RU2301521C1 - Method and apparatus for economic heating and feeding of animals and poultry - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves measuring ammonia concentration and feed consumption; generating signal indicative of temperature felt in room; periodically varying signal of formed value of temperature felt in room; depending on value of variable signal of temperature felt in room, livestock age, relative humidity of air in room and ammonia concentration, calculating cost of products resulted from given batch of animals or poultry; calculating cost of total energy consumed for heating of animals or poultry; calculating cost of feed depending on feed consumption; calculating cost of heat energy used for heating of room; calculating first difference between cost of product and total cost of heating energy and consumed feed as profit factor; determining maximum value of this first difference as maximum profit value; determining second value of this difference as standard profit; subtracting from first cost difference its second difference value to produce third cost difference as profit gain factor; subtracting from maximum value of first cost difference its second value to produce third maximum cost value as maximum profit gain; comparing signal corresponding to maximum value of first or second difference of formed felt temperature in room with measured value of temperature felt in room and correcting heating mode on the basis of comparison results; calculating predetermined feed consumption value; comparing calculated costs of energy consumed for heating of room and total costs of heat energy for heating of animals or poultry. Apparatus has ammonia concentration sensor, feed consumption sensor, livestock age setter; setter for technologically allowable minimum and maximum values of temperature felt in room; biotechnical system inquiry time setter; setter for signal of formed value of temperature felt in room and constants, memory element, feed consumption regulator, feed dispensing member connected to input of said regulator, comparison element, and information unit.

EFFECT: provision for precise economic optimization of room heating mode.

2 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, to technologies for local heating of agricultural young animals and general heating of livestock and poultry facilities and can be used in industries of livestock and poultry.

The known method of cost-effective interconnected general heating of the livestock building and local heating of farm animals and a device for its implementation, designed to automate the process of searching for the economically least expensive mode of general heating of the room with the local heating of agricultural young animals required by the growing technology based on specific heat and electric energy prices for livestock heating, for finished products of livestock or poultry of enterprise / RF patent №2229155. G05D 23/19, A01K 29/00, F24D 10/00. Method and device for economical general heating of livestock buildings and local heating of farm animals / A.V. Dubrovin, V.R. Krausp // B.I. 2004. No. 14 /.

The disadvantage of this technical solution is the need for separate control of the local heating temperature control of the general heating of the room, which significantly complicates the technical solution. The reason for this is the requirements of the norms of technological design (for example, poultry enterprises) to maintain the temperature regime separately in the zone of local heating of young animals (under the brooder) and separately in the rest of the room. At present, radiant heating systems, quite well-known in human bioclimatology, are actively being introduced into agricultural production, in particular in poultry farming. A large-area low-temperature electric radiating infrared panel or high-temperature irradiators for the entire floor surface of this room are installed on the ceiling of the room. Thus, the conditions of thermal comfort are determined mainly by the mode of radiant heating and practically do not depend on the temperature background of the room only in terms of air temperature. The use of inexpensive natural gas as such an energy carrier for such systems of radiant heating significantly reduces the cost of energy costs for creating the required temperature regime specifically for biological objects. Agricultural production facilities are characterized by significant overall dimensions and their relatively low thermal protection, therefore, energy costs and, accordingly, operating costs, even for very technologically advanced radiant heating of rooms and agricultural young animals, especially in the cold climatic zones of the country, are extremely large. Therefore, general heating of the room with young animals is also common today by means of gas heat generators in the form of “guns” of convective type, directing a stream of heated air along the habitats of chickens on the floor of the house. In this case, the cold walls of the room cause a strong radiant heat exchange with them of animals or birds, as a result of which, for precise control of such general heating, you still have to measure the felt temperature of the room, that is, use a sensor of the felt temperature of the room.

Another disadvantage of this technical solution is the lack of real-time accounting for the ammonia concentration factor, which significantly affects the growth of animals and birds and, accordingly, the economic indicators of the technological process and the entire enterprise as a whole. The source of extremely hazardous gas for biological objects is liquid and semi-liquid livestock emissions, which accumulate and then decompose in wood-particle litter and on the floor of the production room. In production facilities for agricultural purposes, for example, in industrial poultry houses, up to several tens of thousands of birds are simultaneously raised or kept, so even a slight change in the gas composition of internal air leads to a significant change in the productivity of the livestock in this room. Therefore, taking into account the concentration of ammonia gas exclusively harmful to the body is also necessary.

Another disadvantage of this technical solution is the lack of real-time accounting of deviations from the normative consumption of animal feed, feed or feed mixtures (feed mixtures), which significantly affects the productivity of the livestock. At the same time, operating costs also significantly change, since the cost of feed in industrial livestock and poultry farming is 70 ... 80% of the total cost of production. The reason for this is the currently accepted feeding of young animals “in plenty”, for example chickens, with the technology of floor keeping, without dosing the feed, as established by the technology of feeding older birds, such as laying hens. At the same time, at present, small-age automated means of distributing feed to poultry are also being actively introduced in agricultural production, in particular in poultry farming, for example, broiler chickens and repair young animals of the parent herd of chickens, with real-time monitoring of the mass of consumed feed. The feed consumption rate is set based on only the normative value of the temperature of the environment, which corresponds to the regime of the highest productivity of the livestock and is not associated with economic indicators of the technology of poultry rearing. In agricultural production premises, for example, in industrial poultry houses, up to several tens of thousands of birds are simultaneously raised or kept, therefore even a slight change in the cost of feed consumed reaches large values and is comparable in cost to other components of production costs. Therefore, accounting for the feed consumed in real time is also necessary.

