RU2322082C1 - Method for extracting from household wastes of food wastes and processing food wastes into feed pulp, apparatus for performing the same, and flow-through reactor of apparatus for preparing of aseptic solution - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: processing of food wastes to be used for production of feeds for animals.

SUBSTANCE: method involves preliminarily preparing aseptic solution; heating to temperature of 40-45 C; washing out household wastes with heated aseptic solution; sorting out household wastes to separate food wastes therefrom; decomposing the latter by electrolysis to produce coagulant and flotation foam; compacting flotation foam to pasty state for producing of ready feed; slightly drying coagulant for removal from solution; pumping out loose water and preparing aseptic solution from it. Apparatus has hopper for washing out solid household wastes, sorting out unit, raw material grinder, food wastes electrolysis reactor, flow-through reactor for producing of aseptic solution, said reactor communicating through outlet via flow-through heating member to washing out hopper. Said parts of apparatus are arranged in succession and connected with one another. Electrolysis reactor is connected through outlets to foam and coagulant accumulators, which are connected through outlets to respective driers. Apparatus is equipped with control device. Flow-through reactor is electrochemical type reactor provided with semi-permeable membrane and made in the form of horizontal cylindrical plastic housing with graphite semi-cylindrical positive and negative electrodes attached within plastic housing by means of longitudinal sealing U-shaped members. Electrodes may be connected to each other over diameter along axis of said housing by means of the same members and are separated from each other along diameter by membrane made from coarse cotton fabric. Negative graphite semi-cylinder - cathode chamber is choked at its both ends by plastic stoppers. Positive graphic semi-cylinder - anode chamber is equipped at its ends with plastic stoppers having branch pipes for connecting of liquid feeding hoses to said ends.

EFFECT: improved quality of waste processing.

4 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The invention relates to means for processing food waste and can be used in the animal feed industry.

A known method of obtaining feed from waste from the food industry, described in the same patent of the Russian Federation No. 2125382 according to class. A23K 1/10, c. 12/18/97, op. 01/27/99.

The known method consists in the fact that the waste of the fishing and meat industry is crushed, mixed with peat and dried at 90-95 ° C and a heating steam pressure in the drying apparatus body of 0, 3-0, 5 MPa, while drying is carried out to the humidity of the finished product 6-10% and the ratio of waste and peat 5-6: 0.5-1.5, respectively. Shkvara is used as a waste from the meat industry in the production of bone and meat and bone meal.

The disadvantage of this method is that it can be used to process waste only from the fish and meat industry.

A known method of producing boiled feed, described in the same patent of the Russian Federation No. 2038804 in class. A23K 1/10, c. 06/30/92, op. 07/09/95.

The known method is that the raw materials are ground, heat treatment, degreasing and cooling are carried out, while the heat treatment is carried out in a thin layer by conductive heating with the direct introduction of sharp steam into the processed raw materials with a temperature of 118-122 ° C and a pressure of 0.3- 0.5 MPa for 10-14 minutes, and before heat treatment, the raw materials are finely ground to a pasty state with a particle size of 25 microns.

The disadvantage of this method is the difficulty of processing using steam, in addition, in a known manner, only waste from the meat industry can be processed.

Closest to the technical nature of the claimed are the means for processing food waste described in s. No. 2002117847 "Installation for the processing and disposal of food waste isolated from municipal solid waste, and the preparation of feed paste from them, and the method for their implementation" according to cl. A23K 1/10, 1/14, s. 07/02/02, op. 03/27/04.

A known method of preparing feed paste is that the feedstock is pre-crushed, while food waste isolated from solid household waste is mixed with water, the resulting mixture is subjected to fine grinding by repeated circulation for 30-40 minutes and hydrolysis at 60-70 ° C in a hydrostatic hydrolyzer to a finely dispersed paste, while cold water is fed through the injector into the working zone of the hydrostatic hydrolyzer to maintain a stable temperature of the hydrolysis process.

A known installation for the processing and disposal of food waste isolated from solid household waste, and preparation of feed paste from them, contains a raw material grinder and a container for mixing the crushed raw materials, a fine grinding device with pipelines for circulating the mixture, and on the input collector of the fine grinding device hydrostatic hydrolyzer installed after the container for mixing crushed food products with water, an injector is placed for supplying a hydrostatic hydro to the working area izatora cold water to maintain a stable temperature hydrolysis process.

A disadvantage of the known processing means is that the hydrolysis of food waste at a low temperature and with the addition of cold water during the processing of highly contaminated waste does not guarantee their complete disinfection. Moreover, in addition to the fact that biological poisons remain, salts of heavy metals are not removed. In addition, the sorting and separation of food raw materials from solid household wastes previously carried out by someone cannot always be carried out qualitatively.

