RU2404926C2 - Water treatment method, device realising said method and filling used therein - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: chemistry.

SUBSTANCE: water treatment involves successively passing water through a mineral filling containing a schungite-3 layer, a layer of calcareous rock, a layer of haydite, a layer of silicon-containing mineral rock, wherein water is fed through the mineral filling from bottom up. The calcareous rock in separate layers used is dolomite and glauconite and the silicon-containing mineral rock used is marshalite. All minerals have a equidimensional grain-size composition with grain size of not more than 5 mm and dimension range of the granules in margin range of not more than 1 mm. The device has a loop: a dismountable structure with cartridges containing the layers of mineral filling listed above: schungite-3, dolomite, glauconite, haydite, marshalite lying in series from the input of the loop to its output. The input and output of each cartridge is covered by a membrane. The formed structure is placed in a dismountable housing. Minerals used in the filling are thermally treated at 200°C for one hour in a medium of dry air.

EFFECT: obtaining efficiently purified drinking water with given properties, saturated with useful macro- and microelements.

3 cl, 12 tbl, 1 dwg, 9 ex

Description

The proposed inventions relate to the production of drinking as well as medicinal water from existing tap and natural wastewater and may find application in the water supply systems of the population living in megacities or in resort areas or in health resorts. This is due to the fact that these inventions make it possible to obtain water with predefined useful and required properties for a particular person.

The problem of obtaining high-quality drinking water with predetermined useful properties is relevant not only for Russia with its potentially rich water resources, but also for the whole world, which is currently experiencing an acute crisis in resolving the issue of ensuring quality drinking water supply.

It is well known that for the deposition (coagulation) of insoluble suspensions contained in water received from water intakes, water treatment plants use aluminum sulphate treatment. But aluminum salts are the strongest neurotoxic agents.

For bactericidal treatment of water at city water stations, chlorination is used. Chlorine actively reacts with organic substances in water obtained from water intakes, forming extremely toxic organochlorine compounds, including radical and radical ion particles, which are the main reason for the increased risk of developing chronic diseases. (Voeikov V.L., Asfaramov PP, Rosenthal V.M. Health-hazardous by-products in chlorinated water, methods for their detection and elimination. "Ecopolis 2000: Ecology and Sustainable Development of the City." Materials of the 111th International Conference, Moscow, Moscow State University, November 24-25, 2000. M.: Publishing House of RAMS, 2000. S.226-230). However, in the event of termination of the chlorination of water, the risk of epidemics of gastrointestinal diseases increases sharply.

It should also be added that the water treated at waterworks is transported to consumers, as a rule, through pipes highly susceptible to corrosion due to the weak acidity of water after treatment with aluminum sulfate, as well as under the influence of chlorine and organochlorine compounds. As a result of corrosion of water pipes, compounds of iron, heavy and non-ferrous metals in quantities significantly exceeding the established norms fall into the water intended for drinking and cooking.

Along with the problem of high-quality purification of drinking water, there is an urgent need to develop a technology for artificial mineralization of high-quality purified drinking water. This technology should include the enrichment of high-quality purified "soft" or distilled water with a composition of useful mineral salts. The compositions and quantitative ratios of salts in such a composition must comply with physiological standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective and inexpensive methods for producing high-quality and beneficial drinking water directly in the places of its consumption. Requires devices capable of implementing such methods. Need and downloads used in the above methods and devices. One of such effective and inexpensive methods is filtering water using highly effective and relatively cheap natural materials as filter media.

The well-known "Method of water treatment in order to improve its quality and used for this substance" (application JP No. 2265685, publ. 30.10.1990). To implement the method, a filter load is proposed containing limestone substances or silicates from fossilized shells, including components of various prehistoric nectons, plankton, freshwater or seaweeds. These fossilized shells are crushed to a state of coarse sand, dried in a rotary kiln with hot air at a temperature of 120-150 ° C, cooled in a refrigerator, the resulting material is ground into powder in a ball mill and isolated using a cyclone in the form of particles with a size of 0.1-50 microns . After such processing, according to the authors of the application, the optimum material for improving the quality of the water is obtained. However, the process of preparing the material of the filter load is very complex, multi-stage and energy-intensive, and therefore the implementation of this method requires quite a lot of material costs. In addition, with its help it is difficult to select the necessary components of the load in order to obtain drinking water with desired properties. Moreover, finely dispersed particles, and this is 0.1-10 microns, are washed out of such a filter and enter the drinking water, and with it into the human body, where food channels can become clogged and damaged.

A number of methods are also known that are implemented using water purification and conditioning devices and are described in RF patent No. 2049070 (publ. 11/27/1995), RF patent No. 2056358 (publ. 03/20/1996) and RF patent No. 2135258 (publ. 27.08. 1999). In these technical solutions, it is assumed to use a two-stage water treatment. According to patent No. 2049070, the first layer along the treated water is made of schungite with a total content of silica and aluminosilicates of 30-70%, and the second layer is made of dolomite containing organic components of not more than 0.1% by weight, including sulfur 1 , 5-2%, nitrogen 0.3-0.6% by weight of organic matter. However, these indicators - sulfur and nitrogen - are not an essential sign of the usefulness of the selected dolomite, because they do not determine the content of useful substances in it - calcium, magnesium, etc., and therefore cannot guarantee the saturation of water with established standard useful elements.

