RU2288324C1 - Diaphragm wall - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: building, particularly to design and erect diaphragm walls for different structures, namely for pits, underground passes, tunnels and foundations with the use of building blocks.

SUBSTANCE: diaphragm wall comprises building blocks made as reinforced concrete bodies. Gaps between building blocks are filled with concrete. Building units comprise face and side surfaces. Each side surface is provided with longitudinal groove and two extensions. At least one building unit is arranged so that side surface thereof extends at an angle exceeding 0° with respect to vertical line. At least one extension of building block has side surface with thickness varying in extension length direction.

EFFECT: increased load-bearing capacity of diaphragm wall.

17 cl, 14 dwg

Description

The technical field to which the invention relates. The invention relates to the field of construction and can be used in the design and construction of walls in the ground for various structures, in particular pits, underpasses, tunnels, foundations using wall blocks.

The prior art. The prior art known prefabricated monolithic wall in the ground, containing wall blocks with longitudinal curved grooves on the side surfaces of the faces and concrete filling between the blocks (see RF Patent 2233943, CL E 02 D 5/20, publication date 10.08.2004) .

Signs of an analogue, namely a wall in the ground containing wall blocks, coincide with the essential features of the claimed invention.

The disadvantage of this analogue is the small axial loads transmitted from the reinforced concrete wall block to the concrete filling in the wall, as well as small axial loads transmitted in the wall through the concrete filling to the reinforced concrete wall block under vertical and horizontal loads acting on the wall. In other words, the main disadvantage of the analogue wall is the insufficient adhesion of the wall block and concrete filling under complex spatial loading.

The closest set of features is a wall in the ground, containing wall blocks made in the form of reinforced concrete bodies and concrete filling between wall blocks, and wall blocks made with front and side surfaces and a longitudinal groove and two protrusions are located on each side surface of the wall block . The wall block contains grooves on the side surfaces in the form of a part of a circular cylindrical surface, while the axis of the grooves is offset relative to the longitudinal plane passing through the middle of the concrete body towards one of the front surfaces, and a reinforcing cage, including the release of transverse bar reinforcement for the concrete block body, and a sheet of external laid on reinforcement fixed on the front surface with outlets - cantilever overhangs. Wall blocks in the wall are oriented vertically (see p.11 of the source: Recommendations for the design and construction of prefabricated monolithic "walls in soil" with sheet reinforcement. Moscow State Automobile and Road Institute (Technical University). Engineering Research Center "ZEST", Moscow, 1998).

Signs of the prototype, namely, a wall in the ground, containing wall blocks made in the form of reinforced concrete bodies and concrete filling between wall blocks, and wall blocks made with front and side surfaces, and on each of the side surfaces of the wall block there is a longitudinal groove and two protrusions , coincide with the essential features of the claimed invention.

The disadvantages of the prototype include small axial loads transmitted from the reinforced concrete wall block to concrete filling in the wall, as well as small axial loads transmitted in the wall through concrete filling to the reinforced concrete wall block, and a large bending moment on the block under vertical wall conditions and horizontal loads.

The technology of erecting a wall in the ground involves the development of a trench under a clay solution. In the trench with clay mortar, wall blocks are installed, and then the monolithic gaps between the wall blocks are filled with concrete. When monolithic, the concrete mixture is fed through a concrete pipe into a trench filled with clay mud. The concrete mixture displaces the clay mortar, however, a thin layer of the mortar remains on the surface of the block and, after the concrete filling has hardened, it is the layer between the block surface and the concrete filling. The clay layer significantly reduces the adhesion (in particular, the value of the specific shear resistance) between the block and the concrete filling. The decrease in adhesion, depending on the thickness of the clay layer formed, can be several times or tens of times. In such conditions, it is possible to transfer almost only the transverse load to the block from concrete filling. And this is an extremely inefficient use of the block in the wall.

In addition, it is advisable in order to reduce the bending moments acting on the block in the wall, tilt the block towards the current horizontal load.

Disclosure of the invention. The objective of the invention is to increase the bearing capacity of the wall in the ground.

The wall in the ground is intended for the perception of vertical and horizontal loads, bending moments, as well as the function of the fence during the construction of open tunnels, foundations, pits.

The problem is solved due to the fact that the wall in the ground contains wall blocks made in the form of reinforced concrete bodies and concrete filling between wall blocks, and wall blocks are made with front and side surfaces, and a longitudinal groove is located on each side surface of the wall block and two protrusions, the wall being different from the prototype in that at least one wall block in the wall is positioned so that the lateral surface of the protrusion is oriented at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the vertical and m at least one of the protrusions of the wall block is made with a variable lateral surface thickness of the protrusion along the length of the wall block.

The implementation of the protrusion of at least one of the wall blocks with a variable lateral surface thickness along the length of the block leads to the appearance of additional surfaces of the block supporting the block on the concrete filling in the wall along the length of the block. Due to this, a large axial load can be distributed on the block in the wall. Part of the load, as with the prototype, will be transmitted through the block (its lower end surface) to incompressible soil, and part of the load will be transmitted through additional bearing surfaces to the concrete filling, through which this part of the load will be transferred to the soil. Thus, an increase in the bearing capacity of a wall block element will lead to an increase in the bearing capacity of the wall as a whole. In addition, the orientation of the block in the wall at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the vertical allows to reduce the bending moments acting in the sections. All this in a complex can significantly increase the strength characteristics of the block and the wall as a whole.

