RU2344344C1 - Method of biothermophotoelectrocatalytic convertion of energy released at enriched biogas fuel burning and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: electricity.

SUBSTANCE: method of energy conversion implies introducing catalytic structure with luminous efficiency in the state of accumulation in spectral range into the flame resulting from the reaction of oxidising the fuel by oxygen and direct conversion of the released energy into electric one with help of semiconducting photocells which are connected into photovoltaic battery with the border of photoactive absorption base band for this spectral range. Optical system for light flux focusing and additional unit for thermoelectrical conversion of the heat energy removed from the high-temperature combustion products are used. The conversion process is carried out in a closed energy cycle including photosynthesis of the green microalgae technical biomass - dietary supplement to the livestock feeding, anaerobic extrathermophilic fermentation of the livestock and domestic organic wastes, producing biogas, its enriching and generating electric energy by the cascade conversion of the heat energy and light radiation energy which are released at the enriched biogas fuel combustion.

EFFECT: production of electric energy source.

4 cl, 6 dwg

Description

The invention relates to energy, in particular to the generation of electricity in a closed energy cycle of the cascade conversion of thermal energy and light energy emitted during the combustion of enriched biogas fuel produced by anaerobic digestion of organic waste, and photosynthesis of technical biomass.

The present invention is the closing link in the author's sequence of innovative technical solutions aimed at the development and creation of non-traditional renewable environmentally friendly source of electric energy, the use of which will solve the problems of increasing the energy potential of civilization with a real threat of depletion of traditional fuel and energy resources, taking into account current rates and their level consumption.

A known method of thermophotoelectrocatalytic conversion of energy released during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, which consists in introducing into the flame generated as a result of the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen a catalytic structure with high light output in an incandescent state in a certain spectral range and direct conversion of radiated energy into electrical energy using semiconductor photovoltaic cells connected to a photovoltaic battery, optimal for this spectral range by the border of the main photoactive absorption band, as well as with the use of an optical system for focusing the light flux and an additional block of thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy removed from high-temperature combustion products (Adamovich AB, Vestyak V.A. Applied 3D-modeling in AutoCAD GGD (Applied Geometry Engineering Graphics Computer Design), No. 1 (7), 2007, p. 75-86).

The process of thermophotoelectrocatalytic conversion in the known method is presented in the form:

A device is known (patent US 4584426 A, H01L 31/04, 136 - 253, 1986), containing an element for burning hydrocarbon fuel in the form of an injection gas burner with a translucent protective shell, a catalytic structure on a fabric basis, impregnated with rare earth oxides, with high light output in a state of incandescence in a certain spectral range and a photovoltaic battery with the optimal border for the main photoactive absorption band for a given spectral range, as well as an optical system for focusing light vogo flow with a mirror internal surface.

A device is known (Adamovich A.B., Vestyak V.A. Applied 3D-modeling in AutoCAD. GGD (Applied Geometry Engineering Graphics Computer Design), No. 1 (7), 2007, p. 75-86) for implementing the known method thermophotoelectrocatalytic conversion of energy released during the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, containing an element for burning hydrocarbon fuel in the form of an injection gas burner with a translucent protective sheath, a catalytic structure with high light output in a glow state in a certain spectrally m range, a photovoltaic battery with an optimal border for the main photoactive absorption band for a given spectral range, as well as an optical system for focusing the light flux in the form of a bifocal rotation ellipsoid with a mirrored inner surface and an additional unit in the form of a semiconductor battery for thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy removed from high-temperature combustion products .

A disadvantage of the known method and devices is the insufficient completeness of using the potential of the process of thermophotoelectric catalytic energy conversion in them, due to the lack of key components that enable the organization of a closed energy cycle.

The problem to which the invention is directed, is to increase the potential of the process of thermophotoelectrocatalytic energy conversion by organizing a closed energy cycle, including photosynthesis of technical biomass, anaerobic digestion of organic waste, biogas production, its enrichment and electricity generation during cascade conversion of heat energy and light radiation energy emitted during the combustion of enriched biogas fuel.

