RU2307864C1 - Installation for gasification of the solid fuel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: by-product-coking industry; coking industry; other industries; installations for the solid fuel processing in the combustible gas.

SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the installation for gasification of the solid fuel and may be used for processing of the solid fuel in the combustible gas. Through the hatch (4) onto the grid-iron lattice (3) stack and set on fire the starting fuel. The gasifying agent, for example, the air is fed into the chamber (1) through the collector (5) and the tuyères (6). Then from the hopper feed the raw materials, for example, coal, coke, peat. The chamber (1) in addition contains the annular transportation channel (11) inside which there is the feeding auger (13b) located at an angle to the auger (13а) with its own drive (14). The raw materials are moving along the transportation channel (11) upwards and by means of the device (12) are distributed along the area inside the chamber (1) in the feeding zone. Above the transportation channel (11) there is the additional lined channel, which lower end is located below the level of the grid-iron lattice (3) and which upper end - at the level of the tuyères (6) used for feeding of the gasifying agent. The additional channel is supplied with its own tuyères used for delivery of the additional gasifying agent and-or fuel additives. The formed combustible gas is withdrawn through the fitting pipe (10). The ash residue through the grid-iron lattice (3) along the outlet pipe (16) located at the sharp angle to the wall of the chamber (1) and the automatic control system drops into the ash bin (8). Installation is supplied with the ultrasonic generator mounted in the bottom part of the wall of the chamber (1) and with the automatic control system for regulation of the height of the layer of the fuel. The invention allows to decrease the specific capital investments per the unit of the processed raw materials, and also to improve the gasification process.

EFFECT: the invention allows to decrease the specific capital investments per the unit of the processed raw materials and to improve the gasification process.

8 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to a means of processing solid fuel, and more specifically relates to installations for processing solid fuel into combustible gas.

The invention can be used for gasification of solid fuels of wood and vegetable and animal origin, coal, coke, peat, combustible waste, etc.

The combustible gas obtained during the gasification of solid fuels can be used as fuel for generating heat and electricity in the household and energy sectors, as well as fuel for internal combustion engines.

A device for the gasification of solid fuels, such as coal, is known for producing a mixture of various gases, which includes a pressure vessel with which a solid fuel supply source, gaseous fuel pipelines, gasifying reagents and volatile gases, and an opening for ejecting solid fractions by means of a rotating lattice installed in the vessel (RF patent No. 2084493, MKI C10J 13/14, publ. 1997.07.20). A tubular pyrolyzer is installed inside the pressure vessel, in which gaseous and solid fuels interact.

A device for the continuous gasification of solid fuel in a sealed chamber of a ring reactor with indirect heating of the chamber, which allows for the complete decomposition of solid fuel into high-calorie gas and carbon residue (RF application No. 2002110164, MKI C10B 47/00, publ. 2003.10.27). The sealed chamber of the reactor is divided by partitions into several separate narrow sections with multilateral indirect heating of each of them, in which solid fuel is transported using a screw feeder or other type mounted outside the reactor. To reduce the overall dimensions of this device can be made in the form of a volumetric element, which is a screw.

Known gas generator for solid fuels, such as peat, peat briquettes, wood waste, household and industrial waste of various sizes and humidity (RF patent No. 2147601, MKI C10J 3/20, publ. 2000.04.20). The gas generator comprises a housing with a lining and a furnace door, a fuel hopper with a loading hatch, an ash chamber and a vault divider. The ash chamber has a door for removing ash and a device for supplying and regulating primary air. A vault divider is installed inside the housing. Openings for venting gases and a movable grate are located under the vaulted divider.

The closest is the known installation for the processing of combustible solid household waste (fuel) into combustible gas based on super-adiabatic heating, including a chamber for gasification of raw materials by moving it sequentially in the gasification working zones, containing a grate, located at the bottom of the chamber, tuyeres for supplying a gasifying agent, containing oxygen, an outlet for the release of product gas, an ash pan for collecting residue with an outlet for its release. The installation also contains transport chains located outside the gasification chamber for loading the raw materials into the chamber from above and unloading the residue from the ash pan (RF patent No. 2150045, F23G 5/02. 1998, G. B. Manelis, E. V. Polianchik, V. P. Fursov. Combustion-based energy technologies based on super-adiabatic heating. "Chemistry for Sustainable Development", No. 8, 2000, pp. 537-545).

