RU2256875C2 - Device for automatic measuring preset interval of length by means of vernier - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measurement technology; instrument engineering.

SUBSTANCE: device has bed, movable mechanism of movable carriage, optical units of basic and vernier dial of measuring rule, photo-element unit disposed onto movable carriage, mechanism for moving optical units relatively movable carriage, device for counting optical lines of basic and vernier dials of measuring rule, line coincidence unit of basic and vernier dials, difference signal determination unit, correction memory unit. The latter has corrections relatively standard depending on number of line of measuring rule of basic and vernier dials introduced through algebraic adding unit into measuring rule basic and vernier dial number of lines counters and units of determining précised linear value of lines of basic and vernier dials. Basic and vernier dials of measuring rule are reduced relatively minimal interval of length of 0, 5 mm 10 to 40 times by means of photographing.

EFFECT: improved precision of measurement of linear distances.

3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The present invention relates to the field of medical equipment / microsurgery /, machine tools, mechanical engineering / electronic-mechanical robots, etc. /.

The level of technology. Analogues of the invention:

1 - "Control line type KL"

Published: Rulers measuring metal. Calibration Method MI 2024-89, USSR State Committee for Product Quality and Standards Management.

Moscow 1990 - p. 5

2 - Optometer OVO-1

Published: V. Kondashevsky

"Modern wide-range digital devices for linear measurements."

Novosibirsk 1978 - p. 14

3 - Length meter Izv-2

Published: V. Kondashevsky

"Modern wide-range digital devices for linear measurements."

Novosibirsk 1978 - p. 14

4 - Optical-mechanical machine for measuring length; ISM-11 Published: Vasilieva I.I.

"Mechanical and optical-mechanical devices for linear measurements."

Leningrad SZPI 1978 - p. 43

5 - Optimeter IKV-3

Posted by: Vasilieva I.I.

"Mechanical and optical-mechanical examples for linear measurements."

Leningrad SZPI 1978 - p. 27

Closest to the proposed invention analogue under the number: No. 1.

The set of features / analogue No. 1 /, similar to the set of essential features of the invention:

1 - scale length

2 - division price

3 - margin of error

The set of features / analogues No. 2, 3, 4, 5 /, similar to the set of features essential for the invention:

1 - minimum division price

2 - range of measurements / limits of measurement of external dimensions /

3 - limit of the main permissible error of measurement

4 - limit of relative error

Reasons that impede the receipt of the required technical result in analogues with respect to the invention:

1 - scale length

The measurement of the length of the studied objects in analogs is limited by the length of the scale of the control ruler of the KL type / analogue No. 1 /, equal to: 1020 mm, the measuring range of the optometer OVO-1 / analogue No. 2 /, equal to: 0.2 mm, the measuring range of the length meter IzV-2 / analogue No. 3 /, equal to: 100 mm, the limit of measurement of the external lengths of the optical-mechanical machine for measuring lengths IZM-11 / analogue No. 4 /, equal to: 0-2000 mm, the limit of measurement of the external dimensions of IKV-3 / analogue No. 5 /, equal: 1-200 mm.

The reason that impedes the achievement of a technical result in analogues: measurement of the studied objects of unlimited length / 20 m or more / is the irrational design of the measuring instruments, which leads to a large limit of the main permissible error, and their significant cost.

The limit of the main permissible measurement error in analogue No. 4 / optical-mechanical machine for measuring the length of ISM-11 / is: ± / 0.4 + 4 · 10 ^-3 L mm / μm, where L is the measured length in mm. Thus, the limit of the main permissible error of the measurement of length in the above analogue depends on the measurement length L.

In the present invention, the limit of the main permissible error of length measurement is determined by the dispersion formula published in the book: B.V. Gnedenko "Probability Theory Course" Moscow 1961:

- число испытанийWhere:

- number of tests

/ L _mm = n · Δ _min.int. [mm] /

δ = α-β

P = 1-q is the marginal probability of occurrence of an event E corresponding to the exact application of a stroke of the minimum interval of the ruler length;

, соответствующего неточному нанесению штриха минимального интервала длины линейки;q - limit probability of occurrence of an event

corresponding to inaccurate stroke of the minimum ruler length interval;

, связанных в однородную цепь Маркова /соответствующие точному нанесению штриха минимального интервала длины линейки/;β = 1-α is the probability of occurrence of the frequency of events

connected in a homogeneous Markov chain / corresponding to the exact application of the stroke of the minimum interval length of the ruler /;

α is the probability of deviations from the given probability of the occurrence of the frequency of events E connected in a homogeneous Markov chain / corresponding to inaccurate application of the stroke of the minimum interval length of the ruler /.

We take the values of the limiting probabilities: P = q = 0.5. We define α from the equation following from the Laplace integral theorem for the corresponding distribution function:

Based on the Chebyshev inequality for large numbers, we find the probability of deviation of the measured quantity, which is greater than the given number α _Z for a unit of length:

After which we get the limit of the main permissible error in measuring the length L, mm:

Δ = ± / Lmm · P _x + α _n /,

where α _n is a function of the minimum measured interval of the length of the invention, the probability of accuracy of applying one stroke of the minimum interval, the probability of accuracy of the reading of the stroke. With a sufficient degree of accuracy, α _n can be considered equal to:

α _n = / 0.4 ÷ 0.5 / · Δ _min.int. ,

where Δ _min.int. - the minimum length interval of the measuring device.

For the invention:

- Δ _{min Int.} = 10 ^-3 mm / with nonius /

- L = 1000 mm

-

Δ = ± / 1.4 · 10 ^-3 . Lmm + 0.5 μm /

- Δ _min.int. = 0.25 μm / with nonius /

- L = 1000 mm

Δ = ± / 5 · 10 ^-4 Lmm + 0.1 μm /

The value of the maximum deviation of the permissible error when measuring the length Lmm is determined in the above calculations by the specified distribution function of the strokes of the measuring line.

The limit of the main permissible error when measuring the length Lmm can be calculated as follows.

We will measure the length Lmm with a ruler, which according to GOST 427-56:

- minimum spacing: 0.5 mm

- stroke width: 0.15 ± 0.05 mm

- deviations of mm units: ≤ 0.05 mm

Then we measure with a ruler with a nonius, which have a minimum measurement interval:

1 - a ruler with a reduced size of 1/10:

2 - a ruler with a reduced size of 1/40:

It should be noted that for admissible deviations of the strokes of the minimum interval of the ruler, there can be three groups of intervals:

1 - with a stroke width: 0.1 mm ± 0.05 mm

2 - with a stroke width: 0.15 mm ± 0.05 mm

3 - with a stroke width: 0.2 mm ± 0.05 mm,

where ± 0.05 mm is the maximum deviation from the stroke width: 0.1 ÷ 0.2 mm / average data /.

.Let us introduce the mean deviation of the minimum interval from the mathematical exact value of the minimum interval of length Δ _T :

.

:Thus, there are 3 / three / groups of intervals with an average stroke deviation

:

1 - Δ _T - mathematical exact value of the minimum interval of the measuring line.

- минимальный интервал длины линейки больше точного.2 - Δ _T +

- the minimum ruler length interval is more than accurate.

- минимальный интервал длины линейки меньше точного.3 - Δ _T -

- the minimum interval of the ruler length is less than the exact one.

/, n₃ минимальных интервалов длины линейки меньше точных: n₃/Δ _T-

/.We define the length Lmm as consisting of the sum of n ₁ exact values of the minimum intervals of the measuring ruler n ₁ · Δ _T , n _{2 of the} minimum intervals of the length of the ruler is more accurate: n ₂ / Δ _T +

/, n ₃ minimum intervals of the ruler length are less than exact: n ₃ / Δ _T -

/.

Sum: n ₁ + n ₂ + n ₃ = n - the total number of minimum intervals of the measuring line, corresponding to the value of the specified number of the measured length Lmm.

