RU2193846C1 - Method for defoliation of agricultural variety - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, plant growing. SUBSTANCE: method deals with treating an agricultural variety with an aqueous solution of the mixture of chlorine-containing compound and high- molecular one. The former is represented either by organic or inorganic chlorine-containing compound, the latter - either by oxygen- or nitrogen-containing polymers. The method broadens the application sphere of defoliants and increases the productivity of agricultural varieties. EFFECT: higher efficiency of defoliation. 1 cl, 12 ex, 3 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to defoliation and desiccation of crops.

 A known method of cotton defoliation, in which a mixture of chlorate and calcium chloride, sodium chlorates, magnesium chlorates is used as a defoliant [N. A. Aliyev. Defoliants and desiccants of cotton, FANT directory, Tashkent, 1990, p. 36-41].

 The disadvantages of this method include the high consumption of drugs per unit area - 8-18 kg / ha High consumption rates lead to severe clogging of the soil. In addition, chlorates are hard-acting drugs, which reduces the quality of the final product.

 Closest to the proposed one is a cotton defoliation method in which a polycomplex of an ethylene producing active substance with a polymer, polyhexamethylene guanidine or polyethyleneimine, is used as a defoliant.

n, m=1, 2
и(или) с полиэтиленимином (ПЭИ):

n=20-27090; n,m=1, 2
(Патент РФ 2079512, кл. С 08 F 8/40, БИ, 14, 1997 г.).Its structural formula has the form

n, m = 1, 2
and (or) with polyethyleneimine (PEI):

n = 20-27090; n, m = 1, 2
(RF patent 2079512, class C 08 F 8/40, BI, 14, 1997).

 Drugs stimulate leaf falling and opening boxes. The use of drugs makes it possible to increase the yield and grade of cotton, reduces the time of mechanized harvesting, allows for one-time machine harvesting of plantations. Preparations are water-soluble, easy to use.

 The disadvantages of this method include the fact that polyethyleneimine is a hard-to-reach component.

 The technical problem solved by this invention is to expand the scope of defoliants and increase crop yields.

 The technical problem is solved due to the fact that in the method of defoliation of a crop, including its treatment with a 0.5% aqueous solution of a biologically active substance, a chlorine-containing compound is used as a biologically active substance: a mixture of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid with potassium hydroxide in a 1/10 molar ratio or a mixture of monochloracetic acid with potassium hydroxide in a ratio of 1 / 0.6-1 / 1, or sodium perchlorate, with a high molecular weight compound: polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride, or polyvinyl alcohol, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose whether at an equimolar ratio of chlorinated compound and high molecular weight compounds.

 As a crop, cotton, or soy, or sunflower is used.

n=4-50;

n=4-20, A=Cl; 1/2 H₃PO₄
R=~(CH₂)₃O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₃~, (CH₂)₃O(CH₂)₄O(CH₂)₃~,
поливиниловый спирт (ПВС) с молекулярной массой 7•10⁴;
полиэтиленимин (ПЭИ) молекулярной массы 1•10⁴-1,2•10⁵;
карбоксилметилцеллюлозу (КМЦ) молекулярной массы 5•10⁴-1,5•10⁵,
С₆Н₇O₂(ОН)_3-х(ОСН₂СООNа)_х,
где на 3000 гидроксильных групп приходится 82 замещенных.The method consists in spraying crops (cotton, soybean, sunflower) with 0.4-0.6% aqueous solutions of a complex defoliant, which is a mixture of a biologically active substance with high molecular weight compounds. As macromolecular compounds use polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), or polyoxyalkylene guanidines (POAG) with the following degrees of polymerization:

n is 4-50;

n = 4-20, A = Cl; 1/2 H ₃ PO ₄
R = ~ (CH ₂ ) ₃ O (CH ₂ ) ₂ O (CH ₂ ) ₃ ~, (CH ₂ ) ₃ O (CH ₂ ) ₄ O (CH ₂ ) ₃ ~,
polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with a molecular weight of 7 • 10 ⁴ ;
polyethyleneimine (PEI) of molecular weight 1 • 10 ⁴ -1.2 • 10 ⁵ ;
carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) of molecular weight 5 • 10 ⁴ -1.5 • 10 ⁵ ,
C ₆ H ₇ O ₂ (OH) ₃ (OCH ₂ COONa) _x ,
where for 3000 hydroxyl groups, 82 are substituted.

 The selected molecular weight ranges of the polymers provide for the formation of a film containing the active components on the surface of the plants.

 As the active substance, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CFC), monochloracetic acid, sodium perchlorate are used. The ratio of macromolecular substance to active substance is 0.5-1 monomer units per mole of active substance. Potassium hydroxide is added to monochloracetic acid to produce a salt that is active and low hazard. The addition of potassium hydroxide to CPK and to 2-chloroethylhydrazine increases their activity.

 All starting materials are industrial products. PVA is non-toxic, due to which it finds wide and diverse application in medicine and food industry [S.N. Ushakov. Polyvinyl alcohol and its derivatives ", USSR Academy of Sciences, M-L., 1960, vol. II, pp. 781-790].

 PEI is low-toxic, widely used in the manufacture of paper, including for food packaging [A. Gembitsky and others. Polyethyleneamine. - M.: Science, 1971, p. 188-192; A. Gembitsky et al. Chemistry of ethyleneamine. - M .: Nauka, 1966, p. 200-232].

 CMC is non-toxic. It is produced by industry on a large scale. It is widely used in the textile, food industry and in pharmacology [G.A. Petropavlovsky. Partially substituted hydrophilic cellulose ethers and their modification by chemical crosslinking. - Leningrad: Science, 1988, p. 100-101, 110; Z.A. Rogovin. Chemical transformations and cellulose modification, M .: Chemistry, 1967, p. 138, 140, 160-164].