The invention according to patent No. 2135258 provides for the production of purified and conditioned water by passing it through a double layer of uniform loading. Download is a crushed mineral, for example, shungite. The load is placed in successive layers so that its layers, for example, consisting of schungite with particle sizes from 0.03 mm to 3 mm, are made of different thicknesses, and the first layer of them along the course of the water has a thickness and particle size in it from 3 to 8 times less than the thickness and size of the particles in the second layer along the movement of water. The disadvantage is the use of only one mineral as a load, for example, shungite or dolomite. However, the indicated names of the mineral group — shungite or dolomite — cannot guarantee the production of water with the predicted properties, because these names mean a large group of mineral formations with very different physicochemical and biochemical properties. In addition, the use of the specified composition of the downloads and the two-stage treatment of water leads to the neutralization of water from impurities of heavy metals and organic substances, the transition of calcium and magnesium ions into the water and the enrichment of biologically active substances in unpredictable quantities and proportions, which does not always have a beneficial effect on the body person.

Moreover, the disadvantages of these technical solutions are incomplete purification of water from organic and bacterial contaminants, only partial purification from compounds of heavy metals, as well as insufficiently complete conversion of useful salts to conditioned water. The loads used for water purification do not allow controlling the quality of the treated water. By delaying to one degree or another the pollutants and toxic substances present in the source water, the aforementioned loadings also remove from the purified water natural components that are beneficial for humans, such as natural trace elements complexes contained in the source water, regardless of its origin (lake, spring , river, from underground sources).

A known method (RF patent No. 2185328, publ. 20.07.2002) of purification and conditioning of drinking water and loading for its implementation, according to which the purified water passes sequentially from bottom to top through four loading layers: shungite-3 of Karelia, fossilized invertebrate remains, shungizite and natural flint. In accordance with this known method, the material for loading is crushed to particle sizes of 0.1-5 mm and treated with steam (sterilized) at a temperature of 150-200 ° C for one hour. This method and the load used make it possible to efficiently purify water from various harmful substances, however, this method does not make it possible to obtain optimal saturation of water with microelements and the ratio of macronutrients, including calcium and magnesium ions, in filtered water through a filter charge, and therefore does not represent an opportunity fully and pre-determine the final properties of water. When using such a device, it is impossible to control the flow rate of water through the loading layers, which depends only on the natural pressure and density of the packing sections by filling. So, such a device cannot give the possibility of controlling the properties of the water obtained, since such properties directly depend on the contact time of water and backfill, and the time of such contact in the specified device is uncontrollable and unpredictable.

An analysis of the known technical solutions presented shows that in the process of developing technologies for producing drinking water with desired properties, a search for layer-by-layer water treatment using natural and artificial substances is actively being conducted. At the same time, there is a search for multi-stage water purification from various physicochemical and biological contaminants during the subsequent mineralization of treated water with appropriate minerals.

From the drawing, explaining the essence of the invention "Method for the purification and conditioning of drinking water and loading for its implementation" (RF patent No. 2185328, publ. 07/20/2002), there is a device called "Tsarevin key." This installation is a battery in which the sections are connected in series, arranged vertically and united by a single casing, which has inlet and outlet pipes at the ends that serve to supply and drain water. Each section is a corresponding loading layer. From it, water flows from the upper part and enters through the drain pipe into the lower part of the neighboring section. Any section can be disconnected from the case and replaced with a new one. In this case, the loading layers are separated from the adjacent loading layers by corresponding membranes. In essence, this is a water treatment device comprising a circuit in which cartridges with corresponding loading layers are enclosed and arranged in a certain sequence from the circuit entrance to the outlet.

The disadvantage of this device is that when creating sections of a large volume, the purification and conditioning of drinking water becomes difficult for several reasons. Firstly, when water is supplied taking into account the organization of the movement of water flows (through tubes between sections), stagnant zones will form in the lower part of each section, which will impair the quality of the treated water. Secondly, the supply of the source water to be purified will occur directly in the filter backfill material under pressure, which will lead to its local erosion by turbulent water flows from the tubes between the sections and the removal of particles of the backfill material into the water to be purified. In addition, in such a device it is difficult to control the treatment and conditioning of drinking water.

An analysis of the presented well-known technical solutions shows that in the process of developing the production of drinking water with desired properties, a search for layer-by-layer water treatment using natural and artificial substances is actively being conducted. At the same time, there is a search for multi-stage water purification from various physicochemical and biological contaminants during the subsequent mineralization of treated water with appropriate minerals.

As a prototype of the method, device and loading, a method is selected (RF patent No. 2185328, publ. July 20, 2002) for purification and conditioning of drinking water and loading for its implementation. The prototype includes the primary purification of water using a layer of shungite-3 of Karelia, deep purification and saturation with useful salts, macro- and microelements using a layer of limestone, with further removal of harmful substances from the water that passed into the water when passing through the previous layers using a layer of schungizite and layer of silicon-containing mineral rock.

From the prototype is also known mineral loading for water treatment, containing minerals layered in layers in the direction of the flow of water from bottom to top, while minerals are used, crushed to a size of not more than 5 mm and subjected to heat treatment.