The objective of the invention is a continuous real-time automated search for the position of the economic balance between the sum of the costs of operating energy costs for heating and feeding farm animals or birds and the estimated price of products sold, achieving an economically optimal and energy-efficient heating regime for livestock or poultry premises and farm animals and birds getting the highest value of the economic criterion of profit growth and automated management of heating.

As a result of the use of the invention, a value of the room temperature felt by the animals or bird is established, which ensures the highest profit growth at the given time from the action of feeding animals or birds and heating of the young animals and the production room.

The above technical result is achieved by the method of economical heating and feeding of animals or birds, which includes measuring and setting the temperature felt by animals or birds, comparing the measured and set values, adjusting the heating mode according to the result of the comparison, measuring the temperature and relative humidity of the indoor air in the room moreover, the cost of thermal energy for space heating is calculated depending on the measured values of temperatures and relative humidity of indoor and outdoor air, setting the age of animals and birds, while measuring the concentration of ammonia and feed consumption, generating a signal of the perceived room temperature, periodically changing the signal of the formed value of the perceived room temperature in the range between the technologically permissible minimum and maximum set values, moreover, depending on the value of the variable signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature, on the age of the livestock, on the relative The indoor air indoor air pressure and the ammonia concentration are used to calculate the production cost of a given batch of animals or poultry, while the total energy costs for heating animals or poultry are calculated depending on the difference in the signal value of the generated value of the sensed room temperature and the indoor air temperature and energy heating efficiency of animals or birds, the cost of feed costs is calculated depending on the measured feed consumption, and the cost of heat energy for heating a room is calculated depending on the generated value of the perceived room temperature and on the measured values of the outdoor temperature and the relative humidity of the outdoor and indoor air in the room, then the first difference between the cost of production and the sum of the costs of heating energy and feed costs as an indicator of profit are calculated in the range between the technologically permissible smallest and largest specified values of the signal of the formed value of the sensed temperature is placed I, determine the highest value of this first difference as the value of the highest profit and the corresponding signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature, determine the second value of this difference as the standard profit for the standard value of the set value of the perceived room temperature in the technological mode of the highest productivity of livestock, subtract from the first the difference in costs its second value and get the third difference in costs in the form of an indicator of profit growth, subtract from of the larger value of the first difference in costs, its second value and get the largest value of the third difference in costs in the form of the value of the highest profit growth and the corresponding signal of the formed value of the felt room temperature, and the signals of the formed value of the felt room temperature corresponding to the values of the highest profit and the highest growth of profit are equal to each other, compare the signal of the formed value corresponding to the largest value of the first or second difference temperature of the room with the measured value of the felt temperature of the room and the result of the comparison adjusts the heating mode of animals or birds, while calculating the set value of feed consumption depending on the value of the variable signal of the formed value of the felt temperature of the room and the age of the livestock, compare the measured and set values of feed consumption and according to the result of the comparison, the feeding regime of animals or birds is adjusted, and the calculated costs of thermal energy for the total heating are also compared ev premises and total energy costs for heating animals or birds and the result of the comparison notify the staff of the production premises with animals or with birds.

The technical result is also achieved by the fact that in a device for economical heating and feeding of animals and birds, containing a sensor of perceived room temperature, sensors of outdoor and indoor air temperature, sensors of relative humidity of outdoor and indoor air, a computing unit, a control unit, a temperature controller heaters, and the sensor output of the perceived temperature in the heating zone is connected to the first input of the computing unit and to the control first input of the temperature controller a temperature, the output of which is connected to the heaters, the outputs of the outdoor temperature and indoor air temperature sensors connected to the second and third inputs of the computing unit, the outputs of the relative humidity outdoor and indoor air sensors respectively connected to the fourth and fifth inputs of the computing unit, its first output connected to the input of the control unit, while an ammonia concentration sensor and a feed flow sensor are additionally introduced into the device, block livestock age sensors, technologically permissible minimum and maximum setpoints of the sensed temperature, the biotechnological system interrogation time, a signal of the generated value of the sensed room temperature and constants, a memory element, a feed flow regulator with an actuator for feed consumption connected to its output, a comparison element and a warning unit, the outputs of the ammonia concentration sensor and the feed flow sensor are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth inputs of the computing unit, the outputs of the block livestock age sensors, technologically permissible lowest and highest setpoints of the sensed temperature, interrogation time of the biotechnological system, a signal of the generated value of the sensed room temperature and constants are connected to the corresponding additional inputs of the computing unit, the output of the control unit is connected to the second input of the temperature controller, while the sensor output flow rate is additionally connected to the control of the first input of the feed flow controller, the second output is computationally of the first block through the element of formation of the set feed consumption is connected to the second input of the feed flow regulator, and the third and fourth outputs of the computing unit are connected respectively to the first and second inputs of the comparison element, the output of which is connected to the input of the notification unit.

The essence of the invention is illustrated by example. The task of optimizing the microclimate of the room for growing broilers in cell batteries, taking into account the energy consumption for heating the house, to achieve the maximum functionality of the continuously varying time difference in the cost of production and thermal energy when controlling the microclimate under the condition of the highest productivity of the livestock, has been solved (Grabaurov V.A., Savchenko E. I., 1986, etc.). An industrial house is considered as a biotechnological system, consisting of interconnected and interdependent objects - biological (bird) and technical (premises and equipment).

