RU2185469C2 - Method for rapid manufacture of material - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanical engineering. SUBSTANCE: method involves providing several types of automatic machines for manufacture of preferable types of products. EFFECT: reduced time for manufacture of products and increased efficiency. 39 cl, 20 dwg

Description

Field of use of the invention
The invention relates to a method for the rapid manufacture of a flat or bulk material and a device for implementation, as well as to a material made in this way, consisting of groups of threads that densely cover the area.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Textile material is often formed from single yarns, or filaments, yarn by weaving or knitting methods or similar methods to hold the yarns together. Weaving or knitting methods in which the threads are directed over and under adjacent threads are rather slow and do not provide great opportunities in the formation of bulk materials. On a fabric weaving machine, weft threads are introduced one at a time. These methods typically produce flat or cylindrical materials. There is a need for a method that, in addition to manufacturing flat or cylindrical materials, would provide more possibilities for forming materials with arbitrary three-dimensional shapes, for example, a method that would provide the possibility of forming garments, for example shirts, without cutting parts of the product from the material and further stitching them together with friend. Cutting the material into parts of an irregular shape leads to the formation of a large amount of waste and, in addition, cutting and stitching increase the number of steps beyond what is required to form the material directly in the form of the final product. The same problem exists in the manufacture of elastic engineering forms, for example automobile air bags, sailing ship sails, bags for industrial filters, etc. In these cases, the need for stitching to form three-dimensional products creates problems related to ensuring structural strength and / or permeability, therefore seams must be performed carefully.

 There is a need for a method for rapidly forming textile material from strands of thread; there is a need for a method that enables the rapid formation of three-dimensional elastic products from textile materials without cutting and stitching.

 There is also the problem of manufacturing products of complex shapes for composite structures that can be impregnated with hardening resins. Sometimes it is necessary to lay the filaments in the form of a three-dimensional shape before adding the resin or during the introduction of the resin. Currently available means for performing such operations include complex shapes with removable support means designed to hold the filaments in place until the resin hardens. There is a need for a simpler method of pre-forming such forms from materials without the use of crosslinking. Such seams can lead to a risk of lowering the strength of composite structures.

 A number of US patents issued in the name of Oswald (4600456, 4830781 and 4838966) describe a sample of material from tapes, or cord yarns, with partially vulcanized rubber coating for making a loop of a preformed reinforced tape for automobile tires. Tapes or cord threads are laid together so that they are in contact, forming a relatively rigid structure. The cord threads are laid in the form of a "zigzag repeating pattern of successively stacked lengths of ribbons offset from one another. The lengths of the cord threads alternate with the lengths of the cord threads located at an opposite angle ... This alternating mutual arrangement leads to the formation of tissue structures." The stickiness of the partially vulcanized rubber obviously keeps the cord threads in place to form the surface and holds them together until the tape is assembled with other elements of the tire and molded by heating and under pressure to make the finished tire.

 In the process practiced by Oswald et al., One or a small number of cord yarns were used, which were laid in the transverse direction of the tape on one or the other side many times to obtain one complete circle. It seems that as a result of this, a multilayer structure is obtained, where the cord threads in any one layer form a rare array, but they do not completely cover the surface of the tape. Only after repeated zigzag passes along the surface of the tape does the surface rarely become covered with cord thread. It seems that due to the repeating zigzag passages of only a small number of cord yarns, in each layer there are cord yarns laid in two different directions that do not cross each other. Cord threads that cross each other should be in different layers. These structural features of reinforcing tapes are characteristic of a method in which only a small number of cord yarns are laid at a time, and it is necessary to make many repeated passes over the surface of the tape to provide sufficient area coverage. There is a need for a simple method, different from weaving, by which it is possible to produce material structures by laying a large number of threads simultaneously on an area of the material, in order to spread it quickly in a rarefied manner and lay several such layers of sparse yarns to densely cover the area.

 A brief description of the invention.

 The invention is directed to the creation of material and its variations, to the creation of a method of manufacturing the material and variations of this method, and to the creation of several forms of automated devices for the manufacture of preferred forms of the product. The following embodiments are included in the present invention.

Material structure containing:
a plurality of groups of threads densely covering the area, moreover, the threads of one group follow substantially along parallel paths (they include loops on the paths of threads), and the threads of one group are arranged so as to intersect the threads of another group;
a plurality of subgroups included in each group, each subgroup containing a plurality of threads sparse covering the said area, and the threads of one subgroup of the same group are shifted relative to the threads of other subgroups of the same group;
many connections between the upper subgroup of the structure and the lower subgroup of the structure, either directly or through the threads of other subgroups, are made in such a way that the connections between the points of intersection of the threads of the groups occur in 0.3-80% of all crossings of the threads.

 In particular, the points of intersection of threads occur in 1-50% of cases of all crossing of threads.

 In particular, there are unconnected sections separate from the joints, such in which the inherent flexibility of the structure in the threads is maintained in the unconnected sections.

 In particular, the connections are connected from one another spaced sections and there are unconnected sections, separate from the connected sections, such that the inherent flexibility of the threads in the structure is stored in unconnected sections.

 In particular, the threads of a subgroup follow substantially along parallel paths, which forces each of the threads to cross with itself within the subgroup and cross with neighboring threads within the group.

 In particular, the threads of a subgroup in one group are bent so that they become threads of a subgroup of another group and, as a result, cross with them.

 In particular, a film web or nonwoven fabric is laid between two adjacent subgroups in the structure.

The present application also discloses a method of forming a flexible material from interwoven yarns, comprising the following steps:
laying multiple groups of threads, including many threads tightly covering the area, while the threads in the group are substantially parallel, and the threads of each group intersect with the threads of other groups, each group contains many subgroups, each subgroup contains many threads, and the threads of each subgroup stacked so that they are located at a certain distance from one another in the form of a sparse array in order to cover the said area;
laying each subgroup of one group on a different subgroup of another group so that the threads of a subgroup of one group intersect with the threads of a subgroup of another group;
positioning the threads of each subgroup of one group with a shift relative to the threads of other subgroups of the same group;
the connection of the highest subgroup in the flooring with the lowest subgroup in the flooring to form an interwoven material structure, in which compounds occur in 0.3-80% of cases of crossing the threads in the subgroup.

 In particular, the points of intersection of threads occur in 1-50% of cases of all crossing of threads.

 In particular, the step further comprises the introduction of the routed subgroups of each group into each other with the formation of a densified structure, where the threads of one group bend around the threads of neighboring groups.

 In particular, the joining step comprises the step of joining the subgroups in the spaced sections and forming unconnected sections, separate from the connected sections, in which the inherent flexibility of the structure in the threads is maintained in the unconnected sections.

 The present application also discloses a material structure made according to the method disclosed above.

In addition, in this application also disclosed a three-dimensional, three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material containing the following elements:
the flooring of the first set of subgroups, the second set of subgroups and the third set of subgroups, each subgroup including yarns spaced from one another to form a sparse sheathed area of the material, the yarns usually being parallel and directed along a curved path in space;
assigned subgroups are located in a predetermined array with respect to a common reference axis and a common reference plane perpendicular to the reference axis;
the first subgroups are located at a first angle relative to the reference plane and are located at a first angle of rotation relative to the axis, the second subgroups are located at a second angle relative to the reference plane and are located at a second angle of rotation relative to the reference axis, the third subgroups are located at a third angle relative to the reference plane and are located under the third rotation angle relative to the reference axis, while the threads of any one of the first, second and third subgroups intersect with the threads of the other first, in the second and third subgroups;
in each first, second and third set of subgroups, the threads of one subgroup are shifted relative to the threads of other subgroups to form a group of threads for each of the corresponding subgroups, and the group of any corresponding subgroups densely covers the area of the material;
the upper subgroup in the flooring is connected to the lower subgroup in the flooring to form a three-dimensional, three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material.

 In particular, the entire area of the material contains a biaxial part of the area, consisting of two sets of subgroups from the first, second and third subgroups, and a triaxial part of the area, consisting of three sets of subgroups from the first, second and third subgroups.

The present application also discloses an interwoven material structure containing the following elements:
a plurality of first yarn subgroups, including a plurality of yarns oriented in the first angular direction, free from intersections, the yarns of the first subgroups forming a flooring with a plurality of second yarn subgroups containing a plurality of yarns oriented in the second angular direction, free of intersection;
the threads of each subgroup, directed substantially along parallel trajectories that are spaced apart from each other with a repeating pattern, to sparse cover the common predefined area of the material, the threads of the subgroups are alternately laid together with the first subgroup following the second subgroup, while the threads of the first subgroup intersect with threads of the second subgroup;
the threads of any one subgroup of the many first subgroups are offset relative to the threads of all other subgroups of the many first subgroups;
the threads of any one subgroup of the many second subgroups are offset relative to the threads of all other subgroups of the many second subgroups;
laying out the whole set of first subgroups forming the first group of threads containing threads tightly covering the predefined area of the material, and laying out the whole set of second subgroups forming the second group of threads containing threads tightly covering the predefined area of the material;
the yarns of the upper subgroup in the flooring are connected to the yarns of the lower subgroup in the flooring so as to encompass other subgroups in the flooring in the interlaced structure of the material.

 In this case, the threads of successively arranged subgroups of the many first subgroups in the flooring are offset relative to each other by the width of the threads in this subgroup of the material, and the threads of successively arranged subgroups of the many second subgroups in the deck are shifted relative to each other by the width of the threads in this subgroup of material.

 In particular, the interlaced structure of the material contains many third subgroups of threads, including many threads oriented in the third angular direction, free from overlap, and the third subgroups of threads form a flooring with many first and second subgroups of threads, while the threads of the third subgroup intersect the threads of the first and the second subgroup, laying all the sets of third subgroups forming the third group of threads containing threads tightly covering a predetermined area of the material.

 Also, the set of the first subgroups is located in the flooring so as to determine the total number of yarn displacement steps equal to the number of subgroups from which the set of the first subgroups is formed, while the subsequent subgroups of the set of the first subgroups of yarns are laid on the set of equal sub-intervals of the yarn steps between them and sequentially placed into sub-intervals with a plurality of threads in subsequent subgroups of a plurality of first subgroups displaced by one step of the thread from one another, a plurality of second subgroups are located in the flooring so that to determine the total number of yarn displacement steps equal to the number of subgroups from which a plurality of second subgroups are formed, while subsequent subgroups of a plurality of second subgroups of yarns in the flooring are laid on a set of equal sub-intervals of yarn steps between them and sequentially placed in sub-intervals with many yarns in subsequent subgroups from the set of second subgroups displaced by one step of the thread from one another.

The present invention discloses a method for forming an interwoven material structure, comprising the following steps:
laying the first subgroup of threads, including many threads oriented in the first angular direction, free from overlap, and the threads in the first subgroup are directed substantially along parallel paths that are spaced one from another with a repeating pattern so as to span a certain area of the material in a sparse form;
the superposition of the second subgroup of threads following the first subgroup of threads and including a plurality of threads oriented in the second angular direction, free from intersections, and the threads in the second subgroup are directed substantially along parallel paths that are spaced one from another with a repeating pattern, so that in a sparse form to cover a certain area of the material;
continuation of alternating overlapping of the set of the first first subgroups of threads and the set of the second subgroups of threads, including the following sub-steps:
displacement of a plurality of threads in any one subgroup of a plurality of first subgroups consisting of a plurality of threads in all other subgroups of a first plurality of subgroups, and laying all the threads in one first plurality of subgroups before laying the threads in another subgroup;
displacement of a plurality of threads in any one subgroup of a plurality of second subgroups consisting of a plurality of threads in all other subgroups of a second plurality of subgroups, and laying all the threads in one second plurality of subgroups before laying the threads in another subgroup;
the termination of laying, when all the sets of the first subgroups form a first group of threads containing threads that tightly cover a predetermined area of the material, and when the laying of all of the many second subgroups forms a second group of threads that includes threads that tightly cover a predetermined area of the material;
joining the yarns from the upper subgroup in the flooring to the yarns from the lower subgroup in the flooring so as to hold other subgroups in the flooring and form an interlaced material structure.