Define the average minimum interval of the measured length L:

In the case of an ideal measuring ruler / a ruler of only exact / Δ _t / minimum length intervals / the specified exact length measured in this way is:

L _t = n · Δ _t

Thus:

L _meas. = n · Δ _{Wed. T} = L ± Δ _UKL.

± Δ _UKL. = n · Δ _Wed. -n · Δ _t

Define the deviation of the measured length from the mathematical exact value of L _t on a single minimum interval of length:

Denote:

- вероятность появления минимальных интервалов точных /Δ _т/ на измеряемой длине L.

- the probability of occurrence of the minimum exact intervals / Δ _t / on the measured length L.

- вероятность появления минимальных интервалов больше точных /Δ _т+

/ на измеряемой длине L.

- the probability of the appearance of minimum intervals is more than exact / Δ _t +

/ on the measured length L.

- вероятность появления минимальных интервалов меньше точных /Δ _т-

/ на измеряемой длине L.

- the probability of occurrence of minimum intervals is less than exact / Δ _t -

/ on the measured length L.

We get:

± Δ _incl. 1 = Δ _t · / P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ -1 / + / P ₂ -P ₃ /

Since n ₁ + n ₂ + n ₃ = n, then: P ₁ + P ₂ + P ₃ -1 = 0

We get:

,Δ _incl. 1 = ± / P ₂ -P ₃ /

,

where: P _x1 = ± / P ₂ -P ₃ /

=Р_x2· Δ _{мин.инт.}

= P _x2 · Δ _min.int.

Δ _incl. 1 = ± P _X1 · P _X2 · Δ _min.int. ,

/ интервала, появление /Δ_т-

/ интервала при измерении в функции нанесения штрихов минимального интервала измерительной линейки.where: P _x1 is the probability of joint events: the appearance of the exact interval / Δ _t /, the appearance of / Δ _t +

/ interval, appearance / Δ _t -

/ measurement interval as a function of stroking the minimum interval of the measuring line.

P _X2 is the probability of joint events of the frequency of occurrence per unit length of three groups of intervals with the average deviation of the minimum interval of the measuring line from the mathematical exact value of the minimum interval of length.

каждая из которых есть произведение вероятностей трех групп совместных событий, для трех групп штрихов, которые суммируются по правилу сложения несовместных событий.We are looking for a solution to the value of the probability of evasion per unit of length P _X as the product of two probabilities

each of which is the product of the probabilities of three groups of joint events, for three groups of strokes that are summed according to the rule of addition of incompatible events.

With a uniform distribution of event repetition frequencies:

We get:

как отношение:

и

вероятность появления неточного штриха меньше и больше точного.We determine the probability of the appearance of an exact minimum interval

as a relation:

and

the probability of an inaccurate stroke is less and more accurate.

For the invention:

We get:

Δ _UKL. = ± / 2.8 · 10 ^-3 · Lmm + 0.5 μm /

Δ _UKL. = ± / 2.8 · 10 ^-3 · Lmm + 0.1 μm /

It should be noted that the values of the limiting basic permissible errors of the length measurement given in the first proof are different for different minimum measurement intervals, depending on the distribution function corresponding to the integral taken within the same limits with respect to the unit of length.

In the second proof, the values of the limiting basic permissible errors of measurement of length are the same for different minimum measurement intervals / only α _n / are different in accordance with the uniform distribution function and probability laws.

Determine the accuracy of measuring the length L with various measurement methods:

для:1 - deviation when measuring with a ruler with a nonius

for:

- L = 1000 mm: Δ _incl. = ± 2.8 mm

- L = 10 m: Δ _UKL. = ± 28 mm

2 - we will measure the length L as:

L = n ₁ m + n ₂ dtsm + n ₃ cm + n ₄ mm + n ₅ · 0.1 mm + n ₆ · 0.01 mm + n ₇ · 10 ^-3 mm + n ₈ · 10 ^-4 mm + n ₉ · 10 ^-5 mm

Точность установки штриха при измерении заданного интервала длины при помощи нониуса после калибровки эталонным прибором не хуже: 10^-7 м÷ 10^-8 м /телевизионный способ точной установки штриха или дифференциальный способ точной установки штриха/.Moreover, the strokes of the measuring line are plotted with the mean square deviation of the measurement result of the order of 1 μm while decreasing by photographing the measuring line by 40 times and the permissible error of applying the stroke on the measuring line:

The accuracy of the stroke setting when measuring a predetermined length interval using a vernier after calibration with a standard instrument is no worse: 10 ^-7 m ÷ 10 ^-8 m / television method for precise stroke setting or differential method for accurate stroke setting /.

We obtain for L = 10.55578913 m:

with Δ _{of the 1st stroke} = ± 0.01 μm / Δ _{of the 1st stroke} - the accuracy of the installation of one stroke /

evasion:

Δ _L ≤ 10 + 5 + 5 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 1 + 3 / ± 0.01 μm ≤ ± 0.53 μm

at Δ _{1st stroke} = ± 0.1 μm

Δ _L ≤ 53 ± 0.1 μm ≤ ± 5.3 μm

with Δ _{1st stroke} = ± 0.25 μm

Δ _L ≤ 53 ± 0.25 μm ≤ ± 13.25 μm

at Δ _{1st stroke} = ≤ ± 1 μm

Δ _L ≤ 53 ± 1 μm ≤ ± 53 μm

with Δ _{1st stroke} = ± 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm

Δ _L ≤ 53 · ± 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm ≤ ± 0.6625 mm

3 - we will measure the length L with the exact setting of the stroke with corrections relative to the standard for each stroke of the measuring line and for any combination of coincidences of the strokes of the main and vernier scales recorded in the memory of the corrections of the electronic unit of the automatic meter.

The readings of the electronic scoreboard correspond to the sum of the exact values of the minimum length intervals in accordance with the calibration of the standard. Each interval from zero of the measuring line corresponds to a certain correction in the memory unit with an accuracy of ± 0.01 μm, which does not depend on the accuracy of the components of the total interval within the above accuracy.

To implement the real scheme of the corrections memory block / low cost, rational design, optimal power consumption / it is possible to repeat codes of the same intervals of the measuring line: 1 mm, 1 cm, 1 dtsm, 1 m, which leads to a significantly smaller required memory size.

Thus, for L = 10.55578913 m:

where i = 3-5

соответствует числу минимальных интервалов измерительной линейки, которое в сумме с

дает измеряемую величину L:Amount:

corresponds to the number of minimum intervals of the measuring line, which in total with

gives the measured value of L:

L = L _t + L _approx.

When Δ _UKL. = ± 0.01 μm of each stroke L in accordance with the standard / i.e. memory block corrections /:

Δ _L = 53 · ± 0,01 m + Δ _UKL. L _approx. + α _n

, суммарная длина которых и определяет поправочную длину L_попр.: 53· 1,25· 10^-3 мм=0,07-0,1 ммIt should be noted that L _approx. cannot be larger in our example than 0.07-0.1 mm, because strokes as amended from the corrections memory block / each of the 53rd / can be shifted by a maximum of 1.25 · 10 ^-3 mm, taking into account a decrease in the bias deviation / Δ _cm = 0.05 mm / stroke of the measuring line by 1/40 times:

, the total length of which determines the correction length L _approx. : 53 · 1.25 · 10 ^-3 mm = 0.07-0.1 mm

Define:

Δ _UKL. L _{approx. X} = P · L _popp.