Prototypes have significant disadvantages that are eliminated by the claimed invention.

1. Using the prototype, you cannot get drinking water from any contaminated water with the desired properties that meet specific needs. This is due to the fact that it is impossible to predict the obtained properties of water without knowing the activity of the load used, and the activity of the load cannot be predicted without knowing its active area. The process of preparation of the load, according to the prototype, does not allow predicting the resulting active area, as the prototype provides for a very large spread in the dimension of the filling - from 0.1 to 5 mm, which is exacerbated by an unpredictable change in the dimension after steam treatment at a temperature of 120 ° C-150 ° C for one hour due to inevitable coagulation.

But ACCORDING to the present invention, it is possible to predictably control the activity of the charge by using a small range of backfill sizes within the difference of not more than 1 mm, and bactericidal treatment and activation of the charge can be carried out using dry heat radiation at a temperature of 200 ° C for one hour, at which sizes (coagulation) is impossible.

2. When using the prototype, it is impossible to achieve water saturation with trace elements in the required amount due to the fact that the only layer containing the necessary trace elements and is able to actively send them to water, under normal conditions, is a layer of dolomite formed from fossilized remains of prehistoric invertebrate creatures: protozoa - cavitary, brachiopod, mollusk, echinoderm. Due to the exclusively animal origin of the dolomite indicated according to the prototype, the content of necessary trace elements capable of recoil in it is very small, which means that the likelihood of them entering the water is negligible and unpredictable.

But ACCORDING to the proposed solution, an additional layer is introduced for balanced regulation and saturation with necessary microelements - rock of glauconite limestones containing biominerals of plant origin, formed exclusively from fossilized remains of prehistoric blue-green algae and bacteria (cyanides), and fossilized remains of products of their vital activity, which mainly consists of readily soluble trace elements that are readily released to water under normal conditions.

3. When using the prototype loading, the last layer - natural flint - does not behave actively enough to fully and reliably cope with those microcontaminants that enter the treated water from previous loading layers.

But ACCORDING to the proposed solution, as a final layer, a layer of silicon-containing rock - marshallite is used, which allows to purify water from mechanical suspensions.

4. When using the device described in the prototype, it is impossible to adjust the speed of the water flow through the load, and therefore it is impossible to adjust the time of contact of water with the mineral load, which is the main criterion for the effect of the mineral load on water to control the obtained properties.

But ACCORDING to the proposed solution, a device is used that includes: a hollow body made of material inert to water and equipped with inlet and outlet nozzles, and a multilayer load placed in the body cavity, while its layers are separated by membranes made in the form of gaskets of any porous material. In this case, the inlet pipe is located at the bottom, and the output pipe is at the top of the device. On the inlet pipe is a device that controls the speed of the water supply (for example: faucet, clamp, etc.). The loading layers are placed in a strictly defined order, according to the current flow of water, from bottom to top:

1) a layer of complete purification from impurities - shungite-3;

2) a deep cleaning layer containing dolomites of animal origin formed from the fossilized remains of prehistoric invertebrate creatures: protozoan intestinal cavities, brachiopods, mollusks, echinoderms;

3) a deep cleaning layer containing glauconites of plant origin, formed by biominerals from the fossilized remains of prehistoric blue-green algae and bacteria (cyanes) and the fossilized remains of their metabolic products;

4) a layer of neutralization (sorption and decomposition) of bio-pollution obtained as a result of contact of water with previous layers, consisting of an artificial mineral - schungizite;

5) a layer of final cleaning from mechanical suspensions, consisting of marshallite.

5. In the prototype, there are stagnant zones, which degrades the quality of the purified water. In addition, the feed of the source water to be purified will occur directly in the filter backfill material under pressure, which will lead to its local erosion by turbulent water flows from the tubes between the sections and the removal of particles of the backfill material into the purified water. Moreover, in such a device it is difficult to control the treatment and conditioning of drinking water.

But ACCORDING to the proposed solution, a different structure of layer construction was used, in which stagnant zones are formed at the bottom of the first layer of schungite-3. These zones in the claimed inventions perform a useful function, such as: hold water on shungite, which, the longer it is in the water, the more actively it processes. In addition, the entire mineral loading can be performed as a single cartridge or in layers - as a set of individual cartridges placed in one housing.

Thus, the main indicated disadvantages of the prototype — the impossibility of predicting qualitative and quantitative changes in the properties acquired by water — in the aggregate do not allow the prototype to obtain final water with predicted properties. Such disadvantages are inherent in various devices and downloads that implement prototypes.

But ACCORDING to the proposed inventions, all the considered disadvantages of the prototypes are eliminated, which allows to obtain the final water with the necessary properties superior to the properties of the water obtained by the prototypes.

The technical solutions proposed in the new method, with their whole set of essential features, allow achieving new technical results.

1. They make it possible not only to efficiently and completely purify the source water from the most diverse polluting and toxic substances present in it, but also to saturate the purified water with useful macro- and microelements, for which mineral loads having a composition similar in shape to the geochemical formation and biochemical are used properties. This means that they have full compatibility and the ability to mineralize the treated water according to the maximum possible criteria.

2. To have in its composition readily available, relatively cheap natural materials (rocks and minerals), the composition and properties of which allow reproducing (modeling) the natural processes of self-purification and conditioning of water.

