RU2285809C1 - Heat engine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering; heat engines.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to heat engines employing Rankine cycle in operation. Novelty is that monoblock structure is used divided by steam turbine into two parts, steam generator and condenser, which considerably reduces weight and overall dimensions of heat engine.

EFFECT: provision of heat engine featuring best qualities of steam-turbine power plants and internal combustion engine, such as simple design, high reliability, light weight and high efficiency.

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Description

The invention relates to heat engines (TD) operating on the Rankine cycle, using a change in the parameters of the working fluid: volume, temperature and pressure with a cyclic transition of fluid into steam during the movement of the working fluid in a hermetically closed circuit. The invention can be used in different terrestrial temperature conditions to create compact, low-noise engines.

The history of the creation of heat engines goes back to antiquity. It is generally believed [1] that the first prototype of such an engine is a device called "eolipil", created by an outstanding scientist and inventor of the 1st century. BC. Heron of Alexandria. It was a hollow ball, partially filled with water, which had two protruding diametrically opposite curved tubes. When a fire was made under such a vessel, the water in it boiled, steam flowed through these pipes (steam lines) into the atmosphere, causing the ball to rotate. In essence, this device is nothing more than a steam jet turbine.

However, the practical useful use of heat for performing mechanical work began much later, in the 16th century, first for pumping water from deep wells in the extraction of coal and other minerals.

The first universal heat engine was created in 1764 in Russia by I.I. Polzunov and at about the same time by D. Watt in England. Water vapor became the first working fluid. However, the first steam engines were extremely bulky and had a low efficiency. The rotational speed of such machines was limited due to the inertial forces acting on the piston. The efficiency of even the best steam engines has never exceeded 20%.

In 1883, K. Laval, abandoning the piston, created the first heat engine based on a steam turbine. The steam turbine was devoid of the above disadvantages. For 40 years after birth, power plants based on steam turbines have been continuously improved and began to form the basis of a large energy industry. The advantages of steam turbines are particularly pronounced precisely at high power.

However, in the field of low power, a satisfactory engine with a steam turbine was never created. This place in low energy was taken by N. Otto and R. Diesel internal combustion engines, which are characterized by a relatively high efficiency and lower specific gravity per unit of generated power, despite the fact that they also were characterized by the disadvantages of reciprocating steam engines: complexity of design and large inertia loads arising from the reciprocating movement of the pistons.

The closest in technical essence to the claimed device is a steam-powered installation based on a steam turbine [2, p. 266, Fig. 11.5]. The specified installation includes a steam boiler, steam turbine, condenser, water pump. Each of these nodes is a separate unit, which are sequentially interconnected via pipelines.

This device has the disadvantages of all industrially manufactured steam power plants with steam turbines: large weight and dimensions, which does not allow their use in low power.

To ensure the possibility of applying a highly efficient steam turbine in low energy, a compact heat engine is proposed.

The specified technical result is achieved by performing a heat engine in the form of a single unit in one housing, divided by a steam turbine into two parts: a steam generator and a condenser, while the steam generator consists of successively arranged chambers: air, gas and steam (high pressure), separated heat-conducting partitions, the first two connected with each other and each having one connection with the atmosphere for fresh air intake and exhaust gas, and the condenser consists of two chambers: steam (low pressure) and air, separated by a heat-conducting partition, while the fan impeller is made in the form of gear spokes mounted on the turbine shaft, which is also the drive of the feed and fuel pumps.

The scheme of the claimed TD is shown in the drawing. TD includes a steam turbine - a blade machine with rotational movement of the working body - the rotor with a continuous working process that converts the energy of the supplied working fluid - steam into mechanical work. In the drawing, a steam turbine is presented in the form of a turbine wheel 6 with blades 28, a turbine shaft 5. The enclosure for the turbine is the enclosing walls of the condenser 24 and the heat chamber 22, the crankcase 14 and other nodes. All TD elements located to the left of the steam turbine (turbine wheel 6) can conditionally be attributed to a steam generator - a device where high-pressure steam is generated. All elements located to the right of the steam turbine (turbine wheel 6) can conditionally be attributed to a condenser - a device where exhausted (low pressure) steam comes after the turbine and where it is cooled and condensed.