When: Δ _{incl. 1st stroke} = ± 0.01 μm, taking into account a decrease in the width and displacement of the strokes of the measuring line: 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm by 40 times. The repetition of the codes of certain intervals of the measuring line determines the accuracy of the strokes at the existing offsets: ± 0.01 μm. We get:

P _x = / 0.992 · 4 · 10 ^-3 .4 · 10 ^-3 + 0.995 · 2.65 · 10 ^-3 · 2.65 · 10 ^-3 + 0.996 · 1.99 · 10 ^-3 · 1.99 · 10 ^-3 / · / ^1/3/3 = 9.916 x 10 ^-7

Δ _UKL. L _approx. = 9.916 · 10 ^-7 · 0.1 mm = 0.99 · 10 ^-4 μm

Δ _L = ± / 0.53 μm + 0.99 · 10 ^-4 μm + 0.1 μm / = ± 0.6301 μm

Thus, the deviation L _approx. of the order of 1 mm gives values an order of magnitude smaller than the deviations of the exact intervals, due to which there is no need to enter into the memory of the corrections the values of all the intervals L of the measuring line / valid for a certain selected measurement accuracy /.

4 - We will measure L with the exact setting of strokes, corrected for the standard for each stroke of the measuring line, recorded in the memory circuit of the electronic measuring unit / readings of the electronic display correspond to the sum of the minimum intervals, as amended /.

Assume Δ _UKL. = ± 0.01 μm for each stroke corresponding to the minimum interval of the measuring line.

For L = 10.55578913 m:

Δ _UKL. = ± / P _x L + 0.1 μm /, where P _x = 9.916 · 10 ^-7

Δ _incl.L = ± / 10.55578913 m · 9.916 · 10 ^-7 +0.1 μm / = ± 0.0106 mm = ± 10.6 μm

5 - We will measure L with the exact setting of the stroke, as amended by the standard / for example, Δ off _. = ± 0.01 μm / for each stroke of the measuring line, recorded in the memory circuit of the electronic measuring unit.

For the invention:

Δ _UKL. = ± 0.01 μm for any L _n measuring line, i.e. for any L _n there are n _x minimum intervals of the measuring line with deviation Δ off _. = 1/2 / Δ _min.int. / e.g., Δ _UKL. = ± 0.1 μm /, which is combined with the deviation value for cast L _n .

The values of the electronic scoreboard correspond to the exact value of the measured quantity L recorded in the memory circuit.

For L = 10.55578913 m: Δ _L = ± / 0.1 μm + 0.01 μm / = ± 0.11 μm

It should be noted that this measurement method requires a large amount of electronic memory.

Here are some data of currently existing measurement standards:

1 - "New instruments for accurate linear measurements." M.M. Kempinsky, Leningrad, 1962

- measurements with a division value: 0.1 ÷ 0.01 μm

2 - "Development and research of measuring systems for accurate measurements of the coordinate points of the product." F.M.Danelevich, Leningrad, 1978

- copyright certificate No. 206123: photoelectronic reading device with a reading error of up to ± 0.3 microns.

3 - "Measuring instruments for linear dimensions and angles." M.I.Mekler, Central Scientific Research Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Moscow, 1964. England: "Ferranti" company:

A method of controlling movement using moire fringes created by diffraction gratings.

- Production of parts with a division value: 0.1 and 0.01 microns

Thus, the present invention will allow you to measure linear dimensions of unlimited length with a significantly lower deviation from the exact value of the specified length interval relative to analogues, which leads to a transition to quality with greater accuracy.

In practice, measurement accuracy depends only on the standard.

In the present invention, it is possible to measure the lengths of the studied objects: 20 m or more with the required accuracy of 0.005% of the length and fewer percentages with a small relative cost of the measuring device and low energy consumption relative to analogues.

The transition to processing products with greater accuracy or the transition to quality with greater accuracy / by one or more / at most industrial enterprises leads to significant metal savings and lower cost of products / for example, tolerance: ± 0.1 ÷ ± 0.01 μm corresponds to 02 ÷ 03 qualifications.

2 - division price

It is impossible to achieve high measurement accuracy at a high graduation price of the measuring device.

In analogs, the division price: 1 / analogue No. 1 / - 0.2 and 1.0 mm

2 - 0.001 mm

3 - 0.001 mm

4 - 0.001 mm, 0.1 mm, 100 mm

5 - 0.001 mm

The minimum division price is in the present invention: 2 μm, 1 μm, 0.5 μm, 0.25 μm or less, providing greater measurement accuracy than in analogues. In addition, in the present invention, there may be a tick mark: 1 m, 1 dtsm, 1 cm, 1 mm, 0.1 mm, 0.01 mm, 10 ^-3 mm / I μm. /. It should be noted that the above division prices: from 1 μm to 0.25 μm or less are the conditional price of divisions when measuring a given length interval using a vernier.

3 - margin of error

It is impossible to ensure high accuracy with a large margin of error.

In analogues, the margin of error:

1 - ± 0.06 mm and ± 0.08 mm

2 -

3 -

4 - ± / 0.4 μm + 4 · 10 ^-3 L mm / μm

5 - ± 0.3 μm

The margin of error in the present invention for different measurement methods:

1 - Probabilistic method for determining avoidance

Δ _UKL. = ± / 2.8 · 10 ^-3 · L mm + 0.1 μm /

L = 1000 mm: Δ _incl. = ± 2.8 mm

L = 10 m: Δ _UKL. = ± 28 mm

2 - A method for determining deviation at a variable division price.

For L = 10.55578913 m:

=± 0,01 мкмΔ incl. ≤ ± 0.53 μm at

= ± 0.01 μm

=± 0,1 мкмΔ _UKL. ≤ ± 5.3 μm at

= ± 0.1 μm

=± 0,25 мкмΔ _UKL. ≤ ± 13.25 μm at

= ± 0.25 μm

=± 1 мкмΔ _UKL. ≤ ± 1.53 μm at

= ± 1 μm

=± 1,25· 10^-2 ммΔ _UKL. ≤ ± 0.6625 mm at

= ± 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm

3 - A method for determining deviation with the exact setting of the stroke and electronic memory of corrections for a cast sequential number L _{n of} intervals of the measuring line when measuring a given interval of lengths using a vernier.

For L = 10.55578913 m:

=± 0,01 мкмΔ _L = ± 0.6301 μm at

= ± 0.01 μm

4 - A method for determining deviations with the exact setting of the stroke and electronic correction memory for each minimum interval of the measuring ruler with a nonius.

For L = 10.55578913 m:

Δ _{L incl.} = ± / 9.916 · 10 ^-7 L _mm +0.1 μm /

Δ _{L incl.} = ± 10.6 μm

5 - A method for determining the deviation with the exact setting of the stroke and electronic memory of corrections for any interval of the measuring line with nonius in any combination.

Δ _{L incl.} = ± 0.11 μm for any L _n / 10 ÷ 20 m or more /, limited by the accuracy of the reference device, the minimum interval of the length of the measuring ruler and the accuracy of setting the stroke of the measuring ruler.

These permissible marginal errors provide greater measurement accuracy than in analogues.

4 - Range of measurements / limits of measurements of the external sizes /

The above analogues differ in small measuring ranges and small limits of measurement of external dimensions.

In analogs, the measurement range / measurement limits of the external dimensions /:

1 -

2 - 0.2 mm

3 - 100 mm

4 - 0 ÷ 2000 mm

5 - 0 ÷ 200 mm

In the present invention, the measurement range / measurement limits of the external dimensions / is possible within 0 ÷ / 10 ÷ 20 / m or more with automatic switching of the measurement range in the electronic unit, which is much better than in analogues.

5 - The limits of relative error.

The relative error limit determines the accuracy of the measurement.

In analogues, the limits of relative error:

1 -

2 - 3 · 10 ^-3

3 - 1.5 · 10 ^-5

4 -

5 -

In the present invention, the limit of relative error:

which is much better than in analogues.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The essential features of the invention, providing the corresponding technical result:

1 - scale length

The length of the scale in the present invention is determined by the length of the scale of the measuring ruler, which may be within:

0 ÷ / 10 ÷ 20 / m and more.

This parameter of the invention provides a technical result: measurement of a given length 0 ÷ / 10 ÷ 20 / m with the required accuracy: Δ _incl. = ± / 0.11 μm ÷ 53 μm / or less as a function of the measurement length.