When using the claimed wall in the soil, the technical results will be obtained:

- an increase in axial load transmitted from the reinforced concrete wall block to concrete filling in the wall under conditions of vertical loads acting on the block;

- an increase in the axial load transmitted in the wall through concrete filling to the reinforced concrete wall block with a simultaneous decrease in the bending moment acting in the wall on the block under conditions of vertical and horizontal loads acting on the wall.

The obtained technical results will significantly expand the ability to organize support on the wall in the ground, to maximize the use of concrete filling.

The formation of additional bearing surfaces on the block can be carried out both with an increase in the total surface of the block, and without its increase. With an increase in the overall surface of the block, the adhesion of the block to the concrete filling in the wall will increase, and this will lead to an increase in the transverse loads from the concrete filling on the block. This will reduce the number of outlets of transverse bar reinforcement (which provides reliable adhesion of the block body to concrete filling), simplify the construction of the wall block, and also simplify the process of filling the space between the blocks with concrete.

In addition, the orientation of the block at an angle greater than zero degrees to the vertical will reduce the bending moments acting on the block from horizontal loads.

Below will be described specific examples of the implementation of walls in the ground and their elements - wall blocks.

The main element of the claimed wall in the ground is a wall block. The wall block contains two side surfaces, two front surfaces and two end surfaces: the lower end surface and the upper end surface. One of the front surfaces, as a rule, is oriented towards the foundation pit (tunnel, etc.), the other towards the retained soil.

In addition, at least one of the wall blocks located in the wall can be configured so that both protrusions on one of the side surfaces of the wall block are made with thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions varying along the length of the wall block.

Also, the wall block (or wall blocks) can be made so that all the protrusions on the two side surfaces of the wall block are made with thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions varying along the length of the wall block.

Structurally, the wall block can be configured so that one protrusion on one of the side surfaces of the wall block and one protrusion on the other of the side surfaces of the wall block are made with thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions that are variable along the length of the wall block.

The above embodiments of the wall block in the wall significantly expand the ability to increase the adhesion surface of the block and concrete filling in the wall.

The length of the wall block, and therefore the height of the wall in the ground, can be from 3 to 25 meters. On the running meter along the longitudinal axis of the wall can be located from 1 to 5 blocks.

To increase the adhesion surface and axial forces transmitted to the block from concrete filling in the wall and from the block to concrete filling in the wall, the wall block can be structurally designed so that it contains at least two sections along its length, and on each of the sections the side thickness the protrusion surface along the length of the section decreases to the minimum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in this section, and then increases to the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in this section. Moreover, on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the ratio of the maximum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion to the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion is from a range of values from 1.01 to 100. In addition, on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the transverse the cross section with the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion and the cross section with the minimum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion is a value from the range of values from 0.1 to 100 max total values of the thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in the area.

This block design has a variable moment of inertia along the length of the block. The moment of inertia increases or decreases. The unit works effectively as part of the wall in the presence of a multi-tiered overlap. At the junction of the floor tier and the wall, the moment of inertia of the block is relatively small. Between the ceilings, the moment of inertia is relatively large. This allows you to effectively and with reduced weight of the block to perceive the transverse loads on the wall and block.

To increase the adhesion surface and axial forces transmitted in the wall to the block from concrete filling and from the block to concrete filling, the wall block can be structurally designed so that the longitudinal groove on one of the side surfaces of the wall block is made with a groove width that is variable along the length of the wall block, or longitudinal grooves on the two side surfaces of the wall block are made with a variable width of each groove along the length of the wall block. At the same time, the wall block along its length contains at least two sections, and in each of the sections, the groove width along the length of the section decreases to the minimum groove width in this section, and then increases to the maximum groove width in this section. In addition, on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the ratio of the maximum groove width to the minimum groove width is from a range of values from 1.01 to 5. And on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the cross section with the maximum groove width and a cross section with a minimum groove width is a value from the range of values from 0.1 to 20 maximum values of the groove width in the area. In the case of performing one section where the groove width on the block changes, the distance between the cross section with the maximum groove width and the cross section with the minimum groove width is from a range of values from 0.1 of the maximum groove width to a value equal to the length of the block.

Concrete filling in contact with the block in the wall, in particular with the groove and protrusions, repeats the shape of the groove and protrusions, forming their counterparts.

To increase the adhesion surface and axial forces transmitted in the wall to the block from concrete filling and from the block to concrete filling, the wall block can be structurally designed so that the longitudinal groove on one of the side surfaces of the wall block is made with a depth varying along the length of the wall block, or the longitudinal grooves on the two side surfaces of the wall block are made with a depth that is variable along the length of the wall block. At the same time, the wall block along its length contains at least two sections, and in each of the sections, the depth of the groove along the length of the section decreases to the minimum depth of the groove in this section, and then increases to the maximum depth of the groove in this section. In addition, on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the ratio of the maximum groove depth to the minimum groove depth is from a range of values from 1.01 to 2. And on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the cross section with the maximum groove depth and a cross-section with a minimum groove depth is a value from a range of values from 0.1 to 20 maximum values of the groove depth in the area.

