RU2251542C1 - Method of "ideal"-peat substrate preparation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: peat industry.

SUBSTANCE: the invention is dealt with peat industry, in particular, with production of nutrient mediums on the basis of peat for growing of seedlings of forest cultures and garden species and bushes with the closed root systems and a non-polluting vegetable production in a glass-covered ground. The method of preparation of the peat substrate provides for clearing of the peat raw material from large remains of wood and other impurities, introduction of a bio-activator, commixing, fermentation, gauging, packing. In the capacity of peat raw material a weakly decomposed high sphagnum peat or a mossy waste are used and in the capacity of the bio-activator they use a nutrient yeast or a compost ferment in amount of 0.9-1.1 kg per 1 m³ of peat with a density of 0.02-0.1 g / cm³. Fermentation is conducted at the temperature of 10-36°C and moistures of 50-60 %, and gauging after fermentation - up to the particle size of no more than 24 mm. The method ensures production of a product of a loose fibrous structure with the optimal hygroscopic properties, optimal concentration of the nutrient substances and a low toxicity.

EFFECT: the invention ensures production of a product with a loose fibrous structure, optimal hygroscopic properties, optimal concentration of the nutrient substances and a low toxicity.

2 ex

Description

The invention relates to the peat industry, in particular to the production of nutrient media based on peat for growing seedlings of forest crops and garden species of trees and shrubs with closed root systems and environmentally friendly vegetable products in closed ground (greenhouses).

A known method of preparing a substrate for growing vegetables in closed ground, comprising mixing peat with mineral fertilizers, lime, micronutrient fertilizers and natural zeolite taken in the amount of 3.79-19.62 kg per 100 kg of substrate (see patent RU No. 20133942, IPC ⁵ A 01 G 31/00).

The disadvantage of this method is to obtain a substrate of low nutritional value, since the addition of lime to neutralize the excess acidity of peat leads to the appearance of a large amount of calcium in it and the loss of activity of humic substances of peat, which are growth promoters, and also causes a lack of phosphorus and other trace elements, which with an excess of calcium, they are in a bound state and are poorly absorbed by plants, slowing their growth and development. In addition, the biological activity of the obtained substrate is slightly reduced due to the insufficient intensity of fiber decomposition in the presence of zeolite.

Closest to the claimed is a method of obtaining a complex fertilizer based on peat, including the introduction of peat lime, mineral compounds and soil bacteria. In addition, peat with a particle size of 0.001-25 mm is introduced as a stabilizing additive with stirring for 35-45 minutes to a moisture content of 65-75% or peat with a degree of decomposition of 20-35% and a humidity of 55-65%. The resulting fertilizer has a moisture content of 77-82%. In addition, without mixing, the fertilizer is obtained by keeping the mixture in stacks of 1-12 months (see patent RU No. 2102363, IPC ⁶ C 05 F 11/02).

The disadvantage of this method is to obtain complex fertilizers with high moisture capacity and structure that does not provide a quick outflow of excess moisture from the root layer, which can lead to rotting of the roots when growing seedlings of garden and forest crops. In addition, when growing planting material, a sufficient fixation of the root part of plants in the soil is not ensured, which negatively affects the survival rate of plants after transplantation.

In addition, the use of fertilizers, in addition to organic compounds of natural origin, of mineral additives (nitroammofoski) obtained by chemical means, leads to an increased content of nitrates and toxins when growing vegetables in closed ground.

The basis of the invention is to develop a method for producing a substrate based on raw materials of natural origin for growing seedlings of horticultural and forest crops with closed root systems and growing environmentally friendly vegetable products in closed ground (greenhouses).

The technical result of the claimed technical solution is to provide the product with a loose fibrous structure with optimal hygroscopic properties, an optimal concentration of nutrients and low toxicity.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of preparing a peat substrate includes cleaning peat raw materials from large residues of wood inclusions and impurities, introducing a bioactivator, mixing, fermenting, calibrating, packing, while poorly decomposed peat sphagnum peat or moss tow is used as peat raw material, fodder yeast or compost yeast in the amount of 0.9-1.1 kg per 1 m ^{3 of} peat with a density of 0.02-0.1 g / cm ^{3 is} used as a bioactivator, fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 10-36 ° C and humidity 50-60%, and calibration after fermentation to a particle size of not more than 24 mm.

It is under the influence of beneficial soil microorganisms of fodder yeast or compost starter culture on poorly decomposed top sphagnum peat or moss tow during fermentation at a temperature of 10-36 ° С and humidity of 50-60% that are contained in peat, well-balanced amounts of mineral compounds (mineral salts of the following elements ( B, Si, Ab, Fe, Mn, Mg, Cu, Ni, Ca, Ag, Na)) are released and humic compounds (growth stimulants) are synthesized from the decomposition products of high molecular weight components of organic residues, which leads to th substrate with balanced nutrient and stimulating substances and the formation of a loose fiber structure with optimum moisture capacity and high vlagoprovodimostyu providing rapid outflow of excess moisture from the layer of root rot and excluding the root system of the plant. Such a substrate with optimal hygroscopic properties allows you to grow seedlings of horticultural and forest crops with closed root systems in two years instead of five years, providing them with high survival rate during transplantation, and growing ecologically clean vegetable products in closed ground with intensive reproduction of its biomass.

