RU2349068C1 - Method of potato growing in two-field crop rotation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention may be used for potato growing on the limited areas of tillable land ploughed intensively in the Muddle Urals. The potato growing method provides for the potato placing according to the first corps. The soil is treated together with the rooted debris of the first crop. Then, mineral fertilisers are introduced and ridges are made. After that, the potatoes are planted into ridges, which are subject to the inter-ridge treatment. At the end, weed-killing treatment is performed. Prior to harvesting, the potato tops are removed and then, tubers are picked up. Only planting potatoes of early ripening with vegetation period 90-105 days are suitable for planting. The potatoes are grown in the two-field crop rotation including: annual grasses - post-cut fall rye, fall rye - post cut potatoes - winter tillage. The fall rye selections of intensive early ripening with 120-140 day vegetation period can be used as first crops. The fall rye is sown on August, 10-15 after the annual grasses removal avoiding additional introduction of organic fertilisers. Besides, the fall rye is harvested, when piped stems are appeared to have green mass at the high cut of 12-15 cm. The stubble remains and rye root system are then ploughed up by 20-25 cm. The stubble remains can be also treated by disking by 10-15 cm during 3-5 days before the potatoes are planted into the ridges. Potatoes are planted on June, 10-15 and harvested in September.

EFFECT: increase of crop rotation intensity while preserving soil cropping power without additional organic fertilisers and high amounts of mineral fertilisers.

2 cl, 9 tbl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to crop production, and may find application in growing products on limited areas with heavy use of arable land, especially in suburban farms and farmers with limited land allotments.

Known technologies and methods for growing potatoes in specialized crop rotation: six-field (with potato saturation up to 33.3%), five-field (with potato saturation up to 40%) and four-field (with potato saturation up to 50%) (see Agronomical notebook. Potato cultivation by Intensive Technologies / Under the General editorship of B.F. Khlevsky. - M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1986, 28-30).

With the high productivity of such specialized crop rotations, their use is designed for collective farms of an industrial type, requires large areas, high doses of organic (20-40 t / ha) and mineral fertilizers when creating specialized units for potato production, which is difficult to implement in farms with limited arable land, fertilizers, human resources and equipment.

Special crop rotations are also known for farmers and private farms engaged in the production of potatoes. A feature of such crop rotation is the use of sown green manure and biological farming methods when saturating a crop rotation of 75% or 100% with potato cultivars of different ripening dates with a four-field crop rotation (see Lysenko Yu.N. Old culture - new technology // Potato and vegetables, No. 8, 2005, p.24-25).

With high volumes of potato cultivation in such four-field farm crop rotations, their disadvantages include the need for a potato seed for 3-4 years of ripening and seeds, various rarely used siderates (vetch fluffy, oil radish, white mustard, spring vetch) for sowing which special equipment is required for small-seeded crops, which increases the cost of potatoes and requires significant areas for 4 crop rotation fields.

Also known is the "Method of permanent cultivation of potatoes" (see RF Patent No. 2270546, АВВ 79/02, publ. 02/27/2006. Bull. No. 6). A feature of the method is that on the same field, for the four-year cycle after harvesting early potatoes, sidereal crops are alternated (perennial leguminous herbs, annual legumes, beans, white mustard), and in the fall, before sowing plowed, organic distillery is added as organic fertilizer in the amount of 0 , 3-0.4 t / ha. With a high intensity of use of arable land, this method is of limited use and is used only for growing early potatoes in the warm climate of the south and requires the presence of alcohol distillery grains as organics.

The objective of the invention is to develop a crop rotation for growing potatoes with intensive use of arable land in conditions of limited arable land in the industrial zone of risky agriculture in the temperate climate of the Middle Urals with a maximum harvest of crops and saturation of potatoes in the crop rotation of at least 50% without additional application of organic fertilizers and while maintaining soil fertility.

The problem is solved in that for the cultivation of potatoes on limited arable land in industrial or suburban areas of the Middle Urals, a two-field intensive crop rotation is proposed without additional organic fertilizers, including annual grasses, tapering rye; winter rye, potato slanting, winter ripening, using potato planting after harvesting winter rye on the green mass in the exit phase of the tube at a high cut (12-15 cm) and closing the remaining stubble of winter rye and its root system with a plowing of 20-25 cm or by 10-15 cm discing on green manure for 3-5 days before planting potatoes in the combs, seed potatoes of early varieties with a growing period of 90-105 days are used and planting is carried out on June 10-15, and potatoes are harvested in September, and winter rye is used as a precursor with a growing season of 12 0-140 days when sowing August 10-15.