Such an installation has large altitude dimensions and high material consumption. So, with a capacity of 2 tons / hour for raw materials, the height of only the chamber, excluding the superstructure for loading raw materials into the gas generator, is 7.3 m. The superstructure for the top loading of raw materials into the chamber significantly increases its height dimensions and material consumption and, consequently, the specific investment per unit of processed raw materials .

In addition, the gasification process and the composition of the outgoing product gas depend on the mass fraction of oxygen in the gasifying agent and uncontrolled ingress of gas containing oxygen, such as air, into the chamber during loading and unloading of products worsens the gasification process and the composition of the product gas as combustible gas .

The basis of the invention is the creation of an installation for gasification of solid fuel into combustible gas, which would reduce the specific investment per unit of processed raw materials by reducing the height and material consumption of the installation, as well as improve the gasification process.

The technical result is the loading of raw materials through the inner space of the chamber into the feed zone located at the top of the chamber, and unloading the ash residue from below with gas impermeability of the loading and unloading channels and reducing the height and material consumption of the installation.

Another technical result is to improve the contact conditions of the fuel and the oxidizing agent.

The problem is solved in that in the installation for gasification of solid fuel, including a lined chamber for gasification of raw materials, containing a grate, located at the bottom of the chamber, tuyeres for supplying a gasifying agent containing oxygen, and an outlet for discharging product gas, an ash pan for collecting the residue with an outlet for its release, a device for loading raw materials into the feed zone of the chamber located at the top of the chamber, and a device for unloading the remainder from the ash pan, the chamber further comprises a lining the first ring-shaped transport channel for the supply of raw materials to the feed zone located inside the chamber, while its lower end is below the level of the grate, and the upper end is not lower than the feed zone located at the top of the chamber, the device for loading raw materials is made in the form of a screw or screw located inside the transport channel, with a drive for moving raw materials along the transport channel from bottom to top, while the screw or screw does not reach the upper end of the transport channel to a level sufficient to form the raw material of the plug in the transport channel for its gas tightness, and the device for unloading the residue from the ash pan is made in the form of an exhaust pipe with a screw or screw installed inside the pipe and a drive, while the screw or screw does not reach the end of the pipe to a level sufficient to form a plug from the output residue in the pipe for its gas tightness.

It is advisable that the device for loading raw materials was equipped with a feed screw located at an angle to the screw in the transport channel.

It is advisable that at the top of the transport channel would be installed a device for the distribution of raw materials over the area inside the chamber.

It is also advisable that the exhaust pipe would be located at an acute angle to the wall of the chamber.

In addition, it is advisable that the chamber would contain an additional channel located on top of the transport channel, while the lower end of the additional channel was below the level of the grate, and the upper end is at the level of tuyeres for supplying a gasifying agent and equipped with its own tuyeres for supplying an additional gasifying agent and / or fuel additives.

An additional channel can be lined.

In addition, the installation can be equipped with at least one ultrasound generator installed in the lower part of the chamber wall.

The installation can be equipped with an automation system for regulating the height of the fuel layer inside the chamber, which contains at least one fuel level sensor mounted above the tuyeres, and at least one other fuel level sensor mounted under the cover of the chamber, while the outputs sensors associated with the drives of the device for loading raw materials.

The invention is further explained in the description of examples of its implementation and the accompanying drawings, in which:

figure 1 - depicts a structural diagram of an installation for gasification of solid fuel according to the invention;

figure 2 is a structural diagram of an installation for gasification of solid fuel according to the invention, equipped with an ultrasound generator;

figure 3 is a structural diagram of an installation for gasification of solid fuel according to the invention, equipped with an ultrasound generator and an additional channel.

Installation for gasification of solid fuel (figure 1) contains a chamber 1 for gasification of raw materials. A cover 2 is installed at the top of the chamber 1, and a grate 3 and a hatch 4 for igniting raw materials are located at the bottom.

The chamber 1 is equipped with a collector 5 and tuyeres 6 for supplying to the chamber 1 a gasifying agent containing oxygen. The tuyeres 6 are arranged uniformly around the circumference in the lower third of the wall of the chamber 1 as shown in FIGS. 1-3.

The walls of the chamber 1 have a lining 7 made of heat-resistant materials.

The installation also contains an ash pan 8 for collecting the remainder of the gasification of raw materials. An ashpit 8 is located under the grate 3. The outlet 9 of the ashpit 8 serves to remove the residue after gasification (ash, etc.).

In the ashpit 8 there is also an outlet with a nozzle 10 located under the grate 3, which serves to release the target combustible product gas.