The method of preparation of peat substrate "Ideal" is as follows.

Sphagnum peat of low degree of decomposition is not higher than 15%, for example, from the upper or transitional bogs of the Amur Region with humidity not higher than 60%, ash content not more than 10%, they are cleaned of large wood inclusions, cotton grass and sedge hummocks and other extraneous impurities and fed to the mixer of any type , for example, СО-23Б, cyclic, with folding blades on a vertical shaft. As a raw material, in addition to peat of an elevated sphagnum low degree of decomposition, moss tow can be used. Then, a bioactivator containing useful soil microorganisms in the form of fodder yeast made in accordance with GOST 20083-74 or compost starter made in accordance with TU 9291-003-02698312-2001 based on beer grains processed by microorganisms of various groups is fed to the mixer in a quantity added 0.9-1.1 kg per 1 m ^{3 of} peat with a density of 0.02-0.1 g / cm ³ . A mixture of peat and a bioactivator is thoroughly mixed, laid out in a pile and kept at a temperature of 10-36 ° C and a moisture content of 50-60% until the soil microorganisms are evenly settled and peat is fully fermented, for this purpose the pile is covered with a film and the temperature and humidity are monitored, opening the film or removing it completely, not allowing spontaneous combustion of peat.

The resulting peat substrate has the following water-physical and chemical characteristics:

- appearance - loose fibrous mass from

light gray to light brown

- smell - specific peat

(intensity 3 points)

- W% hygroscopic 10-15%

- bulk weight (density) of 0.02-0.1 g / cm ³

- ash content not higher than 10%

- acidity pH (KCl) 4,5-6

- nitrogen-N (total) 0.4-1.5

- carbon to nitrogen ratio (C / N) 40-120

Indicators of nitrogen content and the ratio of carbon to nitrogen indicate the possibility of its use as a highly fertile layer for growing plants.

At the end of the fermentation process, the calibration process is carried out, while the peat substrate is fed to grids or roll-disk screens with mesh sizes of 150 × 150 mm to loosen it, and then the sifted mass, for example, by a conveyor belt or scraper conveyor, is sent to a drum sieve or screen from metal mesh with mesh sizes 24 × 24 mm. The peat substrate is homogeneous and cleaned of impurities; it is fed into a weighing batcher and packed in five-six-layer paper tar bags according to GOST 2226, or plastic containers according to GOST 17811, or universal plastic containers, and in order to avoid changing the water-physical properties of the substrate, the packaging must be airtight .

To obtain a substrate with low humidity values, it can be dried using, for example, a herbal flour preparation unit (AVM).

Example 1

Sphagnum peat, poorly decomposed (decomposition degree 15%), humidity 50%, ash content 10% is loaded into a mixer, for example, type СО-23Б, cyclic, with folding blades on a vertical shaft in an amount of 1 m ³ (50 kg) with a density of 0, 05 g / cm ² , at a temperature of 24 ° C, add 1 kg of compost starter culture made in accordance with TU 9291-003-02698312-2001, mix for 30 minutes, put in collars, cover with plastic wrap and hold for 24 days until complete fermentation, maintaining the temperature regime by opening or removing the film, then calibrate, p oseivaya through a sieve with a mesh size of 150 × 150 mm and then through a sieve with mesh size 24 × 24 mm and is packed in a polyethylene container.

Example 2

Moss tow with a humidity of 60%, an ash content of 10% is loaded into a mixer, for example, type СО-23Б in an amount of 1 m ^{3 with a} density of 0.1 g / cm ² , at a temperature of 20 ° C add 1 kg of feed yeast made in accordance with GOST 20083-74 , stirred for 30 minutes, laid in collars, covered with a plastic wrap and kept for 4 weeks until complete fermentation, maintaining the temperature regime, opening the film or mixing the substrate, removing the film. Then the substrate is calibrated by sifting it through a sieve with mesh sizes of 150 × 150 mm, and then through a sieve with mesh sizes of 24 × 24 mm and, for example, is packed in five-six-layer paper tarred bags that are hermetically sealed.

Use peat substrate "Ideal" as follows.

Special plastic cassettes, mainly with cylindrical cells, nutrient pots, flower pots, etc., are filled manually with the substrate as densely as possible. In the presence of press equipment from the substrate "Ideal" form nutritious briquettes, pots. The cultivation of seedlings on a substrate is carried out by sowing seeds in each cell of a plastic cassette or a nutrient pot. Seedlings grown on the claimed substrate with closed root systems have a high percentage of survival during transplantation.

A method of preparing a peat substrate of optimal nutritional value, which allows growing seedlings with closed root systems and environmentally friendly vegetable products in greenhouses (nitrate content less than 50 mg / kg) with intensive growth, will find wide industrial application.

Claims (1)

A method of preparing a peat substrate, including the purification of peat raw materials from large residues of wood inclusions and impurities, the introduction of a bioactivator, mixing, fermentation, calibration, packaging, characterized in that weakly decomposed peat sphagnum peat or moss tow is used as a peat raw material, and bioactivator is used fodder yeast or compost yeast in an amount of 0.9-1.1 kg per 1 m ^{3 of} peat with a density of 0.02-0.1 g / cm ³ , fermentation is carried out at a temperature of 10-36 ° C and a humidity of 50-60%, and calibration after fermentation - to a particle size of not more than 24 mm.