RU2343357C1 - Heating system of building - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: heating systems.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to single- and double-pipe heating systems with thermostats as well as to automatic energy-saving heating systems of buildings with various number of storeys, including multi-storied buildings. Heating system of a building consists of vertical supply and discharge main pipelines, heating devices with axial or offset bypasses, which are connected to supply and discharge main pipelines directly or through horizontal storey-wise supply and discharge pipes. On each floor in discharge pipe there located is a jet device producing low pressure and serving as a hydrodynamic valve gate the active inlet of which is connected to supply pipe on the top floor. Active inlet of jet device located below is connected to the outlet of the jet device located above. Passive inlets of each jet device are connected to discharge pipes of heating devices; outlet of the last jet device is connected to discharge main pipeline of the system.

EFFECT: improving the energy-saving function of heating system.

5 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to one- and two-pipe heating systems with thermostats, as well as energy-saving automatic heating systems for buildings of various floors, including multi-story.

Known heating systems in buildings [1] (VD Korkin. Water heating systems with radiators // Zh. AVOK No. 4, 2002), in which control valves located directly at the radiators are used. The disadvantage of such systems is the practical lack of energy-saving heating modes.

The efficiency of heat use in various heating systems using room (radiator) thermostats depends on the amount of residual heat transfer in the heating system [2] (Energy-saving heating systems for buildings based on modern technologies and materials. Album. Ed. S.A. Chistovich. S-P 2003. p. 8-9, 135 p. 8-11).

The presented traditional one- and two-pipe heating systems with heating devices and thermostats have a large residual heat transfer, unaccounted for heat losses and possible emissions of a significant amount of heat into the atmosphere during overheating.

When the heater is completely turned off, the closed thermostat valve creates conditions for the practical absence of flow of the working fluid in the heater, for example, in a convector. The force of gravity forms temperature layers, moving the liquid with a lower temperature and higher density to the lower part of the heater section, and with a higher temperature to its upper part. Further, if there are no obstacles, through a discharge pipe, a liquid with a higher temperature replaces the cooled part in the heating device, delivering an excessive amount of heat with it. In addition, the receipt of additional unnecessary heat into the room, as the thermostat valve is closed during thermal equilibrium in the room, it is carried out from the coolant through all the metal connections of the pipes of the heating system to the heater.

To reduce the residual heat transfer, circuit solutions are used in which the location of the radiator thermostat is changed before entering the heater (convector) or after it [3] (V. Sasin et al. Guidelines for the use of Calidor Super cast aluminum sectional radiators manufactured by Fondital ". Publishing house of FSUE NIIsantekhniki, LLC Vitaterm, M., 2001).

Such design methods as the thermal barrier are applied in the form of separate devices: special bends, double bends of the pipeline, inclined sections of the pipeline, oblique channels in special inserts in the pipeline, etc.

The disadvantage of circuit solutions is the limited possibility of individual temperature control due to the large residual heat transfer with a complete shutdown of heating devices.

The disadvantages of the known structural devices of the thermal barrier is a passive method of creating an obstacle at low velocities of the fluid, which corresponds to low coefficients of leakage into the heater. The energy of the working fluid of the entire heating system and the possibility of obtaining additional effects are not used additionally. For example, an increase in the flow rate through the heater (values of the leakage coefficient) from the action of, for example, inertial or ejection forces.

The closest technical solution is a system with heating devices [4] (Yu.A. Korostelev and others. To the calculation of horizontal one-pipe heating systems // ABOK No. 6, 2006). Heating devices are connected to a single-pipe heating system using axial and offset bypasses (closing channels). The outlet pipe of the heater with axial connection can experience the effect of ejection (node A, p. 36). However, the lateral location of the inlet of the outlet pipe, as in a tee, the deformed velocity field during inversion significantly reduces this effect of reduced pressure at the inlet section. The absence of a receiving chamber and a mixing chamber for subsequent equalization of the velocity plot and pressure recovery increases the hydraulic resistance of the entire assembly and reduces the coefficient of leakage into the heater.

The structural installation of such a connection requires welding work at the place of connection of the heater. The lack of an exact location of the heater connection to the heating system at the design stage of individual system nodes does not allow procurement of individual parts for the future, as nodes are not typical.

The design of horizontal heating systems involves careful coordination of hydraulic losses in the branches and circulation rings by floors in the presence of different floor pressure, which leads to ambiguous data on the leakage coefficient during the design of the system and its subsequent operation.

