RU2414797C1 - Salient-pole commutator magnetoelectric machine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: power supply to proposed magnetoelectric machines at their operation in mode of motors can be performed not only from stationary electric AC mains of commercial frequency with its further conversion to DC, but also from movable and portable independent direct current sources (minielectric power stations, storage batteries and galvanic power elements). Salient-pole commutator magnetoelectric machine includes salient poles of inductor, which are excited with constant magnets, armature with salient poles, commutator, mechanism of brush-and-contact assembly with brushes, closed subsequent (wave) coil armature winding consisting of coils each of which is located on the appropriate salient pole of armature. At that, it is necessary to follow certain ratios between the number of inductor poles and the number of armature poles, as well as to make poles of inductor and poles of armature with certain width of pole arc, and commutator bars of commutator and brushes of certain width and certain number.

EFFECT: high energy properties with high commutation, smooth control of output parametres at simplicity and high reliability of the design, providing the possibility of using this magnetoelectric machine both at low, and at high voltages.

4 cl, 7 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of electrical engineering, for the design of DC collector electric machines with independent excitation from permanent magnets and can be used as power micromotors in automatic tachogenerator devices, as well as power electric motors and DC generators with power up to several kilowatts in all sectors of the economy. The power of the proposed magnetoelectric machines during their operation in the engine mode can be carried out not only from stationary electric networks of alternating current of industrial frequency with its subsequent conversion to direct current, but also from mobile and portable autonomous sources of direct current (mini-power plants, storage batteries and galvanic cells) nutrition).

The design of an electric Gerard machine with a pole anchor (DC Machines. Volume 1. E. Arnold, prof. And I.L. La-Cour. State Technical Publishing House. Moscow - 1931. Pages 22-23), having an inductor with four poles, an anchor with four poles, each of which has its own winding coil, four collector plates connected in pairs through one, and two brushes located between the poles of the inductor and at an angle of 90 ° relative to each other, the armature coil of the armature are interconnected according to, and the beginning of the first and the end of the fourth coils are connected to two corresponding plates located along the axis of the poles of the armature. The disadvantage of such electric machines is the large ripple of the moment when working as an electric motor and the large ripple of the output voltage when working as an electric generator due to the same number of poles of the inductor and the armature, low energy performance, and because the armature winding is open, sparking is inevitable during switching due to the large self-induction of the coils.

The design of an electric machine for feeding arc lamps with carbon electrodes of the Westinghouse electric company is known, which has six excitation poles, two collectors, four brushes, eight armature poles, each pole of which has its own winding section (DC machines. Volume 1. E. Arnold, Prof. and I.L. La-Kur. State Technical Publishing House. Moscow-1931. Page 23). The armature winding is made in the form of odd and even sections, forming two independent winding systems, each of which is connected to its collector. The second and third brushes are short-circuited with each other, connecting both winding systems in series. The first and second brushes are used to relieve voltage in generator mode. The disadvantage of the analogue is the complexity of the design due to the presence of two collectors, and due to the winding of the armature open, sparking is inevitable during switching due to the large self-induction of the sections.

Known collector electric machines with closed drum windings of the anchor (G.N. Petrov. Electric machines. In 3 hours. Part 3. Collector machines of direct and alternating current. Ed. 2nd, revised, and add. M., " Energy ”, 1968. Pages 8-29, 35), formed from series-connected sections, each of which is connected to the corresponding collector plate. A section consists of one or more turns. One or more sections having common insulation form a coil of the winding, which is laid in grooves and covers several teeth of the armature. The total number of collector plates is equal to the total number of winding sections. Depending on the way the sections are connected to the collector plates, the anchor windings are divided into simple parallel windings, simple serial windings, complex or multi-way parallel windings, complex or multi-way serial windings, combined complex windings or complex or multi-way parallel-serial windings. In accordance with the external shape of the contours formed by the windings connected in series, the parallel drum windings are called “loop”, sequential - “wave”, combined complex - “frog”. The main characteristic of simple sequential windings: 1- a = 2, where a is the number of parallel chains (branches) in the armature winding. A disadvantage of the described electrical machines is the structural complexity of the armature winding, which is performed by coils distributed over the armature surface, covering several teeth of the armature and intersecting each other in the frontal parts, which reduces the reliability of these windings. In addition, medium and large collector electric machines are made with additional poles, which also complicates their design.