Organic compounds (fats, proteins, carbohydrates, etc.) are generated in nature by green plants with the release of molecular oxygen O ₂ in the “dark” and “light” stages of the photosynthesis process, respectively, due to the energy of sunlight absorbed by the pigment (chlorophyll) from carbon dioxide CO ₂ , water H ₂ O and other simple inorganic substances.

However, the yield of higher (multicellular) plants and their growth rate are insufficient to generate industrial volumes of technical biomass.

A special place in the plant world is occupied by green unicellular microalgae, characterized by a very high intensity of asexual reproduction by dividing the cell into two or more parts.

One of the most promising crops is chlorella, a green microalga with a size of 8–10 μm with a maximum content of chlorophylls “a” + ”b” in the amount of 4–5% of dry weight, which is artificially propagated in a microalgae cultivator under favorable light in the wavelength range of 0.38 ÷ 0.74 μm and the power supply is chain in nature with a doubling period of 20 ÷ 25 hours (Andreeva V.M. Rod Chlorella. - L .: Mir, 1977).

The authors of the present invention carried out a spectrographic analysis of the light emission of a fabric-based catalytic structure impregnated with rare-earth metal oxides in a state of incandescent flame in a gas burner, the results of which are reflected in the processed photograph attached to the description of the control sheet of the spectrogram (figure 1).

The luminous efficiency of the catalytic structure was observed in the spectral range from λ _o = 0.36 μm to λ _pores. = 0.72 μm.

The presence in chlorella, unlike other microalgae, for example spirulina, of a relatively strong hemicellulose membrane prevents the formation of deposits on the working surfaces of the microalgae cultivator (B. Adamovich and other Martian Odyssey. - M .: Publishing House Aviamir, 2006, p.268 )

The use of chlorella suspension as a biologically active additive (BAA) in the feed ration of farm animals contributes to a more complete digestibility of feed by the latter and, accordingly, to obtain additional weight gain, increase milk production, increase egg production, better preserve the livestock, improve its reproductive properties and increase immunity while reducing the amount of applied drugs, including antibiotics, allowing you to get livestock products more than you okogo quality (Bogdanov N. suspension of chlorella in the diet of farm animals - Penza:. PGSKHA RIO 2007, p.51).

To date, the planktonic strains of Chlorella vulgaris IGF No. C-111 and Chlorella vulgaris BIN most fully meet the requirements of industrial cultivation, in which the basic natural properties of microalgae are preserved:

- the ability of free floating in the water;

- uniform distribution of cells in the culture medium;

- lack of agglutination of cells;

- the ability to create conditions that impede the development of other microorganisms;

- resistance to damage by viruses.

Anaerobic fermentation or biomethanogenesis is a long-known process of converting biomass into energy (Volova T.G. Biotechnology. - Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 1999, p.145).

Biogas obtained from organic raw materials during biomethanogenesis as a result of complex processes of destruction of organic substrates with the participation of the microbial association of various anaerobic microorganisms is a gas mixture of 55 ÷ 75% methane CH ₄ and 20 ÷ 35% carbon dioxide CO ₂ and also small amounts of hydrogen sulfide H ₂ S, nitrogen N ₂ and hydrogen H ₂ .

Anaerobic fermentation from the point of view of the chemistry of the process is characterized by two-phase. In the "acid" phase, the destruction of the organic matter is caused by the association of obligate (accompanying) anaerobic bacteria, among which hydrolytics, acidogens, acetate and other genes. In the "gas" phase, the methane-forming archaeobacteria (methanogens) are the "crown" of the methane community, catalyzing reduction reactions leading to methane synthesis.

The speed of the process of anaerobic digestion depends on the type of population of bacteria of destructors. For a population of psychrophilic bacteria, the process is realized at + 5 ÷ + 20 ° С, for mesophilic bacteria at + 30 ÷ + 40 ° С and for thermophilic bacteria at + 50 ÷ + 60 ° С. A population of extratermophilic bacteria is used, for which a temperature of + 65 ° C is considered optimal.

