RU2278937C2 - Laminated structure - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: protection devices, particularly structures to protect vehicles and stationary devices against tamper, including terroristic acts.

SUBSTANCE: laminated structure comprises solid body and protective means formed of heat-resistant material and phase-changeable material, which may absorb heat. The protective means is located in the body. Two layers of highly rigid non-metallic material and layer of porous material having compressive strength of not less than 1.5 MPa and percent elongation in compression of not less than 20% are included in the laminated structure. Heat-resistant layer is applied to one surface, namely outer surface with respect to object to be protected, of highly rigid non-metallic layer. The protective means are united in single layer and arranged on inner side of the first layer of highly rigid non-metallic material. Substrate comprising at least two layers abuts the protective means. The substrate includes the first layer made of material with percent elongation of not less than 20% and tensile strength of 100÷360 MPa and the second layer made of material with percent elongation of not less than 25% and tensile strength of not less than 370 MPa. Layer of porous material is arranged between the substrate and the second layer of highly rigid non-metallic material. All layers are covered with layer of resilient non-metallic material.

EFFECT: improved protective properties, increased bullet-proofness and resistance to arc-jet cutters.

2 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to means of protecting transport and stationary devices from unauthorized influences, including terrorist acts, and can be used in various fields of technology and industry: in nuclear, mechanical engineering, banking, etc.

Known fireproof container (US patent No. 3709169, IPC E 05 G 1/2, NKI 109-29, publ. 09/01/1973), designed to protect valuable items, such as securities, from fire or intense heat. Thermal insulation is provided inside the container, consisting of an outer layer of heat-resistant material, such as ceramic fiber, and an inner layer of absorbent material, such as glass paper, saturated with water. The inner layer is placed in a waterproof casing, for example, made of polyethylene, which is destroyed by exposure to elevated temperatures. As a rule, ventilation devices allow steam, which is formed under the influence of intense heat in the inner layer of thermal insulation, to go inside the tank and causes a further slowdown in temperature by absorbing heat. Ventilation devices provide a slow exit of steam from the tank through the channel formed between the lid and the container itself, which slows the spread of heat inward through this channel. In a preferred embodiment, water-saturated elongated fibrous absorbent material is located between the outer frame and the inner container, in a place subject to heat transfer at high speed, for example, along the rack between the outer frame and the inner container. The disadvantages of such protection are:

- the possibility of evaporation of water through openings in the casing formed during mechanical damage, which during subsequent heating will not slow down the temperature increase by absorbing heat from the process of vaporization, thereby deteriorating heat-shielding properties and eliminating the possibility of reuse of protection;

- the container is not resistant to the complex effects of various hacking tools (mechanical, bullet, thermal).

Known heat-shielding housing for the protection of one of several heat-sensitive products from exposure to elevated ambient temperatures (application Germany No. 3432789, IPC G 12 B 17/06, publ. 04.11.1985). A heat-sensitive product or several such products are placed in the inner cavity of the outer frame. On the surface of the first inner cavity, a first thermal insulator in the form of a thermo-facing is distributed, creating a second inner cavity. The heat-sensitive product is held at a distance from the walls of the second internal cavity. The first thermal insulator is made of a solid substance that retains its state when exposed to an elevated ambient temperature. At least a portion of the second inner cavity is occupied by a second thermal insulator in which the thermally sensitive products to be protected are housed as in a casing. At a certain temperature, the second thermal insulator passes from solid to liquid. The phase transition temperature is selected so that the second thermal insulator remains in the solid state, until the case is exposed to elevated temperature. With increasing ambient temperature, the thermal insulator goes into a liquid state.

The disadvantage of this heat-shielding enclosure is the following:

- with a complex effect on the body of damaging factors (lumbago, drilling, followed by heating, etc.), a rapid leakage of a liquid thermal insulator from the body can occur and the heat-shielding properties of the body deteriorate sharply.