The mathematical model of a biological object is the dependence of bird productivity (daily increase in broiler mass on their age and microclimate factors, in grams of mass) P _br on bird age t (in days) and the main microclimate parameters - air temperature T (in degrees Celsius ), relative humidity of air B (in percent) and gas contamination of air K _A (mass concentration of ammonia in air, mg / m ³ ) / cm: V. Grabaurov The task of optimizing the microclimate in industrial houses taking into account the energy consumption for heating. The manuscript is presented by RISM (Rostov Institute of Agricultural Engineering). Dep. in VNIITEISCH. No. 537 BC-85 Dep. - 17 p .; see also: Grabaurov V.A. Identification of the class and structure of a static mathematical model of a biological object of a biotechnological system in an industrial house. - The manuscript is presented by RISM (Rostov Institute of Agricultural Engineering). Dep. in VNIITEISCH. No. 469-84 Dep. - 6 p. /:

where a ₀ , a ₁ , ..., and ₁₄ are the coefficients of the regression equation, or constants: a ₀ = -715.1; a ₁ = 6.354; a ₂ = 27.076; a ₃ = 9.594; a ₄ = -0.870; a ₅ = -0.025; a ₆ = -0.343; a ₇ = -0.050; a ₈ = -0.009; a ₉ = -0.104; a ₁₀ = -0.024; a ₁₁ = 0.003; a ₁₂ = -0.102; a ₁₃ = 0.012; a ₁₄ = 0.008 / cm.: Grabaurov V.A., Savchenko E.I. Study of a mathematical model of a biological object of a biotechnological system. - The manuscript is presented by RISM (Rostov Institute of Agricultural Engineering). Dep. in VNIITEISCH. No. 59 BC-87 Dep. - 6 p. /.

The indicator of the level of thermal comfort in the form of the perceived temperature t _op includes a set of factors of air temperature T (hereinafter in the text of the application measured and averaged over the height of the house temperature of the indoor air in the room with the technology of floor growing broilers for convenience is indicated by t _in ^meas. ) movement and radiant heat fluxes between the body of an animal or bird and heated or cooled enclosing structures of the room. For the discussed broiler productivity model in cell batteries, the values of sensed temperature and air temperature are almost equal. Therefore, the productivity model is also valid when replacing the value of air temperature in it with the value of the perceived temperature, which is necessary when assessing the thermal state of young animals with radiant heating of the room. Therefore, it is further accepted: T = t _op .

From biology, it is known that the difference in the development of similar organisms is maintained throughout the entire period of their growth, therefore, the price of the future implementation of the daily increase in broiler mass C _r ^day is determined by the value of this increase P _br (t _op , t, B, K _A ), kg · 10 ^-3 / day, the number of broilers in the room is N _br , heads (we will take the usual amount of 20 thousand heads in a standard poultry house measuring 18 · 96 m), the unit selling price of the final product of the poultry farm is C _r ^beats , rubles / kg (we will take 40 rubles. / kg):

The daily cost of thermal energy C ₁ (energy production costs C) to the total space heating Oe _Society (t _in ^MOD = t _op ^h) - for the mathematical modeling value C in the process of internal air temperature range values of t _{in the} ^edited taken numerically equal to the values generated artificially signal t _op ^of - is proportional to the unit cost of used energy source D _e, € / kWh, in this region of the country, the length of time the poll biotechnical system (daily heating period of 24 hours) t _o, and the average for. the period of time the amount of power overall system (in this context - the radiant heating space Q _{of cp} (t _in ^MOD), KW, which is determined at the average over the period T _{of a} ^MOD and outdoor air quantities internal t temperature t _n ^edited, ° C:

where Q _pt - heat of the bird, kW; Q _under - heat from the litter, kW; Q _ogre - heat loss through the fence, kW; Q _vent - total heat loss with moist ventilated air (taking into account the heat spent on evaporation of moisture from open water and wetted surfaces), kW; Q _floor - heat loss through the floor, kW (compensated by heat from chipboard litter); Q _inf - heat consumption for heating air infiltrating through the narthexes of gates, windows and doors, kW.

where N _br - the number of broilers in the poultry house, goal; γ _in ≈1.17 g / kg; L = 70 ... 100 m ³ / h; t _n - outdoor temperature, ° C; d _int (t _in ^s ), d _n (t _n ) - moisture content of internal and external air, g / kg; T _c = t (t - according to V.A. Grabaurov) - livestock age, days.

It should be noted that

where φ _int , φ _n - relative humidity of indoor air in the room and outdoor air,%; d _int ^us (t _in ^s ), d _n ^us (t _n ) - moisture content of saturated air at measured internal and external air temperatures, g / kg. These data are given in the form of correspondence tables / see: Slavin PM Scientific fundamentals of production automation in animal husbandry and poultry farming. M .: Kolos. 1974. 464 p. /. The tables are stored in the unit of adjusters for the age of the livestock, the technologically permissible lowest and highest specified values of the perceived temperature, the polling time, the signal of the generated value of the perceived temperature and the device constants according to the claimed method (see further description text). This unit also sets the regional unit prices for the energy carrier and for the final products of the agricultural enterprise, the number of animals or poultry in the room, and all the coefficients in the formulas and other constants indicated in the description. In conditions of convective heating of the room using, for example, gas heat generators - “guns” t _op = t _in , therefore, for simplification (for generating, according to the method, only one signal t _op ^З ) in formulas (3) ... (9) of the method, the numerical values of the generated quantity t _op ^s are accepted instead of the enumerated numerical values of t _in ^s .

