RU2388106C1 - Automatic lamp with step start-up (method for protection of illuminating incandescent lamp) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to electrical engineering, namely, to thermal sources of optical radiation to incandescent lamps. Automatic lamp with step start-up that fully operates in automatic mode may be connected to electric network with discreteness of three steps. Concept of the invention is as follows: method for protection of illuminating incandescent lamp including control of resistance in filament circuit in transition mode by means of alternate closure of resistive elements connected serially to filament by means of thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2), at that resistance of filament circuit is controlled so that at each moment of time of transition process the following ratio is maintained: R_F+(R1+R2)≥R_F*, where R_F - value of filament resistance in static mode (in cold condition); R1 and R2 - values of resistor resistances; R_F* - value of filament resistance in dynamic mode of operation (in hot condition).

EFFECT: prolonged service life, prevention of early blowing.

15 dwg

Description

The invention relates to electrical engineering, namely to thermal sources of optical radiation from incandescent lamps (LN).

The inventive method is that they regulate the resistance of the filament chain (LV) in transition mode (OL) by alternately closing the resistors R1 and R2, connected in series with the thread using the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2), thus so that at the moment the incandescent lamp is turned on, the equality Rн + (R1 + R2) ≤Rн * is fulfilled, where Rн is the LV voltage resistance, R1, R2 are the resistor resistances, Rn * is the LV voltage resistance in the dynamic mode of operation (3) ( hot, at the end of the PR).

Description of the invention.

The invention relates to electrical engineering, namely to thermal sources of optical radiation of incandescent lamps having a filament protection, to protect against premature burnout.

There is a method of incorporating a lighting lamp into an electrical network, including controlling the resistance of a filament circuit in transition by sequentially connecting additional resistance exhibiting the properties of a semiconductor with a negative temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) (RF patent No. 2050652, 1995). However, since the thermistor is installed without interfering with the design of the incandescent lamp (outside the lamp), the invention most likely relates to wiring devices (cartridges). This technical solution is associated with a number of inconveniences. First of all, installing a liner (thermistor) should be done by a specialist who has the appropriate skills, in addition, you will need to install a liner in each wiring device (cartridge), which will require material costs and time. If the thermistor is installed in direct contact with the heat source (filament), then the thermistor will operate in hard thermal mode, which will negatively affect the reliability of the thermistor and will contribute to its early failure. In addition, the thermistor must be made of refractory materials with a negative TCS.

The model "Automatic lamp with step-by-step turning on" is exempted from the above-mentioned disadvantages, since the model "Automatic lamp with step-by-step turning on" does not contain electronic elements (radio components) and differs from existing prototypes in the simplicity and originality of the technical solution.

The model “Automated lamp with step-by-step turning on” presented in this section has the ability to connect to the mains with a three-step resolution, that is, when a voltage is applied to the lamp, the light brightness will be 1/3 of the nominal value. After approximately two seconds, the thermal relay (1) closes the short-circuit resistive element (R1) and the light intensity is 2/3, after another two seconds the thermal relay (2) closes the short-circuit resistive element (R2) and the lamp brightness reaches its nominal value. The entire transient process is carried out by the lamp fully automatically. The "Automated lamp with step-by-step" model has the absolute symmetry of the arrangement of structural elements. This is done in order to reduce the heat generation by the resistor and evenly distribute the thermal return of the resistive elements, as well as reduce the overall dimensions of the resistors.

