RU2381568C1 - String acoustic musical instrument - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: physics; acoustics.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to design of a string acoustic musical instrument. The string acoustic musical instrument has a housing with bottom, side and top plates with an inner resonant volume with the same geometry of the housing. The housing has one or more sound holes, a string-holder and a bridge fitted on the top plate. At least part of the inner resonant volume of the housing is divided into sections with unequal volumes on the number of registers and the bridge is made with as many supports as the number of sections. Each of the supports is on a given section of the top plate for directed transmission of string oscillations of different registers to sections of corresponding size.

EFFECT: improved sounding parametres, increased speed and spread area of sound.

5 cl, 11 dwg

Description

The invention relates to stringed acoustic musical instruments and can be used to create such instruments as violins, mandolins, guitars, domra, balalaika, banjo, etc.

The process of creating the sound of stringed acoustic musical instruments goes through the following stages: a) activation of the generator, sound source — creating oscillatory movements on the string with a bow, plectrum, finger; b) transposition, i.e. transmission of vibrations of strings (s) transformed by a bridge from longitudinal to transverse to the upper deck; c) formation and processing of sound waves initiated by vibrations of the upper deck in the resonating volume of the instrument body; d) mixing (mixing) of sound waves of different registers into a single sound spectrum of the instrument.

In most known stringed acoustic instruments, a very important stage in the formation and processing of sound waves of different registers occurs within the same resonant volume that the bodies of these instruments have. This circumstance negatively affects the sound of instruments due to differences in the acoustic characteristics of sound waves of different registers, such as the frequency and amplitude of oscillations, as well as the length, speed and intensity of the wave itself. Formed in one resonant volume, they interfere with the natural development of their acoustic parameters. The negative result is enhanced by the simultaneous occurrence of such different stages in the same resonating volume as the formation and mixing of sound waves of different registers.

A well-known stringed acoustic musical instrument is a mandolin (French patent No. 3394266, published January 19, 1909) containing a case with a lower and upper deck, a resonating hole is located on the upper deck, a bridge is installed between the strings and the deck, and an internal resonating volume of the body between the decks repeating the geometry of the body, made in the form of a single camera.

Also known is a stringed acoustic musical instrument of the domra type - the Bashkir Dumbra (RF patent No. 2126178, IPC G10D 1/00, published 02.10.1999), which contains a body made in the form of a volumetric polyhedron, with two flat decks, on the upper deck equipped with a resonator a hole, a bridge is installed, faceted shells are located between the decks, symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the tool. The internal resonating volume of the body of the Bashkir Dumbra, as well as the mandolin described above, is also made in the form of a single chamber. In this resonating volume, the formation and processing of sound waves initiated by the oscillations of the upper deck takes place, and at the same time mixing (mixing) of sound waves of different registers into a single sound spectrum of the instrument. As a result of these single-chamber instruments, there is insufficient dynamic evenness over the entire sound range, insufficiently distinct attack, purity and volume of tone, insufficiently deep and saturated timbre, and no flight of sound.

A string acoustic musical instrument, an acoustic guitar (application WO2005045801, published May 19, 2005), adopted by us as a prototype containing a fingerboard and body with lower, side and upper decks, has a more perfect sound. The internal resonating volume, repeating the geometry of the body, performs the function of forming and processing sound waves of different registers. The upper and lower decks of the guitar are flat, have an octal shape and are fastened with a side deck. The internal resonant volume has two open chambers and, accordingly, two communicating resonant volumes: the main one is large and the auxiliary one is small, conditionally separated by a narrowing - “neck”. The housing has a string holder, a bridge in contact with the upper deck with its entire lower plane, and one resonant hole made in the upper deck. Due to the presence of a second camera, compared to the aforementioned single-chamber instruments, the guitar has a wider range of dynamic sound evenness, because after the main processing and mixing of sound waves carried out in a large camera, the main part of the sound waves goes into the resonator hole, and the part of the sound waves that fall into a small chamber, undergoes additional processing there and, leaving the resonant hole after the main part of the sound waves, creates a reverb effect that gives sound th guitar bulk. The process is complemented by another stage: in the "neck" of the sound waves are condensed and accelerated, giving the sound intensity and flight. The disadvantages of sounding the guitar are the same as for instruments with a single-chamber body, since the main process of processing and mixing the sound waves of all registers occurs simultaneously and in one resonating volume - a large camera. This is due to the fact that the chambers are located along the relative longitudinal axis (the direction of the strings) of the instrument, and the sounds of all registers are transmitted by a single-bearing bridge to a large chamber where the main process takes place, and the use of cameras for the separate generation and processing of sound waves of different frequency registers, as well as separation This stage from the stage of mixing (mixing) of the processed sound waves is structurally and technically excluded.

