RU2293456C1 - Method for pre-planting treatment of plant seeds - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, plant growing, more particular, pre-sowing treatment of various crop seeds.

SUBSTANCE: method involves exposing seeds to gas plasma in the medium of inorganic gas or mixture of inorganic gases before sowing process; treating seeds at frequency of electric discharge of 1-40 MHz, intensity of electric discharge of 0.01-0.1 W/cm³ and pressure of inorganic gas ranging from 0.2 to 1.13 torr; treating seeds of radish, turnip, cress-salad, sunflower with gas plasma during 10-30 s; determining germination energy time and emergence time on the 3-th and 5-th day after sowing process; processing seeds of leguminous crops, cabbage, squash, beet, cucumber, tomato, carrot, calendula, marigold, lentils, pumpkin, barley, dock, Swedish turnip, soya, vetch, pea, bean, wheat, corn with gas plasma during 15-32 s; performing above examination on the 4-th day and on the 10-th day after sowing process; treating seeds of pepper, eggplant, parsley, aster, lobelia, potato, rudbeckia, chrysanthemum, phlox, harebell with gas plasma during 20-40 s; performing above examining on the 5-th and the 15-th day after sowing process; processing seeds of dill, hops, celery, magnolia vine, digitalis, Melissa, tobacco, lignified plants with gas plasma during 25-45 s; performing above examination on the 10-th and on the 20-th day after sowing.

EFFECT: increased efficiency and improved quality of plants produced from preliminarily treated seeds.

13 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, and, more specifically, to crop production, may find application in presowing treatment of seeds.

For biologically active effects on plant seeds, they are treated with various physical methods.

A known method of increasing plant yields (see UK patent No. 2145317, IPC A 01 K 29/00, published 03/27/1985), consisting in the fact that the plants are subjected to effective irradiation with magnetic pulses of variable polarity, the shape of which is similar to the shape of a two-phase potential with a repetition rate of 0.01-1.00 s and a pulse width of 0.002 s.

The known method provides a slight increase in the germination of plant seeds. The application of the known method does not provide drying of the seeds and does not have a bactericidal or fungistatic effect on the seeds.

A known method of seed treatment (see RF patent No. 2175826, IPC A 01 C 1/00, published November 20, 2001), which includes exposure to sowing on the treated seeds with an electromagnetic field, amplitude-modulated oscillations of the extremely low-frequency range, for 40- 60 minutes at a field strength of 120-1400 A / m.

The known method provides an increase in seed germination, however, the processing process is excessively long, which negatively affects its productivity, the impact of the known method does not have a bactericidal or fungistatic effect on the seeds.

A known method of presowing treatment of seeds (see RF patent No. 2109429, IPC A 01 C 1/00, published 04/27/1998), in which the treatment is carried out by pulsed light of an electric discharge with a capacity of 100 MW or more microsecond duration range from units of μs and more, and the discharge is carried out in air at atmospheric pressure. The exposure time of one batch of grain is 20-40 minutes.

Light pulse irradiation of seeds accelerates the germination and growth rate of plants, however, the processing process is very long. In addition, such an impact by biological standards is a sharp, “shock” effect, which can lead to uncontrolled biologically (gene) changes in the seeds.

A known method of seed treatment (see RF patent No. 2185714, IPC A 01 C 1/00, published October 20, 2002), which consists in irradiating seeds with an electromagnetic microwave field of the millimeter wave range in cyclic periods in suspension of seeds when they are turbulently mixed in volumetric cavity with forced ventilation for 10 minutes.

The known method increases the resistance of seedlings of tree species to infectious lodging in the early stages of development, however, the processing process is long and carried out in separate cycles, which significantly reduces its productivity, the impact of the known method does not have a bactericidal or fungistatic effect on the seeds.

A known method of treating plant seeds (see China Patent No. 1067350, IPC A 01 C 1/00, published December 30, 1992), comprising placing the seeds in the chamber and evacuating it, creating a gas discharge in the form of a plasma in the chamber, and holding the seeds in plasma 1-160 minutes at a temperature of from -20 ° C to -60 ° C.

The disadvantages of the known method of seed treatment are the significant duration of the processing process and the need to create low temperatures in the chamber.

A known method of treating seeds with cold plasma pulsed gas discharge (see US patent No. 6543460, IPC B 08 B 7/04, published 04/08/2003) with a frequency of 3.56-13.56 MHz for 15-30 minutes with their intense stirring.