Known collector electric DC machines with permanent magnets (V.A. Balagurov, F.F.Galteev, A.N. Larionov. Electric machines with permanent magnets, M. - L., Publishing House "Energy", pp.445 ÷ 453 ), characterized by high efficiency due to the absence of excitation losses, lower specific gravity in the low power range.These electric machines have a housing, a magnetic system with excitation from permanent magnets, bearing shields with bearings, a shaft, a collector, brush holders with brushes and an anchor no different about t of motor anchors with electromagnetic excitation Magnetic systems are made with magnets in the form of brackets, in the form of a parallelepiped with a radial magnetization of permanent magnets, with an annular magnet housing. several teeth of the anchor and intersecting each other in the frontal parts, which reduces the reliability of these windings.

Known adopted for the prototype tachogenerator of constant current with permanent magnets (V.A. Balagurov, F.F.Galteev. Electric generators with permanent magnets. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1988. Pages 46 ÷ 51) type TGP-2, containing a housing with pole system, staple-shaped permanent magnets, armature with distributed winding, bearing shields with bearings, shaft, collector, brush holders with brushes, casing. The disadvantage of the prototype is the structural complexity of the winding of the armature, which is performed by coils distributed over the surface of the armature, covering several teeth of the armature and intersecting each other in the frontal parts, which reduces the reliability of these windings.

The aim of the present invention is the creation of a new, fairly simple, reliable, technologically advanced design of a collector magnetoelectric DC machine with an explicit pole inductor and an explicit pole armature.

The objective of the present invention is to provide a closed sequential ("wave") coil winding of the armature, the optimal choice of the number of pronounced inductor poles and pronounced armature poles, the optimal choice of the pole arc of the inductor pole and the armature pole, the width of the switching zone and the number of collector plates of an explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine .

The technical result of the present invention is to obtain a simple, reliable and technologically advanced design explicitly collector magnetoelectric machine with high energy performance and good switching.

The task is achieved in that the explicitly polar magnetoelectric machine includes a housing, an inductor with pronounced poles, the excitation of which is carried out by means of permanent magnets, bearing shields with bearings, a shaft, a collector, a brush-contact assembly with brushes and an anchor with pronounced poles and a closed sequential coil winding of the armature, each coil of which is placed on the corresponding pole of the armature, and the beginning and ends of the coils are interconnected in a certain way zom and are connected to the corresponding collector plates of the collector, forming a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches, regardless of the number of poles of the inductor. The explicitly expressed poles of the inductor are always even, starting from four, and with the help of permanent magnets magnetized in the radial or tangential direction, form in the air gap in the radial direction “north” magnetic poles “N” and “south” magnetic poles “S” of the inductor with alternating magnetic polarity.

In the present invention, the inductor is the stator, and the armature is the rotor, the armature winding is supplied with direct current through the brush-contact unit. Executions of an explicitly polar collector magnetoelectric machine with an external inductor and an internal armature, with an internal inductor and an external armature, as well as with an inductor and armature rotating relative to each other and relative to the stationary shaft, are possible.

In accordance with the present invention, to create a closed sequential coil winding of the armature and to obtain the best energy performance with good commutation of the explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine, the number of pronounced inductor poles Z _P and the number of explicit armature poles Z _R are interconnected and are determined by equalities (1) and ( 2) respectively:

where m = 2, 3, 4, 5, ... is a positive integer starting from two, s is the number of modules, i.e. “Elementary machines” as part of an explicitly polar collector magnetoelectric machine, with c = 1, 2, 3, ... when m is odd, i.e. for m = 3, 5, 7, ..., and c = 2, 4, 6, ... for m - even.

The width of the pole arc b _{P of the} pronounced pole of the inductor is associated with the pole division t _{P of the} clearly expressed poles of the inductor and is determined by the expression:

where t _P = 360 ° / Z _P and b _P are measured in geometric degrees.

The width of the pole arc b _{R of the} pronounced pole of the armature is determined by the expression:

where t _R = 360 ° / Z _R and b _R are measured in geometric degrees.

Switching in the switched coil of the armature winding should take place at that time when the change in the magnetic flux penetrating the pole of the armature on which the switching coil is located is minimal and is caused by the “curvature” of the main magnetic field of the poles of the inductor by the magnetic field of the armature reaction. Therefore, the width of the switching zone b _CA in the angular measurement is determined in accordance with the condition:

The collector plates of the collector are made of the same width. The estimated number of collector plates n _CL is determined by the equality:

moreover, the number of "workers" in the electrical plan of the collector plates, to which the beginnings and ends of the coils of the armature winding are connected, is equal to the number of pronounced poles of the armature. For the purpose of manufacturability of manufacturing a collector, it is possible to perform a number of collector plates larger and proportional to the calculated one, with subsequent connection of adjacent plates forming each “working” collector plate with jumpers.