2 - division price

The fission price in the present invention determines the accuracy of the measurement.

The lower the division price, the higher the measurement accuracy: in the invention Δ _min.int. = 0.25 μm, which determines the accuracy of the measurement: Δ _incl. = ± 0.11 microns with a specific / 5 / measurement method.

This parameter of the invention provides a technical result: measurement of a given length with the necessary accuracy:

Δ _UKL. = ± 0.11 μm. It should be noted that the division prices of the present invention: from 1 μm to 0.25 μm or less are the conditional division price when measuring a given length interval using a vernier.

3 - margin of error

The margin of error in the present invention determines the accuracy of the measurement.

The smaller the margin of error, the greater the accuracy of the measurement: in the present invention, the minimum margin of error is determined by the accuracy of the reference device and the minimum interval of the length of the measuring ruler: Δ _L = ± 0.11 μm with a specific / 5 / measurement method.

This parameter of the invention provides a technical result: measurement of a given length with the necessary accuracy:

Δ _L = ± 0.11 μm

4 - measurement range / measurement limits of external dimensions /

The measurement range / measurement limits of the external dimensions / in the present invention determines the versatility of the measuring device.

The larger the measuring range / measurement limits of the external dimensions /, the more versatile the measuring device.

This parameter of the invention provides a technical result: measurement of a given length with the required accuracy within 0 ÷ / 10 ÷ 20 / m or more.

5 - limit of relative error

The limit of relative error in the present invention determines the accuracy of the measurement.

The smaller the relative error limit, the higher the measurement accuracy.

This parameter of the invention provides a technical result: measurement of a given / limit / length with the necessary accuracy determined by the limit of relative error:

γ = / 2.5 ÷ 3.8 / · 10 ^-8

The list of drawings of the invention: "Automatic meter of a predetermined length interval using a vernier."

1 - figure 1. Simplified block diagram of the counting strokes of the intervals of the measuring line.

Figure 1 shows: 1 - block photocells; 2 - optical block; 3 - the main scale of the measuring line; 4 - counter of the number of strokes of the measuring line; 5 - a lighting lamp.

2 - figure 2. The block diagram of the optical unit of the automatic meter. Figure 2 shows: 3 - the main shark of the measuring line; 6 - optical block of the main scale; 7 - optical block of the vernier scale; 8 - mobile carriage; 9 - workpiece; 10 - vernier scale; 11 - block photocells.

3 - figure 3. Block diagram of the electronic unit of the automatic meter.

Figure 3 shows: 6 - optical block of the main scale; 7 - optical block of the vernier scale; 11 - block photocells; 12 - counter of the number of strokes of the main scale; 13 is a block of matches the specified number of the stroke of the main scale and the exact linear value of this stroke; 14 is a block for determining the exact linear value of a given number of the stroke of the main scale; 15 - counter of the number of strokes of the vernier scale; 16 is a block of matches the specified number of the stroke of the vernier scale and the exact linear value of this stroke; 17 is a block for determining the exact linear value of a given number of the stroke of the vernier scale; 18 - block stop mobile carriage; 19 - amendment memory unit; 20 - electronic scoreboard; 21 - pulse amplifier; 22 - block algebraic summation.

Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention.

The method of measuring a predetermined length interval in the present invention is clear from the simplified block diagram of the reference strokes of the intervals of the measuring line / 1 /. The corresponding length is measured by counting the strokes of the main scale of the measuring line / 3 / by the number of strokes of the measuring line / 4 /, which moves relative to the measuring line with the photocell block / I / and the optical block / 2 /. Lighting lamp / 5 / serves to highlight strokes of the measuring line.

The scale of the measuring ruler is learned by photographing the standard ruler / minimum measurement interval: Δ = 0.5 mm / with a reduction factor of 10 times and 40 times. For example, 10 cm of the standard ruler, when reduced by 10 times, will look like 1 cm on the photograph of this ruler, 1 cm - like 1 mm with 20 divisions through the minimum measurement interval: 0.05 im. Thus, the minimum scale interval of such a line will be equal to:

- with a decrease of 10 times: Δ 1/10 = 0.05 mm

- with a decrease of 40 times: Δ 1/40 = 0.0125 mm.

A magnification of the scale image by the optical unit by 100 ÷ 1000 times provides shielding of the light flux coming from the lighting dump / 5 / onto the photocell of the photocell block, with a linear stroke size. When passing the nth stroke of the measuring line by the optical unit, a current pulse appears in the photocell block. Thus, a countdown of a given length corresponding to n _x strokes of the measuring line occurs: l _x = n _x · Δ _min.int. The number of strokes n _{x is} counted by the counter of the number of strokes of the measuring line.

The optical unit projects the light flux onto a significant surface of the photocell block, in which the photocell with a large working area of the light flux perception is located, which generates a pulsed signal with a voltage of U _c ≥ 3 V, which is sufficient for reliable counting of the minimum intervals of the measuring line length. The above voltage of the useful signal is much higher than the voltage of external interference and meets generally accepted standards for noise immunity.

The method of measuring a predetermined length interval using a vernier is clear from the block diagram of the optical unit of the automatic meter / Fig.2/.

We determine the measurement accuracy using the vernier / a25, a50 / while reducing the standard measuring ruler and the vernier scale by photographing 10 times:

- with the number of divisions of the nonius: n = 25 and the minimum interval of the measuring line: Δ 1/10 = 0.05 mm

- with the number of divisions of the nonius: n = 50 / Δ 1/10 = 0.05 mm /

We determine the measurement accuracy using the vernier / a25, a50 / while reducing the standard measuring ruler and the vernier scale by photographing 40 times:

- with the number of divisions of the nonius: n = 25 and the minimum interval of the measuring line: Δ 1/40 = 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm

- with the number of divisions of the nonius: n = 50 / Δ 1/40 = 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm /

Automatic measurement of a given length l _x using a vernier is as follows:

- the optical block of the main scale / 6 / and the optical block of the nonius scale / 7 /, mechanically connected to each other, are set to "0" / zero / nonius scale / 10 /. Movement - relative to the movable carriage / 8 / - Fig.2.

Then, using the movable mechanism of the movable carriage, the blocks / 6, 7 - Fig.2 / together with the carriage are set to "0" / zero / of the main scale of the measuring ruler / 3 / or to any stroke of the main scale using blocks to determine the exact linear value of the given number strokes of the main and vernier scales / blocks 14, 17 - figure 3 /.

The light pulses that appear in the optical blocks when passing through the strokes of the main and vernier scales, arrive at the block of photocells / 11 - Fig.2, 3 /.

The predetermined linear length l _x corresponds, for example, to the processing length of a particular tool of the workpiece / 9 / - Fig.2.

- begins the counting of the strokes of the main scale in accordance with the specified code for the number of necessary counting strokes in the counter of the number of strokes of the main scale / 12 / - Fig.3 / input "a" /.

The signals coming from the optical block of the main scale / 6 / get through the block of photocells / 11 / to blocks / 12, 14 / - Fig.3.

When the signals coincide, the end of the count of N _x strokes of the main scale and the exact linear value of the stroke N _x in the coincidence block of the specified number of the stroke of the main scale and the exact linear value of this stroke / 13 / - Fig. 3, the signal "c" appears on the output of the above coincidence block .3 /, which allows the calculation of a given number of n _x strokes of the vernier scale in accordance with a given code / input "in" / in the block counter of the number of strokes of the vernier scale / 15 / - Fig.3 and gives permission for the movement of the movable carriage / 8 / s low speed / less than speed at counting strokes of the main scale. In addition, the signal "c" is supplied to the stop unit of the mobile carriage / 18 / - Fig.3.

A mode of operation is possible in which switching to a lower traveling speed of the mobile carriage occurs, for example, at N _x -1 stroke.