The daily energy costs of C ₂ in a radiant electric or gas heating system E _beam ^day (t _op , t _c ) are proportional to the unit cost of energy of a given type Ts _eg , rubles / kWh, in a given region of the country, the number of heating zones, or the number of radiant heaters in a room N _l , rel. units, power of the used heater Q _l ¹ (t _op , t _in ), kW.

With the known static characteristic of the transmission of radiation power, depending on the difference in the perceived temperature in the heating zone and the temperature of the radiant, for example, an electric heater in the form of a chandelier of four IR illuminators of the FACE type (Fig. 4):

- the calculation of the E _ray ^day (t _op , t _in ) is simplified, and its results are specified.

With the known energy coefficient of efficiency of the heater k (its energy efficiency), the value of which is greater than zero and less than or only theoretically can be equal to unity, the total energy consumption for heating animals or birds, i.e. the energy supplied to the heating system for the accepted daily period is equal to:

It is clear that the values of Q _{o cp} (t _in ^ISM ) and [N _l Q _l ¹ (t _op ^ISM ) T _o ] / k are equal to each other only under the condition Q _pt = 0, i.e. according to the well-known condition of the heat balance, the heating power brought into the room without animals or without a bird is completely spent on power loss by the room. If biological heat from animals or from poultry is present, then in the steady-state thermal regime of a room with a livestock, the heat transfer of a room is always greater than the heat gain from the heating system by the amount of heat generated by the animal or bird.

The study of the efficiency of temperature control of an industrial house taking into account the cost of feed is reflected in the “Methodological recommendations for managing the temperature and humidity conditions in industrial houses with a broiler cage”. Rostov-on-Don. MVSSO RSFSR. RISHM. Ministry of Agriculture of the RSFSR. Rostov-on-Don Trust "Ptitseprom". 1985.58 p. It has been shown that feed costs increase in a parabolic relationship when the temperature of the medium deviates from its optimal value, at which the highest bird productivity is achieved.

The mathematical model of the feed cost coefficient (the ratio of the mass of consumed feed to the mass of the grown broiler) depending on the deviation of the habitat temperature from the corresponding highest bird productivity, temperature values and the broiler age according to the indicated recommendations:

then for the daily increment of the broiler mass to the live weight previously accumulated by it, we obtain the daily increment of feed consumption to the previously consumed feed or just the daily feed consumption:

Given that ΔM _pt = P _br (t _op , t, B, K _A ), and the difference (t _present -t _previous) = 1, is measured in days of the poultry growing cycle, we obtain the daily feed consumption:

The price of feed consumed per day K ^day ₁ in the above recommendations for mathematical formula (6) for one broiler:

where C _to - the unit price of feed, rubles / kg; and when adopted, for example, the number of broilers N _br = 20,000 pcs. (goals) in a standard house of 18 × 96 m in size the price of daily feed consumption for them, depending on their age and microclimate factors:

It is clear that the increase in daily feed consumption ΔK ^days due to non-standard control of the heating mode of the poultry stock in the house when t _op deviates from the standard value t _op ^{max product} is equal to the difference between two values of daily feed consumption - if t _op deviates from t _op ^{max product} and when t _op = t _op ^{max product} , i.e. when Δt _op = 0:

The specific price of one kilogram of compound feed in poultry farming currently exceeds 8 ... 10 rubles / kg, and it takes from 1 to 30 rubles / kg to get one kilogram of live weight of the bird at its selling price from the poultry farm , 5 to 2.5 ... 3.7 kg of feed depending on the temperature of the habitat. This greatly affects the profitability of the enterprise. For example, the mathematical modeling of feed consumption according to the dependences indicated in the recommendations showed that when the temperature of the room felt by the bird deviates by ± 7.0 ° С from the value corresponding to the maximum productivity mode on the 56th day of growing, this leads to an additional feed cost of 1, 96 kg per broiler weighing 1.4 kg. At a feed price of 8 rubles / kg, unforeseen estimated feed costs for a livestock of one batch of poultry of 20 thousand broilers in a standard poultry house are up to 360 thousand rubles, and such batches of broilers in a poultry house are grown 5.21 in accordance with Russian standards technological design of poultry enterprises "RNTP4-93.

In this case, the change in the mass of broilers with a deviation of the temperature of the environment from the optimal value for their growth of 1841 · 10 ^-3 kg by ± 7.0 ° C according to the indicated recommendations, as well as according to the deposited article: Grabaurov V.A., Savchenko E.I. . Study of a mathematical model of a biological object of a biotechnological system. Rostov-on-Don: RISM. 1986. 6C. Dep. in VNIITEIagroprom. No. 59. BC-87 leads to the result of numerical simulation of 899 · 10 ^-3 kg. It is clear that the estimated additional production losses in this poultry house are 18,840 kg, and with the selling price of poultry meat from the poultry farm at 40 rubles / kg, the profit decrease is 753,600 rubles.

The energy costs for heating an industrial house in the Moscow region currently amount to approximately 200 ... 300 thousand kWh per year. At the current electricity tariff in Moscow of 1.53 rubles / kWh, the cost of heating the young in the house is much lower than the cost of feed, but it becomes comparable with them. When considering poultry farms located significantly north of the Moscow region, the costs of heating premises and young animals increase many times and significantly affect the economy of the enterprise.