For cooling and condensation of steam after the turbine, as well as for supplying air for burning fuel, a blower (axial) fan is provided in the TD - a device that creates excess air pressure, which is an impeller 4 with blades (fan impeller) 23. Wheel 4 is mounted on a shaft 5.

A feed pump (hydraulic pump) 12 is provided for supplying a working fluid (condensate) to the TD.

In order to reduce the weight and size of the AP, the elements (parts) of the claimed heat engine are structurally performed so that they can combine several functions at the same time. Therefore, devices for different purposes in the AP have the same details. So, the wheel 4 performs the function of a gear (gear) to transmit movement to other mechanisms through gears 3 and 10 (for this, the wheel 4 is equipped with teeth), in addition, the same wheel 4 performs the function of the impeller of the fan for pumping air (for this spoke 23 wheels 4 are made in the form of fan blades).

TD has a housing 1 for mounting the engine and connecting all its parts. A starter 2 with gear 3 for starting the TD and an inductor 7 for generating high voltage current is fixed on the housing. When starting up, gear 3 engages with gear 4, which is rigidly mounted on the shaft 5 of the turbine wheel (rotor of the steam turbine) 6. To increase the efficiency of heat use in a real AT, several turbine wheels 6 and nozzle blades can be installed in series.

The inductor 7 is connected to the spark plugs 8 with high voltage wires 9. The gear 4 is constantly engaged with the gear 10 sitting on the shaft 11 of the hydraulic pump (feed pump) 12. In the lower part of the housing there is a crankcase 14 with a working fluid 13 in the form of a liquid, such as water.

Pipelines 15 connect the hydraulic pump (feed pump) 12 to the atomizers 16 located in the evaporation chamber (the chamber where the working fluid is converted to high pressure steam) 17. The fuel pump 18 is connected via a shaft 19 to the hydraulic pump (feed pump) 12, and the pipes 20 are connected with nozzles 21 installed in the heat chamber (in the chamber where air is mixed with fuel and the latter is burned) 22.

The spokes 23 of the gear 4 are made in the form of an impeller (or blades) of a blower fan designed to supply air to the air chamber (“cold”) 40 for cooling the condenser 24 and then supply it through the air channels, through the air chamber (“hot”) 25 of the steam generator into the heat chamber 22 for burning fuel.

The casing of the air chamber 25 is equipped inside with guides for swirling the air flow and a nozzle 26 for introducing this flow into the heat chamber 22. The common spherical wall 27 between the chambers 17 and 22 is corrugated and made of high-strength material with high thermal conductivity for better heat transfer.

The surface of the septum 24 separating the air chamber 40 and the condenser chamber 30 performs the function of a condenser — a heat exchanger for cooling and the transition of the working fluid from vapor to liquid (steam to condensate).

The spherical gas chamber 33, equipped with a pipe 32 for exhaust gas, has a common spherical wall with an air chamber 25, which provides air heating by cooling the exhaust gases. The casing 31 is also equipped with guides for swirling the flow of exhaust gases.

The support disk 34 of the housing 1 is equipped with thermal insulation 35 and the gland 36 to reduce heat loss.

The crane 39 is designed to control the flow of fuel into the fuel pump 18.

The engine operates as follows. To start the TD, the starter 2 is turned on and its gear 3 is brought into engagement with gear 4. The shaft of the turbine wheel (rotor of the steam turbine) 6 starts to rotate. At the same time, the high voltage current exciter is switched on - the inductor 7 and sparks are generated in the glow plugs 8 connected to the inductor by wires 9.

Gear 4 through gear 10 rotates the shaft 11 of the hydraulic pump (feed pump) 12, which delivers under high pressure hydraulic fluid 13 from the crankcase 14 through pipelines 15 to the nozzles 16 and sprays it in the evaporation chamber 17. At the same time, the fuel pump 18 is driven a shaft 19 connected to a hydraulic pump (feed pump) 12. Through pipelines 20, fuel is supplied to the nozzles 21 and sprayed in the heat chamber 22, where the fuel is mixed with air and the working mixture ignites from candles 8.