3. To provide high efficiency when used both in large and small-sized devices that are part of drinking water supply systems, including household filters.

4. Allows for the possibility of CIP by passing through the entire load, without disassembling the device, a special mixture or quick replacement of all or part of the load due to the cartridge system of the device.

5. It allows the possibility of using for water treatment in networks not only cold, but also hot water, as well as for wastewater treatment of various industries. This is due to the physicochemical properties of the used mineral fillers, downloads, and consists in the same relative activity regardless of the temperatures of the considered consumer range - not higher than 100 ° C.

6. Allows you to adjust the contact time "water - mineral load" by adjusting the flow rate of water with a special device on the inlet pipe.

7. Allows you to predictably control the activity of the load by using a small range of dimensions of the filling - within the difference of not more than 1 mm, and bactericidal treatment and activation of the load is carried out using dry heat radiation at a temperature of 200 ° C for one hour.

The patent search conducted by the applicant on this topic showed that the claimed combination of essential features of the proposed inventions is not known. Therefore, the claimed invention meets the condition of "novelty."

To verify the conformity of the claimed inventions with the criterion of "inventive step", the applicant conducted an additional search for known solutions to identify signs that match the distinctive features of the prototypes of the claimed method, its device and download. The search results showed that the claimed inventions do not follow explicitly from the prior art for the average skilled person, since the influence of the transformations provided for by the essential features of the claimed inventions to achieve technical results is not revealed from the prior art determined by the applicant.

Therefore, the proposed invention meets the condition of "inventive step".

The practical applicability of these inventions is illustrated by the drawing, tables and the following description.

The proposed method of water treatment includes the sequential passage of water through a mineral load containing a layer of schungite-3, a layer of limestone rock, a layer of schungizite, a layer of silicon-containing mineral rock, while the water is fed through the mineral load from the bottom up.

Dolomite and glauconite are used as limestone rock in separate layers, and marshalite is used as a silicon-containing mineral rock, all minerals having an equal-sized granulometric composition with a granule size of not more than 5 mm and with a range of granule sizes within the difference of not more than 1 mm.

This method is implemented by the following device, shown in the drawing in the form of a diagram. It contains a circuit 1, in which a load 2 is enclosed, divided by membranes 3 into layers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Each layer is enclosed in a corresponding cartridge. They are located in a certain sequence from the inlet pipe 9 to the circuit 1 to the outlet pipe 10 from it. The input and output of each cartridge is blocked by a membrane 3, and circuit 1 is a collapsible design formed of cartridges assembled from bottom to top in a certain sequence with the possibility of replacing each of them with another (not shown in the drawing). In this case, the formed structure can be placed in the corresponding collapsible housing 1.

In the method and device for water treatment applied mineral loading. It contains minerals layered (4, 5, 6, 7, 8) located in the direction of the flow of water from the bottom up. In this case, the minerals used are crushed to a size of not more than 5 mm and subjected to heat treatment. The peculiarity lies in the fact that an additional mineral layer of glauconite is introduced, formed by plant biominerals from the fossilized remains of prehistoric blue-green algae and cyanide bacteria and the fossilized remains of their metabolic products. Moreover, all minerals have an equal-sized particle size distribution and are subjected to heat treatment in a dry air environment. Layers of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 minerals are distributed in at least five corresponding layers located from the entrance to the housing to its exit in a certain order from bottom to top and having the integrated ability to provide consistent, bottom-up, treatment of water from the source to its required properties.

The implementation of all the claimed inventions in general is illustrated by the operation of the device. Water (not shown) is supplied to the housing 1 through its inlet pipe 9 and evenly flows along the first loading layer 4 enclosed in the corresponding cartridge, and uniformly provided by the housing 1, rises to the next loading layer 5, which is also enclosed in the corresponding cartridge. On the membrane separating them 3, the corresponding particulate particles are suspended in water. Then, water from the second loading layer 5 enters the next loading layer 6, undergoes a corresponding treatment therein and reaches the next loading layer 7 due to the pressure of the supplied source water. And so on, until it leaves the last loading layer 8 into the outlet pipe 10.

In essence, this is a filter with which the applicant carried out laboratory tests of the basic principles for implementing the claimed method and the load used in it. The results are shown in the examples presented below.

Natural loading materials are crushed, giving them an uniformly distributed particle size distribution. This makes it possible to bookmark the mineral load with a different and adjustable active area. After that, the crushed natural materials are subjected to dry thermal radiation, for example, dry hot air at a temperature of 200 ° C for one hour. The thermal treatment of the mineral load avoids the possible sintering (coagulation) of its crushed fractions (especially dust) into conglomerates, which simplifies the technology of preparing backfill with a predetermined active area.

When conducting experiments using modern biological and physicochemical methods in a specialized laboratory of the Military Medical Academy of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, it was found that the claimed method exhibits specific activity in eliminating particles of a radical and ion-radical nature from water, significantly superior in this respect, separately, as flint and glauconite limestone and activated carbon. Water treated with the claimed method improves its quality due to deep cleaning from chemical contaminants, reducing toxicity. Technologies and treatment devices using the claimed method are cheaper at cost. Russia has a powerful raw material base of natural materials used in the claimed method, which makes this method promising in the technologies for producing drinking water in Russia.