A fire safe is known (UK application No. 2168402, IPC E 05 G 1/00, publ. 06/18/1986). The safe contains a container and a lid. Each of the elements has an outer casing, an inner lining and an intermediate insulating layer of resistant and refractory material. The inner lining has a filler made of a phase-changing material, such as paraffin, which has the property of absorbing heat.

The disadvantages of the known device are:

- inability to withstand influences in the form of a cross, various mechanical means of hacking;

- reduced heat-shielding properties during mechanical damage to structural elements due to the possible embrace of heat-resistant material and leakage of material that changes the phase state when heated;

- a change in the phase state of the material is associated with a change in its volume, which can lead to damage or destruction of the safe itself, since it does not provide structural elements that exclude or reduce this effect.

Safe fire protection on the application of the UK No. 2168402 selected as a prototype.

The challenge facing the authors of the invention is to develop reliable protection of the object from the complex effects of hacking tools such as mechanical type (drills, milling cutters, cutting wheels, etc.), autogenous, electric arc cutter, backache, including fire.

The technical result of the proposed solution is to increase the protective properties of the layered structure by creating the effect of a floating layer, leading to a decrease in damage to the internal layers of the structure, which can withstand the mechanical effects and the effects of small arms bullets, high-temperature fire with a temperature of up to 1000 ° C for one hour or more, local effects of high temperatures, and due to the introduction into the structure and a certain arrangement in it of two new layers (one layer is made of highly hard metal material, the second - from non-metallic elastic material), which allows to achieve high protective properties under the sequential action of small arms bullets and mechanical hacking tools (primarily drills, milling cutters).

The technical result is achieved by the fact that two layers of a high-hard non-metallic material and a layer of a porous material with compressive strength are not inserted into a layered structure containing a durable housing in which protection is made of a heat-resistant material and a material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat less than 1.5 MPa and a relative elongation in compression of not less than 20%, on the outer side of one of the layers of high hard non-metallic material, relative to the protected object, is installed a layer of heat-resistant material, the protection is combined into a single layer and installed on the inner side of the first layer of high-hard non-metallic material, a substrate of at least two layers is installed close to the protection, the first is made of a material with an elongation of at least 20%, tensile strength from 100 up to 360 MPa, the second - from a material with a relative elongation of not more than 25%, tensile strength not less than 370 MPa, a layer of porous material is located between the substrate and the second layer of high-hard non-metallic material a, all layers are surrounded by a layer of elastic non-metallic material, such as putty, elastomer or rubber, while the thicknesses of the layers are selected in the following ratios:

h ₁ = (0.025-0.3) h ₂ , h ₃ = (1-20) h ₁ , h ₄ = (0.15-0.5) h ₂ , h ₅ = (0.25-2) h ₄

h ₆ = (0.4-1) h ₂ , h ₇ = (0.5-2) h ₆ ,

Where

h ₁ - the thickness of the layer of heat-resistant material;

h ₂ - the thickness of the first layer of high hard non-metallic material;

h ₃ - the thickness of the protective layer of heat-resistant material and material; changing the phase state and having the property to absorb heat;

h ₄ is the thickness of the substrate;

h ₅ - the thickness of the layer of elastic non-metallic material;

h ₆ is the thickness of the layer of porous material;

h ₇ - the thickness of the second layer of high hard non-metallic material.