The use of promising high-precision heating automation systems will make it possible to confidently maintain a regime close to the conditions of the highest bird productivity, but the energy costs for heating should be economically appropriate. Therefore, only automated economically optimal control of heating allows us to find a profitable compromise between the cost of feed and energy for heating and the estimated losses resulting in livestock productivity in their price terms. The methodological and methodological foundations of such management are as follows.

Efficiency and resource saving of currently extremely energy-intensive in broiler poultry farming technologies of radiant local and general heating can be significantly improved by automating the process of finding the optimal value of the chosen economic criterion. For example, the annual or daily profit P ^{av of a} new automated system:

where P ^aut - annual (daily) profit of a new enterprise or new technology or system, rubles / year (days); C _p ^max - the market price of sales for the year (or, based on the current day) production in the current system of heating conditions for obtaining the highest productivity of livestock, rubles / year (d.). With ^max and K ^max - annual (daily) energy costs of production and feed consumption in the current heating system under the condition of obtaining the highest productivity of livestock, rubles / year (day); ΔP - increase in profit, rubles / year (days), as a result of economically feasible reduction of energy costs in the discussed heating technology ΔС, rubles / year (days), with the additional costs inevitably arising from the proposed method of economic optimization of the heating mode feed for the livestock ΔK, rubles / year (days), with estimated productivity losses ΔС, rubles / year (days) - here ΔС is recorded in absolute value.

It should be noted that as a unit of time in the presence of a mathematical model of productivity of type (6), any duration of the technological process can be taken, and not only generally accepted in economic calculations and a multiple of the year. It is clear that in this case it is equal to one day.

The essence of the invention is illustrated in figure 1, figure 2, figure 3, figure 4, figure 5.

Figure 1 shows a General diagram of a device according to the method. A sensor of the perceived room temperature 1 is shown; outdoor temperature sensor 2; indoor temperature sensor 3; relative humidity sensor 4; relative humidity sensor of internal air 5; computing unit 6; control unit 7; temperature controller 8; heaters 9 (electric, gas, etc.); ammonia concentration sensor 10; feed flow sensor 11 (changes in the mass of the feed hopper, a tape measure of the mass of the bulk feed mixture in its flow, etc.); a set of adjusters for the age of the livestock, the technologically permissible minimum and maximum specified values of the perceived temperature, the polling time, the signal of the generated value of the perceived temperature, constants 12; memory element 13; feed flow regulator 14; Executive element feed consumption 15; comparison element 16; notification block 17.

Figure 1 shows a general diagram of the technology and technological equipment for heating (for example, radiant) chickens and poultry in industrial poultry farming. Shown are heat-protective enclosing structures of the house 18; insulated floor (particle board) of the house 19; forced ventilation 20; exhaust ventilation 21; livestock of poultry 22; heaters 9; energy highway 23; temperature controller 8; house temperature sensor 3; relative air humidity sensor 5; sensor of perceived room temperature in the bird habitat zone 1; ammonia concentration sensor 10; feed flow sensor 11.

Figure 3 gives a graphical interpretation of the components of the components of the profits of the old and new automated heating systems at minimum and maximum external temperatures. The points of occurrence of profit growth due to the economic optimization of the thermal regime of the biotechnological system are indicated: t _n ^min - the minimum outdoor temperature adopted to illustrate the method; (-P _s (t _n ^min )) - the position corresponding to the profit from the action of the old heating system; (-P ^aut (t _n ^min )) - the dependence of the estimated profit on the operation of the automated heating system in the selected range of changes in the perceived room temperature (the same range of changes in the temperature of the indoor air is accepted when calculating the cost of energy costs E _total (or E _beam ) for heating the room); (-P _opt (t _n ^min )) - the optimal (largest) value of the profit from the operation of the automated heating system; t _opt ^opt (t _n ^min ) and t _opt ^opt (t _n ^max ) are the economically optimal values of the perceived temperature at the minimum and maximum outdoor temperatures adopted to illustrate the method.

Figure 4 illustrates the assessment of the technical and economic efficiency of heating technology according to the criterion of profit growth as a result of summing the costs of feed and energy and the predicted production losses (with a negative sign) in an artificially generated range of changes in the thermal regime according to the value of the sensed room temperature: ΔP - the predicted estimated profit growth as a result of heating control for this batch of chickens and this house; t _op - the felt room temperature in the livestock habitat as a result of the action of heaters; t _opt ^opt - economically optimal value of t _op under appropriate external weather conditions, thermal protection of the premises of the house and the given feed consumption; t _op ^norms = t ^{max product} - the normative or biologically best value of the perceived room temperature to obtain the regime of the highest productivity of the poultry stock of the given breed, cross-country and age; ΔΔP _T - the change in the value of the highest increase in profits when the temperature of the outdoor air t _n ; ΔΔP _A - change (decrease) in the value of the highest increase in profit upon change (increase) in the concentration of ammonia; ΔΔP _K - the change in the value of the highest increase in profit with a change in feed consumption; t _op ^s is an artificially generated signal of the perceived room temperature in the selected range between the technologically permissible minimum t _op ^{s min} and the highest t _op ^{s max} its specified values.

Figure 5 shows a photograph of an experimental sample of an electric infrared chandelier, consisting of four "LIKI" type irradiators with a power of 300 W each with a power supply of 220 V 50 Hz (bottom side view).