Brushes are made of the same width. The number of brushes is proportional to the number of pronounced poles of the inductor.

The width of the collector plate and the width of the brush are selected so that condition (5) is maintained.

The explicit pole armature is made with a closed sequential coil winding of the armature, each coil of which is placed on the corresponding explicit pole of the armature, with the end of the coil located on the previous distinct pole of the armature and the beginning of the coil located on the next explicit pole of the armature connected to the nearest corresponding collector a plate equidistant from these poles of the anchor, and so on. With this connection, a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches is formed, regardless of the number of poles of the inductor.

The invention is illustrated by drawings. Figure 1, figure 3, figure 5 shows examples of the invention in the form of cross-sections of an explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine. In Fig.2, Fig.4, Fig.6 shows the connection diagram of the coils of the armature winding with the collector plates of the collector, and for the sake of clarity, the pole of the armature with the armature of the armature and the collector plates are shown in expanded form in the radial direction, and the pole of the inductor with permanent magnets and brushes are shown in expanded form in the axial direction. 7 shows a General view of the explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine.

The pronounced poles of the anchor are indicated by a letter and a number, for example, Я2. The number 2 denotes the number of the pronounced pole, and the letter I - the belonging of the pole to the anchor.

The position of the armature relative to the inductor in the corresponding drawings is shown at the same time. The correspondence of the drawings is given in the table.

Correspondence of drawings of transverse sections and diagrams of connections of coils of the armature winding with collector plates of an explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine Drawing Z _p Z _r n _CL cross sections wiring diagrams one 2 four 3 6 3 four 6 5 10 5 6 6 four 8

Consider the design of the explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine (figure 1, figure 3, figure 5, figure 7). The machine contains the following main parts: housing 1, pronounced poles 2 of the inductor, core 3 of the armature, armature winding, shaft 6, collector 7, brush-contact assembly, bearings 10 and bearing shields 11. The inductor is excited by means of permanent magnets 12 The magnetic system of the inductor can be made with an annular magnet-casing, with a tangential (figure 1, figure 3) and radial (figure 5) arrangement of permanent magnets. The pronounced poles 2 of the inductor are attached to the housing 1 and can be made of soft magnetic steel with high magnetic permeability (Fig. 1, Fig. 3) or can be formed directly by permanent magnets with a radial arrangement and radial magnetization (Fig. 5). In the first case, the housing 1 is made of non-magnetic material, for example, an aluminum alloy, in the second case, from soft magnetic steel with high magnetic permeability. Permanent magnets 72 can be made trapezoidal, stapled (figure 1), ring-shaped, and also in the form of a rectangular or curved (figure 3) parallelepiped. The pronounced poles 2 of the inductor can be made of whole pieces of soft magnetic steel, and can be composed of sheets of electrical steel with high magnetic permeability, bonded together in the axial direction. For medium-power machines and for machines operating under a sharply variable load, in order to prevent "round" fire on the collector, clearly expressed poles 2 of the inductor can be made with grooves in the axial direction with the compensation winding laid in them, connected in series through the brush-contact assembly with coil winding anchors. An armature with a winding and a collector 7 by means of bearings 10 and bearing shields 11 is positioned relative to the inductor. An anchor core 3 and a collector 7 are mounted on a shaft 6 made of steel. In order to reduce hysteresis and “eddy” current losses, the armature core 3 magnetized with a high frequency is made of a burst package of insulated sheets of electrical steel with high magnetic permeability. The core 3 of the armature has distinct poles 4 (FIG. 1, FIG. 3, FIG. 5), on each of which there is a corresponding coil 5 of a closed sequential coil winding of the armature. Each coil 5 of the armature winding is made of a winding copper wire or a winding copper bus and consists of one or more turns. The collector 7 has copper collector plates 8, electrically isolated from each other and from the shaft 6. The ends and beginnings of the coils 5 are connected to each other and to the collector plates 8 in such a way that a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches is formed regardless of the number of distinct poles 2 inductor. The mechanism of the brush-contact assembly is most often attached to the bearing shield 11 from the side of the collector 7 and may be able to move the brushes 9 along the collector plates 8 in the tangential direction to install the brushes 9 in the zone with the best commutation. Brushes 9 are positioned along the axis of the pronounced poles 2 of the inductor in the axial direction or close to it. The number of traverse brush bolts on which the brush holders with brushes 9 are attached is equal to the number of pronounced poles 2 of the machine inductor. Several brushes 9 may be located on the brush bolt, but the number of brushes 9 on each brush bolt must be the same.

The explicit polar collector magnetoelectric machine operates in motor and generator modes.