The known method provides etching of the surface of the seeds to remove fungicides and insecticides from it, but does not exert a biologically active effect on the seeds. In the known method, with prolonged exposure to the seeds with plasma, the outer protective coating of the seeds can be destroyed, which leads to a loss in the sowing qualities of the seeds, the seeds are easily infected with various infections, the seeds are rotted during storage, and the shelf life of the seeds after such treatment is reduced.

A known method of presowing treatment of plant seeds with gas discharge plasma (see US patent No. 5281315, IPC H 05 F 3/00, published January 25, 1994), comprising placing the seeds of plants in the chamber between the electrodes, inlet into the chamber of an inorganic gas or inorganic mixture gases to a pressure of 0.05 Torr to 5.0 Torr, the creation of a low-temperature gas discharge in the chamber when a high-frequency voltage of 1-40 MHz and an electric discharge power of 0.003 W / cm ³ to 1.5 W / cm ^{3 are} applied to the electrodes and exposure to seeds by a gas discharge plasma yes for 5-500 s.

The known method does not allow to determine the optimal treatment conditions for seeds of various plants. At the same time, the seeds of vegetable, grain, fodder, flower, decorative, medicinal plants, tubers, bulbs, seeds of woody plants differ in size, weight, structure and hardness (strength) of the protective shell, dormancy. All these parameters affect the choice of plasma treatment regimes, which determine the effectiveness of biologically active effects on the treated seeds.

The objective of the invention was the development of such a method of pre-sowing seed treatment, which would ensure the effectiveness of a balanced, non-destructive and not violating the genetic qualities of the seeds of biologically active effects on the seeds of various plants.

The problem is solved in that in the method of pre-sowing treatment of plant seeds, including exposure to gases at an electric discharge frequency in the range of 1-40 MHz with an electric discharge power of 0.01-0.1 W / cm ³ and an inorganic gas pressure in the range of 0.2 -1.13 Torr, seeds of radish, turnip, radish, watercress, sunflower, the time for checking the germination energy and germination of which is determined on the 3rd and 5th day after sowing, is treated with gas plasma for 10-30 s, legumes, cabbage, zucchini, beetroot, cucumber, tomato, carrot, calendula, marigolds, lentils, pumpkins, barley, sorrel, rutabaga, soybeans, vetch, peas, rice, beans, zinnia, wheat, corn with the test period of 4 and 10 days after sowing are treated with gas plasma for 15-35 s, pepper seeds , eggplant, parsley, aster, lobelia, potato, rudbeckia, chrysanthemum, phlox, bell with the test period of 5 and 15 days after sowing are treated with gas plasma for 20-40 s, and the seeds of dill, hops, celery, limonium, digitalis , lemon balm, tobacco, woody plants with a period of the mentioned test of 10 and 20 d Hb is treated with the gas plasma for 25-45 seconds.

The seeds are predominantly exposed to gas plasma at an electric discharge frequency in the range of 13-40 MHz with an electric discharge power of 0.03-0.1 W / cm ³ .

The seeds can be exposed to gas plasma in atmospheric air, inert gas, in oxygen, in nitrogen, in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, while the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen can include nitrogen in a concentration of up to 80 wt.%.

In the case of seed treatment of very old and highly dried, dehydrated seeds, it is advisable to add water vapor or water vapor to the gaseous medium.

The studies conducted by the authors showed: there is a relationship between the regimes of plasma treatment of seeds and the energy of their germination. Discovered by the authors of the dependence and laid the basis of the proposed method.

In accordance with GOST USSR 12038-84, the germination of vegetable seeds (depending on the crop) is monitored on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th and 30th day after sowing the seeds.

Typically, seed germination energy is monitored at 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 21, and 30 days after sowing.

The standards adopted in most countries of Europe and America, the energy of germination and germination of seeds is controlled on 4-14 days and 7-21 days after sowing seeds.

In accordance with GOST USSR 12038-84, seeds of various crops and tree species can be divided according to the timing of checking the quality of seeds by germination energy and germination rate into 4 groups, for each of which the authors determined the time interval for processing a gas discharge plasma, namely:

Group 1 - seeds of radish, turnip, radish, watercress, sunflower with a validation period of 3 and 5 days after sowing;

Group 2 - seeds of legumes, cabbage, zucchini, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, carrots, marigolds, marigolds, lentils, pumpkins, barley, sorrel, rutabaga, soybeans, vetch, peas, rice, beans, zinnia, wheat, corn with a validation period on the 4th and 10th day after sowing;

Group 3 - seeds of pepper, eggplant, parsley, aster, lobelia, potato, rudbeckia, chrysanthemum, phlox, bell with a validation period of 5 and 15 days after sowing;

Group 4 - seeds of dill, hop, celery, limonium, digitalis, lemon balm, tobacco, woody plants with a validation period of 10 and 20 days after sowing.