Resistance to small arms bullets and mechanical hacking tools (drills, milling cutters, cutting wheels, etc.) is achieved by the fact that two layers of high-hard non-metallic material are introduced into the layered structure, a substrate mounted to it from the inside through a protection layer, and a layer of porous material. A layer of solid non-metallic material crushes the bullet and extinguishes its energy, and the substrate adjacent to it stops the entire stream of fragments caused by the fragmentation of the bullet and solid layer. The layer of porous material due to its high damping properties protects against damage the second layer of solid non-metallic material during mechanical shock from the side of the substrate when exposed to bullets. The safety of the second layer of high-hard non-metallic material is important to ensure the stability of the layered structure during the subsequent exposure (after exposure to bullets) to various mechanical means (drills, milling cutters, cutting wheels, etc.). Moreover, this resistance is maintained when exposed to a high-temperature fire and local heating during autogenous or electric arc cutting due to the protection installed on the inner side of the high-hard non-metallic layer. Protection during heating changes its phase state, intensively absorbs heat and thereby protects the substrate from melting or thermal degradation. In this case, the geometric dimensions (volume) of the protection are practically unchanged. This is achieved due to the fact that the protection has microinhomogeneities associated with the presence of two phases in it - fibers and matrix. This eliminates structural damage to the layered structure as a result of a phase transition of the material. Heat is removed through channels through valves located in the housing of the layered structure. Protection from a heat-resistant material and a material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat is combined into a single layer, which, in addition to the above function, in combination with a layer of heat-resistant material installed on the outside of the layer of high-hard non-metallic material, eliminates thermal shock on the specified high hard layer when exposed to fire, autogenous or electric arc torch having a high local heating rate. Thus, a layer of high hard non-metallic material is protected from cracking during sharp temperature changes. The substrate is made of at least two layers, the layer directly adjacent to the high-hardness layer through protection, has such physical and mechanical characteristics (elongation and tensile strength) that compensate for their lack of a high-hardness layer. The subsequent layer of the substrate has characteristics that limit the deformation of the entire substrate as a whole and can finally inhibit the flow of fragments from the destroyed bullet and from fragments formed in the local area of the bullet. The selection of the claimed layers with the indicated characteristics, their relative position and the choice of layer thickness creates the effect of a floating body - mobility when applied. Due to this, the layered structure is resistant to the effects of various hacking tools of a mechanical type (drills, mills, cutting wheels, disks). At the same time, due to alternating impacts from the side of the layer of high hard non-metallic material, the tool is damaged or completely destroyed. The indicated mobility of the elements of the layered structure is achieved due to the fact that all its layers are surrounded by a layer of elastic non-metallic material. Moreover, the thickness h _{5 of the} elastic layer is connected with the thickness h _{4 of the} substrate in such a way as to ensure the necessary value of the course (amplitude) of the layered structure and the strength of elasticity (impact), comparable or greater strength of the cracking tool. When reducing the thickness of the elastic layer from the claimed value of the impact force may increase, but the amplitude will decrease. Tool breakage may not occur. And, on the contrary, with a significant increase in the indicated thickness, the amplitude increases and the impact force decreases, which also may not lead to tool breakage. The thickness of the substrate h _{4 is} selected in such a way as to compensate for the tensile strength that is missing in the first high-hard layer of non-metallic material, to capture the resulting fragments and limit the deformation of subsequent structural elements of the layered structure. With a decrease in the thickness of the substrate in comparison with the claimed one, severe destruction of the high-hard non-metallic layer and through penetration of the substrate and the entire layered structure are possible. With its significant thickening, its partial melting is possible, since the thickness of the protection may not be enough to have time to remove heat from the substrate layers. In addition, the dimensions and mass of the layered structure increase.

The thickness of the layer _of protection h ₃ from a heat-resistant material and a material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat, is selected from the condition of sufficiency to remove heat from the substrate and eliminate heat shock to a high-hard layer of non-metallic material. If you increase its thickness compared to the claimed, the contact of the substrate with the first highly hard layer will deteriorate. This layer will be easily destroyed by mechanical shock or firing by bullets due to the absence of removal of tensile stresses from it from the side of the substrate layers. Reducing the specified thickness of the protection leads to the melting or thermal destruction of the layers of the substrate, as well as to cracking of the first high-hard layer, which is unacceptable.

The thickness h _{2 of the} first layer of high hard non-metallic material is selected from the condition of providing the necessary resistance to small arms bullets. This value acts as an initial parameter when constructing a layered structure.