Fermentation at higher temperatures is faster than at low temperatures and is characterized by approximately doubling the biogas yield for every 5 ° С (Twidell J., Weir A. Renewable energy sources: Transl. From English - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1990, p. 292).

It is also important to emphasize that the beneficial inorganic substances contained in the fermented mass remain virtually completely in the fermented sludge, suitable for reuse as a top dressing material.

Regarding the methods of biogas enrichment by reducing the impurities contained in it, we note the adsorption method of deep drying with a fixed layer on synthetic zeolites of the NaA type, obtained by granulating aluminosilicate raw materials with subsequent heat treatment and crystallization (Kolobrodov V.G. et al. Methods for improving the quality of biogas. - Solid household waste, 2006, No. 8, p.11), and absorption based on the dissolution of carbon dioxide CO ₂ in the absorption liquid (water). Limit hydrocarbons, which include methane CH ₄ , are not soluble in water.

The problem is solved as follows. The claimed method, comprising introducing into the flame resulting from the oxidation reaction of hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen, a catalytic structure with high light output in a state of incandescence in a certain spectral range and direct conversion of radiated energy into electrical energy using semiconductor photocells connected to a photovoltaic battery, optimal for of this spectral range by the boundary of the main band of photoactive absorption, as well as using optical A system of focusing the light flux and an additional block of thermoelectric conversion of heat energy removed from high-temperature combustion products is carried out according to a closed energy cycle, including photosynthesis of technical biomass of green microalgae - a biologically active additive in the feed ration of farm animals, anaerobic extra-thermophilic fermentation of animal waste and household organic waste , biogas production, enrichment and power generation and during cascade conversion of thermal energy and light radiation energy released during the combustion of enriched biogas fuel.

The process of biothermal photoelectrocatalytic conversion in the proposed method can be represented in the form:

The problem is also solved by the fact that the claimed device containing an element for burning hydrocarbon fuel in the form of an injection gas burner with a translucent protective sheath, a fabric-based catalytic structure impregnated with rare-earth metal oxides, with high light output in a state of incandescence in a certain spectral range and a photoelectric battery with the optimal boundary for the photoactive absorption band for the given spectral range, as well as the optical system of foci luminous flux arrays in the form of a bifocal ellipsoid of revolution with a mirrored inner surface and an additional unit in the form of a semiconductor battery of thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy removed from high-temperature combustion products, includes a photoreactor with a translucent body mounted in the secondary focal plane of the optical system for focusing the light flux above photoelectric battery, mixing tank with peristaltic circulation pump, containers for ab sorption of carbon dioxide from the products of combustion and enrichment of biogas, which together form a two-stage “light” and “dark” photosynthetic circuit, as well as a peristaltic pump for supplying an aqueous suspension of green microalgae to a centrifugal separator, containers for receiving influenza (animal waste and household organic waste) and effluent selection (fermented sludge) with direct and reverse, having shutoff valves, branches, second-generation digesters with thermal insulation and chambers of “acid” and “gas-phase” fermentation, o naschennymi biotechnical inserts with the respective communities stock cultures of anaerobic bacteria in the immobilized state, wherein the container receiving and sampling respectively inflyuenta and digester effluent and connected to each other by the principle of communicating vessels.

To ensure homogenization of the fermenting mass and to prevent the formation of a crust on its surface, the digester is equipped with a stirrer with a sealed bellows eccentric rotation input and two recirculation pumps of the “acid” and “gas-phase” fermentation chambers.

To provide extra-thermophilic fermentation, the device includes a liquid heat exchange circuit containing a methane tank heat exchanger, a heat recuperator, a liquid pump, a liquid cooling jacket of the thermoelectric conversion unit, a heat exchanger of the exhaust pipe, and a compensating tank with an air valve.

The device also includes a gas circuit containing a gas compressor, a high-pressure gas holder-condenser with shutoff valves and gas and liquid check valves, a pressure reducing valve, an adsorber with a bypass branch, an enriched biogas fuel preheater heat exchanger, and a combustion products exhaust branch with a gas supercharger.

Biotechnological inserts can be made using porous materials (fiberglass, foamed perlite, pebble, expanded clay, etc.).