The functional diagram of the device with the load and its operation explains the effect of the proposed method of water treatment. These actions are based on the features and properties of each group of mineral loading, and based on this they establish a certain sequence of such mineral loading and their separation in order to prevent their mixing with each other. To exclude such mixing, membranes and body elements of the device are used, with the help of which it is possible to realize the rapid change of the corresponding loading layers to others.

The sequence of layers indicated in the application in the direction of the flow of water from the bottom up is deliberately chosen with the aim of alternating the influence of the mineral layers on the water passing through them.

The direction of the water flow "bottom up" is deliberately chosen with the aim of:

- improving the cleaning conditions from solid-phase dispersed suspensions in the source and passing water due to their natural deposition;

- eliminating the possibility of deposition of air bubbles present and / or formed in water on the mineral loading layers, which leads to the "drainage" of the active layers of the mineral loading and a decrease in the contact area - "water - mineral loading".

Giving water the necessary quantitative and qualitative characteristics when it comes in contact with a mineral load and adjusting the expected properties can be regulated in various ways:

1) contact time by adjusting the flow rate of water;

2) the contact area, changing the active contact area - “water - mineral load”, due to the fineness of grinding and / or the amount of the total volume of the mineral load;

3) a change in the activity of the mineral load due to various methods of physico-chemical activation and / or enrichment of the mineral load;

4) the dimension of grinding, provided that the difference in grain size in the range of not more than 1 mm.

The method indicated in the application does not fundamentally depend on the quality and properties of the source water, as this is balanced by the above methods of adjusting the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the resulting water.

Regardless of the mentioned methods of changing the contact - "water - mineral loading" - each layer of the mineral load, to a greater or lesser extent, affects the passing water, changing its certain properties, while not compromising the properties acquired during the passage of the previous layer.

The rationality of applying one or another method of changing the contact "water - mineral loading" is carried out depending on:

1) local conditions and capabilities;

2) the initial properties of water;

3) the specified properties of water.

Achieving the desired properties of water is possible using any of these methods of changing contact - “water - mineral loading”, separately and / or in any combination thereof.

Properties and purpose of mineral loading layers:

1st layer - Shungit-3.

Silicate rock with a high carbon content.

Complex disordered interlaced structure of carbon and silicate lattices. It is a “solid acid” and has a great sorption ability and ion-exchange properties.

Main purpose:

- adsorption of microimpurities;

- creation of increased acidity of the aquatic environment;

- a catalyst for redox reactions;

- decomposition of phenols, fluorine and organochlorine compounds;

- complete destruction of the bacterial environment.

2nd layer - dolomite rock containing biominerals of sedimentary glauconite limestones of animal origin - the simplest living organisms.

It has the properties of isomorphism and great migration ability. Contains oxides of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, etc.

Main purpose:

- adsorption of macronutrients;

- enrichment with essential micro and macro elements;

- removal of heavy metal ions;

- saturation of water with salts, incl. salts of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, etc .;

- acidity adjustment - decrease;

- another.

3rd layer - a rock containing biominerals of sedimentary glauconite limestones of plant origin - blue-green algae and cyanide bacteria.

It has the properties of isomorphism and great migration ability. Contains macro- and microelements of potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, etc.

Main purpose:

- adsorption of microimpurities;

- enrichment with essential trace elements;

- removal of heavy metal ions;

- water saturation with micro and macro elements, including potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, etc. ions;

- acidity adjustment - decrease;

- another.

Regarding this layer, we note that this is an additional layer that significantly increases (expands) the ability to control the properties of the resulting water and contributes to the formation of a biological environment that is useful for protein organisms, which significantly improves the absorption of such water by the body and significantly reduces slag formation during the absorption of such water. Thus, the use of an additional layer - glauconite, formed by algae and microorganisms, allows to regulate not only quantitative indicators to a much greater extent and shape, but also give new qualitative characteristics to water - saturation with microelements.

(When using the prototype in the resulting water, the content of useful trace elements is not enough, which is balanced in the proposed method due to the use of the 3rd layer.)

4th layer - artificial mineral - shungizite.

It is obtained by high-temperature processing (1100 ° C) of schungite.

It has a high active area due to microporosity.

Main purpose:

- adsorption of impurities, including those formed during the interaction of water with previous layers;

- adjustment for the content of iron ions;

- increasing acidity in order to destroy microflora brought in from the 2nd and 3rd layers;

- decomposition of adsorbed impurities;

- another.

5th layer - silica of the opal-cristobalite group - marshalite.

Main purpose:

- adjustment of macro- and microimpurities generated from water contact with previous layers;

- removal of heavy metal ions;

- adjustment of acid-base properties, pH 7.0-7.5;

- adjustment of biogenic properties;

- another.

The five proposed loading layers, the relative ratio and the sequence of their location are a modified copy of the geological sections of the earth's crust in the area of natural healing springs located in the Onega region (Karelia).

Water treated according to the proposed scheme, regardless of the initial properties, improves its quality due to deep cleaning from chemical, physical and biological contaminants, reducing toxicity, and is also enriched with essential macro- and microelements.

