RU2286206C1 - The high-temperature reactor reaction chamber - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: petrochemical industry; devices for the high-temperature reprocessing of the raw oil, oil shales, peat, paper, board, domestic and agricultural wastes.

SUBSTANCE: the invention is pertaining to the devices intended for the high-temperature reprocessing of the raw oil, and also the shales, peat, paper, board, agricultural wastes and the domestic waste. The reaction chamber of the high-temperature reactor has the water-cooled body opened from both butts. In the internal volume of the body there is the chamber of the pyrolysis (4), the hardening chamber (5) and the sparger, which has been made with the capability of the water sputtering in the hardening chamber (5). The reaction chamber is supplied with the injectors (8) and the enveloping the body first toroidal collector (12) for the gas feeding and the second toroidal collector (15) for feeding of the reprocessing stock into the injectors (8). The body consists of two parts, the first of which is made in the form of the cone. The smaller diameter conical part (1) is adjoined with the cylindrical part (2), which diameter exceeds the greater diameter of the conic part (1). The sparger is made in the form of the parallel small pipes (3) orientated in the plane, which is perpendicular to the axis of the body, and dividing its volume into the pyrolysis chamber (4) and the hardening chamber (5). The small pipes (3) in their middle have the section salient towards the conical part (1). The small pipes have the holes (7) orientated towards the hardening chamber (50. The injectors (8) are evenly distributed along the circumference. Their outlet nozzles (9) are located in the pyrolysis chamber (4), and the inlet nozzles (10) are connected to the first toroidal collector (12). In the lateral wall of each injector (8) there is the channel (14) connected to the second collector (15). The outlet nozzles (9) of the injectors (8) can be located both in the conical part (1) of the body, and in its cylindrical part (2). The invention expands the technological capabilities of the process.

EFFECT: the invention ensures expansion of the technological capabilities of the process.

3 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to devices designed for high-temperature processing of petroleum feedstocks (oil, heavy oil, fuel oil, natural bitumen, tar). The device also allows the processing of shale crushed to a finely dispersed state, peat, paper, cardboard, agricultural waste (organic), household waste (polyethylene, biomass).

Known reactor for the processing of hydrocarbons [RF Patent 2206387, publ. 06/20/2003], which includes a reaction chamber, including a pyrolysis chamber and a quenching chamber. The reaction chamber has a water-cooled cylindrical body. The processed raw materials are fed into the pyrolysis chamber through openings in tubes oriented parallel to the axis of the casing. The working fluid - gas heated to a temperature of 1500-2000 ° C - enters the pyrolysis chamber by axial flow. The quenching chamber is made in the form of an expanding nozzle, into the internal volume of which pyrolysis products and water cooling the walls of the body enter. The main disadvantage of this device is the coking of the holes of the tubes and the walls of the chamber, which reduces the overhaul period.

As a prototype, a reactor was selected to produce acetylene from hydrocarbons [RF Patent 2087185, publ. 08/20/97], having a reaction chamber with a water-cooled body. A mixture of methane and oxygen is ignited by a burner, and the oxidative pyrolysis reaction occurs in a lined pyrolysis chamber. The reaction products enter the quenching chamber, which is an annular cavity formed by two coaxial bushings. The inner sleeve is also a flow divider. Water is injected through the channel in the inner sleeve into the quenching chamber.

The main disadvantage of the prototype is its limited capabilities, because intended only for the processing of gaseous hydrocarbons.

The basis of the invention is the task of expanding technological capabilities, namely, the creation of a device capable of processing oil raw materials (oil, heavy oil, fuel oil, natural bitumen, tar) and obtaining light fractions of hydrocarbon fuel. The same device should be able to process shale crushed to a finely dispersed state, peat, paper, cardboard, agricultural waste (organic), household waste (polyethylene, biomass).

The problem is solved by changing the design.

The inventive reaction chamber of a high temperature reactor has a water-cooled open from the ends of the body. In the internal volume of the housing there is a pyrolysis chamber, a quenching chamber and a divider, made with the possibility of spraying water into the quenching chamber. The invention differs from the prototype in that the reaction chamber is equipped with nozzles and a first toroid collector for supplying gas and a second toroid collector for supplying the processed raw material to the nozzles enclosing the housing. The housing consists of two parts, the first of which has the shape of a cone. The smaller diameter of the conical part is adjacent to the cylindrical part, the diameter of which exceeds the larger diameter of the conical part. The divider is made in the form of parallel tubes oriented in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the housing and dividing its volume into a pyrolysis chamber and a quenching chamber. The tubes in the middle have a portion locally curved towards the conical part. Holes are made in the tubes, oriented towards the quenching chamber. Nozzles are evenly distributed on a circle. Their outlet nozzles are located in the pyrolysis chamber, and the inlet nozzles are connected to the first toroidal collector. A channel is connected in the side wall of each nozzle connected to the second collector. The nozzle exit nozzles can be located both in the conical part of the body and in the cylindrical part.

In more detail, the invention is disclosed in the example below and is illustrated by the drawing, which schematically shows the inventive device.

The reaction chamber is one of the main components of a high temperature reactor. The reaction chamber has an open shell at both ends with a cooling jacket. The housing consists of two parts - the conical part 1 and the cylindrical part 2. The conical part 1 narrows toward the cylindrical part 2, i.e. the cylindrical part 2 adjoins the smaller diameter of the conical part 1. The diameter of the cylindrical part 2 significantly exceeds the larger diameter of the conical part 1. The open end of the conical part 1 of the body (larger diameter of the cone) is designed to supply a working fluid. The open end of the cylindrical part 2 is designed to exit the pyrolysis products. The open ends of the vessel may be provided with flanges for connection with other nodes of the high-temperature reactor.