According to the invention, for loading raw materials into the feed zone, the chamber 1 further comprises an annular transport channel 11.

Channel 11 is located inside the chamber 1. Its lower end is below the level of the grate 3, and the upper end is not lower than the power zone of the chamber 1, which is located at the top of the chamber 1 under the cover 2.

The walls of the channel 11 have a lining 7 made of heat-resistant materials.

At the top of the transport channel 11, a device 12 is installed for distributing the feedstock over the area inside the chamber 1.

The device for loading raw materials according to the invention contains a vertical screw 13a located inside the transport channel 11, with a drive 14. The device for loading raw materials also contains a feeding screw 13b, located at an angle to the screw 13a, with its own drive 14.

However, the feed screw 13b may be inclined at any angle to the screw 13a.

The raw material loading device may comprise a vertical screw (13a) located inside the transport channel 11 and / or a feed screw (13b).

A part of the vertical screw 13a is installed inside the transport channel 11, while the vertical screw 13a does not reach the top of the transport channel 11 to level N. The level H must be sufficient so that a plug 15 is formed from the loaded raw material at the top of the transport channel 11 , which ensures the gas tightness of the transport channel 11.

To feed raw materials from the hopper, the device for loading raw materials may have several feed screws and / or screws with drive devices.

A device for unloading the remainder of the ash pan 8 according to the invention is made in the form of an exhaust pipe 16 with a screw 17 installed inside the pipe 16 and the drive 18.

Screw 17 does not reach the outlet end of pipe 16 to level H1. The level of H1 should be sufficient so that when unloading the residue, an ash plug 19 is formed from the residue at the end of the pipe, which ensures the gas tightness of the exhaust pipe.

It is advisable that the exhaust pipe is located at an acute angle to the wall of the chamber 1.

A device for intensifying the gasification process can be equipped with at least one ultrasound generator 20 mounted in the lower part of the wall of the chamber 1 between the tuyeres 6 and the grate 3 (FIGS. 2 and 3).

Installation for gasification of solid fuel can also be equipped with an automation system (not shown) to control the fuel level inside the chamber 1.

The automation system for regulating the fuel level inside the chamber contains at least one fuel level sensor mounted above the tuyeres 6, and at least one other fuel level sensor mounted under the cover 2 of the chamber 1, while the sensor outputs are connected to the drives 14 screws (and / or screws) 13a and / or 13b supplying the chamber with raw materials.

At the bottom of the transport channel 11, an additional channel 21 can be installed with additional tuyeres 22 (Fig. 3) for supplying an additional gasifying agent, for example, air, and / or fuel additives, for example, used oils, oil sludge, etc., into chamber 1. When this additional channel 21 is located around the lower part of the transport channel 11. In height, the additional channel 21 is located as follows: its lower end is below the level of the grate 8, and the upper end ending with tuyeres 22 - at the level of tuyeres 6.

This embodiment of the channel 21 allows you to heat the gasifying agent and / or fuel additives passing through the channel 21 and at the same time to cool the outer walls of the channels 11 and 21 with a gasifying agent and / or fuel additives, protecting them from the negative effects of high temperature.

The gasification agent and / or fuel additives preheated in the channel 21 can improve the characteristics of the gasification process.

The walls of the additional channel 21 may have a lining of heat-resistant materials.

Installation works as follows.

Through the hatch 4 for ignition on the grate 3 lay the kindling material with the open pipe 10.

The kindling material is ignited and fed into the chamber 1 through a collector 5 and tuyeres 6 a gasifying agent containing oxygen, such as an oxidizing agent, such as air.

When the kindling material flares up, the hatch 4 is closed and raw materials are fed from the hopper into the chamber 1 to the burning kindling material.

As a raw material, solid fuel can be used, such as, for example, coal, coke, peat, combustible waste of wood-vegetable and animal origin, etc.

To feed the raw materials into the raw material loading device, the screws 13a and 13b are driven by the drives 14. The raw materials are moved along the transport channel 11 from the bottom up and are distributed by the device 12 over the area inside the chamber 1 in the feed zone.

Moreover, due to the fact that the screw 13a does not reach the upper point of the transport channel 11, a raw tube 15 is formed in the transport channel 11, which seals the channel 11 and is constantly updated during the operation of the screw, since new portions of raw materials are constantly fed from the bottom with the screw, which push part of the raw tube 15 through the distributor 12 into the chamber 1, occupying the vacant space in the volume of the tube 15.

The raw materials, falling on the burning kindling material, ignite and the gasification process begins. The resulting target product - combustible gas - exits through the pipe 10.