In the known heating system, with the traditional scheme for controlling the heat supply by means of a thermostat (without an inkjet device), for example, through the convector, the coolant (hot water) enters the convector and bypass at the same time until the room temperature is equal to the set thermostat. As the temperature approaches the predetermined valve gate, the flow area gradually decreases, the flow rate of the coolant between the convector and bypass is redistributed. When the heat balance occurs between the influx and outflow of heat from the room, the thermostat valve shutter, for example, closes and the water supply from the supply pipe to the convector stops. Further, hot water flows only bypass, bypassing this convector by, for example, to other floors of the building. As the water cools down in the convector pipes (lower and upper), gravitational separation occurs in the volumes of the pipes according to their specific gravity into hot (top) and cold (bottom) layers.

In this state, the valve is closed. The heating system passes hot water through the bypass in the convector in question. The flow of water, flowing along the bypass, carries with it a certain part of the total volume of convector water, including cooled. Hot water penetrates its place again, replacing them. The thermostat does not react in any way to the change in this situation in the convector pipes, its valve is closed, the incoming heat increases the room temperature. However, the increment of heat when the thermostat valve shutter is closed violates the temperature balance in the room. The temperature rises uncontrollably until a balance is established between the outflow of heat through the walls at a different, elevated room temperature compared to the set temperature by the thermostat. Or the outflow of heat will be provided through an additionally open window in the window with the help of the so-called “fortochny” controller for maintaining the room temperature.

To eliminate the noted drawbacks and increase the energy-saving function of the heating system, a building heating system is proposed that contains vertical supply and discharge pipes connected to them directly or through horizontal floor supply and discharge pipes with heating devices with axial or offset bypasses, characterized in that on each floor in the outlet pipe is a jet device that produces reduced pressure and serves as a hydrodynamic shutter, whose active input is on The upper floor is connected to the supply pipe, the active input of the downstream inkjet device is connected to the output of the upstream inkjet device, the passive inputs of each inkjet device are connected to the exhaust pipes of the radiators, the output of the last inkjet device is connected to the exhaust pipe or the system main.

In addition, the inkjet device is made in the form of a jet ejector with passive smooth turns of inputs and an active input coaxial with the input of the mixing chamber and its output.

In addition, the inkjet device is made in the form of a vortex ejector with passive smooth turns of the inputs and a tangential active input, a mixing chamber and its output.

In addition, the inkjet device is made in the form of a hydraulic flow adder with passive smooth turns of the inputs to the active input.

In addition, inkjet devices in the form of a jet ejector, a vortex ejector, a hydraulic flow adder can be connected to the discharge line in any combination of design.

The proposed heating system is designed to increase energy saving and reduce residual heat transfer. Different layout options of the system can be created by placing at various points in the system an inkjet device that uses the kinetic energy of the coolant flow.

The work of the proposed heating system of the building in terms of removal of the heat carrier passing through the heaters is based on the effect of ejection (suction, entrainment) of the heat carrier flow from the outlet pipe of the heating device in a one- or two-pipe heating system. The hot water flow of the heating system has sufficient kinetic energy to form the ejection process. In a two-pipe heating system, an inkjet device is connected by the input and output to the outlet pipe rupture and uses the kinetic energy of the flow in this heating system pipe. In this case, the adjustment hydraulic resistance on the outlet pipe of the heater is removed from the installation kit.

Thus, the general outlet pipe (pipe, riser) of the system consists of a set of pipes, between which are connected inkjet devices that produce reduced pressure and serve as a hydrodynamic shutter and to which the discharge pipes of heating devices are adjacent.

In this configuration, both single-pipe and double-pipe heating systems with vertical risers in old houses and horizontal wiring of risers in new houses are possible.

In a traditional one-pipe or two-pipe scheme, the main share of the residual heat transfer occurs due to the mix of hot coolant through the outlet pipe into the radiator volume with the thermostat valve closed.

The jet device, which serves as a hydrodynamic shutter and produces reduced pressure on the outlet pipe of the heater, and the closed thermostat valve (subject to thermal balance) allow you to temporarily disconnect the heater (radiator, convector, etc.) from the heating system of the entire building. The radiator transfers heat to the room without mixing hot water into its (radiator) volume, the thermostat collects a mismatch signal between the actual and the set air temperature at the measured point in the room for the subsequent opening of the valve. Since there is a constant outflow (suction) of the coolant from the radiator volume, a reduced pressure arises in its volume. In the dynamics of the flow, a hydrodynamic shutter is formed, which prevents the penetration of hot water through the outlet pipe into the radiator volume.