 In addition, the invention includes a material structure made according to the method above.

The invention also discloses a method for rapidly forming a three-dimensional flexible bulk material, in which the filaments in the subgroups are spaced one from another with a regular step to follow along the contours of the form, containing the following steps:
laying on the spatial surface of many groups of threads, each group containing many threads tightly covering the area at which the threads in the group are substantially parallel, and the threads in each group intersect with the threads of other groups, each group containing many subgroups and each laid the subgroup contains many threads, and the threads of each subgroup are spaced from one another in a sparse array to cover a substantial part of the said area;
laying each subgroup of one group on a different subgroup of another group, together with the threads of a subgroup of one group, intersecting with the threads of a subgroup of another group;
positioning the threads of each subgroup of one group with a shift relative to the threads of other subgroups of the same group;
the connection of the highest subgroup in the flooring with the lowest subgroup in the flooring to form an interwoven material structure, in which compounds occur in 0.3-80% of cases of crossing the threads in the subgroup.

 In particular, the points of intersection of threads occur in 1-50% of cases of all crossing of threads.

The invention also includes a device for forming material for forming a material structure from a plurality of threads, containing the following elements:
an endless conveyor having a movable bearing surface to maintain the structure of the material being formed, the surface having opposite edges parallel to the direction of movement, and holders located along each edge and designed to temporarily hold the thread to resist lateral movement of the thread, and the conveyor is equipped with a controlled motor for communication movement of a moving bearing surface;
a plurality of spreaders adapted to move in the transverse direction of the surface from one edge to another edge, each containing a plurality of yarn guides for quickly directing threads from holders located along one edge to holders located along the other edge and back to holders of the first edge; moreover, the spreaders contain a controlled drive for communicating the reciprocating movement of the spreaders in the transverse direction of the bearing surface;
a plurality of connecting elements located in the transverse direction of the bearing surface between the edges of the bearing surface and behind the last spreader in the direction of movement of the surface, the connecting elements being adapted to connect one thread to another thread at their intersection point;
control means for coordinating the controlled engine and drive means for continuously forming the material structure on the carrier surface of the conveyor.

And the invention also includes a device for distributing yarns for neatly laying yarns on a complex curved surface using a mechanical drive, containing the following elements:
means for driving a mechanical distributor;
a thread spreader containing a frame supporting a hollow shaft through which a thread can pass;
yarn guide connected to the pickup and to means for driving a mechanical pickup;
a block placed on a hollow shaft that carries a plurality of flexible springs intersecting at a common point;
a hollow head with a hemispherical end located at the point of intersection of the springs through which the thread can pass, and the springs provide the ability to move the head in the axial or angular direction and the rotation of the shaft allows the head to run around any surface while maintaining contact with it and at the same time provides the ability to freely deviate in the axial or angular direction so as to neatly lay the thread on the surface, while the thread passes through the hole in the hollow shaft and through the hole The term in the hollow head.

The invention discloses a method of forming an interwoven material structure, comprising the following steps:
creating an elongated material-bearing surface having a longitudinal axis and opposite lateral edges parallel to this axis, and arranging the surface next to a plurality of yarn spreaders placed along opposite lateral edges of the elongated surface;
the use of multiple thread guides in the spreader, with each thread guide adapted to guide the thread from the source of the thread to the bearing surface;
capture of threads at one edge of the bearing surface;
providing relative motion between the bearing surface and each of the plurality of spreaders in such a way that the spreaders lay yarn from the yarn guides on the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction along the bearing surface;
capture of threads at the opposite edge of the bearing surface;
reversing the relative motion of the spreaders and the bearing surface so that the spreaders lay the threads from the yarn guides on the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction;
arrangement of spreaders and thread guides and coordination of relative movements so that when the strings from the spreaders are laid on the surface, the diagonal positions of each thread are shifted relative to the other threads, thus tightly covering the bearing surface with the threads in one cycle of relative movement from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the first edge.

 In particular, to ensure relative motion, the bearing surface is moved in a predetermined direction along the longitudinal axis of the bearing surface and the pickups are moved along the path from one edge to the opposite edge, and this path is substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bearing surface.

 In particular, at least one aligner is positioned along one edge, and at least the other aligner is positioned along the same edge, and one and the other aligners are moved from one edge to the opposite edge in concert during relative movement communication.

 In particular, at least one aligner is positioned along one edge and at least the other aligner is positioned along the opposite edge and one and the other aligners are moved towards each other and back during their movement from one edge to said opposite edge in concert during relative motion messages.

 Moreover, in this application, filament materials manufactured according to the methods described above are described.

In addition, the present invention discloses a method of forming material from interwoven yarns, comprising the following steps:
creating an elongated material-bearing surface on a rotatable mandrel having an axis of rotation and opposite lateral edges, substantially perpendicular to this axis;
the orientation of the surface adjacent to the annular yarn spreader is substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the mandrel, the ring being located near the lateral edge of the material-bearing surface;
the use of a plurality of thread guides on an annular distributor, with each thread guide adapted to guide the thread from the thread source to the bearing surface, the thread guides are evenly distributed around the circumference to lay the threads with the same pitch between them around the mandrel shell;
capture of threads at one edge of the bearing surface;
ensuring relative movement between the bearing surface and the ring spreader in such a way that the ring spreader stacks the yarn from the yarn guides onto the bearing surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edges of the surface from one edge to the opposite edge and in a predetermined direction of rotation along the bearing surface, sparse framing in this way the area of the material on the surface of the mandrel with threads in said first direction;
capture of threads on the opposite edge of the bearing surface;
reversal of the direction of relative motion of the annular spreader and the bearing surface so that the annular spanner laid the threads from the yarn guides on the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edges of the surface from the opposite edge to the first edge and in a predetermined direction of rotation along the bearing surface, sparse thus covering the area of the material on the surface of the mandrel with threads in the second direction;
the arrangement of the ring guide and the thread guide and coordination of the relative motion so that when the threads from the thread guide in the ring guide are successively laid to the surface, the diagonal positions of the successively laid threads are shifted relative to the previously laid threads in each first and second diagonal directions so as to tightly cover bearing surface by threads after repeated cycles of relative movement from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the first edge ay.

 In particular, providing relative motion comprises stopping the relative motion between the annular expander and the mandrel bearing surface, when the annular expander is first returned to one edge, continuing a predetermined rotation of the mandrel surface by a predetermined distance to lay the next stackable yarn in a predetermined offset position from previously laid yarn in the first direction and before reversing the relative motion repeat stopping, continuing and reversing at the opposite end to place the next stackable yarn in a predetermined offset position relative to the previously laid yarn in the second direction and before reversing the relative motion, and stopping the relative motion between the ring spreader and the mandrel support surface when the ring spreader is laid yarns in all shifted positions for each first and second directions, so as to tightly lay flat ad material on the bearing surface of the mandrel.

In particular, the continuation of a predetermined rotation of the surface of the mandrel by a predetermined distance contains the following:
determination of equal sub-intervals of displacement positions between the first laid yarns in the first and second directions;
sequential continuation of a predetermined rotation at one edge and the opposite edge in order to lay the subsequent stackable yarns in each direction on these sub-intervals;
further sequential continuation of a predetermined rotation at one edge and the opposite edge, in order to sequentially place the yarns in each sub-interval at a distance from the previously laid yarns by one yarn offset so as to complete the placement of yarns in all shifted positions in all sub-intervals together.

 This application discloses an interwoven yarn material made according to the method above.

The present invention also discloses a method for forming an interwoven material structure and an interwoven material structure made by this method, comprising the following steps:
creating an elongated material-bearing surface having a longitudinal axis and opposite lateral edges, wherein the longitudinal direction of the machine is determined in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the transverse direction is defined between opposite edges;
laying on a bearing surface a plurality of subgroups of threads in which the threads are oriented in the longitudinal direction, laying of each group with a certain step along the longitudinal axis, laying the threads of each subgroup oriented in the longitudinal direction, at offset positions in the transverse direction relative to other subgroups oriented in the longitudinal direction ;
laying on a bearing surface a plurality of subgroups of threads containing threads oriented in the transverse direction, laying each subgroup with a certain step along the longitudinal axis, laying a subgroup oriented in the transverse direction with a certain step relative to the corresponding subgroup oriented in the longitudinal direction;
laying the threads of each subgroup oriented in the transverse direction to offset positions in the longitudinal direction, different from other subgroups oriented in the transverse direction;
moving the bearing surface in a predetermined direction aligned with the longitudinal axis to collect together the yarns laid from all subgroups oriented in the longitudinal and transverse directions and form a flooring;
squeezing the subgroups together and connecting the upper subgroups in the flooring with the lower subgroups in the flooring to form an interwoven material structure.

Moreover, the invention discloses a method for forming an intertwined bulk structure of a material, comprising the following steps:
creating a rectangular parallelepipedal bearing surface for a material rotated with respect to three orthogonal axes, thus defining three orthogonal directions of thread laying: X, Y and Z;
laying the first subgroup of threads to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the X axis;
laying the second subgroup of threads to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the Y axis and form the flooring together with the threads laid in the direction of the X axis;
laying the third subgroup of threads in order to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the Z axis and form the flooring together with the threads laid in the direction of the X axis and in the direction of the Y axis;
repeating the laying and laying of each of the first, second and third subgroups and the displacement of the yarns of the subsequent subgroups relative to all the yarns of the previously laid subgroups until each of the many subgroups forms a group of yarns located in the corresponding direction for that subgroup that densely covers the mandrel surface;
the connection of the upper subgroup in the flooring with the lower subgroup in the flooring to form a three-dimensional intertwined structure of the material.

 In particular, this method also comprises the step of separating the material-bearing surface from the material. In addition, the application discloses an interlaced bulk structure of a material made according to this method.

Brief Description of the Drawings:
FIG. 1A-1E depicts in plan a sequence of superimposed yarns when forming a base of two groups (bidirectional, or biaxial) of flexible material from a plurality of subgroups consisting of a plurality of yarns.

 FIG. 2A-2E is a plan and side view of a subgroup of yarns of a basic rapport of material.

 FIG. 3A-3C is a plan view and a vertical projection of the arrangement options of the threads in the rapport.

 FIG. 4A-4D are views in terms of an additional biaxial material structure.

 FIG. 5A-5B are two different views in terms of a three-layer (three-directional, or three-axis) flexible material.

 FIG. 6 shows a device for continuously forming a two-dimensional (biaxial) material from threads, in which the threads are oriented at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the machine, and the material thus formed.

 FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of a portion of the material shown in FIG. 6.

 FIG. 8A-8B depict another apparatus for continuously forming a two-dimensional biaxial material from filaments, similar to that shown in FIG. 7.