The adsorber can be made using synthetic zeolites of the NaA type, obtained by granulating aluminosilicate raw materials with subsequent heat treatment and crystallization.

Figure 1 presents the processed photo of the control sheet of the spectrogram; figure 2 shows a diagram of a device for implementing the method of biothermal photoelectrocatalytic energy conversion; figure 3 presents the node I in figure 2, explaining the device; figure 4 shows a section aa in figure 3; figure 5 shows a section bB in figure 3; figure 6 shows a section bb in figure 3.

The method of biothermal photoelectrocatalytic energy conversion, including introducing into the flame 1, resulting from the oxidation of hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen, a catalytic structure 2 with high light output in an incandescent state in a certain spectral range and direct conversion of radiated energy into electrical energy using semiconductor photocells connected to a photovoltaic battery 3, with the optimum for the given spectral range boundary of the main band active absorption, as well as using an optical system for focusing the light flux 4 and additional block 5 of thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy removed from high-temperature combustion products, is carried out in a closed energy cycle, including photosynthesis of technical biomass of green microalgae - a biologically active additive in the feed ration of farm animals, anaerobic extra-thermophilic fermentation of livestock and household organic waste vanie biogas, its concentration and power generation in the cascade conversion of thermal energy and the energy of the light radiation emitted during combustion of fuel rich biogas (2, 3).

A device for implementing the method of biothermal photoelectrocatalytic energy conversion, containing an element 6 for burning hydrocarbon fuel in the form of an injection gas burner with a translucent protective sheath 7, a catalytic structure 2 on a fabric basis, impregnated with rare earth oxides, with high light output in a state of incandescence in a certain spectral range and photoelectric battery 3 with the optimum for the given spectral range boundary of the main band of photoactive absorption As well as an optical system for focusing the light flux 4 in the form of a bifocal rotation ellipsoid with a mirrored inner surface and an additional unit 5 in the form of a semiconductor battery of thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy removed from high-temperature combustion products, it includes a photoreactor 8 with a translucent body 9 installed in the secondary focal plane of the optical system for focusing the light flux 4 above the photovoltaic battery 3, the mixer tank 10 with peristalsis a circulating pump 11, containers 12, 13 for absorbing carbon dioxide from products of combustion and enrichment of biogas, which together form a two-stage “light” and “dark” photosynthetic circuit, as well as a peristaltic pump 14 for supplying an aqueous suspension of green microalgae to a centrifugal separator 15, for receiving tanks 16 of influenza and selection of 17 effluent with a straight line 18 and a return 19 having shutoff valves 20, branches, a second-generation digester 21 with heat insulation 22 and acidic 23 and gas-phase 24 fermentation chambers equipped biotechnological inserts 25 with the corresponding communities of uterine cultures of anaerobic bacteria in an immobilized state, moreover, containers 16, 17 for receiving and selecting influenza and effluent, respectively, and a digester 22 are connected to each other by the principle of communicating vessels, while the digester 22 is equipped with a stirrer 26 with a sealed bellows an eccentric inlet of rotation 27 and two recirculation pumps 28, 29 of the “acid” 23 and “gas-phase” fermentation chambers 24, as well as a liquid heat exchange circuit containing a heat exchange IR digester 30, heat recuperator 31, liquid pump 32, liquid cooling jacket 33 of thermoelectric conversion unit 5, heat exchanger 34 of flue gas outlet pipe 35 and expansion tank 36 with air valve 37, and a gas circuit containing a gas compressor 38, gas holder condenser 39 high pressure with shutoff valves 40 and check gas 41 and liquid 42 valves, pressure reducing valve 43, adsorber 44 with bypass branch 45, heat exchanger 46 for preheating enriched biogas fuel outlet branch 47 of the combustion products from the gas blower 48 (Figures 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6).

Biotechnological inserts 25 are made using porous materials (fiberglass, foamed perlite, pebble, expanded clay, etc.).

The adsorber 44 is made using synthetic zeolites of the NaA type, obtained by granulating aluminosilicate raw materials with subsequent heat treatment and crystallization.