The thickness h _{1 of a} layer of heat-resistant material is selected from the condition of providing prolonged smooth heating of the first layer of high-hard non-metallic material to prevent the formation of cracks in it during thermal shock.

In addition, additional resistance to autogenous effects is achieved due to clogging with thermal degradation products of the elastic non-metallic material surrounding the layered structure, to the action of the electric arc cutter - due to the strong adhesion (sticking) of thermal degradation products of the elastic non-metallic material to the electrode and opening of the electric circuit.

The increased resistance of the layered structure to mechanical cracking, especially after exposure to bullets, is provided by a second layer of highly hard non-metallic material, which retains its integrity after any previous mechanical influences. This is achieved by installing between the substrate and the second layer of high-hardness material a layer of porous material that protects the high-hardness layer from mechanical shock due to its high damping properties. The thickness h _{6 of the} porous layer is selected so as to exclude contact of the substrate deformable upon impact with the second layer of high hard material, i.e. it should be at least equal to the maximum value of the deformation of the substrate. The thickness h _{7 of the} second layer of high hard non-metallic material is selected from the condition of ensuring its non-destruction when the substrate is crushed by the porous layer.

It is important that the layered structure, due to the optimization of the design (selection of materials and their location - sequence), does not lose its protective properties even after exposure to a high-temperature fire (+ 1000 ° C for one or more hours), while the effect of the floating layer and the inner layers are not damaged.

Thus, the claimed technical solution provides reliable protection of the object from a high-temperature fire with a temperature of up to 1000 ° C for one hour or more, local exposure to high temperatures during autogenous or electric arc cutting, mechanical effects of various breaking tools (drills, milling cutters, cutting circles, etc.) .p.), the impact of small arms bullets, followed by mechanical hacking due to the safety of the second layer of high-hard non-metallic material, i.e. protects the object from complex effects.

In FIG. Figure 1 shows an example of a specific implementation of a layered structure, and Fig. 2 shows a picture of the interaction of hacking tools and damaging factors with a layered structure, where:

1 - layer of heat-resistant material;

2 - a layer of high hard non-metallic material;

3 - protection from heat-resistant material and material that changes the phase state and has the ability to absorb heat;

4 - substrate;

5 - the second layer of high hard non-metallic material;

6 - layer of porous material;

7 - a layer of elastic non-metallic material;

8 - durable case;

9 - channel for the removal of thermal energy and the gas component released from the layers of the structure;

10 - valve;

11 - a bullet;

12 - jet autogenous torch;

13 - electrode of an electric arc torch;

14 - drill (cutter);

15 - cutting wheel;

h ₁ - the thickness of the layer of heat-resistant material;

h ₂ - the thickness of the first layer of high hard non-metallic material;

h ₃ - the thickness of the protective layer of heat-resistant material and material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat;

h ₄ is the thickness of the substrate;

h ₅ - the thickness of the layer of elastic non-metallic material;

h ₆ is the thickness of the layer of porous material;

h ₇ - the thickness of the second layer of high hard non-metallic material.

The layered structure contains a robust housing 8, in which there is a protection 3 of a heat-resistant material and a material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat, layer 2 of a high-hard non-metallic material. On the outside of layer 2, layer 1 of heat-resistant material is installed. Protection 3 is a single layer and is installed on the inner side of the first layer 2 of a highly hard non-metallic material. Close to protection 3, a substrate 4 of at least two layers is installed, the first of a material with a relative elongation of at least 20%, tensile strength from 100 to 360 MPa, the second of a material with a relative elongation of not more than 25%, tensile strength not less than 370 MPa. A porous material layer 6 is sandwiched between the substrate 4 and the second layer 5 of highly solid non-metallic material. All layers are surrounded by a layer 7 of elastic non-metallic material, such as putty, elastomer or rubber.