 FIG. 9 shows, on an enlarged scale, a portion of the material formed on the device of FIG. 8.

 FIG. 10A-10B depict a desktop device for manufacturing a piece of two-dimensional or three-dimensional material and a sample of a piece of three-dimensional biaxial material.

 FIG. 11A is a mandrel for manufacturing a piece of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional material.

 FIG. 11B is a mandrel for manufacturing a tubular product material.

 FIG. 11C is a view of a flattened tubular material manufactured on the device of FIG. 11B.

 FIG. 11D - a special device for laying the thread.

 FIG. 12 is another hand-held device for manufacturing a piece product of a three-dimensional structure.

FIG. 13 is another device for the continuous formation of a two-dimensional biaxial material from threads oriented at an angle of 0 and 90 ^o to the longitudinal direction of the machine.

 FIG. 14 is a schematic view of a material cell.

 FIG. 15 is a universal device for distributing threads for a bulk mandrel.

 FIG. 16A-16D depict the general orientation of one subgroup of one group of threads in the form shown in FIG. fifteen.

 FIG. 17A-17D depict the orientation of one subgroup of three groups in the form shown in FIG. fifteen.

 In FIG. 18A-18E are the orientations of subsequent subgroups of each group, laid so as to densely cover the shape shown in FIG. 15, and form a material of a certain shape.

 FIG. 19A-19E - a device for the manufacture of material in the form of a shell.

 FIG. 20 depicts a special device for laying yarns on a mandrel having a complex curved shape.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In FIG. 1A-1E show in plan on surface 23 a simplified basic structure and method for forming bidirectional or biaxial material 22 (FIG. 1E) from threads according to the invention. In FIG. 1A, two strands 30 and 32 are laid in the first direction 34, for example at an angle of 90 ^° . Filaments 30 and 32 are located at a certain distance from one another, defining the cell, or in increments of 33, which may be approximately 3-20 diameters of the filament (preferably 4-16, and most preferably 4-8); about four diameters are shown here to provide 4 positions for the threads to be laid or offset relative to other threads in this direction. In FIG. 1B shows two strands 36 and 38 that are laid in the second direction 40, for example at an angle of 0 ^° , and over the first strands. The strands 36 and 38 are also spaced one from the other at a certain distance defining the cell, or with step 42, which has the same magnitude as step 33, for these threads of the same thickness. For threads of a different thickness or to create special effects, the values of steps 33 and 42 may be different. In FIG. 1C, two strands 44 and 46 are located one from another at a distance of 33 and in direction 34 and are laid next to strands 30 and 32 respectively and on top of strands 36 and 38. Two strands 48 and 50 are spaced apart from each other at a distance of 42, located in direction 40 and laid next to threads 36 and 38, respectively, and over threads 44 and 46. In FIG. 1D shows two strands 52 and 54 that are 33 spaced apart from each other and are located in the 34 direction and are laid next to strands 44 and 46, respectively, and on top of strands 48 and 50. Two strands 56 and 58 are spaced apart from each other 42 and are located in the direction 40, and they are laid next to the threads 48 and 50, respectively, and over the threads 52 and 54. In FIG. 1E, two yarns 60 and 62 are shown which are 33 spaced apart from one another and are located in the 34 direction and are laid next to yarns 52 and 54, respectively, and on top of yarns 56 and 58. Two yarns 64 and 66 are spaced apart from each other 42 and are located in the direction 40, and they are laid next to the threads 56 and 58, respectively, and over the threads 60 and 62.

 This completes the laying of the threads, and now the base flat structure 22 is made up of a plurality of threads that are held in place only by friction and gravity. It remains to fix the threads in place. This is done in the simplest way by connecting the upper threads 64 and 66 with the lower threads 30 and 32 at points 68, 70, 72, 74 of their intersection. As a result of this, now all the threads of the structure are “caught” together, since they cannot be released in the same way that they were laid.

 The structure shown in FIG. 1E, also shown in FIG. 2A on a slightly enlarged scale for the convenience of further explanation. The structure shown in FIG. 2A has a characteristic structure, or cell 61, which must be repeated over a large area of the material; it is distinguished by thickened dashed lines. Between the uppermost filaments and the lowest filaments in each cell of this structure there is a crossing point, for example, point 68 in cell 61, where the uppermost filament 66 intersects with the lowest filament 32.

 In FIG. 2B is a side view taken along line 2B - 2B of FIG. 2A, where the threads are depicted as rigid elements. It should be noted that since the threads are flexible, if they are not stretched, they will bend one another in the structure from the top and bottom and the structure will “shrink” to about two to four thicknesses of the threads so that it will be difficult to pull loose threads from the structure. These envelopes at the top and bottom of the trajectory of the threads in the structure can be considered as weaving in the fabric. The more weaves present in the material, the greater the stability of the material and the greater the tendency of the threads to stably maintain their position without displacement and without the formation of holes in the material. Those. material has good integrity. This feature is desirable in order to maintain the possibility of cured surface of the material. The idea of a completely “flattened” structure is given in FIG. 2C, where the individual threads in each subgroup are indicated by pos. 1-8. In a fully “flattened” state, the thickness at position 57 is approximately the thickness of an individual thread of one group, located in one direction 34, superimposed on top of one thread of another group in the other direction 40. This fully consolidated thickness is about two diameters of the thicknesses of the threads that can be achieved by forcing the threads to bring them together with an increase in the number of bonds. By holding the degree of bond to a minimum in a controlled manner, as shown in FIG. 2A, the structure of the material can be made more voluminous and its thickness 59 can reach a value of 3-4 thread diameters. In this case, the material is 1.5-2 times more voluminous than the woven structure in which the same threads are used. Alternatively, less expensive, less bulky, less textured, and / or less crimped, strands in the material structure of the present invention can be used to achieve the same bulk as a woven structure in which more expensive and more expensive bulk threads. This is a unique advantage of the material made according to the present invention.

 It is advisable to formulate some definitions in order to consider the general features of the invention with reference to FIG. 1E, 2A and 2B.

 A thread is a predominantly one-dimensional, elongated, flexible element of material that is substantially continuous in length, for example, cord, fiber, filament, wire, rope, braid, tape, braid, yarn, twine, etc. made of one or more the number of sub-elements that can be continuous in length (e.g., continuous multifilament yarn) or discontinuous in length (e.g., staple fiber yarn).

 A cell is the smallest part of the material in which the pattern of the arrangement of the threads is repeated over most of the surface of the material and where, for convenience, the topmost thread, for example thread 66, is located along one side of the cell and the next highest thread, for example thread 60, is located along the other side of the cell ( other repeating parts of the cell can be selected, if desired). In FIG. 2A shows the entire cell in the form of cell 61. In some structures, the edges of the material may have only partial cells or there may be several cells in the material with slightly different patterns of threading that are repeated in the material. In some materials, there may be a very variable or very large cell and it may be inconvenient to designate a cell; a material can be fully defined as a single cell.

Thread group - a group of threads, including all threads in a material or cell located in this direction, for example at an angle of 0 or 90 ^o . In FIG. 2A, the group of threads located at an angle of 0 ^o in all cells is indicated by the Roman numeral I, and the group of threads located at an angle of 90 ^o in all cells is indicated by the Roman numeral II. The threads in the group form a dense sheath of threads along the surface, and the threads in the group are directed substantially along parallel paths, which may include curved sections or loops where this thread can cross itself. To achieve the most dense covering, all threads should not overlap and should preferably be parallel to one another; to provide a lower density, this condition is optional.

 The cell step is the length of the side of the cell, which determines the distance that a number of non-overlapping and non-overlapping threads in a group can occupy. For simple cells, this size determines the distance between sparsely spaced threads in a subgroup (see below). For group II, the step of the cell is indicated by pos. 33; for group I, the step of the cell is indicated by pos. 42. At steps 33 or 42 in FIG. 1A, 1B, and 2A, there are four positions for threads in this group that are offset from one another. For the cell shown in FIG. 2A, designated in accordance with the developed rules, a cell step 33 is shown between the upper threads 64 and 66.

 A subgroup of threads is a set of threads that make up a sparse division of a group. The threads in the group are arranged by subgroups with the threads of other groups. In FIG. 2A, 2B and 2C, the total number, consisting of eight subgroups of a full cell, is indicated by pos. from 1 to 8, with all the threads included in each subgroup are denoted by the same position; subgroups 1, 3, 5, 7 make up group I for cell 61, and subgroups 2, 4, 6. 8 make up group II for cell 61. Each subgroup, considered separately, is a sparse flooring of threads over the area of the material. For example, threads marked with pos. 1, form a subgroup 1 and they are spaced one from another by a step size of 33 cells. Threads marked with pos. 1, make up the lowest subgroup in group I, as well as in the cell, and the threads marked with poses are superimposed on them. 2, the lowest subgroup of group II in the cell. The threads of the various subgroups of group I do not overlap, i.e. in the top view, they do not lie on top of each other, although in special cases, including loops of threads, a separate thread may intersect itself and with threads of other subgroups, as, for example, in FIG. 2E.

 By the position of the thread in this group is understood the location in the cell where the thread is located relative to a previously selected reference thread in the same group. At the step length of the cell, there is a finite number of yarn positions available for yarns in a subgroup of the group, which are substantially parallel and offset from one another. In a preferred designation, the X axis is superimposed on the topmost thread in the cell, and the Y axis is drawn through the origin determined by the intersection point of the topmost thread and the thread located in the next subgroup, which crosses with the topmost thread. For convenience, the cell is defined as a repeating element of the structure of threads, one side of which is located next to the X axis, and the origin of X - Y coordinates is located in the lower left corner of the cell. The position of the thread in the subgroup can now be defined as a fraction of the total number of possible positions of the threads, spaced from the reference thread, and the reference thread is located in the zero position. If the trajectory of the threads is not straight, in contrast to the example depicted in FIG. 1A - 1E and 2A, then the X axis should be combined with the prevailing indirect path, which may be the axis of symmetry of the thread path in the case of a sinusoidal or zigzag path.

 In cell 61 of FIG. 2A, the uppermost thread 66 of subgroup 8 of group II is selected as the reference thread and it is aligned with the X axis 71. Thread 60 in the next subgroup 7 of cell 61 intersects with the reference thread 66 of subgroup 8. At the intersection of the reference thread 66, the origin 75 is located, through which the Y axis passes 77. The positions of the subgroups in group I of the threads in cell 61 are indicated by pos. 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, and subgroup 8, represented by the uppermost thread 66, is in position 0/4 and with a sign determined by the direction of the Y axis where the thread intersects the Y axis. Subgroup positions in group II, the threads in cell 61 are indicated by pos. 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, and subgroup 7, represented by the next thread 60, is in position 0/4 and with a sign determined by the direction of the X axis where the thread intersects the X axis. Threads of subgroup 1 group II (Fig. 2A and 2B), for example, thread 32, are in position 1/4 in the shown cell, which is the position +1 of the four possible positions. The yarns of subgroup 6 of group I (Fig. 2A and 2D), for example yarn 56, are in position 3/4 in the shown cell, which is position +3 of the four possible positions.

A matrix can be created to describe the location of the threads in the cell structure. For example, for the material shown in FIG. 2A, 2B and 2C, the matrix for two groups of threads located at angles of 0 and 90 ^o will have the form shown in table. 1.