As a result of turning off the heating device with the help of two shutters acting on both sides of the heating device, and the absence of a mixture of hot heat carrier as a result of this, we obtain a decrease in the residual heat transfer and the heat saved earlier through the open window (window) outside the heated room, for example, in the outside atmosphere .

According to the scheme of the proposed heating system, it is possible to build a single-pipe heating system with offset and axial (unbiased) bypass and turn on the inkjet device to the heating device to reduce residual heat transfer.

Using an inkjet device at a selected point in the hydraulic system, for example, in the line of the heating outlet pipe, it is possible to obtain a decrease in pressure potential as a functional isolation. Those. where it is necessary to lower the pressure, increase the pressure drop and the flow rate of the coolant through the selected load in the system. Known heating systems do not possess this property.

In addition, when installing an inkjet device, temperature compensation of the extension of the vertical riser of the heating system is carried out due to the associated floor wiring of the horizontal sections of the supply and exhaust pipes of the heating devices.

The diagrams are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 of a two-pipe, in Figs. 3 and 4 - a single-pipe heating system with an arrangement of an inkjet device on each floor and designations are introduced that are typical for a floor: 1 - a heating device (radiator, convector, etc.); 2 - thermostat (set of thermostatic head and thermostatic valve); 3 - inkjet device to the heater. As an example, a jet ejector (FIG. 5) or a hydraulic adder (FIG. 7) is used in FIGS. 1, 3, and FIGS. 2, 4 show a vortex ejector (FIG. 6); 4 - supply line; 5 - feed vertical riser; 6 - the supply pipe of the heater; 7 - discharge line; 8 - discharge vertical riser; 9 - outlet pipe of the heater; 10 - connection of the active input of the inkjet device with the supply pipe of the heating device (or with the supply riser) on the upper floor; 11 - bypass.

Figures 5, 6, 7 show diagrams of an inkjet device 3 producing reduced pressure and serving as a hydrodynamic shutter, on which it is indicated: 8 - a discharge vertical riser; 9 - passive input channels with smooth rotation; 12 - formed narrowing (nozzle); 13 - receiving chamber; 14 - mixing chamber; 15 - output of the inkjet device.

In a vertical one-two-pipe heating system, it is proposed to equip two (or more) adjacent radiators or each heating device with an inkjet device, which ensures a decrease in residual heat transfer. An inkjet device together with a thermostat can be thought of as an energy-saving unit.

Figure 5 shows a jet device in the form of a jet ejector, in which the total coolant flow is formed by flow rate and temperature in the mixing chamber 14, which is further advanced by the dynamic pressure of the jet of the active input 12 to the output 15 of the jet device 3. The pronounced effect of the ejection is provided by the expansion of the jet, emanating from the nozzle 12, its boundary layer, in which are the volumes of the jet itself and carried away from the exhaust pipes 9 from the heating devices 1. At the same time, a reduced pressure in the exhaust pipes 9 is created by a constant bot hydrodynamic flow, providing a hydrodynamic shutter for the flow of coolant into the devices 1. This achieves a significant reduction in residual heat transfer. The initial flow of coolant for an inkjet device (FIGS. 5 and 7) is provided by setting and selecting a nozzle 12 in the bypass 10 of the upper floor of the building (FIGS. 1, 3).

Figure 6 shows a jet device in the form of a vortex ejector, different from the jet ejector in that the coolant is supplied through the active input (nozzle 12) located tangentially (peripherally to the surface) in the receiving chamber 13. The tangential flow in the receiving chamber 13 creates a vortex with a reduced pressure in the center, which carries the heat carrier through smooth turns from the exhaust pipes 9 (Figs. 3, 4) of the heating devices 1 to the outlet 15. With a reduced pressure, a pressure differential is created in the center of the receiving chamber 13 itelno outlet pipe 9. This differential creates conditions for continuous suction of coolant heaters 1 and subsequently when closing the valve of the thermostat 2, the implementation of the hydrodynamic shutter. The initial flow of the coolant is provided by setting and selecting the nozzle 12 in the bypass 10 of the upper floor of the building (Fig.2, 4).