The author found that, with other equal parameters of a cold plasma of a pulsed gas discharge, the optimal treatment time for seeds of the 1st group is 10-30 s, for seeds of the 2nd group 15–35 s, for the seeds of the 3rd group 20-40 s and for the seeds 4 groups - 25-45 s.

The inventive method is as follows.

Seeds that have previously been cleaned of the soil, impurities, impurities of seeds of other varieties by conventional methods known in the art are dried to their natural moisture content (7-13%), divided into groups according to the timing of verification of germination and germination energy, and individually loaded seeds of different cultures of each group in loading hopper of the plasma processing unit, from which it is fed into the technological chamber of the installation. The necessary medium of inorganic gas or a mixture of inorganic gases is created in the technological chamber at a pressure in the range 0.2-1.13 Torr and using a power supply a plasma discharge of non-isothermal nonequilibrium cold plasma is generated between the electrodes with an electric discharge frequency in the range of 1-40 MHz at a power an electric discharge of 0.01-0.1 W / cm ³ . Seeds are fed into the technological chamber in a continuous layer with a thickness of not more than 2-3 average sizes of the treated seeds. At a mass-average (gas) temperature in the process chamber of 20-40 ° C, plasma treatment of seeds is performed. Exposure to gas plasma on seeds with a verification period of germination and germination energy on the 3rd and 5th day is carried out for 10-30 s, on seeds with a verification period on the 4th and 10th day is carried out within 15-35 s, on seeds with a verification period of 5 and 15 days are carried out for 20-40 s, and for seeds with a period of the mentioned test on 10 and 20 days they are carried out for 25-45 s.

Comparative tests were conducted of the effectiveness of the proposed method for presowing treatment of seeds and the prototype method.

For testing, seeds of various crops of the first class with an actual germination of 74-77% were used. The seeds of each culture were divided into 3 lots. The first control batch was plated without plasma treatment. The second batch of seeds was processed by the prototype method without dividing into groups according to the timing of verification of germination and germination energy. The third batch of seeds of various cultures was divided into groups according to the timing of verification of germination energy and germination and processed by the claimed method.

The actual germination of seeds of the first control batch and the yield obtained from them were taken as 100%. The seeds of the second batch processed by the prototype method had a germination rate of 3-7% greater than the seeds of the control batch, and the yield was 10-15% larger compared to the crop obtained from the seeds of the first control batch.

The plasma treatment regimes and results obtained after processing various seeds of the first and second groups are shown in Table 1, and the plasma treatment regimes and results obtained after processing of various seeds of the third and fourth groups are shown in Table 2. Column 7 shows the germination and increase in yield compared with the results obtained during seed treatment by the prototype method, which are taken as 100%.

Many years of experience and testing the effect of plasma seed treatment on the growth, development of plants and on the crop obtained from seeds that have undergone plasma processing of the claimed method, has shown its high efficiency for seeds of various crops and tree species.

Table 1 Type of seeds Frequency of electric discharge, MHz Power of electric discharge, W / cm ³ Gas pressure, Torr Gas environment, component content,% Processing time, s Germination increase,% / yield increase,% one 2 3 four 5 6 7 1 group on the timing of verification of germination and germination energy Radish one 0.10 0.2 O ₂ 10 7/15 Radish 13 0.05 0.5 N ₂ twenty 6/8 Radish 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) thirty 11/23 Turnip twenty 0.02 0.2 N ₂ 10 10/18 Turnip 13 0.10 0.5 Air twenty 8/15 Turnip 40 0.05 1.13 About ₂ thirty 7/14 Radish 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ 10 5/7 Radish fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ twenty 10/13 Radish 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) thirty 8/23 2 group on the timing of verification of germination energy and germination Peas 5 0.10 0.5 Air fifteen 9/23 Peas 10 0.05 0.2 O ₂ twenty 8/15 Peas thirty 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 35 10/13 Beet 5 0.10 0.5 Air fifteen 5/18 Beet 10 0.05 0.2 O ₂ twenty 8/19 Beet thirty 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 35 11/12 Cabbage 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ fifteen 9/15 Cabbage fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ twenty 10/19 Cabbage 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 8/12 Tomato one 0.10 0.2 O ₂ fifteen 8/16 Tomato 13 0.05 0.5 N ₂ twenty 10/19 Tomato 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 10/22 Barley 5 0.10 0.5 Air fifteen 8/12 Barley 10 0.05 0.2 O ₂ twenty 7/17 Barley thirty 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 35 10/10 Lentils one 0.10 0.2 O ₂ fifteen 9/14 Lentils 13 0.05 0.5 N ₂ twenty 5/8 Lentils 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 10/23 Pumpkin 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ fifteen 6/7 Pumpkin fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ twenty 10/19 Pumpkin 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) thirty 11/23 Corn 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ fifteen 4/7 Corn fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ twenty 12/23 Corn 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 8/19 Wheat 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ fifteen 4/7 Wheat fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ twenty 10/22 Wheat 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 9/18