The grooves on the side surfaces of the block in cross section can be made as part of a circle. The axis of the circles can be either offset or not offset relative to the longitudinal plane of the wall block passing through the longitudinal axis of the block.

Structurally, it is possible to make grooves on the side surfaces of the block in cross section as a part of an ellipse. You can orient the elliptical groove in the cross section in such a way as to ensure an increase in the transverse moment of inertia of the section of the wall block and, as a result, an increase in the allowable value of the bending moment in the desired plane.

To increase the adhesion surface and axial forces transmitted in the wall to the block from concrete filling and from the block to concrete filling, the wall block is structurally made with a width of the jumper between the block grooves that is variable along the length of the wall block. At the same time, the wall block along its length contains at least two sections, and in each of the sections the width of the lintel along the length of the section decreases to the minimum width of the bridge in this section, and then increases to the maximum width of the bridge in this section. In addition, on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the ratio of the maximum width of the lintel to the minimum width of the lintel is a value from the range of values from 1.01 to 2. And on one or on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the cross section with the maximum width of the lintel and a cross-section with a minimum jumper width is a value from the range of values from 0.1 to 20 maximum values of the jumper width in the section.

To increase the adhesion surface and axial forces transmitted in the wall to the block from concrete filling and from the block to concrete filling, the wall block is structurally made with a block thickness that is variable in length of the wall block. At the same time, the wall block along its length contains at least two sections, and in each of the sections, the thickness of the block along the length of the section decreases to the minimum block thickness in this section, and then increases to the maximum block thickness in this section. In addition, on one or on each of the above-mentioned sections of the wall block, the ratio of the maximum thickness of the block to the minimum thickness of the block is from a range of values from 1.01 to 2. And on one or on each of the above-mentioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the cross section with the maximum thickness of the block and the cross section with the minimum block thickness is a value from the range of values from 0.1 to 20 maximum values of the block thickness in the area.

The maximum thickness of the block can take values from 0.2 to 1.0 meters.

The concrete body of the wall block is reinforced by means of a metal reinforcing frame. The reinforcing cage includes a connected spatial reinforcing cage and a sheet of an external overhead reinforcement fixed on the front surface by means of anchor rods with outlets - cantilever overhangs with locking elements in the form of a guide rod located at the end of one outlet of the cantilever overhang and covering the profile located at the end of the other release - cantilever overhang.

The spatial reinforcing cage comprises longitudinal and transverse reinforcing bars, with at least a portion of the longitudinal and transverse bars being interconnected by welding.

The wall block can be performed with transverse bar reinforcement and longitudinal bar reinforcement.

Outlets of transverse bar reinforcement are located outside the concrete body of the block and are part of transverse reinforcing bars.

The implementation of the wall block with transverse and longitudinal reinforcement significantly increases the strength characteristics of the block, and the execution of the block with the releases of transverse and longitudinal bar reinforcement increases the adhesion of the block and concrete filling in the wall, although this complicates the design of the wall as a whole.

As mentioned above, the wall block can be performed with outlets of transverse bar reinforcement, and the outlets of the reinforcement are located in areas on the side surfaces of the protrusions. In addition, the regions with transverse rod reinforcement outlets on the lateral surfaces of the protrusions are arranged periodically, and the length of the regions is from 1 to 2 block widths, the distance between the regions is from 1 to 2 block widths, and the number of transverse bar reinforcement outlets in each region is value from 3 to 10.

The wall in the ground can be made in such a way that at least two wall blocks are located in the wall so that the vertical axis of one block is located at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the vertical axis of the other block.

The wall in the ground can be made in such a way that at least two wall blocks are located in the wall so that the side surface of the protrusion of one block is at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the side surface of the other block. The location of the blocks in the wall at different angles is carried out when the lower part of the wall rests not only on incompressible soil, but also on areas with compressible soil. The blocks in the wall are oriented so that the lower end surfaces of the blocks rest only on incompressible soil, and the upper end surfaces of the blocks are evenly distributed on the upper surface of the wall in the ground.

A brief description of the drawings.

1 shows a wall block with two cross sections. One protrusion of the block is made with a variable along the length of the block thickness of the side surface of the protrusion.

Figure 2 presents the wall block with variable lengths of the block thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions, the depth and width of the grooves. In the cross section of the block, the reinforcing cage with the releases of the transverse bar reinforcement.

Figure 3 presents the wall in the ground and the wall block with variable lengths of the block thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions and the width of the grooves.

Figure 4 presents a wall block with a variable length of the block, the width of the bridge and the depth of the grooves.

Figure 5 presents a wall block with a variable length of the block thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions and a constant width of the grooves.

Figure 6 presents a wall block with a variable length of the block thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions and the thickness of the block.

7 shows a wall block with a variable length of the block thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions and the depth of the grooves.

On Fig presents a wall block with a variable length of the block depth of the grooves.

Figure 9 presents the loading diagram of the wall block.

Figure 10 presents the wall block with a variable length of the block thickness of the block.

Figure 11 presents a diagram of the loading of the block with the diagrams of the axial load on the block.