- begins the countdown of the specified number n _x strokes of the vernier scale, while the corresponding mechanism moves the blocks / 6, 7 / - Fig.2 relative to the movable carriage in the corresponding stroke of the vernier scale / n _x / by signal "c".

The signals coming from the optical block of the vernier scale / 7 / pass through the block of photocells / 11 / to the blocks: counter of the number of strokes of the vernier scale / 15 / and the unit for determining the exact linear value of the specified number of the stroke of the vernier scale / 17 / - see figure 3 .

When the signals coincide, the end of the count n _x - the specified number of strokes of the vernier scale and the exact linear value of the stroke n _x in the coincidence block of the specified number of the stroke of the vernier scale and the exact linear value of this stroke / 16 / - figure 3, the signal " d ", which gives permission for the movement of the movable carriage together with the blocks / 6, 7 / - Fig.2 at a low speed until the specified number of the stroke number n _{x of the} vernier scale coincides with the corresponding number of the stroke of the main scale of the measuring line.

Since the optical blocks of the main and vernier scales / blocks 6, 7 - Fig. 2 / are on the same axis, when accurately determining the strokes of the main and vernier scales, the coincidence of the set number of the bar number n _{x of the} vernier scale with the corresponding number of the bar of the main scale is fixed. With a resolving signal, the end of the count is N _x / signal "c" /, the end of the count is n _x / signal "d" /, recorded in the memory circuit of the mobile carriage stop block / 18 /, the positive input potential of the block / 13 /, which receives pulse signals from the block / 12 /, the above positive potential remains positive using the memory circuit block / 13 /, is determined by the block / 14 / the exact linear value of the corresponding stroke of the main scale, corresponding to the above coincidence of the strokes of the main and vernier scales. At the same time, the second signal “c” appears at the output of block / 13 /, which enters the stop block of the mobile carriage. At the output of the stop block of the mobile carriage, a stop signal of the mobile carriage appears through the pulse amplifier / 21 / to the actuating stop mechanism of the mobile carriage.

The countdown of a given number corresponding to a certain length of measurement by an automatic meter using vernier made.

To improve the accuracy of measurement in the present invention, there is a correction memory block / 19 / - figure 3, which through the algebraic summation block / 22 / brings corrections in accordance with the reference device and the function of the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales in blocks 12, 14, 15, 17 - see figure 3. On the electronic scoreboard / 20 /, the exact values of the corresponding linear dimensions or corrections are displayed depending on the number of strokes of the main and nonius scales and the numbers counted by the counters of the number of strokes of the main and nonius scales.

It should be noted that the proposed automatic meter of a given length interval with the help of Vernius gives a very small measurement error due to backlash of Werner gears, friction clutches and various types of mechanical gears.

In addition, in a real chain of Markov events, when measuring length in a very weak dependence of strokes of a higher division price on strokes of a lower division price, the dependence of the measurement accuracy on the measurement length by a method of measuring length with a variable division price / method No. 2 / can be reduced to a small value.

Issues of using photographic materials necessary for the implementation of the invention.

According to the instruction 83-57 of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the verification of measuring metal rulers Moscow - 1973, GOST 427-56 the dimensions of the ruler scale:

- stroke width: 0.15 mm ± 0.05 mm

- minimum spacing or division value: 0.5 mm

When reducing the scale of the above line using photography by 40 times:

- Δ _{stroke width} = 0.375 · 10 ^-2 mm

- Δ _min.int. = 1.2510 mm

According to the book Bunimovich D.Z. "Handbook amateur photographer" - M.: Publishing. Moscow Truth, I960 - p. 146-147, Table 53, the resolution of photographic materials is up to 90 lines / mm, which means; 90 strokes with distances between strokes can be located per 1 mm of photographic materials:

We assume that the interval between the strokes is approximately equal to the stroke width. In this case, the stroke width of such photographic material will be equal to: Δ _{stroke width of the photomat.} = 0.55 · 10 ^-2 mm.

для четкого воспроизведения на фотоматериале вышеуказанных штрихов измерительной линейки необходимо применять фотоматериалы с разрешающей способностью 90 штр./мм· 1,47=132 штр./мм).With the ratio of the strokes of the photographic material and the measuring line:

for clear reproduction of the above strokes of the measuring line on photographic material, it is necessary to use photographic materials with a resolution of 90 lines / mm · 1.47 = 132 lines / mm).

, т.е. на фотоматериале /90 штр./мм/ будет появляться изображение штриха шириной 0,375· 10^-2 мм несколько нечетким, но полностью повторяющее контур штриха, что не приводит к ухудшению точности измерения, т.к. каждый штрих основной шкалы измерительной линейки калибруется в соответствии с эталоном, как и каждое относительное положение штрихов основной и нониусной шкал. Размытость штриха необходима для различения штрихов при записи в электронную память изображений штрихов или меньших частей штрихов. Кроме того, можно изготовить измерительную линейку с шириной штриха, большей в 1,5 раза: 0,15 мм· 1,5=0,225 мм /при уменьшении шкалы такой линейки с помощью фотографирования в 40 раз: Δ _{ширины штриха}=0,55· 10^-2 мм/, что приведет к четкому изображению штриха при отображении его на фотоматериале с разрешающей способностью 90 штр./мм.When displaying the stroke of the measuring line, reduced by photographing 40 times, on photographs with a resolution of 90 lines / mm, the image of the above stroke will be displayed with some probability:

, i.e. on the photo material / 90 lines / mm / the image of the stroke with a width of 0.375 · 10 ^-2 mm will appear somewhat fuzzy, but completely repeating the outline of the stroke, which does not lead to a deterioration in the measurement accuracy, because each stroke of the main scale of the measuring line is calibrated in accordance with the standard, as well as each relative position of the strokes of the main and vernier scales. Stroke blur is necessary to distinguish strokes when recording strokes or smaller portions of strokes in electronic memory. In addition, it is possible to produce a measuring ruler with a stroke width 1.5 times greater: 0.15 mm · 1.5 = 0.225 mm / by reducing the scale of such a ruler by photographing 40 times: Δ _{stroke width} = 0.55 · 10 ^-2 mm /, which will lead to a clear image of the stroke when displaying it on photographic material with a resolution of 90 lines / mm.

Pointed to. p.17 of the description of the invention, the division price of 0.25 μm does not require the use in the invention of photographic materials with a cutting capacity, for example, 4000 lines / mm, because when automatically measuring a given length using a vernier, photographic materials with a resolution of 90 lines / mm are required, displaying the dimensions of the strokes with a width of: / 0.375 ÷ 0.55 / · 10 ^-2 mm, which should be the same in a certain combination of strokes of the main and nonius scales . On page 21 of the description of the invention, calculations are made of the accuracy of measuring a given length using a vernier while reducing the reference measuring ruler of the main scale and vernier scale by 40 times with the number of divisions of the vernier n = 50 and

Δ _min.int. = 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm.

According to: "Description of the nonius" / Textbook for students of MPEI / M., 1955, the accuracy of the nonius is defined as:

, где

where

α _m - the price of the divisions of the main scale

n is the number of divisions of the nonius

For our case:

Thus, when automatically measuring a given length using a vernier with matching the corresponding strokes of the main and vernier scales / stroke width: / 0.375 ÷ 0.55 / · 10 ^-2 mm / it is possible to measure with an accuracy of 0.25 μm or through 0.25 μm because measurement accuracy is improved relative to the minimum range of the measuring line: 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm 50 times - equal to the number of divisions of the vernier. Moreover, the aforementioned minimum measurement interval of 0.25 μm is the conditional division price for automatic measurement of a given length using a vernier.

It should be noted that the strokes of the measuring ruler are plotted on the ruler with an allowable error: ± 0.06 mm in accordance with the technical characteristics of the control ruler of the KL / Ruler type measuring metal. Calibration Method MI 2024-89, Moscow, 1990 /.