The device operates as follows (figure 2, 3).

The enriched biogas fuel is supplied under pressure to the injection gas burner 6, in which an air-gas mixture is created, which is necessary for the combustion process.

In flame 1 of a gas burner 6, the catalytic structure 2, which is in the incandescent state in the primary focal region of the bifocal ellipsoid of revolution 4, emits a light flux in the biophotoactive spectral range, which, after rereflection from the mirror inner surface of the ellipsoid 4, focuses in the secondary focal region where the photoreactor is located 8 with a translucent body 9, in which the "light" stage of photosynthesis is carried out in a peristaltic circulation pump 11 pumped through it one green microalgae suspension, accompanied by the release of molecular oxygen. The non-absorbed part of the light flux falls on the photovoltaic battery 3 with the optimal border for the photoactive absorption band for the given spectral range. Photovoltaic battery 3 effectively generates photo-emf, converting the energy of the light flux into electrical energy.

When the photoelectric battery 3 is reduced to a certain level of electric power, which is caused by a decrease in the integral transmittance of an aqueous suspension of green microalgae due to an increase in the biomass of the latter, it is selected and pumped by a peristaltic pump 14 to a centrifugal separator 15.

After the photoreactor 8, the aqueous suspension of green microalgae enters the mixer tank 10, in which it is mixed with the fraction of the aqueous suspension with a reduced concentration of green biomass after the separator 15 and the fraction of the fermented sludge with useful inorganic components, fed through the return branch 19, with shutoff valves 20 , from the tank 17 selection of effluent.

In tanks 12, the dissolution of carbon dioxide and condensation of moisture contained in the products of combustion, and in tanks 13, the dissolution of carbon dioxide contained in biogas.

Thus, an aqueous suspension of green microalgae receives the required raw materials for the implementation of the "dark" stage of photosynthesis for the generation of organic compounds and its propagation.

The air entering the internal volume of the ellipsoid of revolution 4, taking heat from the heated photoelectric battery 3 at the input (due to internal losses determined by the physical properties of the semiconductors and the design parameters of the battery as a whole) and thermostating the translucent case 9 of the photoreactor 8, is preheated, mixed with of the photoreactor 8, with oxygen, is partially injected by a gas burner 6 and, while continuing to move inside the ellipsoid 4, removes heat (due to incomplete reflection) from e the internal mirror surface of the heated products of combustion translucent protective sheath 7.

In the annular gap between the shell 7 and the block 5 of the thermoelectric battery, intense heat transfer occurs from the heated air to the hot junctions of the semiconductor thermoelements of the latter. With the steady-state temperature difference between the hot junctions being heated and cooled through the liquid cooling jacket 33, the thermoelectric battery generates thermo-EMF, converting the thermal energy released during the combustion of enriched biogas fuel into electrical energy.

Next, the mixture of air with combustion products through the pipe 35 enters the branch branch 47 and the supercharger 48 is pumped through the tank 12 into the atmosphere.

After centrifugal separator 15, a concentrated fraction of an aqueous suspension of green microalgae is used as a biologically active additive in the feed ration of farm animals.

Livestock wastes and household organic waste go into the receptacle 16 for receiving the influent and then to the digester 21 with heat insulation 22 and acidic 23 and gas-phase fermentation chambers 24. Both phases are carried out in parallel and simultaneously in one spatially separated volume. Organic degradation products formed under the influence of uterine cultures of anaerobic bacteria in the “acid” phase are a substrate for uterine cultures of anaerobic microorganisms of the “gas” phase immobilized in biotechnological inserts 25. The fermented sludge enters the container 17 for selection of the effluent, from where it is sent in a straight branch 18 for reuse as an effective biological fertilizer, and on the reverse branch 19 for feeding microalgae into a photosynthetic circuit.

The intensification of the degradation processes is achieved by using the design of the digester 21 of the mixer 26, pump 28, which ensures recirculation of the fermentation products of the “acid” phase, and pump 29, which recirculates the precipitate of the “gas” phase.

