RU2269250C2 - Method for determining form ratio of standing tree trunks - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry, in particular, forest estimation and research works in logging enterprises, natural areas, closed woods, botanic gardens, dendrochores, and park forests.

SUBSTANCE: method involves measuring linear angle of two-sided angle in each cross-section of tree trunk to be measured, with rib of two-sided angle extending through sighting point and sides extending in parallel with tree trunk axis through opposite extreme visible points of tree trunk surface, at site of trunk cross-section to be measured; determining form ratios of tree trunk from formula:

where q is form ratio of tree trunk showing diameter ratio of upper and lower cross-sections of tree trunk to be measured, i.e., diameter of upper cross-section of tree trunk in parts of diameter of lower cross-section of tree trunk; α is two-sided angle measured by linear angle, whose rib is extending through sighting point and sides are extending in parallel with axis of tree trunk and through opposite extreme visible points of surface of tree trunk at site of tree trunk upper cross-section to be measured; φ is two-sided angle measured by linear angle, whose rib is extending through sighting point and sides are extending in parallel with axis of tree trunk and through opposite extreme visible points of tree trunk surface at site of lower tree trunk cross-section to be measured.

EFFECT: reduced labor intensity and safety of operations for measuring standing standard trees.

2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to forestry and can be used in leshozes, forest parks, reserves, reserves, botanical gardens and arboretums. The main area of application of the invention is forest taxation work, studies of the productivity of dendrocenoses and phytocenotic populations of woody plants, determination of the volume of tree trunks, especially rare woody plants included in the lists of specially protected species (Red Books, regional lists of rare and endangered plants), and trees with large scientific, natural-cognitive or historical value (giant trees, long-lived trees, record trees and other interesting trees).

There is a method of determining the maneuverability and shape of tree trunks (see textbooks "Forest taxation", author - academician VASKHNIL NP Anuchin / Moscow-Leningrad: Goslesbumizdat, 1952; Moscow: Forestry, 1977; Moscow: Forestry, 1982), according to which, on a previously felled tree (for this purpose, “model” trees are specially cut, that is, trees average in parameters of a given set of trees examined), direct measurements (with rulers, measuring forks) of cross-sectional diameters of wood trunk in various places along the length of the trunk (trunk diameters are usually measured at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the tree trunk, half the trunk length, 1/4 of the trunk length, 3/4 of the trunk length, in the root zone of the tree, etc. .) and then, by comparing the values of the indicated diameters, various indicators are found characterizing the length and shape of the tree trunk (absolute and relative run, trunk shape factors, ratio of trunk diameters at different heights, etc.). When measuring small trees (tree height not more than 5-7 m), this method is practically possible to carry out without cutting down model trees, while direct measurements of trunk diameters at various heights are performed on growing trees.

The disadvantage of this prototype method is that for its implementation it is necessary to cut the examined trees if their height is more than 5-7 m. Apply the specified prototype method to rare woody plants (Taxus cuspidata, Taxus baccata, Betula included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation maximowicziana, Magnolia obovata, Kalopanax septemlobus, Bothrocaryum controversum, Acer japonicum, Quercus dentata, Pinus pityusa, Juniperus excelsa, etc.) is practically impossible, since felling of these tree species is prohibited by law. In addition, when measuring tall trees (height more than 5-7 m) without felling, the implementation of this method requires considerable labor, since direct measurements of trunk diameters at various heights on growing tall trees are fraught with considerable difficulties, including difficulties in ensuring safety of the operator. Moreover, in the process of direct measurement of growing tall trees, the measured woody plants are at significant risk of injury (peeling of the bark, breaking of branches, etc.), especially for thin-bred rare species such as Taxus cuspidata, Taxus baccata, Bothrocaryum controversum, Magnolia obovata, etc. , and damage to woody plants is unacceptable in environmental terms. As indicated in the specialized literature (see. Forest Taxation / Semenyuta F.I. – Moscow: Goslesbumizdat, 1961, p. 40), in order to calculate the shape factor of the trunk of a growing tree, which is necessary to determine the species number, and from it the volume the trunk, it is required to measure the diameter at half the height of the trunk; since it is very difficult to measure this diameter in a growing tree, attempts are made to improve a special device - a dendrometer, with which it would be possible to easily measure the diameter at any height of the tree.

The purpose of the invention is the elimination of these drawbacks, reducing the complexity and ensuring the safety of measuring operations of growing tall trees, that is, providing the possibility of low-labor and safe measurement of growing tall trees, the possibility of low-cost remote measurements of the growing length and shape of tree trunks without cutting them, greening (harmonization with environmental requirements) measuring work.