The present invention is the creation of a stringed acoustic musical instrument with improved sound parameters.

The technical result of the invention is to improve the sound parameters, namely:

1) reducing the response time and thereby achieving a more distinct attack;

2) an increase in the number of harmonics, which makes the timbre deep and saturated;

3) obtaining purity and volumetric tone;

4) achieving dynamic evenness over the entire sound range;

5) an increase in the speed and area of sound propagation (flight).

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in a stringed acoustic musical instrument comprising a body with lower, side and upper decks, with an internal resonating volume repeating the geometry of the body, the body having one or more resonant holes, a string holder and a bridge mounted on the upper deck, according to of the invention, at least part of the internal resonant volume of the housing is divided into sections with unequal volumes in the number of registers, and the bridge is made with supports in the number of sections, each of the supports laid on a given section of the upper deck for directional transmission of vibrations of strings of different registers in the appropriate size section.

For manufacturability, the separation of the internal resonant volume of the body into sections is performed by internal structural elements in the form of shutters, which are essentially perpendicular to the upper and lower decks, and the sections for the formation and processing of low-register sound waves have a larger resonating volume than the sections for forming and processing sound waves of high register.

A stringed acoustic musical instrument can be made with an internal resonant volume of the body, divided into open sections, and with a resonant hole located above the undivided part of the resonant volume, which performs the function of a mixing zone of sound waves.

String acoustic musical instrument can be made with an internal resonant volume of the body, divided into closed sections, each of which has a resonant hole.

The number of strings can vary from three to twelve.

In accordance with the claimed invention, an original stringed acoustic musical instrument of the mandolin type has been created, containing an external dye - a string holder, i.e. the holder is located on the outer part of the lower claw, which is located along the longitudinal axis of the tool. The housing has two chambers formed by the geometry of the housing itself, which are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the tool and are located transversely relative to it, while the chambers have a plan shape close to round and adjoin each other with open sides, and the shutter is installed so that the resonating volume of the section for generating and processing low register sound waves includes the volume of the chamber located on the low register side of the strings and part of the volume of the chamber located on the high register side th register, a resonating volume section for generating and processing high register sound waves comprises the remaining volume chamber disposed on the high register strings. Such a stringed acoustic musical instrument is called the author of the room (Russian mandolin).

The lower and side decks of the inventive string acoustic musical instrument can be made in one piece or in the form of a single surface of glued fragments-rivets.

When the applicant conducted a patent information search, no sources were found containing information on technical solutions identical to the present invention, which allows us to conclude that it meets the criterion of "novelty."