In FIG. 1E, four threads were used to fill step 33: threads 30, 44, 52, and 60. From a practical point of view, the size of each step 33 and 42 determines the length at which the threads are not fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of the material structure, for example, the length 76 of the uppermost thread 64 located at an angle of 0 ^° and a length 78 of the lowest thread 30 located at an angle of 90 ^° , in FIG. 1E. As this step increases, when the number of subgroups of threads in the structure is added, the increased unfixed length of the thread grows and can lead to the problem of “loose” threads in the finished material structure. On the other hand, it may be desirable to have such non-fixed threads on the surface of the material in some applications. Satin made using conventional weaving technology has many long segments of loose thread on the surface of such fabrics in order to create a special look and special carcass. When it is desired to minimize the length of loose bonds on the surface of the material, however, a length corresponding to 4-8 diameters of the thread is the preferred determinant for steps 33 and 42 and the number of subgroups. A value equal to 16-20 diameters of the filament is, obviously, the maximum step size of the cell from a practical point of view. If a thicker structure is acceptable or desirable, two complete material structures can be stacked on top of each other and then the outer subgroups are connected so that the number of subgroups increases without increasing the length of the loose thread on the surface of the material.

There are various options for patterns when laying subgroups of threads. All threads of one subgroup are held in place until the next subgroup is placed in place, which characterizes the threads of one subgroup. In FIG. 2A shows the basic module of the material structure shown in FIG. 1E, where the sequence of subgroups, going from left to right, is represented by values 1-3-5-7 in each group located at an angle of 90 ^o , and going from bottom to top, is represented by values 2-4-6-8 in each group located under angle 0 ^o . In FIG. 3A, the sequence of arrangement of the subgroups going from left to right is represented by values 1-5-7-3, the sequence of arrangement of subgroups going from left to right is represented by values 1-5-7-3 in each group located at an angle of 90 ^o ; the sequence of arrangement of subgroups, going from bottom to top in the figure, is represented by values 2-6-8-4 in each group located at an angle of 0 ^o . In FIG. 3B shows a vertical projection of the structure of the material shown in FIG. 3A, and the positions of the subgroups in cell 79 of FIG. 3A. In FIG. 3C shows another drawing of the cell, where the filaments located at an angle of 90 ^° were displaced, as shown in FIG. 2A (1-3-5-7). And the threads located at an angle of 0 ^o were shifted, as shown in FIG. 3A (2-6-8-4). As you can see, different patterns of displacement of the threads in each subgroup are possible in order to vary the patterns of the arrangement of threads or (optionally) structural features; and subgroups located at an angle of 0 ^o and located at an angle of 90 ^o can be shifted in different ways. Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 4A, where the threads of successively arranged subgroups are laid in the middle of the cell step, which makes it possible to produce a different looking pattern of the arrangement of threads. In general, the arrangement of FIG. 4 less preferred; rather, it is preferable to arrange the threads of successively placed subgroups next to the thread of the previous subgroup. As a result of this, greater accuracy is achieved in the arrangement and limitation in the movement of threads in the direction of adjacent threads during the formation of the structure before bonding. In FIG. 4B shows another drawing.

The actual steps carried out by the device for laying yarns during sequential laying of subgroups can also be varied as desired. For example, a device can execute a sequence of 1, 3, 5, 7 (Fig. 2A and a group located at an angle of 90 ^o ), as shown by brackets 63 or 65, or 67, or 69; in a group located at an angle of 0 ^o , similar variations can be made. The sequence of steps does not affect the appearance and structure of the picture in the middle part of the structure of the material, but can be used to give a certain appearance to the edges of the material.

 You can use tools for connecting the upper and lower threads, other than the connection only at the points of application. In one preferred embodiment, the ultrasonic waveguide is moved along the structure in a diagonal direction along the path 51, for example, through points 68 and 74 (see FIG. 1E) to continuously fasten all the threads along the path with adjacent threads with which they intersect. A parallel path 53 can be drawn through point 70, and a next parallel path 55 can be drawn through point 72 so that a plurality of ultrasonic fastening seams are provided to ensure structural integrity. In alternative embodiments, fastening passages may be conducted through points 68-70 or 68-72. In practice, the paths do not have to go directly through points 68, 70, 72, and 74 in order to effectively hold the threads in the structure. It is important that the upper threads and the lower threads are connected to other threads, which ultimately are connected to each other, as a result of which the upper threads eventually turn out to be connected by rows of compounds with the lower threads. Such a “loop through” process is advantageous in that it does not require the exact location of the attachment points of the upper and lower yarns at their intersection points, although this is still desirable. Such an arrangement of the trajectories that has just been described provides the possibility of fulfilling the frequency of bonding, which is quite small, but at which the inherent flexibility of the threads in the structure is preserved instead of creating fastening points with a high frequency from the molten and heat-fixed polymer. Connection passages form a bonding zone in the structure of the material and can be used to control the bulk of the material. Between the fastening passages, for example trajectories 51 and 55, there is an unfastened zone 49 in which the threads remain unfastened and unconnected, so that the inherent flexibility of the threads used in the structure is maintained. It should be noted that for the manufacture of the structure of a material of practical dimensions, it is required to use a very large number of threads and many bonding zones and non-bonded zones.

In FIG. 4C shows a small area of material with a pattern that resembles that shown in FIG. 1E (as well as in FIG. 2A). The small area 22 of the material shown in FIG. 1E and 2A, which is adopted as a simple cell / pattern with one step (or the simplest cell of the pattern), can be made in four passes of two threads in each group, for example, in four passes of two feed threads 30 and 32 in the direction at an angle of 90 ^o in combination with four passages of two threads 36 and 38 in a direction at an angle of 0 ^o . In each sublayer, subsequent yarns are laid next to previous yarns with a shift of one yarn to the side. This material can be quickly made in this way. An equivalent portion of material 24 shown in FIG. 4C, was made in eight passes of only one feed thread in each group, for example, in eight passes of feed thread 41 in a direction at an angle of 90 ^° , alternating with eight passes in feed direction 43 in a direction at an angle of 0 ^° . If the numbered sequence indicated by pos. 45a, is made for the filament 41 in the direction at an angle of 90 ^o , and the numbered sequence indicated by pos. 45b is made for the filament yarn 43 in a direction at an angle of 0 ^° , a pattern very similar to that shown in FIG. 1E and 2A. The drawing on the part of the material made in accordance with FIG. 1E and 2A, contains four cells of material with four threads on the side of the cell, and the pattern on the part of the material made in accordance with FIG. 4C, contains one cell of material with eight threads per cell side. Some visual differences in materials can be seen by looking at the lower right quadrant of the two materials, where it can be seen that in FIG. 2A (similarly to FIG. 1E), subgroup 5 passes under subgroup 6, and subgroup 7 passes under subgroup 8; but in the equivalent material of FIG. 4C, a subgroup 11 passes over a subgroup 10 and a subgroup 15 passes over a subgroup 14.

 This figure in FIG. 4C is adopted as a split pattern with one step of the cell (or the exact “divided cell of the pattern”), since the second thread laid in each group of threads 41a and 43a divides the step of the cell, for example, distance 47, into some parts of the cell, for example 0, 5 cells, as shown by equal segments 47a and 47b dividing the cell. Subsequent yarns of each group, for example yarns 41b and 43b, are then laid after the previous yarns, for example yarns 41 and 43, respectively, one step of the yarn to the side in the first step of the divided cell, for example 47a. Also, the subsequent yarns of each group, for example yarns 41c and 43c, are then laid after the previous yarns, for example yarns 41a and 43a, respectively, one step of the yarn to the side in the second step of the divided cell, for example 47b. Thus, two or more steps of a divided cell are formed together. When the cell is completed, the upper and lower threads at the point of their intersection are fastened, for example, at point 73. Additional bonding lines, similar to those shown in pos. 51, 53 and 55 in FIG. 1E can also be used to fasten more threads to one another, as shown in pos. 73a, 73b and 73c in FIG. 4C. More or less bond lines can be used as desired. For a simple one-step pattern cell and a split one-step pattern cell, and for any other similar pattern that provides good interweaving of threads, it may be possible to use less than the proposed one bond on a cell with a large material pattern that contains many cells and bonds.

In FIG. 4D shows, for comparison, material 26 made using a simple drawing cell, as in FIG. 1E and 2A, but using eight strands per cell step instead of only four. Only one feed thread in each thread group could be needed for the surface of the material shown on this single cell. The numbered sequence indicated by pos. 27a, is carried out in a direction at an angle of 90 ^o for the thread 25, alternating with a numbered sequence indicated by pos. 27b, which is carried out in a direction at an angle of 0 ^° for the thread 28. This one cell of the pattern covers the same area as the four cells of FIG. 1E and 2A, or one cell in FIG. 4C, but it contains a large number of loose thread lengths, which may be undesirable for some applications. When laying a large number of threads in a cell (8 or more), it is preferable to use a divided pattern cell in order to reduce the number of loose threads of large length.

It was found that the pattern of yarn arrangement shown in FIG. 1E, 2A and 4C, provides a particularly good interweaving of threads, in which material structures tend to hold their shape better without shifting the threads and without forming holes in the material. However, there are some significant differences in the two patterns of threading. In the simple cell shown in FIG. 1E and 2A, more feed strands per unit width of material are used than in the divided cell in FIG. 4C, and if you follow the practice of creating at least one bond on a cell, then more bonds would be used per unit area of material. The use of more feed threads may require a creel with a high content of packs of filament and a large number of guides for filaments, as you would imagine when considering the various devices described below. This use of more feed threads per unit width of the material, however, leads to faster formation of the material when reproducing a simple rapport of the pattern. A pattern with a divided cell, on the other hand, provides the opportunity to obtain the same good interlacing of threads as a simple cell of the picture, and provides greater flexibility in the formation of various structures from threads when using any given device when choosing the optimal option for the time spent on material production. In general, the structure of the material according to the invention is an interlaced material comprising:
a plurality of first thread subgroups, including a plurality of filaments oriented in a first angular direction, free from intersections, wherein the first filament subgroups form a deck together with a plurality of second filament subgroups comprising a plurality of filaments oriented in a second angular direction, free from intersection;
yarns of each subgroup, located substantially along parallel trajectories, which are spaced one from another with a repeating pattern so as to sparse cover the total predefined area of the material;
subgroups of threads are alternately shifted by the threads of the first subgroup following the threads of the second subgroup, where the threads of the first subgroup intersect with the threads of the second subgroup;
the threads of any one subgroup of the plurality of first subgroups are offset relative to the threads of all other subgroups of the first set of subgroups;
the threads of any one subgroup of the plurality of second subgroups are offset relative to the threads of all other subgroups of the second set of subgroups;
flooring of the whole set of first subgroups forming a first group of threads containing threads that tightly cover a predetermined area of the material, and flooring of a whole set of second subgroups forming a second group of threads containing threads that tightly cover a predetermined area of material;
the yarns of the upper subgroup in the flooring are connected to the yarns of the lower subgroup in the flooring in order to thereby cover other subgroups in the flooring in the interlaced structure of the material.

In the case of the formation of a simple cell, i.e. one-step pattern, the structure of the bound material includes:
yarns of successively arranged subgroups of the plurality of first subgroups in the flooring are shifted one relative to another by the width of the yarns in this subgroup in the material;
yarns of successively arranged subgroups of a plurality of second subgroups in the flooring are shifted one relative to another by the width of the yarns in this subgroup in the material.