Using the inventive method according to the proposed functional scheme suggests the possibility of multiple CIP regeneration of all layers of the mineral load with the restoration of their properties. A mixture of oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide is used as a regenerating liquid solution.

To achieve the desired result under ordinary conditions, it is necessary to know the initial (input) characteristics of water, which is impractical and time-consuming for each case. To simplify the task of the claimed method, an initial operation is provided, which with a high degree of guarantee leads any incoming water to one (comparable) state in which such water can be considered completely "clean".

The role of such a “complete cleaner” in the method is played by the mineral rock - shungite-3.

The role of the subsequent layers of the mineral loading is to give the water the required desired properties on demand, without compromising the properties of the incoming water.

Such a change in the properties of water occurs due to:

- physico-mechanical "washing" with water of the necessary elements from mineral rocks;

- chemical and physical activity of minerals to water;

- sorption ability of mineral rocks.

It has been experimentally established that the sequence of effects on water previously passed through shungite of various mineral fillers, and the sequence of imparting certain properties to such water has the most positive effect in the following case:

- removal of unwanted products of a chemical reaction - "shungite - water";

- decrease in acidity of water;

- filling of water with macrocells;

- filling of water with microelements;

- removal of unwanted impurities obtained from contact with mineral loads, and disinfection of water;

- alignment of acid-base properties to optimal;

- final cleaning of undesirable impurities.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF THE INVENTED WATER TREATMENT METHOD.

To verify the inventive method was assembled a special experimental setup corresponding to this application - "FILTER".

Example 1

To test the ability to enrich water by macronutrients, distilled water was passed through the FILTER (claimed method).

Distilled water was taken as an example for the following reasons.

1. The independence of the method from the initial number of present concentrations of the considered elements in the source water.

2. For the purity of the experiment and the elimination of errors arising (which may arise) from the "appearance - removal" of the elements in question from the source water after its contact with the loading minerals.

3. Practical applicability (relevance!) Of the method for obtaining normal drinking water in real conditions of autonomy, for example: the navy, space, territories of coastal areas, deserts, highlands, the Arctic and Antarctic, emergency situations, medicine, cosmetology and more. Any objects and spheres of human life, where water is extracted, is produced by evaporation and / or another method of isolation - obtaining drinking water from the starting material, for example: sea water, snow, ice, urea, etc.

4. The only possibility, without error, is to practically determine the quantitative characteristics and effectiveness of the method for saturating water with the elements in question based on the parameters of the mineral load.

5. The above example is a sample of several experiments, characteristic of the claimed purpose of the method.

The results of analyzes of the source (distilled) water and water obtained by the method specified in the present invention are shown in table 1.

Table 1. Component In distilled water, mg / l In water after FILTER, mg / l Calcium not found twenty Magnesium not found 10 Sodium not found 5 Potassium not found 2

The obtained analyzes of water confirm that using the inventive method, it is possible to correct the composition of purified water according to macroelements, selecting for this an appropriate percentage by volume of layers of filtering backfill. It was also established that the saturation of water with macroelements depends on the contact time and the size of the active contact area of the treated water with filter loading materials.

Example 2

Determining the degree of change in organoleptic indicators and the pH of samples of tap water (Moscow district of St. Petersburg). The average results of the analysis of water samples "before and after" the use of the claimed method are presented in table 2.

Table 2. Indicators, units rev. Source water Norm SanPiN (no more) FILTER Smell 3 2 0 Flavor, score 3 2 0 Color, ° 29th twenty 0 Turbidity, EM four 2.6 0 pH 6 6-9 7.2

The source tap water had increased color and turbidity, as well as a pronounced smell of chlorine.

After passing through FILTER, the organoleptic characteristics of water improved and began to fully meet all the requirements of SanPiN.

Example 3

Determining the degree of change in organoleptic indicators and the pH of water samples taken from the agricultural reclamation canal (Petrodvorets district, St. Petersburg).

The average results of the analysis of water samples "before and after" the use of the claimed method are presented in table 3.

Table 3 Indicators, unit Source water Norm SanPiN (no more) FILTER Smell 3 2 0 Color, ° 112 twenty 0 Turbidity, EM 5 2.6 0 pH 6.5 6-9 7.3

Water from the reclamation canal had organoleptic indicators that significantly differed for the worse from the SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 standards for drinking water (high color due to the content of humic substances, increased turbidity and swamp odor). After passing through FILTER, the values of organoleptic indicators began to fully comply with the requirements of these SanPiN. Thus, we can conclude that water treatment using the inventive method in the filtration mode leads to a significant improvement in the organoleptic properties of water, even in the case when the source water significantly differs in terms of quality from SanPiN standards.

Example 4

The claimed method was tested for the ability to purify water from iron ions.

For reliability, three different water samples were taken, and the performance was compared with other existing methods.

The results are summarized in table 4

Table 4 The content of iron ions in water, mg / l N Source Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU one 0.5 ± 0.1 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.12 + 0.01 0.10 ± 0.01 0.10 ± 0.1 2 4.6 ± 1.2 0.15 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.02 0.25 ± 0.02 0.12 ± 0.01 0.14 ± 0.01 3 40.2 ± 2.2 0.14 ± 0.01 0.30 ± 0.02 0.30 ± 0.03 0.25 ± 0.02 0.30 ± 0.03 Note 1. Sample 1 - tap water from the Moscow region of St. Petersburg. 2. Sample 2 - water from a well in the territory of Toksovo (Vsevolozhsk district of the Leningrad region). 3. Sample 3 - water from a well in the territory of the village of Krasnitsa (Gatchinsky district of the Leningrad region). 4. FILTER - the claimed method. 5. AU - activated carbon filter - control. 6. MAC of iron in drinking water - 0.3 mg / l.