The applicant also did not find sources of information containing information about the impact of the claimed distinguishing features on the technical result achieved as a result of their implementation, which, according to the applicant, indicates that this technical solution meets the criterion of "inventive step". Some of the distinguishing features are known from the sources of information, however, in combination with the remaining declared features, they exhibit other properties, which allows to achieve a new technical result. So, the two-support bridge of a string acoustic musical instrument is known (RF patent No. 2087947, published June 23, 1995), in which one bridge support, on which the strings are supported, is made elongated, passed through an opening made in the upper deck at the location of this elongated support, placed in a resonating volume and its end rests on the inner surface of the lower deck. The supports of this bridge serve to transmit the vibrations of the strings to the sections of the upper and lower decks. However, the internal resonating volume, which repeats the geometry of the body, is common for sound waves of all registers and, unlike the claimed technical solution, supports do not perform the function of separate directional transmission of vibrations of strings of different registers to the corresponding resonating volumes for separate generation and processing of sound waves of different registers. A bridge of a string acoustic musical instrument is known having two supports (US patent No. 4867029, published September 19, 1989). Directly under one of them in a resonating volume is a sound stand, which with its ends fits snugly on the inner surfaces of the upper and lower decks. In this case, the supports also do not perform the function of separate directional transmission of the vibrations of the strings of different registers to the corresponding resonating volumes for the separate formation and processing of sound waves of different registers. A string acoustic musical instrument with separation of the resonating volume into sections is also known (US patent No. 6188005, published 13.02.2001). However, this design also does not carry out directional transmission of vibrations of strings of different registers into the corresponding resonating volumes for separate generation and processing of sound waves of different registers. Thus, the claimed technical solution, according to the applicant, meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The essence of the claimed technical solution lies in the fact that due to the separation of the internal resonant volume of the housing by internal structural elements into sections, several resonant volumes are obtained instead of one, located mainly along the transverse axis of a stringed acoustic musical instrument, and the bridge is multi-bearing. Such a bridge, in contrast to the known solutions, through different supports provides acoustic contact of strings with different areas of the deck and the ability to transfer the vibrations of strings of different registers to the corresponding sections unequal in volume. In contrast to the known stringed acoustic musical instruments, in which the sound waves of different registers are mixed and processed simultaneously in the internal resonating volume as a whole, the sectional case of the inventive stringed acoustic musical instrument performs a new function - separate generation and processing of sound waves of each of the range registers in the corresponding by the size of the resonating volumes and the separation of this stage in time and space from the subsequent stage of mixing (mixing) e Naturally developed sound waves into a single instrument sound. Thus, the conditions are created for the individual formation of the sound wave of each of the registers in the resonating volumes corresponding to their parameters. In the case of performing sections open, subsequent mixing is carried out in the adjoining zone of the sections in the undivided part of the resonating volume, and in the case of performing sections closed, outside the body, in air layers on the outside of the body. When dividing the internal resonant volume of the housing into open sections, the resonant hole is located above the undivided part of the resonating volume, and when dividing the internal resonant volume of the housing into closed sections, the resonant holes are located above each section.

Thanks to the new housing design, a new comprehensive technical result of the invention is achieved, which consists in the fact that:

1) sound waves in separate resonant volumes develop faster, this reduces the response time, and the attack becomes more distinct;

2) the development of sound waves of different registers in the corresponding resonating volumes contributes to an increase in the number of harmonics, which, in turn, makes the timbre deep and saturated;

3) due to the separation of the stages of formation and mixing of sound waves, already generated waves are mixed, developed dynamically, saturated with harmonics, and this gives the tone purity and volume;

4) since low-frequency and high-frequency sound waves develop in separate resonant volumes, their resonant rhythms do not prevent each of them from reaching its dynamic maximum, which leads to the dynamic evenness of the entire sound range;

5) an increase in the speed and area of sound propagation (flight) occurs due to the narrowing of the sections at the resonator holes and the increase in the pressure intensity of the sound wave.

The essence of the technical solution is illustrated in figures 1-11.

Figure 1 shows the design and position of the shutter in the housing.

In Fig.2 shows a bridge with two supports, and Fig.3 - a bridge with three supports.

Figure 4-5 shows the separation of the balalaika chamber into sections with curtains.

6-7 show the division into sections by the curtains of the chamber of the domra.

On Fig.8-9 shows the separation into sections by curtains of a two-chamber housing with a longitudinal arrangement of cameras, namely the guitar.

Figure 10-11 shows in plan the inner space of a string acoustic musical instrument such as a mandolin - rooms.

The division of the housing into sections is carried out by internal structural elements - partitions, called curtains. In the housing 1 (Fig. 1), a curtain 2 is shown, which is rectangular and fixed by the end 3 on the housing 1 or its elements — a glue or a shell. In this case, the bridge 4 (figure 2), having a threshold 5 and two supports 6 for a two-section camera or three supports 6 (figure 3) for a three-section camera, provides acoustic contact and transmission of vibrations of strings of different registers to the corresponding sections of the camera through these supports.