If the measuring ruler is reduced by 40 times by photographing, the permissible error in applying the stroke will be equal to:

When calibrating the strokes of the above measuring ruler and various strokes of the main and vernier scales relative to each other in accordance with the accuracy of the standard using the corrections memory block / 19 /, algebraic summation block / 22 /, blocks for determining the exact linear value of the specified number of the prime and vernier scales / 14, 17 / the error of the applied stroke on the measuring line in the present invention, subject to amendments or the accuracy of the installation of the stroke when measuring a given length interval using of a nius can be no worse: / 10 ^-7 ÷ 10 ^-8 / m / television method for fine-tuning the stroke or differential method for fine-tuning the stroke /.

With the television method of fine-tuning the stroke, the image of the stroke width of the measuring ruler, reduced by photographing by 40 times, is transmitted / according to Instructions 83-57 for the verification of measuring metal rulers. Moscow, 1973, the width of the strokes is: 0.15 ± 0.05 mm at a division price of 0.5 mm /:

при увеличении оптического блока в 10000 раз - ширина штриха на передающей телевизионной трубке будет 37,5 мм, а смещение штриха на один элемент строки соответствует: 37,5 мкм/, что соответствует примерно длине, занимаемой одним элементарным элементом передающей телевизионной трубки.The above-mentioned bar of the measuring line occupies 3.75 mm wide after increasing the optical unit by 1000 times in the area of perception of the light leakage of the transmitting tube of the photocell block / 11 /. When the number of elements in the scan line of the transmitting television tube is of the order of 1000 and the image of the stroke width is combined with the above number of elements in the line, the stroke offset by one element of the line corresponds to

when the optical unit is increased 10,000 times, the stroke width on the transmitting television tube will be 37.5 mm, and the stroke offset by one line element corresponds to: 37.5 μm /, which corresponds approximately to the length occupied by one elementary element of the transmitting television tube.

True stroke width offset: 0.375 · 10 ^-2 mm will be 1000 times smaller relative to 3.75 μm:

Δ _{true stroke offset} = 3.75 μm · 10 ^-3 = 3.75 · 10 ^-9 m.

Given the various inaccuracies of the television method for precise installation of the stroke in the present invention, the accuracy of the installation of the stroke can be taken: 10 ^-7 ÷ 10 ^-8 m

In the book Polonik “Applied Television”, State Energy Publishing House, Moscow, Leningrad, 1962 - p. 125, the approximate data of a television microscope are given: “The resolving power of a television microscope is sufficient to work with magnifications up to 1000–1200 times. Large-scale increase at this reaches a value of 30,000. "

The actions of recording the image of half of the stroke or its smaller part in the memory block located in the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the specified number of strokes of the main and vernier scales, the coincidence of the code signals of the image of the bar of the above memory block and the image of the bar of the measuring line transmitted by the transmitting television tube of the photocell block, to a matching pattern of blocks for determining the exact linear value of a given number of strokes of the main and vernier scales gives a signal for the exact setting of a given about the position of the stroke.

With the differential method of accurately setting the line from two side photocells of the photocell block, separated from the main photocell located in the middle by partitions, the corresponding signals go to the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the given number of strokes of the main and nonius scales / 14, 17 /, where they are compared and amplified . If the values of the voltage amplitudes from the two side photocells coincide / the side photocells transmit light signals that are not obscured by strokes / the amplifier of the unit for determining the exact linear value of the specified number of strokes of the main and vernier scales gives a signal for the exact setting of the stroke.

Moreover, the accuracy of the stroke setting depends on the gain of the amplifiers of the units for determining the exact linear value of a given number of strokes of the main and vernier scales.

Obtaining codes for the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales when measuring a given length interval using a vernier.

Take for example the length interval:

L = 10.5557891 m.

According to the above, L can be represented as:

L = 10 m + 5 dtsm + 5 cm + 5 mm + 7 · 0.1 mm + 8 · 10 ^-2 mm + 9 · 10 ^-3 mm + 1 · 10 ^-4 mm.

Минимальный условный интервал длины при измерении заданного интервала длины с помощью нониуса:

Ширина штриха измерительной линейки, уменьшенной с помощью фотографирования в 40 раз:

Будем считать, что при измерении заданного интервала длины штрихи измерительной линейки, откалиброванные с точностью эталона: 0,01 мкм, отсчитываются с той же точностью в соответствии с поправками блока памяти поправок /19/. При этом штрихи измерительной линейки м, дцм, см, мм и т.д. находятся в весьма слабой зависимости от штрихов минимального интервала длины измерительной линейки, т.е. на измерительной линейке, уменьшенной о помощью фотографирования в 40 раз, можно найти соответствующий штрих, удовлетворяющий вышеуказанным требованиям с учетом смещения точной установки штриха нониусной шкалы в соответствии с поправками блока памяти поправок /19/. Смещения точки точной установки штриха нониусной шкалы при измерении заданного интервала длины с помощью нониуса, значения которых записаны в блок памяти поправок /19/, соответствуют долям минимального условного интервала длины при измерении с помощью нониуса: 0,25 мкм, например,: Δ _{смещения}=1/2· /0,1÷ 0,01/· Δ _{шир.штр.} соответствует измерению интервала длины, примерно,: 0,25 мкм÷ 0,01 мкм.The minimum interval of the measuring line, reduced by photographing 40 times:

The minimum conditional length interval when measuring a given length interval using a nonius:

The stroke width of the measuring line, reduced by photographing 40 times:

We assume that when measuring a given length interval, the strokes of the measuring line calibrated with a standard accuracy of 0.01 μm are counted with the same accuracy in accordance with the amendments of the corrections memory block / 19 /. In this case, the strokes of the measuring line are m, dtsm, cm, mm, etc. are very weakly dependent on the strokes of the minimum interval of the length of the measuring ruler, i.e. on the measuring ruler, reduced by photographing 40 times, you can find the corresponding stroke that meets the above requirements, taking into account the offset of the exact setting of the stroke of the vernier scale in accordance with the amendments of the amendment memory block / 19 /. The displacements of the point of fine-tuning the stroke of the vernier scale when measuring a given length interval using a vernier, the values of which are recorded in the amendment memory block / 19 /, correspond to fractions of the minimum conditional length interval when measuring using a vernier: 0.25 μm, for example: Δ _bias = 1/2 · / 0.1 ÷ 0.01 / · Δ _wide corresponds to measuring a length interval of approximately: 0.25 μm ÷ 0.01 μm.

We get the required number of divisions in accordance with the division price: n ' ₁ = 10 / m /, n' ₂ = 5 / dtsm /, n ' ₃ = 5 / cm /, n' ₄ = 5 / mm /, n ' ₅ = 7 · / 0.1 mm /, n ' ₆ = 8 · / 10 ^-2 mm /, n' ₇ = 9 · / 10 ^-3 mm /, n ' ₈ = 1 · / 10 ^-4 mm /.

The number of divisions in accordance with the division price of the present invention: n '' ₁ = 10, n '' ₂ = 5, n '' ₃ = 5, n '' ₄ = 5,

When calculating n '' _{8, the} value: 0.1 is entered in the denominator taking into account the displacement of the point of exact installation of the stroke of the vernier scale when measuring a given length interval using the vernier.

When recalculating the above numbers of divisions in accordance with the division price of the present invention, we obtain the necessary reference numbers of the minimum measurement intervals of the proposed invention or its smaller parts in integer expression: n ₁ = 10 / count in m /, n ₂ = 5 / count in dcm /, n ₃ = 5 / count in cm /, n ₄ = 5 / count in mm /, n ₅ = 63 / count in 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm /, n ₆ = 6 / count in 0.25 · 10 ^-3 mm /, n ₇ = 4 / count in 0.25 · 10 ^-4 mm /.

We translate the above reference numbers of the corresponding strokes into a six-digit binary code: n ₁ : 010100, n ₂ : 101000, n ₃ : 101000, n ₄ : 101000, n ₅ : 11111, n ₆ : 011000, n ₇ : 001000.