In the case of a divided pattern cell, the structure of the bound material also contains:
a plurality of first subgroups located in the flooring so as to determine the total number of yarn displacement steps equal to the number of subgroups from which a plurality of first subgroups are formed (the magnitude of such a yarn pitch is equivalent to the diameter of the yarn included in the subgroup as it appears in the material) wherein successive subgroups of the plurality of first thread subgroups are stacked on a plurality of equal sub-intervals of yarn steps spaced from one another;
and subsequent subgroups of the plurality of first subgroups are sequentially laid out on sub-intervals with a plurality of threads in subsequent subgroups of the plurality of first subgroups shifted by one step of the thread from one another;
a plurality of second subgroups are located in the flooring so as to determine the total number of yarn displacement steps equal to the number of subgroups making up the set of second subgroups, in which subsequent subgroups of the plurality of second subgroups of yarns in the flooring are laid on many equal sub-intervals of yarn steps from one another;
and subsequent subgroups of the plurality of second subgroups are sequentially laid out on the sub-intervals with the plurality of threads in subsequent subgroups of the plurality of second subgroups shifted by one step of the thread from one another.

 The means for joining the material according to the invention can be ultrasonic fastening means, as already mentioned, if the yarns are made of thermoplastic polymer, and the upper and lower yarns are made of related polymers that are joined together by melting. The means for joining (or fastening) can also be a melt of adhesive, a solvent, a softening polymer of the yarn and allowing the yarn to join together, an adhesive that hardens at room temperature, an adhesive based on a solvent or other impregnating type, mechanical means, for example, staples clamps or ties or other similar means.

 In the case of bonding, all the threads in the structure do not have to be made of thermoplastic polymer in order to play the role of binder threads. The binder yarns must contain an adhesive polymer, a partially soluble polymer, a meltable polymer, and the like, in order to act as a binder or adhesive, since the bond can be distributed in a variety of ways. A bonding thread is a thread that can mechanically or glue the grip of another glue thread or non-glue thread during bonding. Non-adhesive thread is a thread that cannot mechanically or glue the grip of another non-adhesive thread during bonding. In the simple case, some or all of the yarns in the structure can be made of non-adhesive fibers that are coated with adhesive fibers by twisting or twisting. An example of such an upholstery is a multifilament yarn of a non-thermoplastic core thread, entwined with a multifilament sheath that contains some or all of the thermoplastic filaments. The shell may consist of filaments or staple fibers. In the case of using staple fibers, the sheath may be formed from a mixture of adhesive and non-adhesive fibers, for example staple fibers of thermoplastic nylon and non-thermoplastic aramid staple fibers or cotton. Threads of this type can be made using a friction-type spinning machine of the "DREF 3" model manufactured by the company Textilmachinenfabrik Dr. Ernst Ferrer AG, Linz, Austria. A mixture containing 5-25% (by weight) of thermoplastic binder fibers in the shell can be successfully used for these purposes. Other adhesive and non-adhesive polymers can be used to produce filament fibers on demand. If such filaments consisting of a core and a sheath are used for bonding, it is expected that the filaments of the sheath will be deformed during the bonding process, while the core thread will remain undeformed. It can be assumed that the filaments of the rod will carry a load in the structure after bonding. In some cases, it may be desirable to form bonds at all intersection points of the yarns to obtain a stiff cardboard-like material. This can be done by heating and squeezing together all the adhesive fibers in the structure so that substantially all the threads are bonded together.

Another way of distributing the bonding adhesive material to hold the structure together is to introduce the bonding yarn into one or more upper subgroups of, for example, a group of yarns oriented at an angle of 0 ^° , and into one or more lower subgroups of, for example, a group of yarns oriented under angle of 90 ^o . These upper and lower yarns may be sheath-core yarns as described above. Another way of distributing the bonding material is to use yarns containing a binder in part or in each subgroup, for example, yarns oriented at an angle of 0-90 ^° , for example, through one subgroup or every tenth thread in each subgroup. It was found that one structure that worked well was formed from the upper and next subgroups of filaments and the lower and subsequent subgroups of filaments containing binder fibers. During bonding of the upper and next sublayer and the lower and next sublayer, the fastening threads are joined by gluing, and other non-adhesive threads can be mechanically connected, for example by pressing, wrapping, encapsulating, etc. This additional conjugation of non-adhesive fibers leads to the formation of load paths directed from the upper to lower subgroups of threads, even where the upper and lower subgroups do not have to contact one another.

 It was found that when using the distribution of binder fibers in the structure according to the invention, the introduction of 5-60% of the adhesive fibers by weight of the total amount of fiber, and preferably the distribution of about 10-20% of the mass of the total amount of fiber gives positive results to ensure good bonding of the material, while maintaining this is a good softness of the material (minimizing the rigidity and cardboard-like material). In some cases, it may be desirable to have a structure consisting entirely of adhesive (thermoplastic) yarns and to control the formation of bonds in a predetermined order at a number or at all points of intersection between the upper and lower subgroups of threads in the structure without the need for the exact location of the crosshairs between these two subgroups .

 When using an ultrasonic bonding method, for example, to transfer bonding energy to thermoplastic yarns, it may be possible to achieve this preferred bonding by using thick or "fat" yarns in the upper and lower subgroups of yarns. When compressing between the wide waveguide and the support of the ultrasonic device at the intersection points of the thicker threads, greater compression pressure can be achieved than at the adjacent intersection points of the thinner threads, so that ultrasonic heating can occur preferably in the region of the crossing of thicker threads with minimal bonding at the crossing points of the thinner .

 To obtain a connected material structure, it is necessary to have a controlled number of compounds in order to achieve adequate strength, controlled bulk material and maintain the inherent flexibility of the threads used to form the material. Too few compounds can lead to a risk of lowering the integrity of the material; too many compounds can lead to a risk of reducing the flexibility of the material and reducing its bulk. The number of compounds may be some of the total number of crossings of threads in the structure. To ensure good integrity, volume control and good flexibility, the number of compounds should be adjusted within certain limits. In FIG. 14 is a diagram of a single cell 380 of a material structure and markings representing the intersection of strands in a cell. Cell 380 represents a biaxial material structure with eight threads in each direction and a total number of cross points of 64 (8x8) per cell. Lines 382, 384, 386, and 388 represent the possible ends of the bond paths passing through the cell. Circle 390 represents a single bond between a thread located on top of the structure and a thread located on the bottom of the structure, which can represent the minimum number of bonded crossings for a cell.

 Between lines 384 and 386, a single fastening path intersecting the entire width can be made, which can represent the average number of fastened intersections for the cell; between lines 384 and 388, a double fastening path crossing the entire width can be made, which can represent a large number of fastened intersections for cells and between the lines 382 and 388, a triple crossing across the entire width of the fastening path can be made, which can represent a very large number of fastened crossings for the cell.

At the end of the description is presented table. 2 variables and values to determine part of the bonded crossings of the total number of crossings. The value "N" represents the number of threads in one direction in a square unit cell; in a square unit cell 380, this number is 8. The value of "Min" represents the bonded part if only one crossing is made of the possible total number of N ² crossings; the value "Med" represents the bonded part, if there is one fastening trajectory intersecting the entire width, which creates N bonds at the intersection points from N ² intersections; the value "Hi" represents the bonded part, if a double fastening path intersecting the entire width is made, which creates N + (N-1) fasteners at the intersection points of the N ² intersections; the value of "V Hi" represents the bonded part if a triple intersecting along the entire width of the bonding path is made, which creates N + (N-1) + (N-1) fasteners at the intersection points of N ² intersections.

 In general, it has been found that a bond fraction in the range of about 0.003-0.778 is preferred. The proportion of bonding in the range of about 0.008-0.520 is most preferred, which is about 1-50% of the possible number of bonded crosshairs or compounds made in any other way. This fraction can be controlled by the number of threads in the cell and the number of bonds in the cell, which can be controlled by the width of the bond paths and the number of bound paths in the cell. If more than one bonding pass is performed in a cell, then these bonding passages should be narrow.

 Referring to Table 2 of the “share of bonding”, compiled on the basis of the process of forming a simple cell as a model, it should be noted that the material in which 16 threads are used in the cell is, on the one hand, the preferred scale, may be most preferred when it made using a divided cell and a one-step process. This is true, since weaving improves and the number of long loose lengths of threads decreases with a given number of threads in the cell during this process. In general, if more interlacing is provided in the material according to the invention, the number of bonds per cell can be reduced, while maintaining good material integrity. For example, if the part of the divided cell is half the cell, then with 16 threads in the cell, the material with the divided cell may be equivalent (in the preferred embodiment) to the material with the cell of 8 threads in the table of materials with a simple cell.

In FIG. 5A shows the structure of another flexible material in which the yarns are stacked in groups in three directions: at an angle of 0, 60, and 120 ^° to create a triaxial structure. For consideration, we took one base cell of the structure in the form of a parallelogram repeating throughout the structure indicated by pos. 88, with sides represented by dashed lines that are oriented along directions at an angle of 0 and 60 ^o . Alternatively, the base cell can also be selected with sides oriented along directions at an angle of 0 and 120 ^o . The upper subgroup of threads 81 determines the location of the X axis, and the intersection of thread 81 with thread 83 of the next subgroup defines the origin 85 and, therefore, the Y axis. The cell step in the direction of the axis located at an angle of 0 ^o is indicated by pos. 89; the step of the cell in the direction of the axis located at an angle of 60 ^o is indicated by pos. 90; the step of the cell in the direction of the axis located at an angle of 120 ^o is indicated by pos. 92. Each cell step contains four possible positions for threads in subgroups. A third subgroup of threads 87 intersects the X axis at 0.5 / 4, which defines the third shift group from the origin. The upper and lower subgroups of filaments 12 and 1, respectively, are connected at points 80, 82 of intersection and overlap, both of which are located at the edges of the cell. Other bonding points at the points of overlap in the structure during the formation of a larger material are located at points with transverse hatching, for example, at points 84 and 86. It should be noted that subgroup 2 of the threads lies between the threads of subgroup 12 and the lower subgroup 1 of the threads and is at least partially involved in a bond. In FIG. 5B shows a larger portion 95 of a similar triaxial material, but made using eight strands at each step of a cell containing a plurality of cells, and the offset of the third group from the origin is zero, so that equilateral triangles are formed by the threads of three groups.

 Using the rules discussed above, it is possible to compose a matrix for the structure shown in FIG. 5A, which will have the form presented in table. 3.

In general terms, the triaxial structure according to the invention is similar to the biaxial structure according to the invention with the addition of the fact that the interlacing of the material structure also contains:
a plurality of third yarn subgroups, including a plurality of yarns oriented in a third angular direction free from intersections, the third yarn subgroups forming a flooring together with the first and second yarn subgroups, where the yarn in the third yarn subgroup intersects the yarns of the first and second subgroups;
flooring from the entire set of third subgroups forming a third group of threads containing threads that densely cover a predetermined area of the material.