On Fig presents a diagram of the loading of the unit, in which additional surfaces are located at an acute angle to the direction of axial load.

On Fig and 14 presents in isometric fragments of blocks with additional protrusions.

The implementation of the invention. The section provides examples of the invention with reference to the drawings.

Figure 1 shows the wall in the ground and the main element of the wall in the ground - wall block 1, made in the form of a reinforced concrete body, containing two side surfaces 2 and 3. The wall block rests on incompressible soil 100. Concrete filling 101 is located on the outside of the block Wall blocks and concrete filling form a wall in the ground.

The block in the wall is oriented at an angle less than 90 °, relative to the vertical and an angle, less than 90 °, relative to the current horizontal load (see figure 3).

The wall shown in figure 3, contains blocks 96 and 94, which are located in the wall so that the side surface of the protrusion of one block is located at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the side surface of the other block and the protrusions of this block (block 94) are made with a variable along the length of the wall block, the thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion.

The wall shown in figure 3, contains blocks 97 and 96, which are located in the wall so that the side surface of the protrusion of one block is located at an angle of 0 ° relative to the side surface of the other block. The blocks in the wall are oriented parallel to each other.

The projections 4 and 5 and the groove 8 are located on the side surface 2. The protrusions 6 and 7 and the groove 9 are located on the side surface 3. The protrusions 4, 5 and 7 are made with a thickness of the side surface of the protrusion that is constant along the length of the block. The protrusion 6, located on the side surface 3, is made with a thickness of the side surface of the protrusion, variable along the length of the wall block.

The block is an element of a conventional I-beam cross section. The protrusion 6 has the smallest thickness 10 and the greatest thickness 11. The distance from the transverse plane with the smallest thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion to the transverse plane with the largest thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion is indicated by 12 in the drawing. The entire block can be divided into sections along its length. The drawing shows two sections, the first of which is between the transverse planes 13 and 14, the second is between the transverse planes 15 and 16. And in each of the sections, the thickness of the side surface of the protrusion along the length of the section decreases to the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion in this section, and then increases to the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in this section.

Surfaces, in particular faces 13 and 39, are end faces. Surfaces 40 and 41 are facial.

In each of the sections of the wall block, the ratio of the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion to the minimum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion is two.

For the manufacture of a concrete block body, concretes of various classes can be used: concrete on inorganic binders (cement concrete, gypsum concrete, silicate concrete, etc.) and concrete on organic binders (asphalt concrete and plastic concrete).

Most preferred are cement concretes, which, depending on the bulk density, are divided into especially heavy (more than 2500 kg / m ³ ), heavy (from 1800 to 2500 kg / m ³ ).

Particularly heavy concretes have grades from 100 to 300 (with a temporary compressive resistance of ~ 10-30 Mn / m ⁹ , heavy concrete - from 100 to 600 (with a temporary compressive resistance of 10-60 Mn / m ² ).

For the manufacture of high-strength concrete blocks, brands of high-strength concrete can be used - from 800 to 1000 (with a temporary compressive strength of ~ 80-100 Mn / m ² ).

Figure 5 shows a block in which all the protrusions of the wall block are made with a variable along the length of the wall block thickness of the side surfaces of the protrusions.

In this case, the ratio of the maximum thickness of the side surface of one protrusion in the II — I section (more precisely, in the section in the II — I section) to the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion in the K — K section is four. In this case, the width and depth of the groove along the length of the block do not change.

Figure 6 shows a block in which the ratio of the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in the section L-L to the minimum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in the section MM is one hundred. At the same time, the depth of the groove in this block varies along its length, and the width of the groove along the length of the block is constant. This block contains releases of longitudinal bar reinforcement 53.

The ratio of the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion to the minimum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion is set based on what axial force must be transferred from the concrete filling to the block body (or vice versa). The wall block design claimed in the invention allows it to be used in a wall in which the axial or vertical bearing is not only on the block, but also partially on the concrete filling between the blocks. In this case, the concrete filling transfers the force 19 (see Fig. 1) to the wall block not only along the surface of their adhesion, but also through the "ledges" or "additional protrusions" 18 (see Fig. 1) and 17 (see Fig. 13) on the side protrusions of the wall block. The magnitude of the transmitted force depends on the area of the "ledge" and the angle of orientation of its surface relative to the acting axial force.

The distance from the transverse plane with the smallest thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion to the transverse plane with the largest thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion is also determined on the basis of what axial force must be transferred from the concrete filling to the body of the block, as well as from where the maximum load on the block. In figure 1, this distance is two maximum thicknesses of the side surface of the protrusion from the upper end surface of the block.

The wall block contains a reinforcing cage, including longitudinal rods 28 (see figure 1) and 29 (see figure 2), transverse reinforcement 30 and 31, as well as anchor rods 32 and 33 for attaching sheet reinforcement 34.

The fittings increase the loads, both axial and transverse, which the wall block can withstand. Moreover, to increase the adhesion of the block to the concrete filling in the wall, the outlets of transverse reinforcing bars 35, 36, 37 and 38 can be made protruding beyond the surface of the block, in particular beyond the side surface of the protrusions by a distance of 0.3 to 0.75 from the distance between blocks in the wall.