7 shows a jet device - a hydraulic flow adder, in which the suction is automatically regulated in the common chamber 13 and is determined by the operation of thermostats 2, passing the coolant through the heating devices 1.

1. Consider the work of the proposed, for example, one-pipe heating system, equipped with inkjet devices for heating devices in two modes (Fig.3, 4) on the example of the lower floor. For ease of understanding, we will accept the same operating mode in the building for all thermostats and inkjet devices at the same time. The equipment designation for all floors is the same, except for the bypass. On the top floor is number 10, on the other - 11.

1.1. Assume that the temperature in the rooms is lower than the set by thermostats and the building is saturated with thermal energy. The valve shutter of thermostat 2 on all floors is fully open (figure 3). From the discharge riser 8, the coolant enters simultaneously to the radiator thermostat 2 through the supply pipe 6 and after it to the heating device 1 and at the same time bypass 11 to the input of the inkjet device 3 (Figs. 5, 6, 7). The coolant flow passes through the formed nozzle 12, which performs several functions: narrowed section, which increases the pressure in front of the thermostat (as in the traditional scheme); with increased flow velocity and expansion of the jet creates an ejection effect (suction) in the receiving chamber 13; reduced hydraulic resistance of the bypass 11. The cross section of the bypass pipe 11 can be the same with other pipes 6, 8, 9. The pressure increase function can be formed by the nozzle 12 of the jet device 3. This expands the possibilities of selecting the load (nozzle) for the calculated increase in pressure (leakage coefficient ) and simplifies the calculation of the heat load of heating devices when designing a heating system, while practically maintaining the relative flow coefficient constant.

The ejection (suction) created by the hydrodynamic flow of the coolant provides a reduced pressure not only in the exhaust pipes 9 with a smooth turn and in the heating devices themselves 1. Lowering the pressure increases the coefficient of leakage into the heating device 1, increasing the flow through it, which is equivalent to reducing its resistance hydraulic tract. At the same time, the reduced pressure in the heating device during suction from its volume of different portions of the coolant leads to constant mixing and equalization of temperature by volume. This mixing property additionally turbulizes the flow inside the heater and increases the heat transfer rate, which, in turn, reduces the time constant in the heating-cooling transition process and increases the energy saving of the entire heating system.

In the considered open position of the thermostat valve, the coefficient of leakage into the heater 1 is maximum, mainly due to the hydraulic resistance of the nozzle 12 of the bypass 11 and a decrease in the hydraulic resistance of the path, including outlet pipes 9 with smooth turns of the passive inputs to the jet device 3. The pressure drop between the passive input 9 and output 15 minimum, at the same time contributing to an increase in the coefficient of inflow. When creating an ejection, the energy of the flow of heat carrier located in the general heating system of the building is used.

If the shutter of the valve of thermostat 2 is in the intermediate position, then the ratio between the flow rates of the liquid flowing through the valve of thermostat 2 and bypass 11 will change compared to a fully open valve. This increases the ejection properties of the inkjet device 3, but the relative coefficient of leakage and heat transfer from the heating device to the room remain approximately constant.

1.2. Thermostat 2 valve is closed. The coolant through the pipe 8 is sent by bypass 11 to the narrowed inlet 12 of the jet device 3 and to the exit 15 and further to the discharge pipe 8 (Figs. 3, 4). In the dynamics of the coolant flow through the jet device 3, the resulting reduced pressure in smooth bends 9 propagates through the exhaust pipes 9 to the heating device 1. When the dynamic pressures are balanced between the flow in the stream in the cavity 13 and in the cavity of the device 1, there is no admixture of hot coolant and a decrease in the “residual” "heat transfer. The inkjet device 3 performs the function of a hydrodynamic shutter preventing the transfer of coolant from the exhaust pipe 9 into the heating device 1.

In this mode, the maximum ejection effect is achieved, which is required to reduce the residual heat transfer with the valve closed. It is in this mode that the heating system maximally fulfills its functional purpose in reducing the excess heat that leads to overheating of the room and the entire building.