“Automatic lamp with step-by-step switching” consists of a base, a bulb of translucent material filled with inert gas, a glass holder into which the wire (1) and wire (2) are fused, as well as metal holders (clamps) of resistive elements (resistors R1; R2 ) These metal clamps are worn on the casing of resistors R1; R2 and are fixed with a “lock” or rivet, while the contact plate (1) is passed under the ring by the clamp (1), and the contact plate (2) is passed through the ring by the clamp (2), respectively. Thus, the necessary rigidity of the contact plate (1) and the contact plate (2) is created. Also, the clamps provide a rigid fixation of the resistors (in addition to the wire (1) and wire (2), which support the resistors from the bottom). The cutting of rings (clamps) is shown in Fig.9. At the end, the findings of the clamps have notches (or holes) for better engagement of the findings of the clamps with a glass holder (1) into which they are fused. This clamp is made of a whole metal plate and has a “lock”. A “lock” is a rectangular protrusion bent along a fold line at a right angle to the plate on one side, and on the other hand, the clamp plate has a cutout into which the rectangular protrusion is inserted and then bent. The "castle" is closed. Instead of a “lock”, a rivet can be used, in which case both plates should have a through hole. Figure 10 shows the cutting clamp for LN in fig.1b and figv. This clamp consists of two metal plates and has “locks”. "Locks" are rectangular cutouts, and at the other end are rectangular protrusions that enter rectangular cutouts, after which they must be bent - the "lock" is closed. In addition, this clamp has rivet holes (five holes). Instead of rivets, you can use the "locks" described above, or fix in any other acceptable way.

On Fig shows possible options for manufacturing resistors. The resistor case is a glass tube made of heat-resistant glass. A nichrome spiral (2) is installed inside the glass tube (1) (if necessary made using the technology of winding a tungsten spiral (for compact placement of the spiral inside the glass tube)). The cross-sectional area and wire length are calculated based on the lamp power and the required electrical resistance of the resistive element. The resistor values are summarized in table 1. Externally, the resistor resembles a fusible insert (glass fuse for household appliances). Perhaps there will be a need to manufacture resistors according to the manufacturing technology of the LN (pump out air, fill the glass tube with inert gas and melt it). This must be done in order to exclude the covering of the inner surface of the LN glass flask with nichrome ions (during the evaporation of the helix). As is known, an LN flask coated from the inside with a dark specular spraying (due to long-term operation of the lamp) has a lower coefficient of light output, and this leads to a decrease in LN efficiency. If you take the above measures, the process of "aging" of the lamp will be slowed down. On figa; 1b; 2; 2a shows the “Automated lamp with step by step” models using the resistors shown in FIG. 8 (a). In figure 1; 3; 3a shows the “Automated lamp with step-by-step” models when using resistors with metal caps shown in Fig. 8 (b). On figv shows the model "Lamp automatic with step-by-step turning on", in which resistive elements are used, in which there are metal caps in the lower part and not in the upper part.

The glow body is a tungsten wire coiled into a spiral (according to the technology of the manufacturer).

The new details in the model are two resistive elements and two thermal relays (thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2)). A thermal relay is a metal plate that has the ability to perform mechanical work when the temperature changes. Such thermal relay plates work in many thermoelectric devices for industrial and domestic purposes. As an example, we can cite several devices where thermal relay plates are used: electric irons (as a relay that responds to temperature changes, and when the temperature is determined by the power regulator, they open the circuit), electric heaters, electric kettles, fan heaters (as protection against thermal overload) and other electrical appliances.

The thermal relay (1) is fixed to the terminal (or it itself is the terminal) of the resistor R1, and the thermal relay (2) is fixed to the terminal (or it itself is the terminal) of the resistor R2, by diffusion-contact welding or fused into the resistor case (in case when the thermal relay plate itself is the output of the resistor).

The "automatic step-by-step lamp" has effective protection against inrush current. The protection system consists of resistive elements R1, R2, thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2). The basis of the invention is the task to develop a method for incorporating an incandescent light bulb into an electrical network that provides effective regulation of the resistance of the filament circuit in transition mode (to protect the tungsten spiral of the incandescent lamp at the time of switching on, because at the time of switching on, the inrush current amplitude is 12 to 14 times nominal value of current consumption), as well as increase discreteness, which improves operational characteristics (improves visual perception of transient ECCA).