The essence and distinguishing features of the developed method are illustrated by the following. For each tree to be measured, its type is determined and the diameter of the tree trunk at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the trunk and the height of the tree are measured according to the generally accepted method in forest taxation. Then, from the most convenient for sighting, an arbitrarily selected one point is sighted on a growing (standing) measured tree, while at the same time they are sighted at measured cross-sections of the trunk in various places along the length of the trunk (for example, at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the tree trunk, half the barrel length, 1/4 of the barrel length, 3/4 of the barrel length, in the butt zone, etc.). In this case, for each measured cross-section of the tree trunk, the linear angle of the dihedral angle is measured, the edge of which passes through the point of sight, and the faces (half-planes) of which are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk (for cases of vertically growing trees, the rolled edges are vertical) and pass through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface trunk in place of a measured cross section of a tree trunk. Then find the coefficients of the shape of the tree trunk by the formula;

where q is the coefficient of the shape of the tree trunk, it shows the ratio of the diameters of the upper and lower measured cross sections of the tree trunk, that is, it shows the value of the diameter of the upper cross section of the tree trunk in fractions of the diameter of the lower cross section of the tree trunk (in the forest taxation it is customary to correlate the trunk diameters to different places along its length to the diameter of the trunk at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the tree trunk);

α is the dihedral angle measured by a linear angle, the edge of which passes through the point of sight, and the faces (half-planes) of which are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk (for vertically growing trees, these faces are vertical) and pass through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk in the place of the upper measured transverse tree trunk sections;

φ is the dihedral angle measured by a linear angle, the edge of which passes through the point of sight, and the faces are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk (for vertically growing trees, these faces are vertical) and pass through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk in the place of the lower measured cross section of the trunk (in the forest taxation of the lower cross section is considered to be a section at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the trunk).

Example. During the tests of the developed method, various goniometer tools were used, while it was found out that the best tools for implementing the developed method are geodetic goniometer instruments: theodolites (for especially accurate measurements) and compasses (for measurements of practically sufficient accuracy). At the same time, the main factors determining the accuracy of the measuring work were determined, and a mathematical and statistical assessment of the accuracy of the developed method was made and its comparison with the prototype method. It was found that the accuracy of determining the shape factor of a tree trunk according to the developed method mainly depends on the mean square error of measuring the angle in one step and the size of the dihedral angle measured by the linear angle (see table 1), and the value of this angle depends on the diameter of the trunk of the tree being measured and on the distance from points of sight to the nearest point on the surface of the trunk of the tree being measured, which made it possible to draw up an auxiliary table for determining (when implementing the method) the limiting distances from the nearest point on the surface of the trunk of the measured tree to the installation site of the goniometric geodetic instrument, depending on the required accuracy of determining the shape factor of the tree trunk, on the thickness (diameter) of the trunk of the measured tree and on the level of accuracy of the used goniometric geodetic instrument, that is, the mean square error of measuring one angle reception (see table 2). The specified table was constantly used when choosing the installation site of the goniometric geodetic instrument. For particularly accurate measurements of dihedral angles by the described method, it is most expedient to use high-precision theodolites, in which the average square error of measuring the angle in one step does not exceed 5 arc seconds (theodolite T5, etc.).

The developed method was used in forest taxation work to determine the productivity of dendrocenoses with the participation of rare woody plants included in the lists of specially protected species (Red Book of the Russian Federation and others), and phytocenotic populations of woody plants forming these dendrocenoses (forest phytocenoses of the South Kuril and southern Mountain Crimea ) For each tree to be measured, its appearance was determined, and the diameter of the tree trunk at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the trunk and the height of the tree were measured by methods generally accepted in forest taxation. To measure the angles, a BG-1 geodetic compass was used, mounted on a long (up to the eye level of the operator) straight stick pointed at the lower end, which was installed in a convenient place for sighting parallel to the axis of the measured tree trunk (when measuring non-inclined, vertically growing trees, the stick was installed vertically ) At the same time, when choosing the installation location of the compass, we used the data from table 2, that is, we took into account the limiting distances from the point of sight to the nearest point on the surface of the trunk of the measured tree, which was performed in order to ensure the necessary accuracy in determining the shape factor of the tree trunk. When working in mountain forests, on the slopes, the compass was necessarily installed from the upland side of the measured tree (up the hill), as this provided the best view of the trunk of the measured tree. For the vast majority of measured trees, the compass was installed at a distance from the tree at which the relative error of the determined shape factor of one tree trunk was less than ± 3%, in all cases the indicated error for each trunk did not exceed ± 5%. Through diopters, bussoli (ophthalmic and subject) were alternately sighted at measured cross-sections of the trunk located in the following 2 locations along the length of the trunk: at a distance of 1.3 m from the base of the tree trunk and 1/2 of the trunk length. For each measured cross section of a tree trunk, the linear angle of the dihedral angle was measured, the faces (half-planes) of which were parallel to the axis of the tree trunk (for vertically growing trees, these faces were vertical) and passed through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk at the location of the measured cross section of the tree trunk , and the edge of the dihedral angle passed through the point of sight (the installation location of the compass). Then, after performing full-scale measurements, using the computer found the coefficients of the shape of the tree by the above formula.