In the cylindrical part 2 of the housing, closer to the output end, a divider is placed, which is made in the form of tubes 3. The tubes 3 are parallel to each other and oriented in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the housing. They separate the internal volume of the reaction chamber into the pyrolysis chamber 4 and the quenching chamber 5. The tubes 3, at least a portion of the tubes located closer to the axis of the chamber, have a section 6 in the middle, locally, preferably radially, curved towards the conical part 1. In the tubes 3 holes 7 are made, oriented towards the hardening chamber, i.e. towards the output end of the housing. Tubes 3 are connected to a water supply manifold.

The reaction chamber is equipped with nozzles 8 for inputting raw materials. They are made in the form of jet pumps and are evenly distributed around the circumference and their output nozzles 9 can be located in the pyrolysis chamber — either in the conical part, as shown in the drawing, or in the cylindrical part. The longitudinal axis of each nozzle 8 can be oriented at an angle to the axis of the body of the reaction chamber. The nozzle tilt angles are the same. The output nozzles 9 of each nozzle are configured to feed the feed into the pyrolysis chamber in the direction in which the flow of the working fluid is. The inlet nozzles 10 of each nozzle 8 are located on its axis and the nozzles 11 are connected to the first manifold 12, intended for supplying a transporting reagent gas. In the side walls of the nozzles 8, holes 13 are made for the supply of processed raw materials. These openings by nozzles 14 are connected to a second collector 15 for supplying prepared raw materials. Both collectors 12 and 15 are toroidal and enclosing the body of the reaction chamber from the outside.

The reaction chamber operates as follows.

The working fluid, namely the products of combustion of a combustible hydrocarbon with an oxidizing agent (oxygen or air), at a temperature of 1200-1600 ° C is supplied to the body of the reaction chamber, namely to the pyrolysis chamber 4. In the case of processing liquid raw materials, it enters nozzle nozzles 8 under pressure from the second collector 15. When processing solid raw materials (the above-mentioned slates, peat, paper, cardboard, etc.), it is preliminarily crushed to a finely dispersed state and also fed into nozzles of nozzles 8 from the second collector 15. The particle size of the sprayed raw materials from 2 to 150 microns, preferably from 2 to 5 microns. In nozzles 8, the feed is picked up by the gas stream supplied from the first collector 12 and sprayed through nozzles 9 in the internal volume of the pyrolysis chamber, for example, in its conical part. The temperature in the pyrolysis chamber is 550-700 ° C. High-speed heating occurs here, accompanied by the destruction of high molecular weight components. When leaving the conical part, the reagents enter the expanded cylindrical part of the pyrolysis chamber. In this case, the pressure drops sharply, and the speed increases. Due to turbulent and cavitation processes in the cylindrical part of the pyrolysis chamber, further destruction of high molecular weight components occurs. These processes are further enhanced by the passage of the flows of the zone of location of the tubes 3, especially from the curved part 6. There is a reflection of the flows and their additional twisting. Bending in the tubes 3 plays an additional positive role, since it allows you to compensate for the thermal expansion of the tubes.

Then, the products of pyrolysis through the gaps between the tubes 3 fall into the quenching chamber 5. The water sprayed from the holes 7 turns into steam, the temperature of the vapor-gas mixture decreases to 350 ° C, and the pyrolysis process is stopped. The separation of the resulting mixture is carried out in the traditional way.

Thus, during operation of the device, the following products can be obtained:

- during the processing of heavy petroleum products and the supply of hydrogen or combustible gas (methane, propane-butane) to the nozzle, light fractions of hydrocarbons, ethylene, propylene, are obtained,

- when using solid dispersed materials (peat, sawdust, etc.) as a raw material and supplying air to the nozzle, synthesis gas is obtained (the basis for producing gasoline), in addition, a carbon-like residue (carbon black) is obtained,

- when using solid dispersed materials (peat, sawdust, etc.) as a raw material and feeding combustion gases (hydrogen, propane-butane, methane) to the nozzle, light hydrocarbon fractions are obtained, in addition, a carbon-like residue (carbon black) is obtained ,

- when using water as a raw material and feeding methane to the nozzle, synthesis gas is obtained.

The technological capabilities of the reaction chamber are not limited to the above examples.

Claims (3)

1. The reaction chamber of a high-temperature reactor, having a water-cooled case open from the ends, in the inner volume of which there is a pyrolysis chamber, a quenching chamber and a divider, configured to spray water into the quenching chamber, characterized in that it is equipped with nozzles and a first toroidal collector for enclosing the housing for gas supply and a second toroidal collector for supplying raw materials to the nozzles, the housing consists of two parts, the first of which has the shape of a cone, to a smaller diameter of which the cylindrical part is pressed, the diameter of which exceeds the larger diameter of the conical part, the divider is made in the form of parallel tubes oriented in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the body, and dividing its volume into the pyrolysis chamber and the quenching chamber, the tubes in the middle have a section curved towards the conical part, in the tubes have holes oriented toward the quenching chamber, the nozzles are evenly distributed around the circumference, their outlet nozzles are located in the pyrolysis chamber, and the inlet nozzles are connected to the first toroidal ollektorom in the side wall of each nozzle channel is formed connected to the second collector. 2. The reaction chamber according to claim 1, characterized in that the outlet nozzles of the nozzles are located in the conical part of the housing. 3. The reaction chamber according to claim 1, characterized in that the outlet nozzles of the nozzles are located in the cylindrical part of the housing.