 In FIG. 6 shows a device for continuously forming a biaxial material structure with a base cell similar to that shown in FIG. 1E and 2A. The device consists of an elongated bearing surface, for example a flat perforated tape 91, driven by an engine 107, equipped with many pegs, such as pegs 93, along one edge 94 and many pegs, such as pegs 96, along the opposite edge 98 of the tape 91 for forced holding threads that are subject to return forces. Under the belt there is a vacuum chamber 97, connected to the air suction means 99, designed to hold the threads in place on the tape 91. Along the edge 98 there are a lot of thread guides 100, 102, 104, 106, each of which is mounted on guides, for example 101 and 103, and each is provided with drive means, for example, an actuator 105 for the spreader 100, for communicating a reciprocating movement in the transverse direction of the tape 91 from one edge 98 to the opposite edge 94. Each spreader contains a plurality of thread guides, such as threads od 173 on the spreader 100, for folding the threads with high accuracy on the tape, for example, the strings 111 fed from the packages of the strings 113. The dashed lines 100 ', 102', 104 'and 106' at the edge 94 show the position of the spreaders that they occupy after the passage above the tape 91. A plurality of ultrasonic waveguides, for example a waveguide 108, are placed at a position 110 in the transverse direction of the tape 91 in order to act on the threads laid on the tape for fastening between the threads by fusion of the threads superposed on one another in spaced apart formations anced material. The tape and the rigid support 109, located at the bottom, act as an ultrasonic support for transmitting energy through the filaments. As soon as the threads are cooled after ultrasonic bonding, the structure of the material can be removed from the pegs or hooks located along the edges of the tape and the tape can be used again, and the material is rolled onto a roll of goods (not shown). The tension during knurling of the material should be controlled to prevent destruction of the material in the direction of the tape, which coincides with the diagonal direction of the material (inclined), and along the axis of the bond line.

A view of the biaxial formed material 112, consisting of two groups of threads, is shown on the tape. The view shows a pattern of weaving of the laid yarns from the beginning of the forming process, where the tape is moved from right to left in the direction of arrow 114, when the mappers are moved substantially perpendicularly in the transverse direction of the tape from edge 98 to edge 94 in a coordinated manner with the tape moving in the direction of the longitudinal axis of the tape and the reciprocators continue to reciprocate in the direction indicated by arrows 116. What is shown is what was formed at the beginning and then was suspended, and beyond the tape was returned to its original position relative to the thread spreaders. For a real view, the spreader 100 (and other spreaders) should be shown shifted to the right in the figure to the position just behind the spreader 106. At the left edge 118 of the material 112, the upper subgroups of threads are laid by themselves, while at the beginning none of the other subgroups not yet in place. At the right end 120 of the material 112, all subgroups of the threads are already in place in the fully formed material indicated by pos. 122, and the material will then be constantly in a fully formed state, while the tape and layers will continue to move in accordance with the above description. The speed of the tape and the speed of the spreaders are controlled and coordinated using the control unit 115, electrically connected to the engine 107 and the drive of each spreader, for example, with the drive 105. This allows you to ensure the conditions under which the passage of threads through the spreaders and laying them on a tape follows straight paths under angle of 45 ^o to the longitudinal axis and to the edges of the tape so that the first group of threads is formed, located at an angle of +45 ^o , as shown pos. 119, and a second group of threads located at an angle of -45 ^o , as shown in pos. 121. By varying the controlled movements, it is possible to reproduce the laying of threads at other angles and along curved paths. The first and second (lower) subgroups of threads are laid with a spreader 106, the third and fourth (middle) subgroups of threads are laid with a spreader 104, the fifth and sixth (middle) subgroups of threads are laid with a spreader 102, and the seventh and eighth (upper) subgroups of threads are laid with a spreader 100. threads in the transverse direction of the material can alternate between subgroups in the cells when moving forward and backward in the transverse direction of the material. In this example, the tape is moved in the longitudinal direction, and the handlers move only reciprocally in the transverse direction of the tape, and the tape is moved continuously from right to left. The same weave pattern can be recreated if we assume that the tape is motionless and unusually long, and the layouts move back and forth in diagonal directions at an angle of 45 ^o along the tape from left to right.

The pattern of interweaving of the upper and lower yarns changes in the material, which is proved by cells 124, 126 and 128. In FIG. 7 illustrates this piece of material 112 on an enlarged scale for ease of viewing. The threads are shown slightly spaced apart from each other in each group for greater clarity. In FIG. 7, thread 130 is the eighth subgroup of upper threads in cells 124 and 126, but is the seventh subgroup of threads in cell 128. Similarly, thread 132 is the sixth subgroup of threads in cells 124 and 126, but the fifth subgroup of threads in subgroup 128. Similar changes occur in other subgroups. These deviations from a perfectly regular weave pattern in the material, in contrast to the weave pattern shown in FIG. 1E and 2A do not adversely affect the integrity of the material structure and are an example of some acceptable variations in the weave patterns of the invention. Adjacent cells 134, 136, and 138 are all identical and similar to the cells in FIG. 1E and 2A. Each thread has subgroup indexing and position indexing in the cell. However, the indexing of the subgroup and the indexing of the position in the cell can vary from cell to cell in this material structure or they can remain constant and in both cases still follow the basic rules for the practical implementation of the present invention, which are as follows:
many substantially parallel threads in the group are positioned so that they densely cover the area with threads of one group, arranged so as to intersect with threads of other groups;
each group consists of many subgroups, and each subgroup includes many threads sparse;
many threads in one group are offset relative to many threads of other subgroups of the same group;
the threads of the upper subgroup and the lower subgroup connect one to the other in places spaced one from the other, either directly or indirectly through the threads in other subgroups.

 The fastening point of the upper and lower threads in the cell 124 is a point 140; the bonding point in cell 126 is a point 142; the bonding point in cell 128 is point 144. In a partial cell 146 located at the edge of the material, the bonding point is point 148. All of these bonding points can be covered by ultrasonic bonding passages in the directions indicated by arrows 150 at the left edge of FIG. 7.

Four threads in each layout is enough to cover the tape when forming the material with a cell that includes four steps of threads, with the width shown and with the orientation angle of the weave pattern of 45 ^o . In FIG. 6, the pitch of one thread, for example a thread 152, directed from the edge 94 of the tape to the edge 98 of the tape and back across the tape 91, is the distance along the tape, indicated by pos. 154. Four threads, for example 152, 156, 158 and 160 in the spreader 100, fill this distance in groups of 8 and 7. If you use a wider tape, where the opposite edge 98 is at position 162, the step covered by one thread 152, carried out in one and the opposite side across the tape 91, will be a distance 164 along the tape. In this case, additional threads 166, 168, 170 and 172 would be required to fill the space for subgroups 7 and 8. The spreader 100 should be expanded so that it could hold 8 threads instead of just 4 to form this wider material, and the spreader 102 should offset along the longitudinal direction of the tape 91 to make room for the wider spreader 100.

 The spreader 102 and other spreaders 104 and 106 should be expanded and displaced in the same way. The yarn guide 171 for the first thread in the spool 102 is shown spaced from the yarn guide 173 for the last thread in the spool 100 to a distance of 175 equal to the diagonal of one cell plus one diagonal of the position of one thread to lay the threads of subgroups 5 and 6 with an offset relative to the threads of subgroups 7 and 8, laid with the help of the spreader 100. This distance is similar for subsequent spreaders along the edge of the tape 91. This distance can be less or more per unit diagonal of the cell, depending on how much free space is needed for the spreader .

This arrangement of the laying outs and coordinating the movement of the laying outs and tapes lead to the formation of a cell pattern with a diagonal directed at an angle of 45 ^o , where the position of each of the threads located in the diagonal direction is next to other threads (rather than overlapping them) so that tightly cover the thread-bearing surface on the tape with threads. If a higher density or a large thickness of the structure is required, additional spacers can be introduced and another dense structure can be formed on top of the first structure to form a multilayer structure. In general terms, the process just described for forming an interwoven material structure contains:
(a) manufacturing an elongated material-bearing surface having a longitudinal axis and opposing lateral edges parallel to the axis, and arranging the surface next to a plurality of yarn spreaders arranged along opposite lateral edges of the elongated surface;
(b) the use of multiple yarn guides in the spreader, each yarn guide must be adapted to direct the thread from the source of the thread to the bearing surface;
(c) gripping yarns at one edge of said bearing surface;
(d) providing relative movement between the bearing surface and each of the plurality of spreaders so that the spreaders lay yarn from the yarn guide on the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction along the bearing surface;
(e) gripping the threads at the opposite edge of said bearing surface;
(f) reversing the relative motion of the spreaders and the bearing surface so that the spreaders lay yarn from the yarn guides on the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction;
(g) arranging the spreaders and thread guides and coordinating the relative movements so that when the threads from the spreaders are laid on the surface, the diagonal positions of each thread are offset relative to the other threads, thereby densely covering the bearing surface with the threads in one cycle of relative movement from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the first edge.

 Using the device shown, with individual spreaders, the positions of the subgroups of threads in the cell step can be varied by moving the spanners along the longitudinal direction 91. By changing the pitch between the spanners and using the method of laying the threads to form the material, it is possible to add materials between the subgroups of threads in the material structure. For example, a roll of film 117 may be set so as to continuously feed film between the spreaders 104 and 106 around the guide shaft 119 and on the material 112 between the subgroups of threads laid by the spreader 106 (subgroups 1 and 2) and the spreader 104 (subgroups 3 and 4). In another embodiment, the yarns 121 and 123 located in the longitudinal direction of the machine can be placed so as to continuously feed the yarns between the spreaders 102 and 104, through the yarn yields 125 and 127, respectively, and onto the material 112 between the subgroups of yarns laid by the yarn spreader 104 (subgroups 3 and 4) and the spreader 102 (subgroups 5 and 6). This introduction of material between the subgroups represents an unusual possibility of the method of forming the material according to the present invention. In the illustrated case, the addition of film and filaments in the main direction of the machine can help to reduce the deviation of the base material in the main direction or to achieve other special goals. Other materials, such as non-woven materials, wire, elastomeric materials or threads, fibrous flooring made from natural or synthetic materials, mesh, etc. can be entered.

 There is another way to use continuous layers to form material on the tape. The spacers can be arranged alternately along the edge of the tape 91 and can be placed so that they can be moved in opposite directions across the tape as the tape moves as shown in FIG. 8A and 8B. In FIG. 8A, the spreaders 100 and 104 are located along the edge 94 of the tape 91, and the spreaders 102 and 106 are located along the edge 98. As the tape 91 moves from right to left, as shown in FIG. 8A and 8B, the spreaders move in the transverse direction of the tape to the opposite edge, thus laying the threads on the tape in a diagonal direction. During repeated movements of the layers back and forth while the tape continues to be moved, material 174 with a weaving pattern shown on an enlarged scale in FIG. 9. This pattern is interwoven slightly different from the material 112 shown in FIG. 6 and 7. When considering cells 176, 178 and 180, it can be seen that cells 176 and 178 are cells consisting of five subgroups, while cell 180 contains 8 subgroups. In cell 176, thread 181 is in subgroup 5; yarns 182 and 184 are in a similar subgroup, i.e. in subgroup 4; yarns 186 and 188 are in subgroup 3; threads 190 and 192, both in subgroup 2 and thread 194, in subgroup 1. When looking at cell 180, it can be seen that thread 181 is in subgroup 7, thread 186 in subgroup 5, thread 188 in subgroup 3 and thread 194 in subgroup 1. Cell 180 has the same arrangement as the base cell in FIG. 1E and 2A. In order to form the correct bonding points between the upper subgroup 5 and the non-intersecting lower subgroup 1 in cell 176, there must be a bonding point 196 between the thread 181 of the subgroup 5 and the thread 182 of the subgroup 4 plus the bonding point 198 between the thread 182 and the thread 194 of the subgroup 1. When performing ultrasonic bonding passages, as shown by arrows 200, an additional bonding point 202 appears between the thread 181 of the subgroup 5 and the thread 192 of the subgroup 2 and the bonding point 204 between the thread 192 and the thread 194 of the subgroup 1. When forming a chain of points bonded I in 176 cell top subgroup 5 is connected to the bottom subgroup 1 even when the top and bottom subgroups do not cross one another. The location of the ultrasonic bonding passages to achieve properly distributed bonding points in the material 112 of FIG. 6 and 7 differs from the bonding passages in material 174 in FIG. 9.