After passing through various filters, the concentration of iron ions in all water samples decreased to acceptable values. Moreover, the effectiveness of water purification from iron using FILTER was not inferior to the effectiveness of AC at all studied concentrations.

Example 5

The claimed method was tested for the ability to purify water from copper ions.

For reliability, three different water samples were taken, and the performance was compared with other existing methods.

The results are summarized in table 5.

Table 5 The content of copper ions in water, mg / l Source Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU 0.58 ± 0.02 0.20 ± 0.01 0 0.04 ± 0.002 0 0.20 ± 0.03 4.60 ± 0.1 0.50 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.16 ± 0.01 0.1 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.02 9.95 ± 0.5 0.50 ± 0.1 0.1 ± 0.02 0.05 ± 0.001 0 0.30 ± 0.02 Notes 1. The hardness of the tap water is 0.8 ÷ 0.9 mEq / l, color - 10 °. 2. FILTER - the claimed method. 3. AU - activated carbon filter - control. 4. The maximum permissible concentration of copper ions is 1.0 mg / l.

It should be noted that with all the used copper concentrations in all three variants, the FILTER - the claimed method turned out to be the more effective method.

Example 6

The claimed method was tested for the ability to purify water from phenol. For reliability, three different water samples were taken, and the performance was compared with other existing methods.

The results are summarized in table 6.

Table 6 The phenol content in water, mg / l Source Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU 34.5 ± 1.5 <0.001 11.1 ± 0.5 0.08 ± 0.003 <0.001 <0.001 1.5 ± 0.1 <0.001 0.01 ± 0.001 0.002 ± 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.05 ± 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Note 1. Water hardness - 0.8-0.9 mEq / l, color - 10 °. 2. The maximum permissible concentration of phenol is 0.001 mg / l. 3. FILTER - the claimed method. 4. AU - activated carbon filter - control.

From the above analysis results it follows that all the tested methods successfully coped with the removal of phenol from tap water at the level of 0.05 mg / l (which is 50 MAC).

Moreover, the effectiveness of the claimed method is not inferior to the effectiveness of the AU.

Example 7

The claimed method was tested for the ability to purify water from the presence of various harmful microorganisms.

For reliability, three different water samples were taken, and the performance was compared with other existing methods.

The results are summarized in tables 7, 8, 9.

Table 7 The number of E.coli microorganisms in water before and after filtration The number of microorganisms E.coli, cells / ml Source Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10 ³ 0 0 0 0 0 (3.5 ± 0.2)) × 10 ³ 0 0 0 0 0 (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10 ⁴ (0.8 ± 0.1) × 10 ¹ (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10 ¹ (0.7 ± 0.05) × 10 ¹ (0.8 ± 0.05) × 10 ¹ (0.6 ± 0.03) × 10 ¹ Note 1. FILTER - the claimed method. 2. AU - activated carbon filter - control.

Table 8 The number of B.subtilis microorganisms in water before and after filtration The number of microorganisms B.subtilis, cells / ml Source Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU (1.5 ± 0.1) × 10 ³ 0 0 0 0 0 (3.4 ± 0.2) × 10 ³ 0 0 0 0 0 (3.2 ± 0.1) × 10 ⁴ (0.7 ± 0.1) × 10 ¹ (1.5 ± 0.1) × 10 ¹ (0.7 ± 0.02) × 10 ¹ (0.8 ± 0.02) × 10 ¹ (0.8 ± 0.01) × 10 ¹ Note 1. FILTER - the claimed method. 2. AU - activated carbon filter - control.

Table 9 The number of microorganisms C.perfringens in water before and after filtration. The number of microorganisms C.perfringens, cells / ml Source Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10 ³ 0 0 0 0 0 (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10 ³ 0 0 0 0 0 (3.1 ± 0.2) × 10 ⁴ (0.6 ± 0.01) × 10 ¹ (1.6 + 0.1) × 10 ¹ (0.8 ± 0.04) × 10 ¹ (0.7 ± 0.03) × 10 ¹ (0.7 ± 0.05) × 10 ¹ Note 1. FILTER - the claimed method. 2. AU - activated carbon filter - control.

As a result of microbiological studies, it was found that with respect to E. coli bacteria, B.subtilis spores and C.perfringens, shungite and the claimed method showed the greatest efficiency in removing microorganism cells from water, not inferior in this regard to the AC method.

Example 8

Studies were conducted on the impact of the claimed method on the change in water toxicity.

For reliability, four different water samples were taken, and the performance was compared with other existing methods.

The results are summarized in tables 10 and 11.