Next (Figures 4-9) are examples of the invention in stringed acoustic musical instruments such as balalaika, domra, guitar. The internal resonating volume of the body 1 balalaika and domra (figure 4-7) consists of one camera (not indicated). The separation of the chambers of these instruments into sections is performed by a shutter 2, wherein FIG. 4 shows a two-section case with open sections, and FIG. 5 shows a two-section case with closed sections. In this case, the bridge 4, which has two supports 6 for a two-section camera, provides acoustic contact - transmission through these supports of vibrations of strings of different registers to the appropriate section of the chamber: the vibrations of strings of low and medium registers are transmitted through the left support to a large section 7, and oscillations of high register strings through the right support into a smaller section 8. In the housing 1 with open sections 7 and 8 in FIGS. 4 and 6, one resonant hole 9 is made above the open part of the sections. In the housing 1 with closed sections 7 and 8 5 and 7, openings 9 are located above each section 7 and 8. In all figures, the resonant openings 9 are shown in the upper deck. It is known from the prior art (application WO2005045801, published May 19, 2005, French patent No. 2529363, published December 30, 1983) that resonator holes can also be made in a shell. The implementation of the resonator holes in the shell can be applied in the inventive tool.

Separation into closed sections is effective only for single-chamber buildings, such as balalaika, domra, etc., or for two-chamber buildings with transverse cameras, such as mandolins - rooms.

The internal resonator volume of the guitar (Fig. 8 and 9) has two chambers 10 and 11 formed by the geometry of its body, which are located along the strings and adjoin each other with open sides. In Fig.8 shows the separation of the shutters 2 of the two-chamber housing with a longitudinal arrangement of the chambers into two sections 7 and 8, and in Fig.9 - into three sections 7, 8, and the middle section located between them (not indicated). Thus, a chamber-sectional housing was obtained. In the case of dividing the chamber into two sections, the bridge 4 is made with two supports 6, and in the case of dividing into three sections with three supports 6. In two-chamber buildings of this type, it is advisable to use separation into open sections in one receiving large chamber.

The string acoustic musical instrument of the room (FIGS. 10 and 11) contains a body with a lower deck (not shown) and an upper deck 12 in the form of a symbol of the card suit “spades”, with a bridge 4 installed on the upper deck 12. In this version, the contours of the upper and bottom dec match. The internal space between the decks is made in the form of two chambers 10 and 11, repeating the geometry of the body, which are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the tool and are located transversely relative to it, while the chambers 10 and 11 have a plan shape close to round and adjoin each other open by the parties. The bridge 4 is made with two supports 6, mounted on the upper deck 12. In the lower part of the casing there is a dongle - a string holder 13. In Figs. 10 and 11, the interior of the casing of a string acoustic musical instrument is divided by a curtain 2 into closed sections 7 and 8 so that the acoustic resonating volume of the section 7 for processing the low frequency range registers includes the volume of the chamber 10 located on the side of the low frequency range registers and a part of the volume of the chamber 11 located on the side of the high frequency registers th band, and an acoustic resonant volume of the section 8 to process the high frequency band of registers comprises the remaining volume chamber 11 situated on the high frequency range registers. On the upper deck, resonant holes 9 are made: one for open sections, or two for closed sections. Resonator holes can be made on the shell.

If the chamber of a string acoustic musical instrument is divided into a larger number of sections, the bridge is made with supports in the number of sections.

The process of sound formation in the inventive string acoustic musical instrument is as follows. Strings (not shown), activated by the contractor, through the supports 6 of the bridge 4 transmit their vibrations to the upper deck 12 of the housing 1. That, in turn, acting as a membrane, causes an alternating decrease or increase in the density of air in the chambers of the housing 1. The movements of some air molecules are transmitted to other molecules, as a result of which periodically repeating zones of increasing and decreasing density — sound waves — propagate in space. Resonating and amplifying, sound waves propagate in the air, enriched with additional tones, depending on the material from which the body is made. Having acquired strength and timbre, the sound leaves the body through the resonator hole 9. The bridge 4 is made with supports 6, which make acoustic contact with predetermined sections of the upper deck 12 and transmit through it the vibrations of strings of different registers of the sound range to the corresponding sections, therefore the development of sound waves of different sound range registers occurs in sections of appropriate size. Sound leaves the sections 7 and 8 of the housing 1 through the resonator holes 9 located above each section, as in FIG. 10, or through the single-cavity hole 9, located above the open part of the sections, as in FIG. 11.