 In FIG. 10A shows another device for manufacturing a two-dimensional material according to the invention. It is convenient for making piece material instead of roll material. This device is simpler than the device shown in FIG. 6. The reciprocator 206 is notified to the single spreader 206 by a drive 20 above the table 208, which is also reciprocated by a 209 drive in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the spreader 206. The threads are held in parallel rows of pegs 210 and 212 in the position of their reverse. Vacuum can also be applied to the stove if required. The spreader and the table are informed of the reciprocating movement during a series of cycles with their coordinated movement in such a way as to form dense groups of threads intersecting each other. One ultrasonic bonding waveguide 211 is then re-drawn over the material along trajectories parallel to the direction of reciprocating movement of the table 208 to form spaced bonding points to connect the upper and lower subgroups of filaments. Then, the material is removed from the edges 210, 212 located at the edges. By communicating additional movement to the spreader 206 in the vertical direction, using the actuator 205, it is possible to form three-dimensional material on a three-dimensional form 203 mounted on a table 208. FIG. 10B shows the curved paths of the threads in material 213 that can be used to cover a three-dimensional shape.

 In FIG. 11A shows another device for manufacturing two-dimensional piece material structures. It is similar to the device shown in FIG. 10, except that instead of laying the threads on the table, the threads are laid on the mandrel 214 using a spreader 216. Instead of the spreader 216, reciprocating, as in FIG. 10, the spreader 216 is fixedly mounted, and the mandrel 214 is rotated to one side and the other by an engine 215, as shown by arrow 217, and at the same time, the reciprocating table 208 ′ is notified of the reciprocating motion with respect to the spreader using the drive 209 ′. One row of pegs 218 holds the threads between reverse turns in both directions, while the mandrel is rotated. The result is a material having a cylindrical tubular shape during such manufacture. After all the threads are laid, one ultrasonic waveguide 219 is repeatedly carried out in the axial direction of the mandrel in various places around the circumference above the material, while the material is moved back and forth using a table and mandrel. As a result, parallel fastening passages are obtained in order to join the upper and lower groups together. In an alternative embodiment, the waveguide may be notified of circular motion at various places along the axis of the mandrel. After removal from the pegs 218, the resulting material is flat. Such a cylindrical mandrel manufacturing method is advantageous in comparison with the flat plate in FIG. 10A, in which the thread tension can be used to securely hold the threads on the mandrel.

 In FIG. 11B shows a device similar to the device of FIG. 11A except that mandrel 214 is reported to continuously rotate in one direction to produce material in the form of a cylindrical product. In FIG. 11B, a rotatable mandrel 220 is mounted on a movable table 208 "to which reciprocating motion is reported by the drive 209". The annular yarn spreader 222 comprises a plurality of yarn yarns, for example yarn yarn 224, which are distributed around a circumference around the mandrel 220. The yarn spreader 222 is held stationary relative to the mandrel and the table. Yarns, for example yarn 226, from stationary packages 228 are fed through each yarn guide, for example yarn yarn 224, and fixed at the end face 230 of the mandrel, where the spreader and mandrel are set before starting the mandrel and starting the table movement. Since the packages of filaments are stationary, the filaments can be fed continuously using backup packages (not shown in the drawing) and bindings of the filament beginnings to the ends of the supply packages. The mandrel 220 contains many rings 232 and 234 of closely spaced pegs at the edges 230 and 236, respectively, of the shown mandrel. This allows you to capture the threads at the edges of the amplitude of motion when the direction of movement of the table is reversed. At the end of each change in the direction of movement, when the threads are mated with the rings of pegs, the table is stopped and the mandrel is rotated by an angle of several degrees to securely fasten the threads on the pegs before changing the direction of movement of the table to the opposite. The mandrel can be moved with high precision using a stepper motor, such as engine 238. The threads must also be set to the desired offset in the cell before laying the next adjacent threads.

 The pattern of laying the threads and the movement of the table and the mandrel will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 11C, which shows an imaginary view of the mandrel, as if the mandrel was “flattened” and was given a flat two-dimensional shape. On the left in the diagram is shown the mandrel edge 236 and the ring of pegs 234, and on the right in the diagram is shown the mandrel edge 230 and the ring of pegs 232. Dashed lines show the trajectories of the threads on the back of the oblate mandrel; solid lines show the trajectories of the threads on the front side of the mandrel. The threads shown are only those threads that are visible when starting on the front side of the figure at points 240, 242, 244, and 246, and of these, only the path of the thread starting at point 240 is fully traced in one complete stacking cycle. At these starting points, the yarns are laid with guides, for example, the spreader 222 and the yarn guide 224. Four other threads from the spreader 222 should be laid along similar paths from the starting points located on the back side of the oblate mandrel with the same pitch as the threads shown on front side. These points represent the 0/4 position of the first thread of the four possible positions for the first group in the material cell. The thread at point 240 follows the path 248 as the mandrel 220 rotates and moves relative to the thread spreader 222, while the threads at points 242, 244 and 246 follow along the paths 250, 252 and 254, respectively. Trajectory 248 is the territory of laying the thread of the first group. Trajectory 248 goes to the back side of the flattened mandrel at point 256, returns to the front side at point 258 and reaches the spike ring 232 at point 260. Similarly, the other thread of the first group from point 242 reaches the ring with spikes 232 at point 262, the thread from point 244 will reach ring 232 at point 266.

 Assuming that the thread is instantly captured by a split on the ring 232, the mandrel is rotated continuously and the mandrel is shifted instantly when reversing, then the trajectory 248 'of the thread will begin in the opposite direction along the mandrel from point 260 so as to lay the thread in the second group. If this ideal situation is not present, then the shift of the mandrel should be stopped, while the rotation of the mandrel should be continued by an angle of several degrees to ensure that the thread is caught by the pegs. The dots on the right edge of the mandrel 230 represent the 0/4 position of the first thread in the second group in the step of the material cell. The trajectory 248 'of the thread goes to the back side of the flattened mandrel at point 268, returns to the front side at point 270 and reaches the ring of pegs 234 at point 272. Now it is necessary to decide which pattern of weaving of the threads is desired for the material, assuming that the position of the next thread - this is position 1/4 and that the mandrel continues to rotate in the same direction, laying the thread at position 272 requires it to appear at position 274 before reversing the shift of the mandrel. The shift of the mandrel should be stopped when the thread reaches point 272 and stand in this place until the mandrel is rotated by an angle of several degrees and until the thread reaches point 274; then the mandrel begins to shift in the opposite direction and the thread follows the path 248. "This forces the thread to fit in the area of the right ring of spikes 232 at point 276, which is also in the 1/4 step of the cell. If this is the desired weave pattern for the cell step of the second group of threads, the mandrel can be shifted instantly in the opposite direction and the thread will be laid along the return path of 248 ''. If it is desirable to change the position of the thread in the cell, the mandrel can be shifted, and the mandrel can continue to be rotated through an angle of a few degrees until the thread reaches the desired position in the step of the cell, and then begin to shift the mandrel in the opposite direction, and the thread will follow along a new path.The pattern of the location of the thread in the cell may be different for the first group of threads and for the second group This pattern will continue until the thread from point 240 is laid on the ring ring 234 at position 278. At this point, all positions for the threads in the rapport step are already occupied by subgroups of threads and the structure of the cylindrical material is ready for fastenings.

An ultrasonic waveguide for fastening (not shown in the drawing, but similar to waveguide 219 in Fig. 11) can make repeated passes along the axis of the mandrel by shifting the mandrel without rotating it under the stationary waveguide and by turning the mandrel through a certain angle by several degrees at the end of each passage . In an alternative embodiment, bonding may be made along circular passages. After fastening, the splice rings can be removed (by retraction or other methods) and the material can be removed from the mandrel. In an alternative embodiment, one edge of the material can be cut off at one ring of pegs and only the opposite ring of pegs is removed. When the material collides, it expands, since it is oriented at an angle to the axis of the mandrel, so it is easy to push the material from the mandrel. In general terms, the method just described for forming an interwoven material structure comprises:
(a) creating an elongated material-bearing surface on a rotatable mandrel having an axis of rotation and opposite lateral edges substantially perpendicular to that axis;
(b) orienting a surface adjacent to the annular yarn spreader substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the ring being located adjacent to the lateral edge of the material-bearing surface;
c) the use of a plurality of thread guides on an annular spreader, with each thread guide adapted to guide the thread from the thread source to the bearing surface, the thread guides are evenly distributed around the circumference to lay the threads with the same pitch between them around the mandrel shell;
(d) the capture of threads at one edge of the bearing surface;
(e) providing relative movement between the bearing surface and the ring spreader in such a way that the ring spreader stacks the yarn from the yarn guides onto the bearing surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edges of the surface from one edge to the opposite edge and in a predetermined direction of rotation along the bearing surface, sparse thus covering the area of the material on the surface of the mandrel with threads in the first direction;
(f) gripping threads at opposite edges of the bearing surface;
(g) reversing the direction of relative motion of the annular spreader and the bearing surface so that the annular spanner laid the threads from the yarn guides on the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edges of the surface from the opposite edge to the first edge and in a predetermined direction of rotation along the bearing surface, sparse image the area of the material on the surface of the mandrel with threads in the second direction;
(h) arranging the ring spreader and the thread guides and coordinating the relative motion so that when the threads from the thread guides in the ring spreader are successively laid to the surface, the diagonal positions of the successively stacked threads are offset from the previously laid threads in each first and second diagonal direction so that tightly cover the bearing surface with threads after repeated cycles of relative movement from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the first heaven.

 In some cases, it is desirable to use the same ring spreader 222 (Fig. 11B) for structures containing a different number of threads in a cell, since there is no need to install different spanners to perform routine changes in the linear density of threads, etc. One of the ways to implement this flexible scheme is to use a special pattern of interlacing threads, as discussed above with reference to the process of forming a divided cell with one step, which would work well with this device when forming cells that looked and formed as if they contain fewer threads in each cell.