Figure 6 shows the change (increase) in daily feed consumption in grams of mass for one broiler of 1, 40 and 56 days old when the temperature deviates from -7 to + 7 ° C (according to the recommendations and other works of V. A. Grabaurov) .

Figure 7 shows the result of calculating the daily gain in grams of the mass of one broiler aged 14 days at a relative humidity of 65% and at a mass concentration of ammonia in the air of 7.5 mg / m ³ on the temperature of the environment in the range of 16 ... 36 ° C (according to the same literary sources).

The method is as follows.

For example, in severe frosts, the conventional convective, radiant or combined heating system with electric or gas energy carrier simply supports the normative technological mode of livestock heating corresponding to its highest productivity. The consumption of electricity or natural gas is associated with the needs of the biotechnological system and, due to the large radiant heat transfer of the sensor of the perceived room temperature to the cold enclosing internal structures of the production room and the large total heat transfer of the building as a whole, can reach such values that the difference between the highest price of products sold and very the high sum of the costs of energy consumed With ^max and feed K ^max will be very small. This means that the profit in this (old) version of management by the criterion of maximum productivity of the livestock P _s is small:

Declared together with the method of economically optimal (economically best) control, the device automatically selects a mode of energy consumption in which the specified economically optimal difference (C _r ^opt- C ^opt -K ^opt ) always has the greatest value. Thus, under any external conditions, the profit in the new version of management by the criterion of maximum profit P _{opt is} always maximum:

Subtracting from the second value of the difference in (21) its first value in (20), we obtain an increase in profit (annual, daily, hourly, etc. - which one we decided to choose for calculations and for the subsequent management of the enterprise or technology) ΔP formed in the result of optimal (best) automated control of space heating with young animals.

Profit increases as a result of economically optimal heating control by the value of its growth:

where ΔG ₁ (t _op ^{max product} , t _opt ^opt ₁ ) is the cost savings, a gain in energy costs resulting from a partial decrease in livestock productivity or due to some reduction in the price of products sold in the future of this technology ΔC ₁ (t _op ^{max product} , t _opt ^opt ₁ ), as well as due to an increase in feed consumption ΔK (t _opt ^{max product} , t _opt ^opt ₁ ) as a result of the transition from control according to the criterion of maximum production at any cost with a value of t _opt ^{max product of} the highest productivity mode to control by the criterion maximum increase We arrived at the economically optimum value t _op ^wholesale controlled parameter.

The objective function of optimizing the value of the controlled parameter of the sensed temperature t _opt ^opt in the form of an indicator of profit (daily) P (t _op ^s ), or an indicator of profit growth (daily) ΔP (t _op ^s ) when iterating over artificially generated values of t _op ^s that are numerically equal possible measured values of t _op in the range between its smallest and largest specified technological values will be:

or

The remaining components of operating costs are for lighting, labor costs, etc. - on t _op with local heating depend weakly or not at all. Components (25) are calculated according to the well-known and modified dependencies given in the description of this application, which include unit prices for electric energy or natural gas energy in a given region of the country, unit selling price of broiler meat at a specific poultry farm that use outdoor climate parameters: t _n and φ _n - temperature and relative humidity of the outside air; thermal insulation characteristics of the structure of the premises for livestock: S _{ogre i} , R _{o ogre i} , G _inf - the area of the building envelope, their resistance to heat transfer and the specific volume of air infiltrating through the narthex into the room; parameters internal microclimate t _op, t _a, φ _ext - perceived chickens temperature in the zones of heating, the temperature and relative humidity of internal air in the room, the characteristics of the equipment for radiant local heating Q _n ¹ (t _op ^h) - the static transfer characteristic of radiant or other type of a heater. These components of operating costs are also defined in the prototype / RF Patent No. 2229155, G05D 23/19, А01К 29/00, F24D 10/00. Method and device for economical general heating of livestock buildings and local heating of farm animals / A.V. Dubrovin, V.R. Krausp // B.I. 2004. No. 14 /.

Thus, in accordance with the method of economically optimal (economically best) heating, the following signals are subsequently taken into account and subsequently used to control the heating as material storage media and the calculated values obtained:

40, 0,021, 0,0012, d_вн ^нас(t_в) - констант;preset: T _c = t - age of the livestock, t _op ^{z min} , t _op ^{z max} - technologically permissible minimum and greatest specified values of the felt room temperature, within which the signal of the generated value of the felt room temperature is periodically changed; polling time T _o , a ₀ , a ₁ , ..., a ₁₄ ; N _br , Ts _r ^beats , Ts _e , Ts _eg , N _l ; 44.51, 3/2, 10 ^-3 , S _{ogre i} , R _{o ogre i} , G _inf , 0.032, 1.17, 70 ... 100, 0.28, 0.68, 10 ^-5 ,