It would be possible to use an aseptic solution for disinfecting contaminated waste by introducing a reactor into the device to obtain it, especially since such devices are widely known.

So, it is known a device for disinfecting water, described in the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2040479.

The known device for processing liquid, comprising a housing with an electrode system located therein, made in the form of a cylindrical coaxial inner anode, an external cathode and a diaphragm installed between them. Current leads are also located in the housing and the device is equipped with a current source.

A disadvantage of the known device is low productivity and relatively high processing costs.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed reactor is a portable device for the electrochemical treatment of liquids, described in the same patent of the Russian Federation No. 2204530 in class. C02F 1/461, c. 06/12/01. op. 05/20/03.

The known device comprises a housing of a dielectric material with coaxially placed electrodes inside it - a cylindrical inner anode and an external cylindrical cathode - and a diaphragm located between them and dividing the interelectrode space into the anode and cathode chambers, while the anode, cathode and diaphragm are rigidly connected to the electrode the diaphragm block, and the cameras are equipped with input and output means of the processed fluid, the block itself is rigidly fixed in the housing. The anode is made of titanium with various coatings, the cathode is made of titanium or zircon with various coatings, and the diaphragm is made of ceramic based on aluminum and zirconium oxides.

A disadvantage of the known device is its very high cost, due to the materials used for the manufacture of the anode and cathode, as well as the possibility of metal salts entering the aseptic solution.

The objectives of the claimed technical solutions are:

- for the method and installation - improving the quality of processing;

- for the reactor - cost reduction while improving the quality of the solution.

The tasks are solved in that:

- in the method of extracting food waste from solid household waste and processing it into fodder paste, comprising extracting food waste from solid household waste as raw material, mixing the raw material with a liquid, grinding the raw material and decomposing the ground mass, according to the INVENTION, an aseptic solution is prepared in advance, it is heated up to 40-45 ° С, municipal solid waste is washed away with a heated aseptic solution, foodstuffs are separated from them by sorting, decomposition of which is carried out by electrolysis to form Nia coagulant and the flotation foam which is then compacted to a paste to give the finished feed, and dried coagulant, recycled water is prepared and pumped therefrom aseptic solution;

- in the installation for the separation of solid waste from food waste and processing it into fodder paste, which includes sequentially installed and technologically connected containers for mixing waste with liquid, a raw material shredder and a device for decomposing food waste, an additional flow reactor is introduced according to the INVENTION for preparing aseptic solution. connected by the outlet through a flow-through heater with a hopper used for mixing solid household wastes, a device for sorting washed-out household wastes is installed in front of the grinder, and food wastes are decomposed by an electrolysis reactor, with outputs respectively reactor inlet for producing an aseptic solution, as well as a foam accumulator and a coagulant accumulator, connected by exits to vacuum dried s;

- in a flow reactor for the preparation of an aseptic solution containing a body of dielectric material with electrodes placed therein - an anode and a cathode - and a diaphragm located between them and dividing the interelectrode space into the anode and cathode chambers, while the anode. the cathode and the diaphragm are rigidly connected to the electrode-diaphragm block, the anode chamber is provided on one side with a nozzle for outputting the liquid to be treated, and the block itself is rigidly fixed in the housing, ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION, the anode and cathode are made of graphite in the form of half-cylinders connected together by a common diameter with the formation of a cylinder. the diaphragm is made of flat cotton fabric and is located on the line of the total diameter along the entire length of the housing, the electrodes and the diaphragm are connected to the block with each other and with the housing using sealing longitudinal U-shaped elements, the pipe for the input of the processed fluid is common for the anode and cathode chambers .

The preparation of an aseptic solution and the washing out of solid household waste with a heated aseptic solution makes it possible to disinfect heavily contaminated waste from biological poisons, the subsequent sorting of solid household waste makes it possible to carefully and reliably separate food waste from it and remove non-food inclusions, and the subsequent decomposition of food waste by electrolysis to form a coagulant from precipitated non-food waste and flotation foam from decomposed food waste, compacting the foam and drying it to astoobraznogo state and drying the resulting feed coagulant to remove it from solution ensures removal of heavy metal salts and reception quality feed.

Introduction to the installation of a flow reactor to obtain an aseptic solution associated with the washout hopper makes it possible to destroy biological poisons in municipal solid waste during washing, the presence of a sorting device allows high-quality separation of food waste from solid household waste, removal of non-food inclusions from the latter, and use for food decomposition the raw materials of the reactor for electrolysis ensures the precipitation of salts of heavy metals, which are not subsequently absorbed by animals, and the presence of drives orbent and foam, as well as vacuum dryers makes it possible to remove salts of heavy metals and get high-quality feed.

