe and an initiating agent should be introduced (in the case of preparing a controlled land mine or minefield). In the case of using the shell under unguided mines, after pouring the oxidizing agent, fuses of pressure, tension or other action are put on the pipes, which, after operation, should ensure reliable initiation of explosive explosives located in the shell. To increase the reliability of firing mines fuses are installed on each (in each) pipe.

As an initiator in the composition of the mine, loaded with explosives, formed as a result of mixing liquid oil with diazot tetroxide, the eutectic alloy K and Na can be used. This alloy is in a liquid state under normal temperature conditions. When it enters the liquid explosives (a mixture of liquid oil with diazot tetroxide), an explosion occurs.

A schematic diagram of the design of the proposed landmine is presented in Fig.6, where: 8 - ZhVV, 19 - mine shell (shell with pipes); 20 is a desktop device, 21 is a spring or the like, 22 is a container with an initiator (eutectic alloy K and Na), 23 is a triangular-shaped pressure platform.

The principle of the mine’s actuation is as follows: pressing (hitting) the pressure platform causes pressure on the container with the initiator, which, dropping down, compresses the springs and is destroyed by a firing device, which must be rigidly fixed in the pipe (or pipe), resulting in a eutectic alloy K and Na flows down the pipe (falls) down, and falling into the live explosives, causes the explosion of the latter.

The power of such a mine can exceed the mine filled with TNT by 1.3-1.45 times with equal masses of explosives.

Components proposed for the equipment of mines and landmines: kerosene and diazot tetraoxide under normal conditions can be stored for up to 10 years or more. The eutectic alloy K and Na during long-term storage should be under a layer of inert substance (gas). The shelf life is determined by the specific storage conditions, for example, under a layer of dehydrated kerosene, it can be stored for up to 4 years.

Literature

1. Pascal P. Explosives, gunpowder, war gases. - L .: GOSHIMTEHIZDAT, Leningrad Dep. 1932.

2. Karabanov Yu.F., Vashchenko V.I., Mushnikov V.A. A safe way to electrically initiate charges of liquid explosives. Labor safety in industry, 1996, No. 12, pp. 47-49.

3. Dobrynin I.A. A massive intermediate detonator is a necessary “second stage” in the system for initiating borehole explosive charges with low shock wave sensitivity. Sat Proceedings of the VII International Scientific and Technical Conference "Integrated Utilization of Conventional Ammunition", Moscow: Izd. House "Arms and Technologies", 2007, p.258-262.

4. Mountain Encyclopedia in five volumes, Volume 3, M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1987, p.24.

Claims (5)

1. A method of forming an explosive charge (BB) containing the main charge of the explosive and means of detonating it, including an intermediate detonator (PD), the explosive of which is formed from two or more liquid separately non-explosive components, mixed in the housing of the PD directly at the place of its detonation, and initiation means (SI) immersed in a liquid explosive PD, which is used as a detonation initiator explosion-proof or containing explosives, characterized in that the shell with the pipes coming out of it is used as a PD case and that pass through the stemming hole and exit the mouth of the charging generation, while the fuel is poured into the PD housing at the moment of placement of the main explosive and jamming in the charging generation, and the oxidizer and initiator are introduced into the PD housing through the pipe immediately before the explosion. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the shell with pipes is used to form the main explosive charge. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that when the charge is formed, the shell with pipes for PD is placed inside the shell with pipes for the main explosive charge, while the fuel of the main explosive charge can be of a liquid or solid state. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when forming a charge for clogging, materials are used whose strength increases with time, and the explosion is performed when the clog reaches the specified strength. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the explosion is made after full or partial (predetermined) freezing of the stemming.

Images