40, 0.021, 0.0012, d _int ^us (t _in ) - constants;

generated: t _op ^s - generated signal of the perceived room temperature t _op ;

measured: t _op is the perceived room temperature, T = t _in is the temperature of the internal air, B = φ _int is the relative humidity of the internal air; t _{n the} temperature of the outside air, φ _n - relative humidity of the outside air; K _A - mass concentration of ammonia in the air or gas contamination of the air; By ^day _ism - the measured daily feed intake;

calculated: C _p ^day (t _op ^s ) is the calculated value of the products of a given batch of animals or birds; E _l ^day (t _op ^s ) is the calculated cost of energy costs for heating, P (t _op ^s ) is the estimated profit indicator; P _opt (t _op ^{z opt} ) - the largest value of profit (this first difference according to the claims) as the value of the highest profit and the corresponding signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature t _op ^{z opt} ; P _s (t _op ^norm = t _op ^{max product} ) - standard profit (the second value of this difference with the standard value of the perceived temperature of the technological mode of the highest productivity of livestock according to the claims); By ^day - daily feed consumption; ΔC _p , ΔC, ΔK and ΔP (t _op ^s , t _op ^norms ) - changes in the prices of products sold, energy consumption, feed and profit growth (the third difference in costs according to the claims); ΔP (t _op ^{z opt} , t _op ^norms ) is the largest (economically optimal) value of profit growth and the corresponding signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature t _opt ^{z opt} ;

- then, the received signal is compared to the generated value of the perceived room temperature t _op ^opt with the measured value of the perceived room temperature t _op ^ism and the heating result of the animals or poultry is adjusted according to the result of the comparison, implementing the heating mode according to the criterion of the highest profit growth, and not trivial and often economically unjustified located north of the enterprises, following the design standards established in other climatic conditions. At the same time, in order to practically achieve the calculated parameters of the technology, the K ^day _{ism is} compared with its calculated value of K ^day, and the feeding regime of animals or birds is adjusted according to the result of the comparison. This operation of the method allows you to fully materialize when managing the results of mathematical modeling of automated technology. Without measuring the feed consumption and without controlling its supply to the room, a drawback, for example, feed will lead to a decrease in livestock productivity, not provided for in model (1), and to corresponding errors in the regulation of the economically optimal heating mode.

Figure 2 shows a diagram of a device for economical heating and feeding of animals and birds. A device for implementing the method comprises a sensor of the sensed temperature of the room 1, sensors of the temperature of the outdoor air 2 and the indoor air in the room 3, the relative humidity sensors of the outdoor air 4 and the indoor air 5, a computing unit 6, a control unit 7, a temperature controller 8, heaters 9, the output of the sensor of the perceived temperature 1 in the heating zone is connected to the first input of the computing unit 6 and to the control first input of the temperature controller 8, the output of which is connected to the heaters 9, and the output outdoor temperature sensors 2 and indoor air in room 3 are connected respectively to the second and third inputs of the computing unit 6, the outputs of the relative humidity sensors of outdoor air 4 and internal 5 air are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth inputs of the computing unit 6, their first output connected with the input of the control unit 7, while an ammonia concentration sensor 10 and a feed flow sensor 11, a unit of livestock age adjusters, are additionally introduced into the device, technologically permissible of the smallest and largest specified values of the perceived temperature, the time of the interrogation of the biotechnological system, the signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature and constants 12, a memory element 13, a feed flow regulator 14 with an actuating element of feed consumption 15 connected to its output, a comparison element 16 and an alert unit 17 , the outputs of the ammonia concentration sensor 10 and the feed flow sensor 11 are connected, respectively, to the fourth and fifth inputs of the computing unit 6, the outputs of the livestock age adjuster unit, a technologist the permissible lowest and highest setpoints of the sensed temperature, the interrogation time of the biotechnical system, the signal generated by the sensed room temperature and the constants 12 are connected to the corresponding additional inputs of the computing unit 6, the output of the control unit 7 is connected to the second input of the temperature controller 8, while the sensor output feed 11 is additionally connected to the control of the first input of the feed flow controller 14, the second output of the computing unit 6 through the memory element 1 3 is connected to the master second input of the feed flow controller 14, and the third and fourth outputs of the computing unit 6 are connected respectively to the first and second inputs of the comparison element 16, the output of which is connected to the input of the notification unit 17.

The device operates as follows.

Computing unit 6 calculates the daily calculated cost of the cost of thermal energy for heating the production room according to (3) ... (9) and from its third output sends a signal corresponding to it to the first input of the comparison element 16. From the fourth output of the computing unit 6 to the second input of the element Comparison 16 receives a signal of the calculated value of the total energy consumption for heating animals or birds according to (10) ... (12). Comparison element 16 generates a difference signal for notifying personnel by means of a notification block 17 about the amount of mutual discrepancy between the calculated values of energy costs, which should be equal to each other in a quasi-steady-state mode of operation of a biotechnical system without animals or without birds. With confidence in the correctness of mathematical modeling of the energy characteristics of the room and heaters, the cause of the discrepancy is associated with an uncontrolled loss of heat-shielding properties of the room (for example, one of the doors to the room that should not have been left open, etc.).