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that according to the method, comprising regulating the resistance of the filament circuit in transition mode by alternately closing the resistive elements (R1, R2) sequentially connected to the filament using the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2). The resistance of the filament is adjusted so that at the moment of switching on the incandescent lamp, the equality Rн + (R1 + R2) ≥Rн * is satisfied, where Rн is the resistance value of the tungsten spiral of the incandescent lamp in the static mode. R1, R2 are the resistor resistor values, Rн * is the resistance value of the filament in the dynamic mode of operation (3) (at the end of the transition mode).

Regulation of the resistance of the filament chain in transition mode by alternately closing the resistive elements R1; R2 connected in series with the filament using the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2) so that at the moment of switching on the equality Rн + (R1 + R2) ≥Rн * is fulfilled, it is possible to ensure the protection of the filament from starting current, the value which is almost 1.5 orders of magnitude higher than the amplitude value of the nominal current consumption of an incandescent lamp.

Figure 1-4 shows the installation drawings, in which the lamps differ only in the layout of structural elements. The lamps in figure 1; 1a; 1b; 1c; 2a; 3; 3a differ from the lamp in FIG. 2 in that the resistor leads (these are holders of the filament) for these lamps perform the functions of the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2), respectively. Figure 4 shows the installation drawing of a miniature "Lamp automatic machine with step by step", designed for lighting devices with battery power, vehicles and other applications. Figures 5 and 6 are graphical dependencies illustrating the following physical processes: a transient process of establishing a current on a filament in the absence of additional resistance in its circuit, consisting of resistors R1 and R2 (Fig. 5); transient process of establishing current on the filament when the protection system against inrush current is switched on (Fig.6).

Table 1 shows the values of the resistance of additional resistive elements at a voltage of U = 220 V and a temperature of the tungsten coil t = 2500 ° C in the heated state at the end of the transition mode (in operation mode (3)) for serial incandescent lamps manufactured by the domestic industry, calculated for power from 25 watts to 500 watts.

Description of the model "Lamp automatic with step by step"

1. Static mode of operation

In the static mode of operation, there is no voltage on the incandescent lamp.

The resistance of the filament is minimal and is approximately 1/14 of the resistance of this spiral in the dynamic mode of operation (3) (in the heated state). In this mode, the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2) are open, so the resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series with the filament; it follows that the total resistance of the resistors and the filament is equal to the resistance of the filament in the dynamic mode of operation (3) (in the hot state). Thus, the equality Rn + (R1 + R2) ≥Rn * is satisfied, where Rn is the value of the resistance of the filament of the incandescent lamp in the static mode (in the cold state), R1 and R2 are the values of the resistances of the resistors that perform the function of powerful resistive elements, Rн * - the value of the resistance of the filament in the dynamic mode of operation (3) (in the hot state).

2. Dynamic operation mode (1)

In dynamic operation (1), there is a transition from a static operating mode to a dynamic one. The supply voltage will be applied to the incandescent lamp, while both thermal relays will be open, which means that the supply voltage will be supplied to the filament through series-connected resistors R1 and R2, which will significantly weaken the amplitude of the current supplied to the filament, so the amplitude value of the starting current will be equal to value of the consumed rated current. In the dynamic mode of operation (1), the filament warms up so that its electrical resistance increases to almost the nominal value, thus, in the dynamic mode of operation (1), the filament is prepared for the main (nominal) mode of operation (3). After such refinement of a conventional incandescent lamp, its service life will increase several times. The incandescent lamp will last so long that during operation during the evaporation of the tungsten spiral from the inside, the bulb will be coated with a mirror coating.

In the dynamic mode of operation (1), the incandescent lamp should work for at least one second, otherwise the tungsten spiral will not warm up to the desired temperature, respectively, its electrical resistance will not increase to a value close to the nominal one.

The brightness of the lamp in dynamic mode (1) by visual perception will be approximately 1/3 of the nominal value.

