RU2293462C2 - Method for working out of felling area in partial cutting - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forest industry.

SUBSTANCE: method involves dividing plots into swaths; providing logways; felling trees intended for cutting with their apexes oriented in logging direction, followed by logging thereof; performing thinning of semi-swaths by cutting corridors at an angle of 30-35 deg with respect to logway, with desired thinning extent being reached by providing corridors cut from adjacent logways. Corridors cut from adjacent semi-swaths intersect with one another to form plantation of mosaic structure where cells are defined by cut corridors. With employment of tree harvesting machines having load-bearing handler, 2-3 corridors are cut from one operating position, with 2 corridors from said 2-3 corridors being cut at an angle of 30-32 deg, and third additional corridor being cut perpendicular to logway. Working out of swath by intersecting corridors provides tree stand thinning without injuring of trees left for additional growing.

EFFECT: provision for creating of effective forest growing conditions and desired thinning extent without tree injuring.

2 cl, 3 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the forest industry and forestry and can be used when carrying out logging in forest stands.

A known method of developing a cutting area, including breaking it down into apiaries, in the middle of which a 3-meter-wide fiber is laid adjacent to the main drag, at an angle of 30–40 ° to which rectilinear sights of about 1 meter wide are cut through with a distance of 10–20 meters, thus between the viziers, 10-20 meters wide forest belts are formed, on which trees are felled with their peaks away from the viziers, along which trees, whips or assortments are teased to the skidding (V. Kochegarov et al. Technology and logging machines works. - M: Forestry, 1990, S. 355-357) - prototype.

A known method of developing cutting areas, including deforestation at mutually intersecting areas with curved sides, areas close in shape to an ellipse, forming the left areas of the forest in the form of figures close in shape to squares with concave sides, with a checkerboard pattern over the area of cutting and calling them from the felling area along paved roads with the abandonment of inter-corridor forest areas (RF application No. 97102021).

However, felling by such methods is oriented to ripe and mature stands and cannot be realized during thinning.

The technical task of the invention is to reduce the risk of damage to trees left for growing.

The task is achieved by the fact that the apiary is divided into half-cuts by cutting, which are cut by cutting corridors at an angle of 30-35 ° to the draw, and the necessary degree of cutting is achieved when felling trees with a gasoline-powered saw due to corridors cut from adjacent drains, while the corridors intersect, forming a planting of a mosaic structure, the cells of which are limited by chopped corridors. When using a forestry machine with a load-carrying manipulator, 2-3 corridors are cut from one working position, two of which are cut at an angle of 30-35 °, and the third, additional, is perpendicular to the draw.

Comparison of the proposed solution with the prototype shows that it differs from the prototype in the following features:

cutting of half-sections is carried out by cutting corridors at an angle of 30-35 ° to the draw;

the necessary degree of thinning is achieved due to corridors cut from adjacent draggers;

corridors cut from adjacent half-intersections intersect, forming a planting of a mosaic structure, the cells of which are limited by cut corridors.

Therefore, the claimed invention meets the criterion of "novelty."

The invention can be implemented using known techniques, therefore, it meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

Comparison of the proposed solution with other technical solutions shows that the development of apiaries with intersecting corridors provides the possibility of thinning the stand to a predetermined extent without the risk of damage to trees left for growing and creates conditions for effective forest cultivation, while the claimed combination of features was not revealed during patent information research, therefore, the claimed the invention meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The method is carried out depending on the system of machines used for logging as follows.

Before felling in the plantation, the plot is divided into apiaries of width B (Figure 1), which, when felling the trees designated for felling with a gas-powered saw, with the apex in the direction of the draw and subsequent skidding of trees or whips by a tractor with checker equipment or another winch skidding system, is determined as the sum of the height of the trunk tree and the distance of the removal of the rope, taking into account the length and effort required to carry the rope, and the angle of contact of the corridor to the draw. B = b + 2 · (l + h _d ) · sinα, where b is the width of the wire, m; l - the distance of the rope, m; h _d - tree height, m; α is the angle of the junction of the corridor to the drag, deg (Figure 1).

Logging draw 1 (Figure 1) is laid in the middle of the apiary and divides it into two half-sections 2 (Figure 1) with a width of b _n (Figure 1).

In order to reduce the risk of damage to trees left for growing, the removal and felling of trees in half-sections begins in the immediate vicinity of the trail with a gradual removal.

Each next tree for felling is assigned from among those that can be felled to a free area formed taking into account the previous fallen tree, located closer to the draw.

Thus, a corridor 3 is formed (FIG. 1), the width of which b _k provides unobstructed felling of trees with a crown width b _a . The angle of the junction of the corridor with the draw, taking into account the conditions of minimal damage to trees left for growing, is not more than 30-35 °.

The length of the cut corridor l _k is defined as the sum of the height of the tree trunk and the distance of the rope:

l _k = l + h _d .