An unobvious positive effect of the method of growing potatoes in the proposed two-field crop rotation is that due to the theoretically selected and practically tested crop change in the two-field full crop rotation, the scheme of intensive crop rotation for limited areas of arable land in the risky farming zone of the Middle Urals is justified, which allows to grow potatoes by 50% annually crop rotation area while maintaining soil fertility and providing the economy with early green fodder without using Manure additional and higher doses of fertilizers at optimally selected timing sowing, planting and harvesting.

A practical test of the proposed method was carried out in many years of field experience in the training experimental farm "Uralets" of the Ural State Agricultural Academy, located in the Beloyarsky district of the Sverdlovsk region.

The general relief of the experimental plot is an elevated plain. Soil - podzolized chernozem. The agrochemical characteristic of the experimental plot (Table 1) shows that podzolized chernozem in terms of humus content belongs to fat chernozems. The reaction of the soil solution is slightly acidic, the degree of saturation with bases of 84.4%. Humus content is high, available phosphorus is low, and potassium exchange is medium.

Table 1 Agrochemical characteristics of the soil of the experimental plot mg per 100 g of abs. mEq per 100 g Dry soil abs. dry soil The degree of saturation with bases,% Humus Hydrolytic acidity The amount of absorbed bases Layer by pH (saline) the soil Tyurin K ₂ O by P ₂ O ₅ by % Pave Kirsanov 0-10 9.9 19.6 5,0 7.7 40,0 5.5 83.8 10-20 10.9 17.0 5.8 7.0 40,0 5,4 85.1 20-30 9.7 10.0 5,0 7.1 38.5 5,4 84,4

The repetition of options in the experiment is fourfold. Placement of options - single-tier, sequential, systematic. The total area of the experiment is 3270 m ² .

For planting, seed potatoes of the early ripening variety “Rosara” were used - promising in the zone of the Middle Urals with a growing period of 90-105 days. Winter rye was used in the Chulpan varieties. As an annual herb, a vetch-oat mixture was sown in a 1: 1 ratio of the seeds of the Oryol and Oats varieties.

Related observations in the experiment:

1. Soil moisture was determined by the gravimetric method in layers of 0-30 cm from the phases of potato development. Soil samples are taken after 10 cm and dried in a thermostat at a temperature of 100-105 ° C, in triplicate.

2. Accounting for potato crops was carried out by weighing and parsing into fractions from two (double) rows 10 m long.

3. Economic efficiency is calculated using the norms and prices established for the farms of the Sverdlovsk region.

4. The mathematical processing of potato yield data was carried out by analysis of variance on a computer in Excel.

In the experiment, potatoes were cultivated on the proposed double-field rotation:

1. annual grasses on green fodder, slanting winter rye;

2. winter rye for green fodder, potato strips, winter ripples.

After annual grasses harvested on green fodder in the previous year, plowing is carried out to a depth of 20-22 cm. Mineral fertilizers N ₃₀ P ₆₀ K _{60 are} introduced, then KPS cultivation - 4. After cultivation, rolling and sowing winter rye with the C3-3,6 seeder and rolling crops ring-spur rollers.

In the spring, winter rye is fed with nitrogen fertilizers N ₃₀ . From June 10 to 15, harvesting winter rye on green mass using KIR - 1.5 in aggregate with an MTZ-82 tractor at a cutting height of 15-20 cm. Next, pre-sowing treatment for bite potatoes according to the experimental options without additional organic fertilizers.

First option

Roughly on June 17, plowing to a depth of 20-22 cm with a plow PLN - 4-35 in aggregate with a tractor DT-75.

On June 18, fertilizer application with nitroammophoski 5.3 c / ha N ₉₀ P ₉₀ K ₉₀ fertilizer spreader PTT - 4.2

June 20 cutting of KON - 2.8 ridges in aggregate with MTZ-82 tractor.

June 20, potato planting by potato planter SN-4B.

Second option

On June 18, the introduction of nitroammophoska 5.3 c / ha N ₉₀ P ₉₀ K ₉₀ spreader of mineral fertilizers PTT - 4.2

On June 20, disking on 12 - 15 cm of BDT-7 in an aggregate with a tractor DT-75.

June 20 cutting of KON-2.8 ridges in aggregate with MTZ-82 tractor.

June 20, potato planting by potato planter SN-4B.

The dates of planting and harvesting of potato potato in the proposed two-field crop rotation after harvesting the intermediate winter rye by years of experience are presented in table 2.

table 2 Dates of planting and harvesting of peeled potato after intermediate winter rye by years, 2004-2006 Operation Years 2004 2005 2006 Landing 06/18 06/14 06/23 Cleaning 09/19 09/23 09/22

The yield of green mass of winter rye harvested as a precursor before planting potatoes, according to the years of experience, is presented in table 3.