EFFECT: decomposition of organic poisons, high-quality removal of non-food inclusions and removal of salts of heavy metals.

The implementation of the electrodes of the flow reactor from graphite, and the diaphragm from cotton fabric provides a low cost device in the absence of the possibility of the appearance of metal salts in solution.

The technical result is a reduction in cost and improving the quality of the solution.

The inventive method has a novelty in comparison with the prototype, differing from it by such essential features as preliminary preparation of an aseptic solution, heating it to 40-45 ° C, washing out solid household waste with a heated aseptic solution, recovering from them by sorting food waste, decomposing food waste by electrolysis before the formation of a coagulant and flotation foam, compaction to a paste-like state of the obtained feed, drying of the coagulant, pumping of circulating water, preparation of aseptic from it one solution, providing a plurality of achieving the desired result.

The inventive installation has a novelty in comparison with the prototype, differing from it by such significant features as the introduction of a flow reactor to produce an aseptic solution, use as a tank for mixing a hopper for washing solid household waste, introducing a sorting device for washing washed household waste in front of the grinder to separate food waste, use as a device for decomposing food waste from an electrolysis reactor, the presence of foam and coagulant and vacuum accumulators dryers that together provide the desired result.

The inventive flow reactor has a novelty in comparison with the prototype, differing from it by such significant features as the implementation of the anode and cathode of graphite in the form of half cylinders, their connection with each other in common diameter with the formation of the cylinder, the implementation of the diaphragm flat of coarse cotton fabric and its location on the line the total diameter, the connection of the electrodes and the diaphragm into the block between themselves and with the housing using longitudinal sealing elements, and the presence of dielectric plugs in the cathode chamber from the ends, about providing achievement of the set result.

The applicant does not know the methods and devices for the processing of municipal solid waste in which these distinctive features are used, which together ensure the achievement of a given result, therefore, he believes that the claimed means meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The inventive method, installation and its unit - the reactor - can find wide application in the utilities sector for the processing of municipal solid waste and in industry for the production of animal feed, and therefore meet the criterion of "industrial applicability".

The claimed invention is illustrated by drawings, which are presented on:

- figure 1 is a functional diagram of the installation;

- figure 2 - design of the washout hopper;

- figure 3 is a design of a sorting device (side view);

- figure 4 - design of a sorting device (top view);

- figure 5 - design of the grinder;

- 6 is a diagram of a vacuum dryer;

- Fig.7 is a diagram explaining the operation of vacuum dryers;

- Fig. 8 is a design of a flow reactor.

The method of separation of solid waste from food waste and processing it into feed paste is as follows.

An aseptic solution is preliminarily prepared, it is heated to 40-45 ° С, then solid household waste is washed away with a heated aseptic solution. Then, by way of sorting, food raw materials are isolated from them, the decomposition of which is carried out by electrolysis to form a coagulant and flotation foam, which are then accumulated and compacted to a paste-like state, obtaining a finished feed, and a coagulant of metal salts, which is also dried to remove from the solution. Recycled water is pumped and an aseptic solution is prepared from it.

Installation for the separation of solid waste from food waste and processing it into feed paste (Fig. 1) includes sequentially installed and technologically interconnected hopper 1 for washing out solid household waste, a sorting device 2, a raw material chopper 3, and a food decomposition reactor 4 waste, a flow reactor 5 for producing an aseptic solution, connected by an outlet through a flow heating element 6 with a hopper 1 for washing out solid household waste. At the same time, the reactor 4 for electrolysis with outputs is connected to a foam accumulator 7 and a coagulant accumulator 8, connected by outputs to vacuum dryers 9 and 10, respectively. The apparatus is also equipped with a control device 11.

In this case, the devices included in the installation are made, in particular, as follows.

The washout bin 1 (Fig. 2) has a loading hatch 12 for loading solid household waste in the upper part, a slide gate 13 for discharging the washed raw material in the bottom. On the sides inside the hopper 1 there are nozzles 14 to which the lines 15 for supplying anion exchange water from the aseptic solution receiving device 5 are connected.

The sorting device 2 (Fig. 3) comprises a conveyor 16 and a sorting table 17 mounted under the slide gate of the hopper 1 and a powerful electromagnet 18 above the conveyor 16. Sorting table 17 (figure 4) is made round and rotary. It is divided into a number of sectors (jobs) 19, in which there are along the edge of the pit 20 for non-food waste, and closer to the center there are pits 21 for food waste, and under the table 17 there are conveyors 22 and 23, respectively, for non-food and food waste, and also associated with the conveyor 23 collection 24 food waste. Table 17 is also equipped with a filling hopper 25.