By rotating the gear 4, the spokes 23 of which are made in the form of a fan impeller, an air stream is created, which enters the air chamber (“cold”) 40 and blows the outer surface of the condenser 24, cooling the latter, and then the heated air through the passages (channels) in the housing 1 sent to the air chamber ("hot") 25, where it is twisted, heated by the heat of the exhaust gases and exits through the pipe 26 into the heat chamber 22. In this chamber, the rotating air stream is mixed with atomized fuel. This mixture ignites, and the flame of the burning fuel is directed to the corrugated surface of the wall 27 located between the chambers 22 and 17. The wall 27 is heated, and the working fluid supplied to it in the form of a sprayed liquid (working fluid, for example water) 13 in the chamber 17 (in fact steam generator) evaporates, turning into steam. With an increase in the speed of rotation of the shaft 5 of the AP from the starter 2, the air and fuel supply to the heat chamber 22 and the amount of working fluid (working fluid) to the chamber 17 increase, the heating of the wall 27 and the evaporation of the working fluid (working fluid) in this chamber increase. The vapor pressure in the evaporation chamber 17 increases and its speed passes into the condenser chamber 30 through the passages 29 in the housing 1 and the blades 28 of the turbine wheel (turbine rotor) 6. In the chamber 30, the exhaust steam is cooled on the wall 24 (the condenser itself), condenses, and the working the body in the form of liquid already flows down the inner walls of the capacitor 24 into the crankcase 14.

The exhaust gases from the heat chamber 22 are forced into the gas chamber 33 by heated air, where the guides of the heat-insulating casing 31 receive a rotational movement, are cooled, giving heat to the air flow through the walls of the air chamber 25, and exit into the atmosphere through the pipe 32.

Heat losses during its transfer from the chamber 17 to the condenser chamber 30 are reduced due to the use of thermal insulation 35 of the support disk 34 and gaskets 36 and 37, which seal the rims of the turbine wheel 6. Thanks to the jacket 38, heat losses to the atmosphere from the housing 1 are reduced

When the TD warms up, its turbine wheel begins to rotate with the steam of the working fluid, while the starter 2 and the inductor 7 are turned off, and the engine is controlled by the fuel supply by the valve 39.

The current design of the TD allows you to use well-known methods of complete combustion of fuel in a heat chamber, for example, use heat-resistant grids, as well as use well-known techniques and materials to improve heat transfer between chambers and spheres.

The absence of reciprocating movement and the components and parts necessary for this allows to reduce noise and vibration, as well as to increase the reliability and durability of the AP.

The possibility of using various fuels and working fluids with this design expands the scope of TD use, and the availability of proven designs of steam-air turbines and established production facilities for their manufacture give a good prospect for introducing the inventive engine.

Simplicity and a small number of moving parts is also an advantage of this design TD. The relationship between the dimensions of the chambers, casings and spheres will be specified as a result of thermal calculation and selection of materials of individual parts.

Information sources

1. Moravsky A.V., Fine M.A. Fire in a harness. - M.: Knowledge, 1990 (The Life of Great Ideas). - 192 p.

2. Kirillin V.A., Sychev V.V., Sheindlin A.E. Technical thermodynamics. - M .: Energoatomizdat, 1983, 416 p.

Claims (1)

A heat engine operating according to the Rankine cycle and containing a steam turbine, a steam generator, a condenser, a blower fan, feed and fuel pumps, characterized in that the engine is made in the form of a single closed casing, divided by a steam turbine into two parts: a steam generator and a condenser, while the steam generator consists of sequentially located chambers: air, gas and steam (high pressure), separated by heat-conducting partitions, the first two of them are interconnected and have each with an atmosphere for intake of fresh air and exhaust gas, and the condenser consists of two chambers: steam (low pressure) and air, separated by a heat-conducting partition, while the fan impeller is made in the form of gear spokes mounted on the turbine shaft, which is simultaneously driven feed and fuel pumps.