2. Consider the work of the proposed two-pipe heating system (figure 1, 2) in two modes.

2.1. Thermostat 2 valve shutter is open. From the riser 5, the coolant enters the valve inlet of the radiator thermostat 2 through the supply pipe 6 of the heating device and enters the return pipe 9. Then, through a smooth turn 9 of the jet device 3 (Fig. 5), the coolant enters the receiving chamber, from which it is carried into the mixing chamber 14 to the exit 15. Through the narrowed inlet (nozzle) 12 of the discharge pipe 8, a flow of the return coolant is supplied under pressure and increased speed to the receiving chamber 13. This flow creates an ejection effect due to the increased flow velocity through the narrowed section 12 (Fig.5, 7). This creates a reduced pressure in the chamber 13. Lowering the pressure increases the coefficient of leakage into the radiator, as if the resistance of the hydraulic path of the radiator decreases. When creating an ejective effect, the energy of the flow of heat carrier located in the general heating system of the building is used (Figs. 1, 2). The room temperature is maintained by thermostat 2 by adjusting the flow area in the thermostat valve. When regulating changes the ratio between the flow rate of the fluid flowing through the valve of the thermostat 2 and the discharge pipe 9.

In this case, the ejection properties of the inkjet device 3 with a narrowed input 12 do not change, but the leakage coefficient and heat transfer from the heater change.

2.2. Thermostat 2 valve is closed. The coolant through the pipe 6 does not reach the inlet of the valve of the thermostat 2. The flow of coolant through the outlet pipe 8 of the heating system passes to the narrowed inlet 12 (Figs. 5, 7). When this occurs in the jet device 3, a hydrodynamic shutter, which in addition to the closed valve on one side of the device separates it on the other side from the outlet pipe of the heating system. By such switching off the device from the heating system, the absence of flow, a mixture of hot coolant and a decrease in residual heat transfer are achieved. It is in this mode that the inkjet devices of the entire heating system of a building maximally fulfill their functional purpose in reducing excessive heat.

In this case, they are used to increase the pressure drop and, consequently, the leakage coefficient and increase heat transfer with the same radiator area — the effect of the ejection forces at an increased speed from the narrowed inlet (Figs. 1, 2, 5, 7).

When using a jet device in the form of a vortex ejector (figure 2, 6), its ejective properties are manifested due to the creation of reduced pressure in the center of the receiving chamber 13, passing into the mixing chamber 14.

It is known that the proportion of radiator thermostats in the energy saving procedure for a residential building is less than 2-3%.

The proposed heating system, equipped with inkjet devices in conjunction with a thermostat, increases the energy-saving function, increasing the effect by reducing the time constant of the transition process and residual heat transfer, including in the control loop non-insulated supply 6 and outlet 9 pipes to the heating device.

The use of the proposed building heating system is aimed at creating new and modernizing existing heating systems, both single-pipe and double-pipe with thermostats. This can be accomplished by connecting to an operating heating system an inkjet device, which in function, together with thermostats, represents an additional energy-saving control loop for room temperature. The implementation of such a heating system is possible practically without changing the design of the central heating of multi-storey buildings and serial production included in heating systems (thermostats, convectors, radiators, etc.).

The following distinctive properties of the building heating system, which make it more preferred:

- reduction of residual heat transfer of heating devices relative to the traditional installation of radiator thermostats

- the hydraulic resistance of the thermal apartment unit has been reduced, which provides for the same capacities of the input units servicing a larger number of floors and a power reserve.

Claims (5)

1. The heating system of the building, containing vertical supply and exhaust pipes connected to them directly or through horizontal floor supply and discharge pipes, heating devices with axial or offset bypasses, characterized in that on each floor in the discharge pipe there is a jet device serving as a hydrodynamic shutter and producing reduced pressure, the active input of which on the upper floor is connected to the supply pipe, the active input of the downstream inkjet device is connected to during the upstream inkjet device, the passive inputs of each inkjet device are connected to the outlet pipes of the heating devices, the output of the last inkjet device is connected to the outlet line of the system. 2. The building heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the inkjet device is made in the form of a jet ejector with passive smooth turns of the inputs and an active input coaxial with the input of the mixing chamber and its output. 3. The building heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the inkjet device is made in the form of a vortex ejector with passive smooth turns of the inputs and a tangential active input, a mixing chamber and its output. 4. The building heating system according to claim 1, characterized in that the inkjet device is made in the form of a hydraulic totalizer of flows with passive smooth turns of the inputs to the active input. 5. The heating system of the building according to claim 1 and any one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the inkjet devices are connected to the discharge line in any combination of structural design.

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