3. Dynamic operation mode (2)

About two seconds after the supply voltage was applied to the lamp, heat was transferred from the filament body to the thermal relay plate (1), and as soon as the threshold for the thermal relay (1) is reached, it starts to deviate and short-circuit the resistor R1. The current jump caused by a short circuit of the resistor R1 does not pose a danger to the filament, since the tungsten coil had time to warm up, accordingly, its electrical resistance increased almost to the nominal value, and the supply voltage to the filament continued to flow through the resistor R2. The incandescent lamp changed from dynamic mode (1) to dynamic mode (2). The temperature of the tungsten spiral becomes even higher, which contributes to an even stronger retention of the thermal relay (1). The brightness of the lamp in dynamic mode (2) by visual perception will be approximately 2/3 of the nominal value.

4. Dynamic operation mode (3) (Nominal mode)

About two seconds after the thermal relay (1) trips, heat is transferred to the thermal relay plate (2), and as soon as the threshold for the thermal relay (2) is reached, it starts to deviate and short-circuit resistor R2. The current jump caused by a short circuit of the resistor R2 does not pose a danger to the filament, since the electrical resistance of the tungsten helix has reached its nominal value in previous operating modes. The incandescent lamp changed from dynamic operation mode (2) to dynamic operation mode (3) (to nominal mode). The temperature of the tungsten spiral becomes even higher, which contributes to an even stronger retention of the thermal relay (2). In dynamic operation mode (3), the lamp will work until the power is turned off. The brightness of the lamp in dynamic mode (3) will reach the nominal value. When the power is turned off, at any moment of time, from any operating mode, the "Automatic lamp with step-by-step turning on" model goes into static mode.

About setting

The thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2) are configured in such a way that the thermal relay (1) always trips first. Setting the thermal relay is to determine the response time (speed), and the response time can be set over a wide range by moving the proximity plate of the thermal relay away from / to the filament body (for the lamp in figure 2). Also, the thermal relay plate should have a minimum gap between the contact plate (the smaller the gap, the higher the speed). The gap can be in the range of 0.5-1 mm, the exact value is determined during the setup process. Since the thermal relay plate responds to temperature changes, the speed will also depend on the cross-sectional area of the filament body holders (for LVs in Fig. 2) and the cross-sectional area of the thermal relay plate (the smaller the higher the speed), as well as thermal conductivity ( changing the ratio of alloy plate thermal relay). Using the above factors, determine the sequence and speed of the thermal relay.

It is important the time intervals from the supply voltage to the incandescent lamp until the thermal relay (1) is activated, and after the thermal relay (1) is activated until the thermal relay (2) is tripped, equal for better visual perception of the transient. As an example, the interval is two seconds (total PR time is approximately five seconds).

About replacing parts

Instead of resistor R1, it is permissible to use a diode (if the temperature inside the bulb does not cause thermal breakdown of the diode). In this case, the lamp operation will change slightly, namely: from the moment the supply voltage is supplied to the lamp until the thermal relay (1) operates and the diode is short-circuited, it will flicker. This phenomenon should not be considered a disadvantage, since the time during which the lamp will flicker will be a little more than two seconds, on the contrary, this phenomenon can be considered an additional effect, in addition, the diode is smaller in size than the resistor and therefore it is easier to place inside the glass bulb of an incandescent lamp . If the diode is used instead of R2, then the flicker time of the LV will be about four seconds. (The diode should be suitable for current and operating voltage depending on the lamp power and the value of the electrical resistance of the resistor R1 or R2). When using a diode, instead of one of the resistors, the diode will divide the supply voltage by two, and the total resistance of the resistors will decrease by half, since R1 = R2. Equality will take the form: I = U / 2 / (Rн + R1) or I = U / 2 / (Rн + R1), from the relations it follows that the starting current is equal to the rated current with small errors in the direction of decreasing the current below the nominal.

Note: in the transition mode (from the moment the supply voltage is supplied to the lamp, the resistors will be very hot, however, the transition process is short and the power reserve of the resistors is enough to overcome the maximum load). Figure 7 shows the electrical circuit (for a lamp with a power of 100 W), which shows the voltage drop across the resistors R1 and R2, as well as the voltage value on the filament, at U = 237 V; P = 100 W, in dynamic mode (1) (at the beginning of the transition mode).