Sheet reinforcement 34 serves as a waterproofing wall in the ground.

Figure 2 shows that the protrusions can be performed with a variable thickness of the side surface for placement on the thickenings of the outlets of the transverse bar reinforcement. At each bulge of the protrusion there are three outlets of reinforcement.

The wall block (see figure 1) can be structurally designed so that the longitudinal groove on one of the side surfaces of the wall block is made with a groove width that is variable along the length of the wall block. Also, the wall block (see figure 3) can be structurally performed so that the longitudinal grooves on the two side surfaces of the wall block are made with a variable width of the grooves along the length of the wall block. In the section DD - the maximum width of the groove, in section EE - the minimum width of the groove. This varies along the length of the block and the thickness of the side surfaces of the protrusions.

In the block area (see Fig. 3) between the cross sections DD and EE, the ratio of the maximum groove width to the minimum groove width is 1.3. In the block section (see Fig. 7) between the end surfaces, the ratio of the maximum groove width to the minimum groove width is 3. The distance between the plane with the maximum groove width and the plane with the minimum groove width is equal to the length of the wall block.

The block (see figure 2) is made with grooves having variables along the length of the depth block. In cross-sections BB and DG, the ratio of the maximum groove depth to the minimum groove depth is 1.3. The grooves of this block in cross section are in the form of a part of a circle. In practice, blocks can be realized in which in the cross section the grooves are made in the form of a part of an oval (in particular, an ellipse).

The block (see figure 4) is also made with grooves having variables along the length of the depth block. The blocks shown in Figs. 7 and 8 are made with grooves having variables along the length of the depth block. For these blocks, the depth of the groove is continuously decreasing over the entire length of the block. On these blocks, a uniform transmission of axial forces from concrete filling to the block body along its entire length is realized.

To increase the adhesion surface and axial forces transmitted in the wall to the block from concrete filling and from the block to concrete filling, the wall block is structurally made with a variable width of the wall block between the grooves of the block along the length of the wall block (see Fig. 2, 4, 6, 7 and 8).

In this case, the wall block (see Fig. 4, section TT) has two sections along its length, and in each of the sections the width of the bridge across the length of the section decreases to the minimum width of the bridge in this section (sections between cross sections 42 and 43 , and also between the cross sections 44 and 45), and then increases to the maximum width of the bridge in this section (the sections between the cross sections 43 and 44, as well as between the cross sections 45 and 46).

Cross-sections Zh-Zh and ZZ of figure 4 also show an increase and decrease in the width of the jumper.

The wall block, as indicated above, can be structurally made with a variable along the length of the wall block thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion (see Fig.9). The wall block along its length contains two sections between the transverse planes 47 and 48, as well as between sections 48 and 49, where the thickness of the side surface of the protrusion along the length of the section decreases to the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion in this section, and then increases to the value the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in this area.

The ratio of the maximum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion to the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion is 2. And on each of the above-mentioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the cross section from the maximum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion and the cross section from the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion is equal to the value of the width of the block . The implementation of the block of this design allows you to generate additional loads transmitted from the block to the concrete filling and from concrete filling to the block. So, additional loads 75-78 act on the side of the block on the concrete filling through additional surfaces between the block and concrete filling (see Fig. 9). Additional loads 83 and 84 act on the concrete filling side of the block through additional surfaces between the block and the concrete filling.

The wall block structurally can be made with a variable thickness of the block along the length of the wall block (see figure 10). In this case, the wall block along its length contains two sections between the transverse planes 50 and 51, as well as between sections 51 and 52, where the thickness of the block along the length of the section decreases to the minimum thickness of the block in this section, and then increases to the maximum thickness of the block by this site.

The ratio of the maximum thickness of the block to the minimum thickness of the block is 1.2. And on each of the aforementioned sections of the wall block, the distance between the cross section with the maximum block thickness and the cross section with the minimum block thickness is the value of the 1st maximum value of the block thickness in the section.

Moreover, the described blocks (except for the block shown in FIG. 5) are made with a cross-sectional area variable along the length of the wall block.

The manufacture of a wall in the ground can be divided into three stages. The first stage is the manufacture of wall blocks and the preparation of concrete for concrete filling in the wall. The second stage is the development of the trench and foresail. The third stage is the installation of blocks in the trench and pouring concrete filling.

Wall blocks are made in profiled inventory formwork. The manufacture of the block includes the following operations:

- assembly of formwork on a pallet;

- preparation and installation of spatial reinforcing cage and embedded parts, in particular sling loops. The reinforcing cage is attached to the sheet reinforcement located on the pallet;

- processing the formwork with a substance (oily liquid, in particular motor oil), preventing the bonding of concrete with the formwork;

- laying in concrete formwork;

- Concrete care, including measures for compaction and hardening;

- solidification control;

- dismantling with removal of the wall block from the pallet.

The form of the formwork in the transverse and longitudinal planes sets the configuration of the protrusions, grooves and jumpers along the length of the wall block. In addition, with the help of formwork, the thickness of the block varying along the length of the block is set. The formwork of the wall blocks shown in figures 1, 3, 5, 8, 9, are made of plywood sheets with locking devices. The formwork of the wall blocks shown in figure 2, 7, 10, are made of metal pipes of various diameters and tapers (forming the surface of the grooves), as well as plywood sheets (forming the surface of the protrusions and the front sides).