Table 10 The influence of the claimed method on the death of Daphnia magna (% of control) in samples of water containing toxicants (n = 5) The content of toxicant, mg / l Source water Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU CuSO ₄ 10.0 85.5 ± 5.0 5.0 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.2 4.0 ± 0.1 5.0 ± 0.2 45.0 59.0 ± 3.0 4.0 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.2 4.0 ± 0.2 Phenol 1,5 73.0 ± 2.5 3.0 ± 0.2 11.0 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.2 0.05 57.0 ± 1.5 2.5 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.2 3.0 ± 0.1 4.0 ± 0.2 4.0 ± 0.3 Notes 1. In the control (water for cultivation) death was not observed. 2. The duration of cultivation of Daphnia magna in water samples is 96 hours. 3. After passing through the filters, the pH of the water in all variants of the experiment was set within 7.0 ÷ 7.2. Water was aerated for 1 hour. 4. FILTER - the claimed method. 5. АУ - activated carbon filter.

Table 11 The toxicity index (Sf) values of water samples (n = 5) for Chlorella vulgaris The content of toxicant, mg / l Source water Filter type Shungite Flint Glauconite FILTER AU CuSO ₄ 10.0 95.0 ± 5.0 7.0 ± 0.4 4,5 ± 0,4 5.0 ± 0.5 6.0 ± 0.3 6.5 ± 0.5 5,0 64.0 ± 3.0 4,5 ± 0,5 3.0 ± 0.3 5.5 ± 0.4 5.0 ± 0.5 7.0 ± 0.4 Phenol 1,5 75.0 ± 5.0 3.0 ± 0.2 18.0 ± 1.5 7.0 ± 0.6 4,5 ± 0,2 6.0 ± 0.3 0.5 56.0 ± 3.0 3.5 ± 0.3 9.0 ± 0.6 4,5 ± 0,5 3.5 ± 0.3 5.5 ± 0.5 Note 1. The control was water from vessels where chlorella was cultivated. 2. After passing through the filters the pH of the water in all variants of the experiment was set in the range of 7.0-7.2. 3. FILTER - the claimed method. 4. AU - activated carbon filter.

A study on the effect on toxicity showed that water before cleaning on filters had a toxic effect on test objects, and its severity correlated with the concentration of chemicals in water (toxicity index values S _f were 95 and 64 with a copper content in water at a concentration of 10 and 5 mg / L, respectively; S _f index was 75 and 56 with a phenol content of 1.5 and 0.05 mg / L). As a result of the water treatment, the values of the index S _f decreased significantly in all cases. Only when the initial phenol concentration in water of 1.5 mg / l of water, after passing through the filter with flint, had S _f 18 index and characterized as "slightly toxic." In all other variants of the experiment, the water passing through the filters was characterized as non-toxic (S _f <10).

Example 9

The claimed method was investigated for effects on radical and ion-radical particles in water.

For reliability, two different water samples were taken, and the performance was compared with other existing methods.

The results are summarized in table 12

Table 12 Water sample Impulse in 3 seconds % radiation reduction The degree of increase in radiation over radiation of bidistilled water Tap 10000 ± 120 - 526 Bidistilled 76 ± 3 99.8 - After: - flint 11000 ± 57 59.5 181 - glauconite 9000 ± 35 77.5 118 - shungite 250 ± 12 99.1 3.3 FILTER 200 ± 15 99.5 2.6 AU 8000 ± 105 80.0 105

When passing water through a FILTER (the claimed method, in which shungite is present) containing carbon microclusters, water purification from free radical particles is many times greater than the degree of purification from radicals when water is passed through other filters and is at the level of bidistilled water. Moreover, only in double-distilled water and in water after shungite and FILTER (the claimed method) the radiation with the addition of luminol practically did not change and was the same as the intrinsic radiation of these water samples.

From the above results of studies of an experimental sample that implements the claimed invention, it follows that these inventions are complex applicable and provide water with desired properties by regulating its quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

Claims (3)

1. A method of treating water, comprising sequentially passing water through a mineral load containing a layer of schungite-3, a layer of limestone rock, a layer of schungizite, a layer of silicon-containing mineral rock, wherein the water is fed through the mineral load from the bottom up, characterized in that as limestone rock dolomite and glauconite are used in separate layers, and marshalite is used as a silicon-containing mineral rock, and all minerals have an equal-sized granulometric composition with a grain size not less than 5 mm and with a range of granule dimensions within the difference of not more than 1 mm. 2. The device for water treatment according to claim 1, containing a circuit, which includes cartridges containing layers of mineral loading, located in series from the entrance to the circuit to the exit from it, and the circuit is a collapsible design of cartridges assembled from below up according to the layers of mineral loading, with the possibility of replacing each of the cartridges with another, characterized in that each cartridge contains one layer of mineral loading, consisting of layers: shungite-3, dolomite, glauconite, schungizite, marshalite, entrance and exit each membrane cartridge is blocked, and the formed structure is placed in a collapsible housing. 3. Mineral loading for water treatment containing minerals - shungite-3, limestone rock, shungizite and silicon-containing mineral rock, layered in layers in the direction of the flow of water from bottom to top, while the minerals used are subjected to heat treatment at 200 ° C for one hour, characterized the fact that dolomite and glauconite are used as limestone rock in separate layers, and marshalite is used as a silicon-containing mineral rock, and all minerals are uniformly sized composition with a grain size of not more than 5 mm and with the range dimension of the pellets within the difference is not more than 1 mm, and heat treatment is carried out in a dry air environment.

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