The resistance and current values given in table 1 are calculated using the formulas:

Starting current: Io = U / Rн.

Rated current: I = U / Rn *,

or I = U / (Rn + R1 + R2), or I = U / 2 / (Rn + R) (when using a diode instead of the resistor R1 or R2).

U = 220 V; αWo = 0.005; t = 2500 ° C; to = 20 ° C.

Table 1 Power, W Resistance Current Rn *, Ohm Rn, Ohm R1, Ohm R2, Ohm Nom. A Start., A 25 1936 144 896 896 0.11 1.52 40 1210 90 560 560 0.18 2.44 60 806 60 373 373 0.27 3.66 75 645 48 298 298 0.34 4.58 one hundred 484 36 224 224 0.45 6.11 150 322 24 150 150 0.6S 9.16 200 242 eighteen 112 112 0.9 12.22 300 161 12 75 75 1.37 18.33 500 97 7 45 45 2.27 31.43

All resistance values shown in Table 1 are rounded to the nearest integer.

The innovation is the addition of a protection system - two resistive elements connected in series with a filament and alternately closed with two thermal relays during the transition mode.

Commentary on the drawings

The list of structural elements and their purpose for figure 1; 1a; 1b; 1c; 2; 2a; 3; 3a ("Lamp automatic with step by step")

1. Holder (glass) 2. Wire (1) (metal). 3. Wire (2) (metal). 4. Resistive element (resistor R1). 5. Contact plate (1) (metal). 6. Thermal relay plate (1) (metal), 7. Holder (1) (metal). 8. Resistive element (resistor R2). 9. Contact plate (2) (metal). 10. Thermal relay plate (2) (metal). 11. Holder (2) (metal). 12. Filament (tungsten spiral). 13. Base (metal). 14. Flask (glass). 15. The ring (1), the fixing (metal) 16. The ring (2), the fixing (metal). 17. Clamp (metal) (for the lamp fig.1b; 1c)

The holder (1) and holder (2) protect the filament from sagging. In figure 1; 1a; 1b; 1c; 2a; 3; 3a, the filament holders serve as the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2). In these lamps, the filament will move along with the thermal relay as the plates heat up (since the thread has direct contact with the plate of the thermal relay (1) and the thermal relay (2)).

The list of structural elements and their purpose for figure 4 (miniature "Lamp machine with step by step")

1. Holder (drop of glass) 2. Wire (1) (metal). 3. Wire (2) (metal). 4. Resistive element (resistor R1). 5. Contact plate (1) (metal). 6. Thermal relay plate (1) (metal), 7. Resistor element (resistor R2). 8. Contact plate (2) (metal). 9. Thermostat plate (2) (metal). 10. Filament (tungsten spiral). 11. Locking ring (1) (metal). 12. Locking ring (2) (metal). 13. Base (metal). 14. Flask (glass).

In figure 4, the base and the flask of translucent material are not shown. The miniature "Automatic lamp with step-by-step switching on" can be made in a baseless version.

In figure 4, the holders of the filament act as a thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2). In this lamp, as the plates heat up, the thermal relay will move together with the thermal relay (since the filament has direct contact with the thermal relay plate (1) and thermal relay (2)).

A voltage is applied to the contact points AB.

Resistors R1 and R2 are made of heat-resistant dielectric (possibly glass) and high-resistance wire (possibly nichrome) or any other materials without changing the essence of the invention.

Claims (1)

A method of protecting an incandescent lamp, including regulating the resistance of the filament chain in transition mode by alternately closing the resistive elements connected in series with the filament using the thermal relay (1) and thermal relay (2), characterized in that the resistance of the filament chain is controlled so that at each time point of the transition process, the relation
Rn + (R1 + R2) ≥Rn *,
where Rн is the resistance value of the filament in static mode (in the cold state);
R1 and R2 are resistor values;
Rн * is the resistance value of the filament in the dynamic mode of operation (in the hot state).

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