The layered structure works as follows.

When exposed to a bullet 11, as a rule, a strong body 8 of a layered structure and a layer 7 of elastic non-metallic material breaks through. Even before the contact of the bullet 11c with the first layer 2 of a high hard non-metallic material, the entire structure of the layered structure receives mechanical disturbances in the form of vibrations. Therefore, at the first moment of contact with a layer 2 of high-hard non-metallic material, the bullet 11 experiences alternating shock loads of various intensities, which increase as it penetrates into layer 2. This leads to an increase in the process of destruction of the bullet 11 when it interacts with the first layer 2 of high-hard non-metallic material . Since layer 2 also experiences the same loads as bullet 11, accompanied either by compression or stretching, to remove tensile forces from it, on the one hand, a substrate layer 4 is made of a material with a relative elongation of at least 20%, tensile strength from 100 to 360 MPa. On the other hand, this layer significantly dampens the energy of the destroyed bullet 11 and the fragments of layer 2. Finally, the energy absorption of the bullet 11 and the fragments is performed by a substrate layer 4 of material with a relative elongation of not more than 25% and tensile strength of at least 370 MPa. This layer also limits the deformation of the layered structure under bullet action.

When exposed to the layered structure of mechanical hacking tools 14, 15 (tools: drill, cutter, cutting wheel, etc.), the following processes occur. Tools 14, 15 relatively easily reach the first layer 2 of a high hard non-metallic material. The moment of contact of the tools 14, 15 with the layer 2 due to the ease and a short period of time penetration through the durable housing 8 and the layer 9 of elastic non-metallic material is shock in nature with subsequent sharp braking. The following outcomes are possible:

- failure of tools 14, 13 due to the appearance of zones of plastic deformations in them;

- elastic deformation of the tools 12, 15, while the return of the tools 14, 15 to its original position drives the layer 2 in the direction of introduction of the tools 14, 15 into the layered structure, compression of the layer 7 of elastic non-metallic material and mechanical shock from the side of the layer 2 on tools 14.15. The process is repeated until the tools are completely destroyed.

The impact of the jet 12 of the autogenous cutter causes the destruction of the housing 8 and the thermal destruction of the layer 7 of an elastic non-metallic material. Thermal degradation products are washed out by the jet 12. Moreover, they settle on the working body (nozzle) of the autogenous cutter and clog its flow area. The autogenous cutter fails. The protection of the first layer 2 of high-hard non-metallic material from cracking during high-intensity thermal heating in the local zone is carried out by layer 1 of heat-resistant material, which allows to tighten the heating process of layer 2 and disperse the heat flux over a large area.

The electrode of the arc torch 13 melts the housing 8 and comes into contact with a layer 7 of elastic non-metallic material. The products of melting and thermal degradation of the layer 7 adhere to the working part of the electrode 13, the electric circuit opens, and the electric arc torch stops its operation. The electrode 13 cannot be restored due to the high adhesive strength of the melting products and thermal degradation of the layer 7.

In the event that the bullet 11 first acts on the layered structure, and then other breaking means, the following occurs. The first layer 2 of high-hard non-metallic material is destroyed, the substrate 4 is strongly deformed, the layer of porous material 6 is squeezed. The second layer 5 of high-hard non-metallic material retains its integrity. Moreover, the subsequent exposure to other hacking tools does not lead to the appearance of a through hole in the layered structure.

The effect of a high-temperature fire with a high heating rate practically does not damage the layered structure. Layer 2 of high-hard non-metallic material is protected from unacceptable heating by layer 1 of heat-resistant material and protection 3, which, in turn, absorbs heat due to the phase transition of the layer entering it, and thereby eliminates the melting or thermal degradation of substrate layers 4. Heat energy removal and the gas component released from the layers of the structure, into the environment occurs through the channels 9 through the valves 10.