Practice shows that, depending on the shape and size of the cross section of the block, its linear mass can be from 0.3 to 1 t / m.

The technology of erecting a wall in the ground involves the development of foreshafts and trenches under a clay solution. Wall blocks are installed in the clay trench. Wall blocks are attached to the fore shaft or rest on the fore shaft using technological devices, for example, using rods of remote longitudinal reinforcement. Then carry out monolithic gaps between the wall blocks with concrete filling. When monolithic, the concrete mixture is fed through a concrete pipe into a trench filled with clay mud. The concrete mixture displaces the mud and fills the space between the blocks in the wall.

Concrete of various classes can be used for concrete filling: concrete on inorganic binders (cement concrete, gypsum concrete, silicate concrete, etc.) and concrete on organic binders (asphalt concrete and plastic concrete).

In walls, the most preferred are cement concretes, which, depending on the bulk mass, are divided into especially heavy (more than 2500 kg / m ³ ), heavy (from 1800 to 2500 kg / m ³ ), light (from 500 to 1800 kg / m ³ ) and especially light (less than 500 kg / m ³ ).

Particularly heavy and heavy concretes are intended for the manufacture of reinforced concrete wall blocks and concrete filling of special protective structures, reinforced concrete and concrete structures of industrial and civil buildings, hydraulic structures, transport and other structures.

Lightweight concrete is made with a hydraulic binder and porous artificial or natural aggregates. They can be used as concrete filling in the walls, acting as fencing.

Particularly lightweight concrete is used in walls mainly as heat-insulating materials.

For concrete filling in the wall, concrete is used having a temporary compressive strength of 0.5 to 1000 Mn / m ² . Particularly heavy concretes have grades from 100 to 300 (temporary compressive strength ~ 10-30 Mn / m ² , heavy concrete - 100 to 600 (temporary compressive strength ~ 10-60 Mn / m ² ). High-strength concrete grades from 800 to 1000 (temporary compressive strength ~ 80-100 Mn / m ² ). Lightweight concrete on porous aggregates have grades from 25 to 200 (temporary compressive strength ~ 2.5-20 Mn / m ² ), especially lightweight concrete - from 5 to 50 (temporary compressive strength - 0.5-5 Mn / m ² ).

For the manufacture of walls, together with concrete, various aggregates are used.

The sequence of work to create the wall is as follows.

The foresail is erected and a trench is opened, the bottom of which is, for example, waterproof, practically not compressible soil. Wall blocks (the construction of which is shown in figure 1) are installed in the trench using gantry, tower or jib cranes with a lifting capacity sufficient to lift and install the block. The lower end of the block is supported on a practically incompressible soil, and the block is oriented vertically in space, i.e. its front surface and the side surface of the protrusions are oriented at an angle of 0 ° relative to the plumb or surface perpendicular to the working surface of the level. The upper part of the block is fixed on the fore shaft.

This orientation of the block allows you to maximize the axial (vertical) load on the block.

Depending on the tasks assigned to the block, the lower end of the block can be supported by waterproof, practically non-compressible soil, orienting the block on this in space at an angle to the vertical, i.e. the front surface of the block or the side surface of the protrusions is oriented at an angle greater than 0 ° to the vertical, i.e. relative to a plumb line or a vertical line of a plumb line (when performing a block with a constant width along the length).

This orientation of the block in the wall allows you to increase the normal load on the block in case of its orientation in the direction of normal load.

3-5 blocks are installed in the trench, after which the space between the blocks is filled with concrete. After the concrete has hardened, the next section of the trench is developed, blocks are placed in it and concrete filling is poured. In this case, a wall is obtained in the ground with wall blocks and concrete filling between the blocks.

The following is a comparative analysis of the characteristics of wall blocks of various designs.

The wall block of traditional design with unchanging thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions is characterized by area S. Wall blocks from the 1st to the 6th type are blocks with varying thicknesses of the side surfaces of the protrusions. The increase in the thickness of the protrusions is achieved due to the location on the block of additional protrusions 17 (see Fig.13). Due to the additional protrusions, an increase in the overall surface of the block is achieved, as well as the surface that receives axial loads on the block.

The parameter Sdb / S (Sdb is the additional area due to all the additional protrusions on the block) characterizes the increase in the total surface of the block relative to the initial surface S of the block of traditional design. In the type 1 wall block, this increase was 25%. Those. the adhesion area of the block with concrete filling increased by 25%. In the wall block of the 2nd type, this increase was 50%. Those. the adhesion area of the block with concrete filling increased by 50%.

The geometric characteristics of the additional protrusions and their number achieve the desired increase in the total surface of the block relative to the initial surface of the block of traditional design.

The parameter Sdb / 2St (ST is the area of the end surface of the block) characterizes the increase in the surface of the block relative to the initial surface ST of the block of traditional design. In the type 1 wall block, this increase was 50 times. Those. 50 times increased the area through which the axial load can be transferred to the block from the concrete filling and vice versa.

The device operates as follows.