 Sodium perchlorate is non-toxic. Over the long-term practice of producing perchlorates on an industrial scale, not a single case of poisoning by it is known [I. Schumacher. Perchlorates, properties, production and use. - M .: State. scientific tech. publishing house chem. literature, 1963, p. 195].

CPK - a solid crystalline substance, soluble in water. LD ₅₀ for various animal species 3000-4200 mg / kg [N.A. Aliev. Defoliants and desiccants of cotton. Handbook "FANT", Tashkent, 1990, p. 36-41].

 In aqueous solutions, it remains stable at pH <4.5. At higher pH values, it decomposes with the release of ethylene [NF Zubkova et al. Application and features of the action of defoliants and desiccants. "Agrochemistry", 1991, 8, p. 127-129, 132, 133]. Commodity product - 50% aqueous solution.

 Monochloracetic acid in the form of potassium salt is low hazard. It is a solid crystalline substance, highly soluble in water and stable in aqueous solutions.

 Macromolecular defoliants are more effective than low molecular weight substances due to the prolonged action of the biologically active component, which is attached to the plant with a polymer film. In addition, they are low toxic. Based on the chemical reactivity, it is obvious that some of the polymers used are capable of forming new salts with the active components of the mixture, for example, PHMG and POAG with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, monochloracetic acid or sodium perchlorate.

 The proposed method of defoliation is as follows.

 An aqueous solution of a biologically active substance is added to an aqueous solution of a high molecular weight compound with stirring at a rate of 0.5-1 mol per monomer unit of the polymer and agricultural plants are sprayed with the resulting solution. The consumption rate of the complex defoliant (macromolecular compound plus active substance) is 5 kg / ha, the working concentration of the solution is 0.4-0.6%.

 Examples of specific performance.

 Example 1

 To 2.065 kg PEI in the form of a 20% aqueous solution, 2.935 kg of sodium perchlorate dissolved in 10 l of water are added with stirring. To obtain a 0.5% solution add 974 l of water. The resulting solution is sprayed with cotton bushes according to the standard method on an area of 1 ha.

 Example 2

 According to the standard method of example 1, cotton bushes are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 1.894 PVA, 0.12 kg of potassium hydroxide and 3.1 kg of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.

 Example 3

 According to the method of example 1, cotton bushes are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 3.21 kg of CMC, 0.069 kg of potassium hydroxide and 1.789 kg of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.

 Example 4

 According to the method of example 1, cotton bushes are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 3.395 kg of CMC and 1.604 kg of sodium perchlorate.

 Example 5

 According to the method of example 1, soybean crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 1.865 kg of PEI, 0.12 kg of potassium hydroxide and 3.1 kg of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.

 Example 6

 According to the method of example 1, soybean crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 2.71 kg of polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride, 0.853 kg of potassium hydroxide and 1.44 kg of monochloracetic acid.

 Example 7

 According to the method of example 1, soybean crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 1.847 kg of PVA, 1.98 kg of monochloracetic acid and 1.1 kg of potassium hydroxide.

 Example 8

 According to the method of example 1, soybean crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 2.356 kg of polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride, 0.74 kg of potassium hydroxide and 1.916 kg of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid.

 Example 9

 According to the method of example 1, sunflower crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 1.816 kg of PEI, 1.997 kg of monochloracetic acid and 0.683 kg of potassium hydroxide.

 Example 10

 According to the method of example 1, sunflower crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 3.162 kg of CMC, 1.154 kg of monochloracetic acid and 0.683 kg of potassium hydroxide.

 Example 11

 According to the method of example 1, sunflower crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 2.678 kg of polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride and 2.322 kg of sodium perchlorate.

 Example 12

 According to the method of example 1, sunflower crops are sprayed with a 0.5% solution consisting of 2.093 kg of PVA and 2.907 kg of sodium perchlorate.

 After spraying on the 6th and 12th day, the percentage of leaf fall and the percentage of opening cotton bolls are determined. Studies of the defolating activity of preparations were carried out both on model plants grown in natural conditions and in field plots. Cotton was tested on medium fiber varieties Bukhara-6, Namangan-1, Yulduz. The control was untreated plants. The repeatability of the experiments is three times. All experiments gave a positive result in comparison with known drugs.

 The test results of new defolating drugs are presented in tables 1, 2 and 3.

 The test results of the defoliation method showed its high efficiency. An acceleration of the maturation of bolls was noted in the absence of a negative effect on the growth and development of plants. Polymer compositions are more active than low molecular weight substances due to the prolonged and soft action of a biologically active substance attached to the polymer. When applying the compositions on a leaf blade, an accelerated formation of a release layer occurs, leading to leaf falling and opening of cotton bolls. The proposed method reduces the waiting time for mechanized harvesting, allows for one-time harvesting of plantations. Thanks to the application of the method, crop yields are increased and the grade of agricultural products is increased. The preparations are water soluble, easy to use, environmentally friendly.

Claims (2)

 1. The method of defoliation of a crop, including its treatment with a 0.5% aqueous solution of a biologically active substance, characterized in that a chlorine-containing compound is used as a biologically active substance - a mixture of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid with potassium hydroxide at a molar ratio of 1/10, or a mixture of monochloracetic acid with potassium hydroxide at a ratio of 1 / 0.6-1 / 1, or sodium perchlorate with a high molecular weight compound - polyhexamethylene guanidine chloride, or polyvinyl alcohol, or sodium carboxyme cellulose with an equimolar ratio of chlorine-containing compounds and high molecular weight compounds.  2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that as a crop use cotton, or soy, or sunflower.

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