The calculation unit 6 from the measurement data and forming an artificial value managed teplooschuscheny parameter livestock t _op ^of calculates the objective function of optimization in the selected range of relationships (1), (2), (11), (12), (17), (18) (20) ... (25). By the measurement results and set climate parameter space, microclimate, equipment, livestock calculation unit 6 generates a value ΔP changes within a range ^of t _op of polling cycle T _det automation system considered biotechnical system. The control unit 5 sets the predetermined temperature to the controller 6 input mode corresponding to the maximum gain value generated profit production quantities sensed temperature t _op ^{of wholesale.} Computing unit 6 calculates the ΔK value according to the corresponding mathematical dependence (18) with coefficient values specific for the selected biotechnological system. From its second output, the signal ΔK is supplied to the memory element 13, made, for example, according to the peak detector circuit using analog circuitry. At its output, a signal of a given feed consumption is generated during the day, which, after comparison with the signal of the measured feed consumption, provides correction of feed supply to the room with the livestock to achieve a more complete mutual correspondence of the control object and its mathematical models. The control unit 5 finds the extreme (maximum) value ΔP and the corresponding value of the function argument, i.e. the optimum value of cost calculated profit growth and submits t _op ^{of wholesale} as a drive signal at a predetermined temperature controller 6. The input of the heating technology is economically best path . The economically best ratio is ensured for heating technology and for the enterprise as a whole, the ratio between the resulting poultry (livestock) products and the energy used for heating livestock (for example, broilers in poultry farming) of any kind. In the block of adjusters of the age of the livestock, the technologically permissible lowest and highest specified values of the perceived temperature, the polling time, the signal of the generated value of the perceived temperature and constants, regional specific prices for the energy source, feed and final products of the agricultural enterprise, the number of animals or birds in the room are set the coefficients specified in the description in the formulas and other constants.

This ensures accurate economic optimization of the technological mode of heating a room with young animals, since the mathematical relationships used for control and the measured and generated signals and constants used in them carry accurate and complete information about the process being controlled.

Claims (2)

1. A method of economical heating and feeding of animals and birds, which includes measuring and setting the temperature felt by animals and birds, comparing the measured and set values, adjusting the heating mode according to the result of the comparison, measuring the temperature and relative humidity of indoor and outdoor air air, and the cost of thermal energy for space heating is calculated depending on the measured temperatures and relative humidity of the external and internal air in the room, setting the age of animals and birds, characterized in that it further measures the concentration of ammonia and feed consumption, generates a signal of the perceived room temperature, periodically changes the signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature in the range between the technologically permissible minimum and maximum set values, and depending on the value of the variable signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature, on the age of the livestock, on the relative humidity The cost of production of a given batch of animals or poultry is calculated from the values of the internal air in the room and from the concentration of ammonia, while the cost of the total energy costs for heating the animals or poultry is calculated depending on the difference in the signal value of the generated value of the perceived room temperature and the indoor air temperature, the cost of feed is calculated depending on the feed consumption, and the cost of thermal energy for space heating is calculated depending on the generated value the values of the perceived room temperature and the measured values of the temperature of the external and relative humidity of the outdoor and indoor air in the room, then the first difference between the cost of production and the sum of the costs of energy costs for heating and feed costs is calculated as an indicator of profit in the range between the technologically permissible minimum and maximum given the signal values of the generated value of the sensed room temperature, determine the largest value of this first difference as the value of n the highest profit and the corresponding signal of the generated value of the perceived room temperature, determine the second value of this difference as the normative profit at the normative value of the perceived temperature of the technological regime of the highest productivity of the livestock, subtract its second value from the first cost difference and get the third cost difference in the form of an increase in profit , subtract from the highest value of the first cost difference ce the second value and get the highest value of the third p the value of the values in the form of the value of the highest profit increase and the corresponding signal of the formed value of the perceived room temperature, the signals of the formed value of the perceived room temperature corresponding to the values of the highest profit and the highest profit, compare the signal of the formed value of the perceived temperature corresponding to the highest value of the first or second difference rooms with the measured value of the perceived room temperature and the result of the comparison adjust the heating mode of agricultural young animals and livestock or poultry premises, while calculating the set value of feed consumption depending on the value of the variable signal of the generated value of the felt room temperature and the age of the livestock, compare the measured and set values of feed consumption and, based on the result of the comparison, adjust the feeding regime of animals or birds, and also compare the calculated cost of thermal energy for space heating and the total energy costs for heating of animals or poultry and the result of the comparison notify the staff of the production room with animals or with the bird. 2. A device for economical heating and feeding of animals and birds, comprising a sensor for perceived room temperature, outdoor and indoor air temperature sensors, relative humidity sensors for outdoor and indoor air, a computing unit, a control unit, a temperature controller, heaters, and a sensor output perceived temperature in the heating zone is connected to the first input of the computing unit and to the controlling first input of the temperature controller, the output of which is connected to the heaters and, and the outputs of the outdoor and indoor temperature sensors are connected respectively to the second and third inputs of the computing unit, the outputs of the relative humidity sensors of outdoor and indoor air are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth inputs of the computing unit, their first output associated with the input control unit, characterized in that it additionally includes an ammonia concentration sensor and a feed flow sensor, a unit of livestock age adjusters, a technological the permissible minimum and maximum preset values of the perceived temperature, the polling time of the biotechnological system, the signal generated by the perceived temperature of the room and the constants, a memory element, a feed flow regulator with an Executive element for feed consumption connected to its output, a comparison element and a warning unit, the outputs of the ammonia concentration sensor and feed flow sensor are connected respectively to the fourth and fifth inputs of the computing unit, the outputs of the unit setters age of the livestock, technological The ki of permissible minimum and maximum setpoints of the sensed temperature, the polling time of the biotechnological system, the signal of the generated value of the sensed room temperature and constants are connected to the corresponding additional inputs of the computing unit, the output of the control unit is connected to the second input of the temperature controller, while the output of the feed flow sensor is additionally connected with the control of the first input of the feed flow controller, the second output of the computing unit through the element of formation of the feed consumption is connected to the second input of the feed flow regulator, and the third and fourth outputs of the computing unit are connected respectively to the first and second inputs of the comparison element, the output of which is connected to the input of the notification unit.

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