In accordance with the claimed invention, a string-plucked musical instrument was created, created by the St. Petersburg mandolinist and guitarist V.A. MALYAGIN and named by the author of the room. The room consists of 2 main parts: body and neck. Vulture standard, 23 frets. Mensura 360 mm. Width at 12 frets 45 mm, at 1st fret 35 mm. The case (figures 10 and 11) has the shape of a card suit symbol "spades", the back deck is flat. The body of the room - soprano has the following dimensions: width in diameter 330 mm, length, including glue, up to the neck of the neck 310 mm, the length of the outer part of the glue 60 mm, the height of the side deck - shell - is 60 mm in the neck of the neck and 80 mm in glue . On the front deck there are two symmetrically arranged drop-shaped resonator holes. Between them there is a bridge with a lower sill. In the lower part of the body there is a dagger 13, its outer part is a string holder. On the outer part of the glue there are nests for fixing the lower ends of the strings with pegs. Two fixation options are provided: a cap - a loop at the end of the string is thrown over the peg, and a stop - when the stop at the end, usually a guitar, of the string is placed in the nest and fixed with a peg. At the junction of the body and the glue - the holder is an arch, which, touching all the strings between the bridge and the fixation point, prevents the resonance of these parts of the strings. The head of the neck is shaped like a body, but smaller. Width 90 mm, length from the nut nut 150 mm. On the head of the neck, the mechanics (mechanism for regulating the degree of tension of the strings - pegs) are separate. For compactness, a combined, horizontal-vertical, landing of peg assemblies was used. Ruma is equipped with five two-stringed “choirs”. ("Chorus" - at least two strings of the same diameter, tuned to one note and located next to extract with one beat). The use of sectioning in the case of stringed acoustic musical instruments preserves the recognition of the “native” timbre of the instrument, but significantly improves the characteristics of the basic sound parameters, since:

1) sound waves in separate resonant volumes develop faster, this reduces the response time, and the attack becomes more distinct;

2) the development of sound waves of different registers in the corresponding resonating volumes contributes to an increase in the number of harmonics, which, in turn, makes the timbre deep and saturated;

3) due to the separation of the stages of formation and mixing of sound waves, already generated waves are mixed, developed dynamically, saturated with harmonics, and this gives the tone purity and volume;

4) since low-frequency and high-frequency sound waves develop in separate resonant volumes, their resonant rhythms do not prevent each of them from reaching its dynamic maximum, which leads to the dynamic evenness of the entire sound range;

5) there is an increase in the speed and area of sound propagation (flight) due to the narrowing of the sections at the resonator holes and an increase in the pressure intensity of the sound wave.

Along with advanced sound parameters, the claimed instrument is characterized by the simplicity of the instrument design and the manufacturability of its manufacture.

Claims (5)

1. String acoustic musical instrument comprising a case with lower, side and upper decks, with an internal resonating volume repeating the geometry of the case, the case having one or more resonant holes, a wire holder and a bridge mounted on the upper deck, characterized in that, according to at least a part of the internal resonant volume of the body is divided into sections with unequal volumes in the number of registers, and the bridge is made with supports in the number of sections, each of which is located on a given section of the upper deck for Board transmit vibrations of different strings to the appropriate registers of section size. 2. String acoustic musical instrument according to claim 1, characterized in that the separation of the internal resonant volume of the body into sections is performed by curtains essentially perpendicular to the upper and lower decks, and the sections for generating and processing low-register sound waves have a larger acoustic resonating volume, than sections for the formation and processing of sound waves of high register. 3. The stringed acoustic musical instrument according to claim 2, characterized in that a part of the internal resonant volume of the body is divided into open sections, and the resonant hole is located above the undivided part of the resonating volume, which performs the function of mixing sound waves. 4. String acoustic musical instrument according to claim 2, characterized in that the internal resonant volume of the body is divided into closed sections, each of which has a resonant hole. 5. The stringed acoustic musical instrument according to claim 2, characterized in that the dagger is located along the longitudinal axis of the instrument, the resonating volume has two chambers that are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of the instrument and are transverse to it, while the chambers are shaped in plan close to round and adjoin each other with open sides, and the curtain is set so that the resonating volume of the section for the formation and processing of low-register sound waves includes the volume of EASURES situated side strings low register, and the volume of the chamber situated on the high register string and the volume of the resonating section for generating and processing high register sound waves comprises the remaining volume chamber disposed on the high register strings.

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