At the same time, the division price corresponding to the counting of a certain number of strokes is switched in the present invention sequentially in the function of the code number / for example, in the above example: 1 ÷ 7 /. When counting only the minimum intervals of the length of the measuring line, reduced by photographing 40 times, / Δ _min.int. = 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm / when measuring: 1 mm requires a 7-bit binary code, 1 cm requires a 10-bit binary code, 1 mm requires a 13-bit binary code, 1 th m need a 17-bit binary code.

The binary codes of the specified length intervals in the counters of the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales appear as a result of the influence of the input pulse voltage, which appears due to the passage of the corresponding number of strokes of the main and vernier scales by the mechanical part of the automatic meter. The above codes of a given length interval correspond to input codes of blocks / 12, 15 /, inputs a, b, which are counted by the number of strokes counting code corrections received at the same counters from the correction memory block / 19 /.

In addition, the corrections memory block / 19 / through the algebraic summation block / 22 / enters the corresponding code signals of the necessary offsets of the point for precisely setting the stroke of the vernier scale in the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the set number of the stroke of the main and vernier scales / 14, 17 /. When sequentially reproducing the above codes in the electronic memory of the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales, the required number of strokes / blocks 12, 15 / is counted in accordance with the division price. With the corresponding coincidences of the signals, the end of the count of the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales appearing at the output of blocks / 12, 15 / after passing through the entire sequence of codes of the corresponding division prices, and the corresponding signals for determining the exact linear value of the given line number from the blocks / 14, 17 / occurs in coincidence blocks of the given number of the prime and vernier scales and the exact linear value of this stroke / 13, 16 / signal for the end of the reference for the specified length interval.

The relationship of the blocks of the present invention.

Figure 1 is a simplified block diagram of the reference strokes of the intervals of the measuring line:

The photocell block / 1 /, receiving light signals when passing strokes of the main scale of the measuring line / 3 / from the optical block / 2 /, mechanically connected to the photocell block and giving an increase of about 100 ÷ 1000 times the measuring line, reduced by photographing 10 or 40 times, it generates voltage pulses to the input of the counter of the number of strokes of the measuring line / 4 /, which counts the code signals in binary code corresponding to the number of strokes of a given interval of the length of the main scale of the measuring line. The strokes of the main scale of the measuring line are highlighted by a lighting lamp / 5 /.

Figure 2 is a block diagram of an optical unit of an automatic meter.

The optical unit of the automatic meter is mounted on the bed and consists of: the main scale of the measuring line / 3 /, relative to which the movable carriage / 8 / moves together with the workpiece / 9 /, the optical unit of the main scale / 6 /, the optical block of the nonius scale / 7 / , vernier scale / 10 /, photocell block / 11 /. The optical block of the main scale / 6 / is structurally different from the optical block / 2 /, because it is mechanically connected with the optical block of the vernier scale / 7 /. Blocks 6, 7 together with the photocell block / 11 / can be moved by the corresponding mechanism relative to the mobile carriage / 8 / and the vernier scale / 10 /.

Separate readout of strokes of the main and vernier scales, reduced by photographing 10 or 40 times, occurs using a block of photocells that receive light signals from optical blocks of the main and vernier scales with an increase of 100 ÷ 1000 times the image of the above scales.

The outputs of the block of photocells / 11 /: f, q ,, h, j give signals from photocells that carry information about the passage of the corresponding strokes of the measuring line of the main and vernier scales and located in the middle of the applied structure, and from two side photocells that carry information about the accuracy of installation the stroke of the main and vernier scales with the differential method of fine-tuning the stroke / photocells are separated by partitions from each other /.

In addition, with the television method of fine-tuning the stroke, the outputs of the photocell block / 11 /: q, j give information about the image of the corresponding stroke of the main and nonius scales, receiving it from the transmitting television tubes of the above scales, while the television tubes are structurally located in the photocell block / 11 /. It should be noted that the design of the block of solar cells / 11 / - in figure 2 is different from the design of the block of solar cells / I / - in figure 1.

Figure 3 is a block diagram of an electronic unit of an automatic meter.

Signals coming from the optical blocks of the main and vernier scales / 6, 7 / through the block of photocells / 11 / get into the electronic unit of the automatic meter: from photocells that carry information about the passage of the corresponding strokes of the measuring line, the signals go to the counters of the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales / 12, 15 /; from two side photocells carrying information about the accuracy of setting the stroke of the main and nonius scales, or from transmitting television tubes carrying information about the image of the corresponding stroke of the main and nonius scales, the signals get into the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the specified number of the stroke of the main and nonius scales / 14 , 17 /. After determining the exact linear value of the given stroke number, the output signal of the above blocks together with the signals for counting the number of strokes of the specified interval of the length of the main and vernier scale of blocks / 12, 15 / gets on the coincidence blocks of the given number of the prime and vernier scales and the exact linear value of this stroke / 13, 16 /. The output signals of the blocks / 13, 16 / fall on the stop block of the mobile carriage / 18 /, which through the pulse amplifier / 21 / gives the stop signal of the mobile carriage.

The corrections memory block / 19 / through the algebraic summation block / 22 / provides correction codes for each stroke of the main and vernier scales or any combination of the strokes of the main and vernier scales relative to each other on the counters of the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales / 12, 15 / and code signals for determining the exact linear value of the stroke / half of the stroke or its smaller part / with a television or differential method of accurately setting the stroke on the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the specified number of the stroke main and vernier scales / 14, 17 /. Using the memory blocks of the blocks / 14, 17 / with the television method of fine-tuning the stroke, the comparison of the parts of the images of the corresponding strokes in the above blocks / 14, 17 / and when they coincide with the images of the strokes coming from the transmitting television tubes of the photocell block / 11 /, is given a signal for determining the exact linear value of the stroke / or its smaller part / of the main and vernier scales on the blocks / 13, 16 /.

The electronic display / 20 / provides on the display the code signals of the corresponding corrections of the linear values of the strokes coming from the amendment memory unit / 19 /; values of specified length intervals in decimal places and their binary code value; values of specified length intervals corresponding to a certain division price, etc.

It should be noted that the algebraic summing unit / 22 / sums the specified minimum intervals of the length of the measuring ruler and their corrections in accordance with the distribution function of the strokes of the measuring ruler and the specified code number of the required measurement of a certain length interval and calculates the number of strokes corresponding to a certain division price using corrections memory block.

Frame construction.

According to the Little Soviet Encyclopedia. T.8. Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia". 1960, p. 1068:

"The bed is the main body of the machine: a cast, welded or riveted structure in which the location and kinematic connections of all the mechanisms and parts of this machine are spatially coordinated / linked, and the acting forces are also perceived."

Terminology issues.

According to the terminology adopted in the "Metalworker's Guide" A.P. Znamensky, T.2 Gosmavmetizdat, 1933 - p. 105:

Exact distance on the ruler scale: "the distance from the middle of the zero stroke of the ruler scale to the middle of any other specified stroke of the same scale of the ruler within the ruler scale."

In the description of the invention in accordance with the above, the concept is adopted: "exact linear value of the stroke" of the main and nonius scales, which is more abbreviated / the concept of "linear" is introduced means that the specified length interval is measured along one axis or belongs to the ruler /.

Some issues of "reading" the strokes of the measuring line, drawing strokes on the scale of the measuring line, the accuracy of setting the stroke of the measuring line, the connections of the blocks of the automatic meter.

It should be noted that there is no need to use in the present invention photographic materials with a resolution of, for example, 4000 lines / mm for the implementation of the minimum division price in the proposed device: 0.25 μm, i.e. there is no need for photographic materials that provide the display of a measuring ruler, on the scale of which strokes with intervals of 0.25 μm would be applied.