table 2 Type of seeds Frequency of electric discharge, MHz Power of electric discharge, W / cm ³ Gas pressure, Torr Gas environment, component content,% Processing time, s The increase in germination,% / yield,% one 2 3 four 5 6 7 3 group on the timing of verification of germination and germination energy Pepper one 0.10 0.2 O ₂ twenty 7/19 Pepper 13 0.05 0.5 N ₂ thirty 6/15 Pepper 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 40 11/25 Parsley twenty 0.02 0.2 N ₂ twenty 10/15 Parsley 13 0.10 0.5 Air thirty 8/20 Parsley 40 0.05 1.13 O ₂ 40 7/14 Potatoes 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ twenty 10/17 Potatoes fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ thirty 10/23 Potatoes 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 40 8/18 Aster 5 0.10 0.2 Air twenty 9/ Aster fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ thirty 6 / Aster 40 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 40 8/ Chrysanthemum 3 0.10 0.2 O ₂ twenty 8/ Chrysanthemum twenty 0.05 0.5 N ₂ thirty 7 / Chrysanthemum 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 40 9/ 4 group on the timing of verification of germination and germination energy Dill 5 0.10 0.5 Air 25 5/17 Dill 10 0.05 0.2 O ₂ 35 8/10 Dill thirty 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 45 10/13 Celery 5 0.10 0.5 Air 25 7/18 Celery 13 0.05 0.2 O ₂ 35 9/17 Celery 40 0.01 1.3 N ₂ 45 12/11 Tobacco 13 0.05 0.2 O ₂ 25 8/19 Tobacco thirty 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 35 10/12 Tobacco 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ 45 9/15 Melissa fifteen 0.05 0.5 O ₂ 25 5/18 Melissa 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 8/21 Melissa one 0.10 0.2 O ₂ 45 4/16 Pine 13 0.05 0.5 N ₂ 25 7 / Pine 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 12/ Pine 5 0.10 0.5 Air 45 fifteen/ Maple 10 0.05 0.2 O ₂ 25 7 / Maple thirty 0.01 1.13 N ₂ 35 10/ Maple 5 0.10 0.2 O ₂ 45 fifteen/ Hop 13 0.05 0.5 N ₂ 25 5/8 Hop 40 0.01 1.13 (O ₂ + N ₂ ) 35 9/23 Hop 2 0.1 0.2 N ₂ 45 7/15

Claims (9)

1. The method of pre-sowing treatment of plant seeds, including exposure to seeds before sowing gas plasma in an inorganic gas or a mixture of inorganic gases at an electric discharge frequency in the range of 1-40 MHz with an electric discharge power of 0.01-0.1 W / cm ³ and inorganic gas pressure in the range of 0.2-1.13 Torr, characterized in that the seeds of radish, turnip, radish, watercress, sunflower, the time for checking the germination energy and germination of which is determined on the 3rd and 5th day after sowing, is treated with gas plasma within 10-30 c, legumes, cabbage, zucchini, beetroot, cucumber, tomato, carrot, calendula, marigold, lentil, pumpkin, barley, sorrel, rutabaga, soy, vetch, pea, rice, beans, zinnia, wheat, corn with the deadline for the verification on the 4th and 10th day after sowing, they are treated with gas plasma for 15-35 s, the seeds of pepper, eggplant, parsley, aster, lobelia, potatoes, rudbeckia, chrysanthemums, phlox, and bell are treated with gas for 5 and 15 days after sowing plasma for 20-40 s, and the seeds of dill, hops, celery, limonium, digitalis and, lemon balm, tobacco, woody plants with a deadline of the aforementioned test on day 10 and 20 are treated with gas plasma for 25-45 s. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with a gas plasma at a frequency of electrical discharge in the range of 13-40 MHz. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with a gas plasma at an electric discharge power of 0.03-0.1 W / cm ³ . 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with a gas plasma in the atmosphere. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with a gas plasma in an inert gas environment. 6. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with gas plasma in an oxygen environment. 7. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with gas plasma in a nitrogen atmosphere. 8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that it mainly affects the seeds with a gas plasma in a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen. 9. The method according to claim 8, characterized in that the mixture of oxygen and nitrogen comprises nitrogen in a concentration of up to 80 wt.%.