Table 3 Productivity of green mass of winter rye, average for 2004-2006, kg / ha 2004 g 2005 year 2006 year 3 years average 184 156 182 174

Yield of potato potato after intermediate winter rye in a two-field crop rotation is presented in table 4.

The yield of green mass of annual grasses from another field of a two-field crop rotation is presented in table 5.

The arrival of the staple-root residues of annual grasses per cent / ha of dry matter required for calculating the balance of humus in a two-field crop rotation is presented in table 6, and for the cut winter rye in table 7.

Table 4.
Yield of potato potato after intermediate winter rye, average for 2004-2006, t / ha Presowing Tillage Yield of potato potato, kg / ha 2004 year % n / a 2005 year % n / a 2006 year % n / a 3 years average % n / a Plowing to a depth of 20-25 cm 95 43 198 fourteen 133 19 142 25 Disking to a depth of 12-15 cm 87 51 200 fourteen 140 16 142 27 NDS ₀₅ 5,0 9.0

Table 5 Productivity of green mass of annual grasses, average for 2004-2006, kg / ha 2004 year 2005 year 2006 year 3 years average 180 250 200 210

Table 6 Arrival of stinging-root residues of annual herbs for 2004-2006, kg / ha of dry matter 2004 year 2005 year 2006 year 3 years average 30.5 42.5 34.0 35.7

Table 7 Arrival of stubble-root residues of winter rye for 2004-2006, kg / ha of dry matter 2004 year 2005 year 2006 year 3 years average 35.0 30,2 34.9 33,4

The estimated balance of humus (by carbon) according to A.M. Lykov in the proposed two-field crop rotation with sloping potato cultivation, obtained according to the results of a three-year field experiment, is presented in table 8.

From table 8 it follows that the proposed method of growing potatoes in a full-field full intensive crop rotation with crop rotation: annual grasses - rye winter; winter rye on a green mass - potato seed, chaffy with the proposed sowing and harvesting dates, allows you to grow crop rotation without additional organic fertilizers with a positive humus balance.

Table 8
Humus balance (in carbon) in a two-field crop rotation, average for 2004-2006, kg / ha Crop rotation link Harvest of main products, kg / ha The mass of root and stripe residues, kg / ha Nitrogen removal with crop Nitrogen intake in plants Newly formed humus Humus balance (+, -) from mineral fertilizers from plant debris Nitrogen deficiency Humus mineralization Annual grass on a green mass, rye winter 210 35.7 63 45 12 6 103 535 +432 Winter rye, potato seed 317 47 138 60 23 55 946 621 -325 Total average crop rotation 263.5 41.35 100.5 52,5 17.5 30.5 524.5 578 +54

The results of calculating the economic efficiency of the method of growing potatoes in a two-field crop rotation in the zone of the Middle Urals without additional organic fertilizers for farming are presented in table 9.

Table 9 The economic efficiency of leek potatoes in a two-field crop rotation in the Middle Urals, the average for 2004-2006. Presowing soil treatment Productivity, t / ha Production costs, rub / ha The cost of gross output, rubles / ha Cost, RUB / c Net income, RUB / ha Profitability,% Plowing on 142 35014 56800 247 21786 62 depth 20-25 cm Disking on 142 34526 55664 243 21138 61 depth 12-15 cm

The proposed method for growing potatoes in a two-field crop rotation can be recommended for use both in farms and in collective farms engaged in intensive cultivation of potatoes and feed, in the absence of organic fertilizers in farms and to reduce the cost of preparing and introducing organics using previously known technologies with high the profitability of the proposed method.

Claims (2)

1. A method of growing potatoes in the Middle Urals zone, including placing potatoes on their predecessors, cultivating the soil with incorporating the root residues of the predecessor, applying fertilizers, cutting ridges, planting in the ridges, inter-row cultivation and weed control, harvesting leaves and tubers, characterized by the fact that for planting they take seed potatoes of early varieties with a vegetation period of 90-105 days, and its cultivation is carried out in a two-field intensive crop rotation, including: annual grasses zimaya rye; winter rye - sloping potato - chill, and early varieties of intensive winter rye with a growing period of 120-140 days are used as a precursor for potatoes, and winter rye is sown on August 10-15 after harvesting annual herbs without additional organic fertilizers, while winter rye is harvested in the phase of reaching the green mass at a high cut of 12-15 cm with closing the remaining stubble and the rye root system by plowing by 20-25 cm or discing by 10-15 cm for 3-5 days before planting potatoes in the ridges, which spend 10-15 yun, and clean the potatoes in September. 2. The method of growing potatoes in a two-field crop rotation according to claim 1, characterized in that the pre-harvest removal of tops is carried out by mechanical grinding and scattering of tops in the field, and after harvesting the potatoes, the autumnal plowing of the field is carried out.