In the proposed device, there are 2 scales: the main scale and the vernier scale, and α _n is the value of the divisions of the vernier slightly less than α _m is the price of the divisions of the main scale / therefore there is a periodicity of the shift of the measurement value by the vernier by n · Δ when the corresponding strokes of the main and vernier scales as a function of the number of the bar of the vernier scale.

where α is the accuracy of the nonius / cm. Description of Vernier; textbook for students MPEI M., 1955 /.

For instance:

α _m = 1 mm - the price of the divisions of the main scale

n = 10 - the number of divisions of the nonius

We choose: α _n is the vernier division value such that for n _x vernius divisions = n, the measured length interval in α _n is: α _n · n, and to measure the same length interval in α _m, it is necessary to count on the main scale n-1 divisions: α _m / n-1 /; α _n <α _m , and the equality

α _n · n = α _m / n-1 /.

Therefore, in this case, by the vernier one can count tenths, mm:

with corresponding coincidences of strokes of the vernier and main scales. It should be noted that in the above example, the scales remain almost the same, and the intervals between strokes do not decrease by 10 times.

The number of divisions of the vernier scale n can be: 25; fifty; 100; /cm. Handbook of the metalworker, T.2, A.P. Znamensky, 1933 - p. 113 /. In the present invention: α _m = 0.5 mm; n = 50. When reducing the measuring line by 40 times by photographing, we obtain:

Vernier Accuracy: / Vernier scale is also reduced by 40 times by photographing /

Thus, one can count on Vernier length intervals after 0.25 microns, which can be considered the conditional division price when measuring a given length interval using Vernier; reading through 0.25 μm is possible with the corresponding coincidences of the strokes of the vernier and main scales. In this case, the main and vernier scales are almost identical with minimum intervals of approximately 1.25 · 10 ^-2 mm and therefore there is no need, for example, to have photographic materials with a resolution of 4000 lines / mm, but it is enough to have photo materials with a resolution of 90 ÷ 132 lines. / mm

It should be noted that when counting by a vernier half of a stroke or a smaller part of it / a television method for accurately setting a given stroke number / an electronic memory is required for each stroke / or its part / main and nonius scales, which can be done with some blur of the stroke image / blur "becomes noticeable with a certain increase in the image of the stroke / on photographic materials different for each stroke, which is carried out when using photographic materials with a resolution of about 90 lines / mm /, i.e. however, no repetition of the image of each stroke or its smaller part from the whole set of strokes of the measuring line / is observed.

The implementation of the installation of the stroke with an accuracy of not worse than 10 ^-7 ÷ 10 ^-8 m is carried out in the proposed device by a television method / cm. earlier in the description of /, while the strokes of the measuring line are not applied to the scales with the above accuracy, but are calibrated using a standard length meter, the values of which are written in the form of a binary code in the electronic memory of the proposed device and are reproduced, if necessary, by the corrections memory block / 19 /, in addition , each position of the stroke / or part of its / nonius scale relative to each stroke of the main scale corresponds to its own binary code for writing to the electronic memory of the device when measuring a given length interval.

The ability to set the stroke of the measuring line with the above accuracy / 10 ^-7 ÷ 10 ^-8 m / with the television method of fine-tuning the stroke is realized or corresponds to industrial applicability with the corresponding transmitting television tubes, in which the electron beam creates a spot on the target with a diameter of: 10 ^-1 ÷ 10 ^-2 mm / cm. “Television” edited by P.V. Shmakov, Communications and Radio Publishing House, Moscow, I960, p. 95 /, and with the possibility of the so-called non-informational increase in the magnification of the bar image by optics, providing about 1000 decomposition elements along the bar width on the television tube in the line of the television image of the stroke or its smaller part / cm. Small Soviet Encyclopedia. V.5, p. 1270 - microscope, State Scientific Publishing House "Big Soviet Encyclopedia", 1959 /.

The “blurring” of the bar image or the diffraction pattern of the bar image does not impair the accuracy of the bar setting in the television method for precisely setting the bar with the electronic bar image memory, by which the bar image signals from the memory circuit and the transmitting television tube are compared.

Implementation of the work of the number of strokes counters / 12, 15 / is as follows: from the photocell block / II / - outputs f, h to the number of strokes counters / 12, 15 / pulse signals are received when passing through the mechanical part of the automatic measurer of strokes of the main and nonius scales. In blocks 12, 15, through the inputs of these blocks a, c, code signals are entered at the corresponding number of bits in the binary code, which are a given code for the number of necessary counting strokes on the measuring line, which correspond to the length interval specified for the measurement. Counting the number of strokes of blocks 12, 15, counting the required number of strokes, gives a code for the number of strokes in a binary code, which, when the number of strokes in a code coincides with a given code in the scheme of matching codes of these blocks, gives an output signal for blocks 12, 15, which arrives at the coincidence blocks of a given stroke number the main or vernier scales and the exact linear value of this stroke / blocks 13, 16 /. It should be noted that the counter of the number of pulses that occur when passing through the mechanical part of the automatic strobe meter of the measuring line is a converter of the number of pulses in the 10th code to the number of the same pulses with the corresponding number of bits in the 2nd code.

The implementation of the work of the coincidence blocks of the specified numbers of strokes of the main and vernier scales and the exact linear value of these strokes / 13, 16 / occurs as follows: when the signals coincide in the coincidence circuit of the signals of blocks 13, 16 of the above output signals of the blocks 12, 15 and the output signals of the exact definition blocks the linear value of the specified stroke number of the main or vernier scales 14, 17 the coincidence circuit of these signals of the blocks 13, 16 gives output signals of coincidence, which give commands to move the mechanical part of the machine physical meter and its stop, in this case the following blocks are involved: 18 - stop block of the mobile carriage, 21 - pulse amplifier.

The implementation of the work of the units for determining the exact linear value of the given number of the prime or vernier scale lines / 14, 17 / is as follows: the signals q, j from the photocell block / 11 / are fed to the inputs of the blocks 14, 17, which are difference signals from two side photocells separated from each other by partitions. When the stroke of the above scales is precisely set, the difference signal of the 2 side photocells gives a zero signal, which after transformations / blocks 14, 17 / is output to the outputs of these blocks in the form of a positive potential. Blocks 19, 20, 22 are used to display corrections and establish corrections of the values of the specified numbers of strokes of the main and vernier scales in accordance with the reference meter of length intervals into blocks 12, 15, 14, 17. Corrections of the values of the strokes of the measuring line for television a method for accurately determining the linear value of a given stroke number in accordance with a reference meter of length intervals. Corrections in the form of image signals of a part of a given stroke number are entered into the electronic memory of the automatic meter.

All of the functional blocks included in the above blocks are well known in the art.

Claims (3)

1. An automatic meter of a predetermined length interval using a vernier, consisting of a bed, a movable mechanism of a movable carriage, the main scale of the measuring ruler, characterized in that the main and vernier scales of the measuring ruler are reduced relative to the minimum length interval of 0.5 mm by photographing 10 or 40 times, additionally installed optical blocks of the main and vernier scales of the measuring line with a magnification factor equal to or more than 1000, a photocell block located on a mobile the carriage, the mechanism of movement of the optical blocks relative to the mobile carriage, the number of strokes of the main and vernier scales of the measuring line, the blocks of coincidence of strokes of the main and vernier scales, the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the strokes of the main and vernier scales, the block for determining differential signals; the corrections memory block, which contains corrections with respect to the standard depending on the number of the bar of the measuring line of the main and nonius scales, entered through the algebraic summing block into the counters of the number of strokes of the main and nonius scales of the measuring line and the blocks for determining the exact linear value of the strokes of the main and nonius scales. 2. An automatic meter of a given interval of length using a vernier according to claim 1, characterized in that the countdown of a given interval occurs directly from the measuring line. 3. The automatic meter of a predetermined length interval using a vernier according to claim 1, characterized in that the automatic measurement of a given interval of length is carried out using a vernier using two optical blocks corresponding to the main and vernier scales, and a block of photocells.

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