Consider the motor mode (figure 1 ÷ 6). The pronounced poles 2 of the inductor are excited with the help of permanent magnets 12 and form in the air gap in the radial direction “north” magnetic poles “N” and “south” magnetic poles “S” of the inductor with alternating magnetic polarity. A constant voltage is applied to the brushes 9 from an independent power source, and the plus of the power source is connected to the brushes indicated by the “+” sign in the drawings, and the minus of the power source is connected to the brushes indicated by the “-” sign in the drawings. Under the action of a constant voltage in the direction from the “positive” brushes to the “negative” brushes, a direct electric current flows through the two branches of the armature winding of the armature winding 5 through the coils 5 of the closed armature winding, shown in the figures by arrows, magnetizing the pronounced pole of the armature 4 then as the "north" magnetic poles "N", then as the "south" magnetic poles "S" depending on the position of the poles of the armature relative to the brushes. In the coils 5 of the armature winding connected at a certain point in time to unipolar brushes, switching occurs. In figure 2 and figure 4, the switching occurs in the coil 5 located on the pronounced pole of the armature Y1, and in figure 6 - in the coils 5 located on the poles of the armature Y1 and Y3. The "north" magnetic poles of the "N" armature tend to push out from under the "north" magnetic poles of the "N" inductor and pull themselves under the "south" magnetic poles of the "S" inductor, and the "south" magnetic poles of the "S" armature, in turn tend to push out from under the “southern” magnetic poles of the “S” inductor and get pulled under the “northern” magnetic poles of the “N” inductor, thereby creating a torque acting on the stator and the armature of the magnetoelectric motor. The direction of rotation of the anchor in the drawings is shown by an arrow with the letter "n".

Consider the generator mode (figure 1 ÷ 6). When the armature is rotated by a third-party source of torque, the constant magnetic flux of the pronounced poles 2 of the inductor created by the permanent magnets 12 penetrates the air gap and the pronounced poles 4 of the armature either from the side of the inductor or from the side of the armature, creating an alternating magnetic the flow inducing in each coil 5 of the armature winding an EMF variable in time. The EMF variables of the coils located at a given moment in this parallel branch are summed and rectified using a collector. EMF of parallel branches are directed in one direction, forming on the brushes "plus" and "minus" of a constant voltage source. If the external circuit - the load circuit is closed, then a rectified electric current flows through it, electric power is given to the consumer.

Deep and smooth control of the output parameters of an explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine in the electric motor operation mode is carried out by smoothly changing the constant voltage supplied to the armature winding coils.

The use of a collector magnetoelectric machine with a pole armature both at low and at high voltages with good switching is possible by performing a closed sequential coil winding of the armature.

Claims (4)

1. A manifold magnetoelectric collector machine comprising a housing, an inductor with pronounced poles, the excitation of which is carried out using permanent magnets, bearing shields with bearings, a shaft, a collector, a brush-contact assembly with brushes and an armature with a closed winding, characterized in that the anchor is made with pronounced poles and a coil sequential winding, each coil of which is placed on the corresponding explicit pole of the armature, and the beginning and ends of the coils are connected between themselves minutes in a certain way and are connected to respective collector plates collector, forming a closed electrical circuit with two parallel branches, the number of equations (1) and (2) explicit inductor Z _P of poles and the number express armature poles Z _R are linked and are defined respectively:

where m = 2, 3, 4, 5, ... is a positive integer starting from two; c is the number of modules, that is, “elementary machines” as part of an explicitly polar collector magnetoelectric machine, with c = 1, 2, 3, ... with m being odd, that is, with m = 3, 5, 7, ..., and c = 2 , 4, 6, ... when m is even, the width of the pole arc b _{P of the} pronounced pole of the inductor is determined by the expression:

where t _P = 360 ° / Z _P and b _P are measured in geometric degrees, the width of the pole arc b _{R of the} pronounced pole of the armature is determined by the expression:

where t _R = 360 ° / Z _R and b _R are measured in geometric degrees, the width of the switching zone b _CA in the angular measurement is determined in accordance with the condition:

the collector plates of the collector are made of the same width, the estimated number of collector plates n _CL is determined by the equality:

moreover, the number of collector plates to which the beginnings and ends of the coils of the armature winding are connected is equal to the number of pronounced poles of the armature, the brushes are made of the same width, and the number of brushes is proportional to the number of pronounced poles of the inductor. 2. The explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the inductor is located outside, the anchor inside. 3. The explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the inductor is located inside, the anchor is outside. 4. The explicit pole collector magnetoelectric machine according to claim 1, characterized in that the pronounced poles of the inductor are made with a compensation winding.

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