The developed method made it possible to obtain previously unknown coefficients of the shape of a tree trunk (and based on them species numbers for determining the volume of tree trunks) in dendrocenoses of the South Kuril Islands with the participation of rare species in phytocenotic populations of dominants (Abies sachalinensis, Picea ajanensis, Picea glehnii, Betula ermanii, Ainus hirsuta, Fraxinus mandshurica, Ulmus laciniata, Ulmus japonica, Acer mayrii etc. sachalinense et al.), as well as in dendrocenoses of southern G Crimea with the participation of rare species in the phytocenotic populations of dominants (Pinus pallasiana, Quercus pubescens, Quercus pttraea, Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica, Fagus orientalis, Fraxinus excelsior, etc.) and rare species (Pinus pityusa [stankewicz taxi , Arbutus andrachne, Pistacia mutica).

Compared with the prototype method, the developed method has the following advantages;

1. According to the developed method for performing measurement operations, felling of model trees is not required, which is of environmental importance. The developed method allows remote measurements of the growing ability and shape of trunks of growing tall trees without felling, significantly reduces the complexity of operations for measuring growing tall trees and ensures the safety of measuring work.

2. When measuring angles with theodolites, in which the mean square error of measuring the angle in one step does not exceed 15 arc seconds, the developed method significantly exceeds the prototype in the accuracy of determining the coefficient of shape of a tree trunk.

3. When using high-precision theodolites for measuring angles, in which the mean square error of measuring the angle in one step does not exceed 5 arc seconds, the developed method allows a high accuracy level to determine the tree trunk shape coefficients of inaccessible trees (trees growing on steep rocks, like, for example, Arbutus andrachne, Pinus pallasiana, Junipeus excelsa, Juniperus oxycedrus in the southern Mountain Crimea; and others), which is impossible (or extremely difficult) to carry out by the prototype method.

Due to these advantages, the developed method can be used for remote measurements of the growing length and shape of trunks of growing tall trees without their felling, for remote measurements of rare trees (species included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation; trees of great scientific, historical, cultural value; giant trees etc.). In addition, the developed method provides a real opportunity to environmentalize the methodology for measuring woody plants, to ensure that this methodology is brought in line with environmental requirements, which makes a significant contribution to the conservation of dendroflora, which is especially rare. The developed method is promising for implementation in forestry, in reserves, nature reserves, in botanical gardens, dendro and forest parks.

Table 1

According to the developed method, the accuracy of determining the shape factor of a tree trunk depending on the accuracy level of a goniometric geodetic instrument and on the size of a dihedral angle, the edge of which passes through the point of sight, and the faces are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk and pass through the opposite extreme visible points of the trunk surface at the measured cross-section tree trunk

The accuracy of measuring the angles in the implementation of the developed method is the mean square error of measuring the angle in one step, in angular seconds / "/ and minutes / '/ (type of geodetic goniometer) The minimum dihedral angle (at least, in angular degrees / ° / and angular minutes / '/), at which the following accuracy of determining the tree trunk shape coefficient (q) by the developed method is provided, and the accuracy of the developed method is compared with the prototype The developed method surpasses the prototype in accuracy The accuracy of the method is the same with the prototype The accuracy is sufficient, but less than the prototype Very high accuracy, error not more than ± 0.1% High accuracy, error from ± 0.1% to ± 0.4% Error from ± 0.5% to ± 1.1% Error less than ± 3% Error up to ± 5% Accuracy 5 "(theodolite T5) 1 ° 20 ' thirty' 10' four' 3 ' Accuracy 15 "(theodolite T15) 3 ° 40 ' 1 ° 20 ' thirty' twenty' 10' Accuracy 30 "(theodolite T30) 7 ° 30 ' 2 ° 30 ' 1 ° thirty' twenty' Accuracy 2.5 '(compass BG-1) - - 5 ° 2 ° 1 ° 10 '