The necessary degree of cutting C can be achieved by changing the distance between the corridors and their width. The distance between the corridors a (Figure 1) and the angle of their contact with the die determine the area and shape of the formed cells.

where a is the distance between the corridors, m (Figure 1).

where S _c is the area of the formed cell, m ² .

When using a manipulative forestry machine, for example LP-19A (LZM), apiary development is carried out as follows. At each working position (Figure 2, item 6, Figure 3, item 8), LZM cuts the die and technological corridors from 1 to 3, which are perpendicular (Figure 2 item 5, Figure 3 item 9) or under an angle of 30-45 ° to the die (Figure 2, item 4, Figure 3, item 7) using the overhang of the manipulator. On adjacent dies, working positions can be staggered (Figure 2) or on straight lines perpendicular to the dies (Figure 3). The width of the apiary in this case will be determined as the sum of the width of the wire and the length of the corridor being developed, taking into account the maximum departure of the manipulator and the angle of contact of the corridor with the draw.

B = b + 2 · R · sin (γ)

The angle of the junction of the corridor to the draw is determined taking into account the conditions of minimal damage to the trees left for growing, as well as the effective departure of the manipulator and the distance between the corridors.

where a is the distance between the parking lots LZM, m (Figure 2, Figure 3);

R - effective departure of the manipulator, m

The length of the cut corridor l _k is determined by the length of the effective departure of the manipulator.

The necessary degree of cutting C can be achieved by changing the distance between the working positions of the LZM on adjacent dies and, accordingly, the angle of contact of the corridor to the die (Figure 3).

For a comparative analysis of the proposed method of cutting and known methods in the conditions of the Urals, taxation characteristics of a real cutting area were taken. The theoretical calculation of the proposed method was carried out by averaged values, according to the formulas above. As a comparison, we used the results of a study of uniform cutting methods (G.K. Vinogorov, Yu.N. Yagudin. Basic technological principles of non-continuous felling. Proceedings of TsNIIME, 1974, Sat.141, p. 15-27). The results of the comparative analysis are presented in table. No. 1.

The application of this method will reduce the total environmental damage by 29-38% compared with known methods by reducing the number of damaged trees and destroyed undergrowth.

When felling trees with a gas-powered saw and skidding trees or whips with a tractor with checker equipment or another winch skidding system, half-cutting is carried out by cutting corridors, the proportion of which is determined by the degree of cutting when implementing the specified method of cutting. This eliminates damage to the elements of the forest between the corridors during the felling process and will be reduced as much as possible when moving trees or whips to a draw to the place of formation of the skidding pack. Leaving a jack tree at the junction of the corridor with the apiary canal almost eliminates damage to trees left for growing and undergrowth.

When using LZM with a load-carrying manipulator, more favorable conditions are created for preserving the forest growing environment and reducing the area of the cutting area occupied by drags. It also increases its productivity due to the fact that it does not require large expenditures of time for arrivals to and from half-saves, since 2-3 corridors are cut from one working position.

Table 1.
Comparative evaluation of cutting methods Options The proposed method of cutting Wide apiary forest development Forest development in medium-sized apiaries Forest development in narrow apiaries one 2 3 four 5 Cutting area, ha 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1 Plantation Composition 10C 10C 10C 10C The total number of trees, pcs 6480 6480 6480 6480 Age of stand, years 80 80 80 80 Forest type S-beam C-beam C-beam C-beam Completeness 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 Stock, m ³ / ha 160 160 160 160 The average volume of the whip, m ³ 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 Apiary width, m 30-60 60-100 35-60 20-30 Width of the wire, m 3-5 3-5 3-5 3-5 The width of the cut corridor, m 2-4 - - - The distance between the corridors, m 5-20 - - - The area of the formed cell, m ² 10-30 - - - Trees to be felled,% twenty twenty twenty twenty Trees interfering with felling (including undergrowth),% - 29th 26 24 Damaged trees (including undergrowth),% 17-18 27 25 23 Hindering and damaged trees (including undergrowth),% 17-18 56 51 47

The inventive method of developing a cutting area in comparison with the known will allow to cut thinning and main use of low intensity:

- minimization of damage to the components of the formed stands;

- increased growth of trees remaining for growing;

- preservation of soil productivity, water protection and other environmental functions.

Claims (2)

1. A method of developing a cutting area for incomplete logging in forest stands, including breaking the plots into apiaries, arranging skidding dragging, felling assigned to the tree felling with the apex in the direction of the draw, as well as subsequent skidding, characterized in that the cutting of half-cuttings is done by cutting corridors at an angle of 30- 35 ° to the draw, and the necessary degree of thinning is achieved due to corridors cut from adjacent dragging, while the corridors cut from adjacent half-intersections intersect, forming a mosaic stand structures, which cells are limited chipped corridors. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when using a forestry machine with a load-carrying manipulator, 2-3 corridors are cut from one working position, of which two are cut at an angle of 30-35 °, and the third, additional, is perpendicular to the draw.

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