The wall in the ground acts as a foundation and fence for the underground part of the structure. The structure rests on the wall. The walls of the building are supported, for example, through grillages located on the wall blocks. Loads from the structure are transferred to grillages, from grillages to wall blocks, and from wall blocks directly to incompressible soil and to concrete filling from which the load is also transferred to incompressible soil. Vertical and horizontal (normal and axial) loads (forces) are transferred to the block from the concrete filling and the surrounding soil through the contact surface of the block and concrete filling.

In particular, the axial load on the block is determined by the adhesion force between the block and the concrete filling in the wall, which depends on the adhesion surface (contact) of the concrete body of the block with concrete filling and the specific shear resistance relative to the surface of the block adjacent to the surface of the concrete filling block.

In addition, the horizontal and vertical forces from the concrete filling in the wall to the block and from the block to the concrete filling are transmitted by means of reinforcing outlets (bar reinforcement outlets) or sheet reinforcement fixed to the front surface of the block. Reinforcing outlets also increase the grip of the block with concrete filling. However, as indicated above, complicate the construction of the wall in the ground.

A traditionally constructed wall block with unchanging groove depths is characterized by area S. Wall blocks from the 1st to the 6th type are blocks with varying groove depths. Reducing the depth of the grooves is achieved due to the location on the grooves of the additional protrusions 53 (see Fig.14). Due to the additional protrusions, an increase in the surface perceiving axial loads on the block is achieved without increasing the overall surface of the block. In addition, additional protrusions can be selected so as to increase the overall surface of the block.

Smaller protrusions are possible. So, when the thickness of the additional protrusion equal to 0.01 m, the length of the additional protrusion equal to 0.01 m, the number of additional protrusions equal to 4000, the additional area due to all the protrusions will be 16 m ² . And if the thickness of the additional protrusion equal to 0.001 m, the length of the additional protrusion equal to 0.001 m, the number of additional protrusions equal to 40,000, the additional area due to all the protrusions is 160 m ² . And this is more than twice the surface area of the block without protrusions.

In Fig.13, adopted the following notation:

20 - height of the additional protrusion;

21 is the thickness of the additional protrusion;

22 - thickness of the side surface of the protrusion;

23 - groove width;

24 - block thickness;

25 - groove depth;

26 - block width;

27 - the length of the additional protrusion.

11 illustrates the mechanism for increasing the axial load perceived by the block in the wall from concrete filling and the load transmitted from the block to the concrete filling in the wall. The axial loads 54-61 are determined by the adhesion between the block (its lateral surface) and the concrete filling in the wall.

Axial loads 62-64 depend on the area of the upper end surface of the block and the surface areas of the protrusions oriented at an angle greater than the angle 0 ° relative to the direction of the axial force.

Note. The load is numerically equal to the ratio of force to the area of application of force (load dimension N / m ² ).

The strength characteristics of the additional protrusions are determined depending on the loads acting on them and the geometric characteristics of the additional protrusions. The tangential stresses 65 in section 66 during shear are determined by the loads 63, 58 and the area in section 66.

Due to the additional protrusions, an additional load of 72 and 73 from the block is provided for concrete filling in the wall. Due to this, the bearing capacity of the block in the wall increases, i.e. the block additionally relies on concrete filling, which, in turn, receives part of the load from the block. Places of support of the block on concrete filling are distributed along the height of the block.

Figure 11 shows the plot of the axial load on the block in the case of supporting the block only on the lower end surface (plot A) and when the block is supported through additional protrusions on the concrete filling (plot B). A comparative analysis of the diagrams shows that with a constant axial load of 62 on the block, the axial forces in sections along the length of the block can be significantly reduced due to the additional support of the block on concrete filling (due to forces 87 and 88 of the concrete filling).

On the lower end surface, the equation of axial forces acting on the block is written as follows.

For plot A:

P ₆₂ + MP ₈₉ = 0,

where M is the weight of the block;

P ₆₂ - axial load;

P ₆₉ is the reaction of incompressible soil (in figure 11 is indicated by 89).

For plot B:

P ₆₂ + MP ₈₉ -P ₈₇ -P ₈₈ = 0,

where P ₈₇ is the force acting from the concrete filling on the block through additional protrusions;

P ₈₈ is the force acting from the concrete filling on the block through additional protrusions.

An analysis of the equations shows that for the block in the wall and the wall as a whole, an increase in the axial force of 62 by the value of P _add .

P _add = P ₈₇ + P ₈₈ .

Figure 3 shows a sectional wall in which the blocks 94, 96 and 97 are supported by incompressible soil 98. A compressible soil 99 is located between the blocks, and its bearing capacity is significantly lower (for example, by an order of magnitude) than that of the soil 98. Upper ends blocks are located at the same distance between each other. They support the walls of the structure located above the wall in the ground. Block 94 is installed at an angle of 93 to the direction of horizontal load 90 on the block (longitudinal load relative to the wall in the ground). Horizontal load 90 is decomposed into components: transverse 91 for the block and longitudinal 92 for the block. The larger the angle 93, the smaller the lateral force 91, and therefore, the lower the bending moment acting on the block, for example, in section 95.