table 2 Auxiliary table for determining the maximum distances from the measured tree to the installation site of the goniometric geodetic instrument The degree of thickness of the measured tree, cm Accuracy of measuring angles - the root-mean-square error of measuring the angle in one step, in angular seconds / "/ and minutes / '/ (type of geodetic goniometer) The maximum distance from the point of sight to the nearest point on the surface of the trunk of the tree being measured (in meters, no more) and the accuracy of determining the tree trunk shape coefficient (q) according to the developed method and its comparison with the prototype The developed method surpasses the prototype The accuracy of the method is the same with the prototype Accuracy is sufficient, but less than that of the prototype Very high accuracy, error not more than ± 0.1% High accuracy, error from ± 0.1% to ± 0.4% Error from ± 0.5% to ± 1.1% Error not less than ± 3% Error up to ± 5% one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 5 "(T5) 3.4 9.1 27.5 68.7 91.6 15 "(T15) 1,2 3.4 9.1 13.7 27.5 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 0.9 2,3 3.9 12 5 "(T5) 5.1 13.7 41.2 103.1 137.4 15 "(T15) 1.8 5.1 13.7 20.6 41.2 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 1.3 3.4 5.8 16 5 "(T5) 6.8 18.3 54.9 137.4 183.3 15 "(T15) 2,4 6.8 18.3 27.4 54.9 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 1.8 4,5 7.8 twenty 5 "(T5) 8.5 22.8 68.7 171.8 229.1 15 "(T15) 3.0 8.5 22.8 34.3 68.7 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 2.2 5,6 9.7 Continuation of table 2 one 2 3 four 5 6 7 24 5 "(T5) 10,2 27.4 82,4 206.1 274.9 15 "(T15) 3.6 10,2 27.4 41.1 82,4 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 2.6 6.8 11.7 28 5 "(T5) 11.9 31.9 96.1 240.5 320,7 15 "(T15) 4.2 11.9 31.9 48.0 96.1 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 3,1 7.9 13.6 32 5 "(T5) 13.6 36.5 109.8 274.9 366.5 15 "(T15) 4.8 13.6 36.5 54.8 109.8 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 3,5 9.0 15.6 36 5 "(T5) 15.3 41.1 123.6 309.2 412.3 15 "(T15) 5,4 15.3 41.1 61.7 123.6 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 3.9 10.1 17.5 40 5 "(T5) 17.0 45.6 137.3 343.6 458.2 15 "(T15) 6.0 17.0 45.6 68.6 137.3 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 4.4 11.3 19,4 44 5 "(T5) 18.7 50,2 151.0 377.9 504.0 15 "(T15) 6.7 18.7 50,2 75,4 151.0 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 4.8 12,4 21,4 48 5 "(T5) 20,4 54.8 164.8 412.3 549.8 15 "(T15) 7.3 20,4 54.8 82.3 164.8 2.5 (BG-1) - - 5.3 13.5 23.3 52 and more 5 "(T5) 22.1 59.3 178.5 446.6 595.6 15 "(T15) 7.9 22.1 59.3 89.1 178.5 2.5 '(BG-1) - - 5.7 14.6 25.3

Claims (1)

A method for determining the shape coefficients of trunks of growing trees, including sighting from one point to opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk in the place of the measured cross sections of the tree trunk at given heights, measuring angles and finding the ratios of the measured parameters, characterized in that for each measured cross section of the tree the trunk measure the linear angle of the dihedral angle, at which the edge passes through the point of sight, and the faces are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk, etc. go through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk in the place of the measured cross section of the trunk, and then find the coefficients of the shape of the tree trunk according to the formula

where q is the coefficient of the shape of the tree trunk, it shows the ratio of the diameters of the upper and lower measured cross sections of the tree trunk, that is, the diameter of the upper cross section of the tree trunk in fractions of the diameter of the lower cross section of the tree trunk; α is the dihedral angle measured by a linear angle, the edge of which passes through the point of sight, and the faces are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk and pass through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk in the place of the upper measured cross section of the tree trunk; φ is the dihedral angle measured by a linear angle, the edge of which passes through the point of sight, and the faces are parallel to the axis of the tree trunk and pass through the opposite extreme visible points of the surface of the tree trunk at the lower measured cross section of the tree trunk.