The grinder 3 of food raw materials (Fig. 5) is multi-tiered from rollers 26, and under it is fixed on spring suspensions 27 a sieve 28 connected to a vibrator 29. A sieve 28 is placed above the conveyor 30 for feeding food waste to the reactor 4.

The device 4 for the decomposition of food waste is an electrochemical flotation electrolysis reactor - an electric gas generator in a traditional embodiment.

Flow reactor 5 for the preparation of an aseptic solution (Fig. 8) is an electrochemical reactor with a semipermeable membrane. It is made in the form of a horizontal cylindrical plastic body 31, inside of which graphite semi-cylindrical plus and minus electrodes 32 are attached to it using longitudinal sealing U-shaped elements 34 and 33, forming a cylinder due to the connection between each other in diameter along the axis of the housing 31 by the same elements 34 and separated by the diameter of the membrane from 35 rough cotton paper fabric along the entire length of the body to the anode and cathode chambers. On the input side, the cathode and anode chambers 32 and 33 have a common nozzle 37 for introducing the processed fluid in the plug 36 ', and on the output side of the nozzle 38 for outputting the processed fluid there is only an anode chamber 32. To supply and drain fluid to the nozzles 37 and 38 use hoses 39 for supplying fluid from the EEG 4 and supplying it to the washout hopper 1. The cathode chamber 33 is sealed from the output side with a 36 "plastic plug. The hydraulic connections and current source are not shown in the drawing.

Vacuum dryers 8 and 9 are low-temperature sublimation units (see Fig. 7). Each of them contains a container 40 with the initial product (flotation mass of food waste or a coagulated sediment of non-food waste) and a container 41 with condensate, interconnected by a line 42 for the passage of steam and a refrigeration unit 43 installed between them, as well as a vacuum compressor connected to each other the pump 44. Inside the tank 40, heating occurs, and inside the tank 41 - cooling. In the lower part of the containers 40 and 41 there are openings 45 and 46 for the discharge of food concentrate and the discharge of condensate, respectively.

The control device 11 includes electric motors 47 to ensure the operation of all units of the installation, as well as an adder 48 and a threshold circuit 49 in the sorting device 2 to ensure that the table 17 is rotated after all sorters on each sector of the table 17 have finished sorting the waste.

The method of separation of solid waste from food waste with the preparation of feed paste is carried out using the installation as follows.

The method of processing food waste includes the preparatory and main stages.

The preparatory phase includes the following operations:

- manufacture using a flow reactor 5 of a sufficient amount of anion exchange water heated with a heater 6 to 40-45 ° C, which is necessary for erosion and disinfection of the mass of household waste;

- the actual erosion of waste with a concentration of contaminated water flows in one tank - bunker 1 erosion, where does the pumping to the electrolysis reactor - electric gas generator (EEG) 4 for separation of heavy and light fractions;

- manual sorting using the device 2 for sorting waste remaining mass of waste with the maximum possible separation of food waste from other types of waste. The bulkhead is carried out on a rotating round table 17, divided into several sectors 19, each of which serves one picker. The rotation of the table 17 is set by inclusion from the foreman’s place. In order to be able to turn table 17 on, the foreman’s console must receive a “bulk out” command from sector 19 of each breeder.

The main stage includes the following operations:

- receipt of the collected waste (food) in the grinder 3, where it is crushed and screened as finely as possible on vibrating screens 28;

- re-processing the resulting mass in the reactor 4 with anionic enriched water mass, which ensures complete disinfection of the resulting pulp, oxidation of possible food poisons and maximum decomposition. providing the possibility of processing on EGG 4. Since food waste has a specific gravity of about 1 at the base, then on EGG 4 they are floated with the resulting foam. Processing on EGG 4 also provides additional disinfection of the resulting food paste (shelf life without freezing up to 4 days).

All other particles leak through the vibrating screen 28, coagulate and settle in a sump (not shown).

Collecting the flotation mass obtained in a vacuum dryer 9 - a dehydration unit (low-temperature sublimation), and coagulated sediment in a dryer 10 (for reference: pieces of ceramics, glass, stones, crushed batteries, etc. can be included in the coagulant.

After carrying out all stages of processing, the resulting food mass is loaded into special containers and transported to animal feed.

Installation works as follows.