The solid particles of the ash residue from gasified fuel are smaller than the fuel particles, since part of the fuel substance passes into the gas and steam and is separated, and the ash residue through the grate 3 falls into the ash pan 8.

From there, the ash residue, similar to the above feed, is discharged from the ash ash 8.

With a high sealability of gasified fuel, gas passage through it can be difficult.

In this case (figure 2) installed in the wall of the chamber 1, the ultrasound generator 20 delivers ultrasonic vibrations to the fuel.

Particles of fuel under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations begin to oscillate. In this case, the resistance to gas advancement decreases and the gasification process is activated.

The process of gasification of solid fuel has the best characteristics if the fuel layer in the chamber 1 has an optimal height.

The installed automation system maintains the optimal height of the fuel layer in the chamber 1 by acting on the drives 14 of the device for loading raw materials according to the readings of the fuel level sensors installed above the tuyeres 6 and under the cover 2 of the chamber 1.

The operating experience of the installations showed that the smallest permissible height of the fuel layer in the housing 1 should be 300 mm higher than the tuyere line 6 through which oxidizer (oxygen) is supplied, and the maximum height of the fuel layer ends with cover 2 of chamber 1. One lower fuel level sensor is installed, for example, at a level exceeding the lance line 6 by 300 mm, and the other upper fuel level sensor is installed directly at the cover of the housing 2. When using the fuel loading device, chamber 1 under the cover 2 is filled, the upper sensor is triggered ik, the system automatically turns off drive (s) 14 and the feed to the chamber 1 is stopped. With gasification, the height of the fuel layer decreases and when the level of the lower sensor is reached, the system automatically turns on the drive (s) 14. Thus, the optimum level of solid fuel inside the chamber 1 is maintained.

During experimental verification with different types of raw materials as solid fuel received on the inventive installation, the product gas contained, wt.%:

carbon monoxide 28-33 hydrogen 12.5-16 methane 3-7 hydrogen sulfide 0.01 hydrocarbons C _n H _m 0.15-0.3 carbon dioxide 10-12 nitrogen 46.3-31.69

In this case, the calorific value of the combustible (generator) gas varied from 1290-1420 kcal / m ³ and increased by 20-25% compared with the known solutions.

The proposed plants of this type have a height of 25-30% and material consumption of 20-29%, and the cost of their construction is 30-32% less than in known solutions.

Claims (8)

1. Installation for gasification of solid fuel, including a lined chamber for gasification of raw materials, containing a grate located at the bottom of the chamber, tuyeres for supplying a gasifying agent containing oxygen, and an outlet for discharging product gas, an ash pan for collecting the residue with an outlet for it exhaust device for loading raw materials into the feed zone of the chamber located at the top of the chamber, and a device for unloading the remainder from the ash pan, characterized in that the chamber further comprises a lined annular the first transport channel for the supply of raw materials to the feed zone located inside the chamber, while its lower end is below the grate, and the upper one is not lower than the feed zone located at the top of the chamber, the device for loading raw materials is made in the form of a screw or screw located inside the transport channel, with a drive for moving raw materials along the transport channel from bottom to top, while the screw or screw does not reach the upper end of the transport channel to a level sufficient to form a plug from the feed in the transport channel for its gas tightness, and the device for unloading the remainder from the ash pan is made in the form of an exhaust pipe with a screw or screw installed inside the pipe and a drive, while the screw or screw does not reach the discharge end of the pipe to a level sufficient to form a plug from the outlet residue in the pipe for its gas tightness. 2. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the device for loading raw materials is equipped with a feed screw located at an angle to the screw in the transport channel. 3. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that at the top of the transport channel there is a device for distributing raw materials over the area inside the chamber. 4. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the exhaust pipe is located at an acute angle to the wall of the chamber. 5. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that the chamber contains an additional channel located on top of the transport channel, while the lower end of the additional channel is below the level of the grate, and the upper end is at the level of tuyeres for supplying a gasifying agent and equipped with its own tuyeres supplying additional gasifying agent and / or fuel additives. 6. Installation according to claim 5, characterized in that the additional channel is lined. 7. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with at least one ultrasound generator installed in the lower part of the chamber wall. 8. Installation according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with an automation system for regulating the height of the fuel layer inside the chamber, which contains at least one fuel level sensor mounted above the tuyeres, and at least one other fuel level sensor mounted under the cover of the camera, while the outputs of the sensors are connected to the drives of the device for loading raw materials.

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