Axial loads acting on the block are compensated for by the height of the block by supporting the block on concrete filling. Orientation of the block in the wall at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the vertical allows one to reduce the bending moments acting in the sections. All this in a complex can significantly increase the strength characteristics of the block and the wall as a whole.

Studies show that it is advisable to tilt the blocks with the upper part in the wall towards the retained soil (in the opposite direction from the foundation pit, the tunnel) or tilt towards the adjoining other wall. Inclined blocks perform an additional role of anchors. As a rule, the blocks in the wall are positioned so that the distances between the end surfaces are different. This is due to the design features of the superstructures above the wall or the heterogeneity of the surrounding soil.

The surface of the protrusion can be oriented at an angle of 67 (see Fig. 12) to the axis of action of the load 68. In this case, the load 68 can be decomposed into components: tangent 69 to the surface 71 of the additional protrusion and normal 70 to the surface 71. Due to the additional protrusion provides additional load 74 from the block for concrete filling in the wall.

Thus, performing a wall in the ground with a block in which a change in the length of the wall block, the thickness of the side surface of the protrusion, and also a change in the length of the block, the depth and width of the groove, increase the axial load on the wall block and the wall as a whole, transferred to the wall through concrete filling . In this case, an increase in the axial load transmitted from the reinforced concrete wall block to the concrete filling in the wall is also achieved.

By performing a block with a variable thickness along the thickness, an increase in the axial load on the wall block transmitted in the wall through the concrete filling to the block and from the block to the concrete filling under conditions of vertical loads acting on the block is also achieved (see, for example, additional loads 85-86 in FIG. .10).

This reduces the bending moments acting in the sections of the block under the action of vertical and horizontal loads on the wall by reducing the transverse loads on the block.

Thus, all the technical results of the invention are achieved.

LITERATURE

1. Recommendations for the design and construction of prefabricated monolithic "walls in the ground" with sheet reinforcement. Moscow State Automobile and Road Institute (Technical University). Engineering Research Center "ZEST", Moscow, 1998.

2. RF patent No. 2024681, cl. E 02 D 5/30, publication date 12/15/1994.

3. RF patent 2056475, cl. E 02 D 5/20, publication date 03/20/1996.

4. RF patent 2233943, cl. E 02 D 5/20, date of publication 10.08.2004.

Claims (17)

1. A wall in the ground, containing wall blocks made in the form of reinforced concrete bodies, and concrete filling between the wall blocks, the wall blocks being made with front and side surfaces, and a longitudinal groove and two protrusions are located on each of the side surfaces of the wall block, characterized in that at least one wall block in the wall is located so that the side surface of the protrusion is oriented at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the vertical, and at least one of the protrusions of the wall block is made with mennoy along the length of the wall thickness of the block side surface of the protrusion. 2. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the wall block along its length contains at least two sections and on each of the sections the thickness of the side surface of the protrusion along the length of the section decreases to the minimum thickness of the side surface of the protrusion in this section , and then increases to the maximum thickness of the lateral surface of the protrusion in this section. 3. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the longitudinal groove, at least on one of the side surfaces of the wall block, is made with a variable width along the length of the wall block. 4. The wall in the soil according to claim 3, characterized in that the wall block along its length contains at least two sections and in each of the sections the width of the groove along the length of the section decreases to the minimum width of the groove in this section, and then increases to the maximum width of the groove in this section. 5. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the longitudinal groove, at least on one of the side surfaces of the wall block, is made with a variable depth along the length of the wall block. 6. The wall in the soil according to claim 5, characterized in that the wall block along its length contains at least two sections and in each of the sections the depth of the groove along the length of the section decreases to the minimum depth of the groove in this section, and then increases to the maximum depth of the groove in this section. 7. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the wall block is made with a variable width of the wall block between the grooves of the block along the length of the wall block. 8. The wall in the soil according to claim 7, characterized in that the wall block along its length contains at least two sections and in each of the sections the width of the lintel along the length of the section decreases to the minimum width of the lintel in this section, and then increases to the maximum jumper width in this section. 9. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the wall block is made with a variable thickness along the length. 10. The wall in the soil according to claim 9, characterized in that the wall block along its length contains at least two sections and in each of the sections the thickness of the block along the length of the section decreases to the minimum thickness of the block in this section, and then increases to the maximum block thickness in this section. 11. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the reinforcement of the wall block is carried out by a spatial reinforcing cage and sheet reinforcement located on one of the front sides of the block, and on the sheet reinforcement along its length from the concrete body of the block, corner profiles are located, which fastens the spatial reinforcing cage. 12. The wall in the soil according to claim 11, characterized in that there are two corner profiles. 13. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that on the side surfaces of the protrusions there are periodically located areas with outlets of transverse bar reinforcement, and the length of the areas is from 1 to 2 values of the width of the block, the distance between the areas is from 1 to 2 values of the width of the block , and the number of releases of transverse bar reinforcement in each region is from 3 to 10. 14. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two wall blocks are located in the wall so that the vertical axis of one block is located at an angle greater than 0 ° relative to the vertical axis of the other block. 15. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the wall block contains two front surfaces. 16. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the wall block contains two side surfaces. 17. The wall in the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the concrete filling is reinforced with a spatial reinforcing cage.

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