The pump 32, pumping liquid along the heat exchange circuit through the heat exchanger 30, heat recuperator 31, liquid cooling jacket 33 of thermoelectric conversion unit 5, heat exchanger 34 of the exhaust pipe 35, provides extra-thermophilic conditions for the occurrence of endothermic biomethanogenesis processes.

The synthesized biogas is supplied by a gas compressor 38 through a gas check valve 41 to a high-pressure gas condenser 39, in which the moisture contained in the biogas is condensed and its chemical composition is averaged. Excess condensate is removed through a liquid check valve 42 into a container 12.

From the gas-condenser 39 biogas through the shut-off valve 40 and the pressure reducing valve 43 enters the tank 13, where, as already indicated, the carbon dioxide contained in it is dissolved.

In adsorber 44 with bypass branch 45 on synthetic NaA type zeolites, a deep drying of the gas occurs, which completes the process of its enrichment.

Enriched biogas fuel after preheating in the heat exchanger 46 enters the injection gas burner 6, thereby closing the energy cycle of the cascade conversion.

Claims (4)

1. The method of energy conversion, including the introduction into the flame generated by the reaction of fuel oxidation with oxygen, a catalytic structure with light output in the incandescent state in the spectral range and direct conversion of radiated energy into electrical energy using semiconductor photocells connected to a photovoltaic battery, with the main boundary photoactive absorption bands for a given spectral range, as well as using an optical system for focusing light current and an additional block of thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy diverted from high-temperature combustion products, characterized in that the conversion process is carried out according to a closed energy cycle, including photosynthesis of technical biomass of green microalgae - a biologically active additive in the feed ration of farm animals, anaerobic extra-thermophilic fermentation of animal waste and household organic waste, biogas production, enrichment and electricity generation energy during cascade conversion of thermal energy and light radiation energy released during the combustion of enriched biogas fuel. 2. A device for implementing a method of energy conversion, containing an element for burning fuel in the form of an injection gas burner with a translucent protective sheath, a fabric-based catalytic structure impregnated with rare-earth metal oxides, light output in the spectral range incandescent state and a photoelectric battery with the main boundary photoactive absorption bands for a given spectral range, as well as an optical system for focusing the light flux in the form of a bifocal ellipse oid of revolution with a mirrored inner surface and an additional unit in the form of a semiconductor battery of thermoelectric conversion of thermal energy removed from high-temperature combustion products, characterized in that it includes a photoreactor with a translucent body mounted in the secondary focal plane of the optical system for focusing the light flux above the photovoltaic battery , mixing tank with a peristaltic circulation pump, containers for absorbing carbon dioxide from the product of combustion and enrichment of biogas, which together form a two-stage “light” and “dark” photosynthetic circuit, as well as a peristaltic pump for supplying an aqueous suspension of green microalgae to a centrifugal separator, containers for receiving the influent and taking the effluent from the forward and reverse branches with shutoff valves, second-generation digesters with thermal insulation and fermentation chambers equipped with biotechnological inserts with corresponding communities of uterine cultures of anaerobic bacteria located in immobilized m condition, and the receiving and withdrawing tanks, respectively, of the influent, and the effluent, and the digester, are connected to each other by the principle of communicating vessels, while the digester is equipped with a stirrer with a sealed bellows eccentric rotation input and two recirculation pumps of the fermentation chambers, as well as a liquid heat exchange circuit containing a heat exchanger a digester, a heat recuperator, a pump for pumping liquid, a liquid cooling jacket of a thermoelectric conversion unit, a heat exchanger of a branch pipe combustion chamber and expansion tank with an air valve, and a gas circuit containing a gas compressor, a high pressure gas condenser with shut-off valves and gas and liquid check valves, a pressure reducing valve, an adsorber with a bypass branch, a preheater of enriched biogas fuel and an exhaust branch combustion products with a gas supercharger. 3. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the biotechnological insert is made using porous materials (fiberglass, foamed perlite, pebble, expanded clay). 4. The device according to claim 2, characterized in that the adsorber is made using synthetic NaA type zeolites obtained by granulating aluminosilicate raw materials with subsequent heat treatment and crystallization.

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