As an example of a specific industrial implementation of the layered structure, the following implementation is proposed:

Rugged housing 8 is made of steel 30HGSA. In the housing 8 with a wall thickness of 3 mm, protection 3 with a thickness of h ₃ = 3 mm is made of heat-resistant glass material and a material based on an epoxy binder that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat. Layer 2 with a thickness of h ₂ = 14 mm is made of a high hard non-metallic material based on corundum ceramics. On the outside of layer 2, layer 1 is installed with a thickness of h ₁ = 1.5 mm from heat-resistant glass material. Protection 3 is installed on the inner side of the first layer 2 of high hard non-metallic material. Close to protection 3, a substrate 4 is installed with a thickness of h ₄ = 7 mm from two layers: the first is made of aluminum alloy with a relative elongation of 24%, tensile strength of 250 MPa, the second is made of steel with a relative elongation of 20%, tensile strength of 380 MPa. A layer 6 of a porous material with a thickness of h ₆ = 7 mm is located between the substrate 4 and the second layer 5 of a high-hard non-metallic material with a thickness of h ₇ = 7 mm. All layers are surrounded by a layer 9 with a thickness of h ₅ = 4 mm from an elastic non-metallic material based on rubber rubber. The thicknesses of the layers are selected in the following ratios:

h ₁ = 0.1h2, h ₃ = 2h ₁ , h ₄ = 0.5h ₂ , h ₅ = 0.57h ₄ , h ₆ = 0.5h ₂ , h ₇ = h ₆ .

The inventive design allows us to solve the problem of developing the protection of the object from the effects of hacking tools such as mechanical type (drills, milling cutters, cutting wheels, etc.), autogenous, electric arc cutter, backache, backache with subsequent exposure to mechanical means of breaking, and get the technical result in the form of increasing the protective properties of the layered structure by creating the effect of a floating layer and introducing into the design two new protective layers and their specific location in it, leading to a decrease in stated failures inner layers of the structure and to provide resistance to the complex effects of small arms bullets, mechanical breaking means, a high-temperature fire with temperature up to 1000 ° C for one hour or more and local effects of high temperatures and autogenous arc cutting torches.

The tests on the models confirmed the claimed technical result.

Claims (2)

1. A layered structure containing a durable housing, in which there is a protection made of a heat-resistant material and a material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat, characterized in that two layers of high-hard non-metallic material and a layer of porous material with strength at compression of not less than 1.5 MPa and relative elongation in compression of not less than 20%, on the outside of one of the layers of high hard non-metallic material with respect to the protected object is installed with made of heat-resistant material, the protection is combined into a single layer and installed on the inner side of the first layer of high-hard non-metallic material, a substrate of at least two layers is installed close to the protection, the first is made of a material with an elongation of at least 20%, tensile strength from 100 up to 360 MPa, the second - from a material with a relative elongation of not more than 25%, tensile strength not less than 370 MPa, a layer of porous material is located between the substrate and the second layer of high-hard non-metallic material, all layers are surrounded by a layer of elastic non-metallic material, with the layer thicknesses selected in the following ratios: h ₁ = (0.025-0.3) h ₂ ; h ₃ = (1-20) h ₁ ; h ₄ = (0.15-0.5) h ₂ ; h ₅ = (0.25-2) h ₄ ; h ₆ = (0.4-1.0) h ₂ ; h ₇ = (0.5-2) h ₆ , where h ₁ is the thickness of the layer of heat-resistant material; h ₂ - the thickness of the first layer of high hard non-metallic material; h ₃ - the thickness of the protective layer of heat-resistant material and material that changes the phase state and has the property to absorb heat; h ₄ is the thickness of the substrate; h ₅ - the thickness of the layer of elastic non-metallic material; h ₆ is the thickness of the layer of porous material; h ₇ - the thickness of the second layer of high hard non-metallic material. 2. The layered structure according to claim 1, characterized in that the elastic non-metallic material is a putty, elastomer or rubber.

Images