In a flow reactor 5, in order to obtain an aseptic solution, first, an aseptic solution is preliminarily prepared from ordinary water, which is heated with a flow heating element 6 to 40-45 ° С, which is fed through lines 15 to the nozzles 14 of the washout bin 1, where solid household waste is also loaded. With a large volume of the processed liquid, several flow reactors 5 can be used simultaneously. The operator turns on the electric motors 47, and within about 20 minutes the household waste is washed out in the hopper 1. At the end of the wash, the operator opens the slide gate 13 in the hopper 1 and the household waste washed out in the aseptic solution falls onto the conveyor 16 of the sorting device 2 moving below. Excess liquid from the conveyor 16 flows into a chute (not shown), then into a container 24 to collect this liquid, and then flows into the reactor 4. Waste enters through the filling hopper 25 to a sorting table 17. When the conveyor 16 moves from household waste with Using the powerful electromagnet 18 suspended above it, metal objects and particles are extracted. On the sorting table 17 in sectors 19, the pickers manually remove from the waste all non-food inclusions - glass, ceramics, polyethylene, paper, etc. Non-food waste, the pickers put in pits 20, and food waste in pits 21. At the end of the sorting, in their sector 19 of table 17 each the picker presses the button for the “bulk done” signal that goes to the adder 40 connected to the threshold device 41. When all the pickers finish the process of the sorting and the signals from all working sectors 19 of the table 17 go to the adder 40, and from it to the threshold building 41, the control system 11 is activated and the table 17 is rotated in such a way that non-food waste is poured from the pits 20 onto the non-food waste conveyor 22, which feeds them for further processing, which is not considered in this application. Food waste from the pits 21 is poured onto the conveyor 23 for food waste, from where it goes to the collection 24. From the collection 24, the food waste is fed to the grinder 3, where the food waste is sifted using multi-level rollers 26, screened with a vibrating screen 28 and then transferred to the electrochemical electrolysis reactor 4, which also receives water. Large particles that have not passed through the vibrating screen 28 are again fed to the grinder 3 for greater grinding. As a result of electrolysis in the reactor 4, food waste is decomposed with the formation of a flotation foam sorbing organic matter and a flocculent precipitate — a coagulant with residues of non-food particles. Foam is collected in the foam accumulator 7, and the precipitate is discharged from the reactor 4 into the sediment accumulator 8. Using a vacuum dryer 9, the foam is compacted to a pasty state — finished animal feed, which is unloaded into containers and transported to the consumer, where it is unloaded from containers. After unloading the food paste, the containers are returned to the food waste processing site, where they are cleaned and disinfected with anionite water. The precipitate (coagulant) is also dried using a vacuum dryer 10 and can be used further for the production of cinder blocks.

Compared with the prototype of the inventive method, the installation and its reactor provide better processing of any household waste and obtaining high-quality animal feed, while the reactor is cheaper.

Claims (3)

1. A method of separating food waste from solid household waste and processing it into fodder paste, comprising extracting food waste from solid household waste as raw material, mixing the raw material with a liquid, grinding the raw material and decomposing the ground mass, characterized in that the aseptic solution is preliminarily prepared, it is heated to 40-45 ° C, solid household waste is washed away with a heated aseptic solution, food waste is separated from them by sorting, decomposition of which is carried out by electrolysis to form I coagulant and the flotation foam which is then compacted to a paste to give the finished feed, and dried coagulant, recycled water is prepared and pumped therefrom aseptic solution. 2. Installation for the separation of solid waste from food waste and processing it into feed paste, which includes sequentially installed and technologically connected containers for mixing waste with liquid, a raw material shredder and a device for decomposing food waste, characterized in that it is additionally introduced a flow reactor for producing an aseptic solution, connected with the outlet used as a mixing tank for washing the solid waste washer, before installing the grinder There is a device for sorting washed-out household waste to separate food waste from it, a device for decomposing food waste is an electrochemical reactor for electrolysis, the outputs of which are connected to the inlet of a flow reactor to produce an aseptic solution, as well as a foam accumulator and a coagulant store, each connected to vacuum dryers . 3. A flow reactor for the preparation of an aseptic solution, comprising a body of dielectric material with electrodes placed therein — an anode and cathode — and a diaphragm located between them and dividing the interelectrode space into the anode and cathode chambers, while the anode, cathode, and diaphragm are rigidly connected to the electrode-diaphragm block, the anode chamber is equipped with means for input and output of the processed fluid, and the block itself is rigidly fixed in the housing, characterized in that the anode and cathode are made of graphite in the form of half-cycles Indres, interconnected by a common diameter to form a cylinder, the diaphragm is made of coarse cotton fabric and is located on the line of the total diameter along the entire length of the housing, the electrodes and the diaphragm are connected to each other and to the housing using sealing longitudinal U-shaped elements, the nozzle for the input of the processed fluid is common to the anode and cathode chambers.

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