Another possibility is to act on the mandrel motor 238 and the table drive 209 "when making multiple passes of threads from the spreader 222 to make real changes in the number of threads in the sublayer in the structure. For example, to double the number of threads in the sublayer, threads, for example threads 226 and 226 ', could be laid along the path indicated by dashed lines 227, which would add one thread between the original threads laid by the binder. This could be done as follows:
a. rotate the mandrel clockwise, as shown by arrow 221, and slide the mandrel behind the spreader 222, as shown, so that a sparse sublayer of threads, for example a sublayer with a direction at an angle of 0 ^o , formed from threads, for example threads 226 and 226 ', fit would be on the mandrel from the ring pegs 232 to the ring pegs 234;
b. stop the shift of the mandrel and continue to rotate the mandrel at an angle corresponding to half the distance between the yarn guides 224;
from. reverse the direction of rotation of the mandrel and rotate it counterclockwise and shift the mandrel behind the spreader 222 so that the threads, for example, threads 226 and 226 ', fit onto the mandrel from the ring ring 234 to the ring ring 232 and between solid lines of threads to add filaments in a rarefied sublayer with a direction at an angle of 0 ^o ;
d. to suspend the mandrel shift and continue to rotate the mandrel counterclockwise by an angle corresponding to half the distance between the yarn guides 224 to the position for the next sublayer, for example with a direction at an angle of 90 ^o ;
e. continue counterclockwise rotation and shift the mandrel behind the spreader 222 so that a sparse sublayer of filaments with a 90 ^° direction, formed from filaments, for example filaments 226 and 226 ', fits onto the mandrel from the ring ring 232 to the ring ring 234;
f. to stop the shift of the mandrel and continue to turn the mandrel counterclockwise by an angle corresponding to half the distance between the yarn guides 224;
g. reverse the direction of rotation of the mandrel and rotate it clockwise and slide the mandrel behind the spreader 222 so that the threads, for example, the threads 226 and 226 'would fit on the mandrel from the ring ring 234 to the ring ring 232 and between the just laid underlay of threads with a direction at an angle of 90 ^o to add filaments to a sparse sublayer with a direction at an angle of 90 ^o ;
h. to suspend the mandrel shift and continue to rotate the mandrel clockwise by an angle corresponding to half the distance between the yarn guides 224 to the position for the next sublayer, for example, for the next sublayer with a direction at an angle of 0 ^o ;
i. repeat the process according to paragraphs. ah, just described, and add as many sublayers as needed.

 This alternating process is different from the process of forming a simple cell with the formation of sublayers on the mandrel 220, where the spreader contains all the required filaments for the sublayer and the mandrel is rotated in the same direction when the filaments are laid from one edge to another between the ring rings. The alternating process that has just been described adds yarns to the sublayer by continuously rotating the mandrel at an angle corresponding to half the distance between the yarn guides 224 (or some other part of the angle), and then reversing the direction of rotation of the mandrel to add yarn to sublayer. If you want to add two threads between the guided threads instead of one, as was just described in the above example, then the continuous rotation of the mandrel should be an angle corresponding to only one third of the distance between the thread guides, and this step must be repeated at the next ring of pegs. Similarly, if you want to add three threads, then the continuous rotation of the mandrel should be an angle corresponding to only one quarter of the distance between the thread guides, and this step must be repeated for the next two rings of pegs. When laying the threads in this way, when the direction of rotation of the mandrel is reversed, it is important to minimize the backlash in the mechanisms of the device and to minimize the uncontrolled length of the threads between the thread guides and the surface of the mandrel.

 It is very important that when laying the thread on the mandrel (Fig. 11B), the path from the thread guide to the surface of the mandrel is as short as possible, so that the position of the thread on the mandrel can be calculated and controlled with high accuracy. This is important in any threading device. One way to fine-tune yarns is to use the device of FIG. 11D, which shows an end view of the mandrel 230 ′ and the ring spreader 222 ′. To illustrate the general case, an oval mandrel 230 ′ is shown. It should be noted that the shape of the mandrel can also be variable along its axis. The spreader 222 'comprises a plurality of yarn guides, for example a yarn yarn 224', which guide the threads 226. Each yarn guide, for example a yarn guide 224 ', includes a hollow shaft 280, a rounded guide head 282, a spring 284 and a limiter 286. The shaft is passed through an opening 288 in the spreader 222' . A spring 284 is mounted on the shaft 280 between the spreader 222 ′ and the head 282 in order to force the head to press against the mandrel 230 ′. The thread 226 is passed through the hollow shaft 280 and brought out through the head 282 and laid directly on the mandrel 230 '. Thus, the thread is laid directly on the mandrel, as if "drawn" on the surface of the mandrel. This ensures accurate threading on the mandrel. The shaft moves freely in the hole 288 of the spreader 222 'to allow the thread guide head to run around any curved surface on the mandrel shape, while the spring provides a clamp to the head 282, and the thread 226 emerging from it is in close contact with the surface of the mandrel. The head 282 can be successfully coated with a material with a low coefficient of friction to facilitate sliding on the mandrel and laying the threads on it.

 In FIG. 20 shows another device for neatly laying yarns on a complex curved surface, such as a spherical surface, when a robot or other mechanical drive is used. There is a problem in that the robot cannot always follow along a complex curved surface, making continuous smooth movement, and there is some irregular stepwise movement. It is useful to have some flexibility in the head of the thread guide to keep it in contact with the curved surface of the mandrel when there are deviations in the path of the drive of the pickup or robot. A thread guide 470 is attached to a slide guide 472, which is attached to a robot face plate 474. It is convenient to use the guide for fine positional regulation with the help of screw 476 to set the initial deviation of the aligner when programming the robot trajectory. The spreader 470 comprises a frame 478 that carries a hollow shaft 480 rotatably mounted. Block 482, mounted on shaft 480, carries four thin flexible springs 484, 485, 486, and 497 (the latter is located behind spring 486). The hollow head 488 is attached at the intersection of the springs and is equipped with a hemispherical cap 489. The springs allow the head to move in the axial direction indicated by arrows 490 and in the conical direction defined by angle 492. The rotation of the axis 480 allows the head to run around any surface while in contact with it , and at the same time, the head is given the freedom to deviate both in the axial direction and in the angular. This allows the head to gently lay the thread 494 on the surface as the thread moves through the hole 496 in the hollow shaft 480 and the thread leaves the hole 498 in the head 488.

 In FIG. 12 shows a device that is suitable for the manufacture of simple three-dimensional tubular materials, if you use a device such as a lathe or a winding device for winding textile threads, in which the mandrel 290 is rotated continuously by the motor 291, but without shear, and the ring spreader 292 is moved back and forth along the axis of the mandrel using a cam or screw 294 rotated by the engine 293. Coordination of the engines 291 and 293 provides the ability to control the structure of the material. The peg rings in FIG. 11B can be omitted and replaced by shoulders 295 and 296 to hold the threads while changing the direction of movement and to keep the angle of inclination sufficiently small relative to the shoulder. This is a variant of the device shown in FIG. 11B, which allows the production of materials according to the invention with minor modifications to the existing mandrel system.

 In FIG. 13 shows a device that is suitable for the manufacture of coiled material, in which two groups of threads are oriented parallel and perpendicular to the direction of movement of the tape to be laid. One group of threads is served as many subgroups, each of which contains many threads in the main direction, and the second group of threads is served as many subgroups, each of which contains many threads in the weft direction. A plurality of ultrasonic fastening passages spaced from one another connect the upper and lower subgroups. The threads located in the weft direction are fed according to the method and using a device similar to that described in US Pat. No. 4,030,168, issued to Cole and incorporated herein by reference.

 In FIG. 13 shows a device 500 for stacking subgroups of threads 502, 504, 506 and 508 in the longitudinal direction of the machine and connecting them to subgroups of threads 510, 512, 514 and 516 stacked laterally on the conveyor surface 517 to continuously form a pre-bonded material structure 518 The subgroups 502, 504, 506 and 508 are guided to the conveyor surface 517 by spreaders located in the transverse direction of the surface 517, for example, a guide bar 503 for a subgroup 502. The dispensers, for example, a guide bar 503, may contain po faces, each of which may have a guide groove on the periphery (not shown in the drawing) to act as individual thread guides, to guide each set of threads distributed at a certain step along the spreader in the transverse direction between opposite edges of the conveyor surface to accommodate subgroups of threads relative to the others threads, threads laid in the longitudinal direction on the surface of the conveyor. Spreaders, for example a beam 503, may also contain a group of eyes on the beam to guide each of the multiple threads in a subgroup of a group located in the longitudinal direction of the machine. Subgroups of filaments 510, 512, 514 and 516 are guided to the conveyor surface 517 by closed endless folding conveyors located along two opposite edges of the conveyor belt 517, for example, a spreader 505 located at the proximal edge, and a spreader 507 located at the far edge for subgroup layout 510. Closed endless conveyor-distributors contain spaced holders or clamps of threads (not shown in the drawing) to maintain a given distance (step) between the threads of the subgroup in the group, aspolozhennoy in the cross-machine direction. The holders or clips release the threads after they are laid on the surface of the conveyor supporting the material, and on any of the longitudinally arranged threads already laid on this surface. Preferably, the yarns laid in the transverse direction are not released by the clamps until they are caught by the following yarns laid in the longitudinal direction. In some cases, the longitudinal threads can be laid under tension and they can provide sufficient support for transversely laid threads so that a separate bearing surface may not be needed. An alternative to the endless surface of the conveyor belt shown in the drawing may be the supporting surface of the cylindrical drum, as long as the threads can be properly held on the surface, for example, by tensioning longitudinally arranged threads or by suction of air during rotation of the drum. The conveyor should be set in motion and an air suction should be created in the same way as on the conveyor shown in FIG. 6. The material 518 is consolidated and bonded using a plurality of spaced bonding means located at position 520 to form a continuous material 522 according to the invention. The contact shaft 524 is pressed against the conveyor drive shaft 526 in order to force the material to move without slipping relative to the conveyor surface 517. Subgroup 502 contains many sparse spaced threads that are spaced one from the other at a repeatable distance equal to the rapport pitch, and they are laid directly on the surface 517 of the conveyor. Subgroup 504 contains many sparse spaced threads, which are also spaced one from another at the same distance of the cell pitch, and they are stacked, shifting by one position of the thread (deep into the drawing) relative to subgroup 502; subgroup 506 contains many sparse spaced threads, which are also spaced one from the other at the same distance of the cell pitch, and they are stacked, displacing both relative to subgroup 502 and relative to subgroup 504; and subgroup 508 contains many sparse spaced threads, which are also spaced one from the other at the same distance of the rapport step and are stacked, offset relative to all subgroups 502, 504 and 506. Subgroup 510 contains many sparse spaced threads, all threads, for example, threads 526 and 528, which are separated from each other by a repeated step distance of the cell 530, and this distance is the same as the distance (step) between all threads in other subgroups 512, 514 and 516. This step determines the number of possible positions for threads in the sub ppah 510, 512, 514 and 516.

This controlled step arrangement and displacement are best shown at the place where the subgroups are assembled together and form the material structure. The filaments in subgroup 510 are spaced one by one from the step of cell 532, the filaments in subgroup 512 are shifted relative to subgroup 510 by a repeated offset value 534 and are separated from each other by a step of cell 536, the filaments in subgroup 514 are shifted relative to filaments of subgroup 512 by a repeated offset value 538 and are spaced one from the other by the step of the cell 540, and the threads in the subgroup 516 are offset relative to the threads of the subgroup 514 by a repeated offset value 542 and are spaced one from the other by a step 544 of the cell. These threads are shown in the positions of the pattern 0/4, 1/4, 2/4 and 3/4, if you follow sequentially from subgroup 510 to subgroup 516. This sequence can be different, for example this: 0/4, 3/4, 1 / 4 and 2/4, depending on the desired patterns of weaving and structure. The same sequence variations in the weave pattern are also possible in subgroups 502, 504, 506, and 508, if we do not consider the weave patterns in subgroups 510-516. Films and other fibrous materials may be introduced between subgroups of filaments, as suggested with reference to FIG. 6. In general terms, the method just described for forming an interwoven material structure comprises the steps of:
(a) creating an elongated material-bearing surface having a longitudinal axis and opposite lateral edges, where the longitudinal direction of the machine is determined in the direction of the longitudinal axis and the transverse direction is defined between opposite edges;
(b) laying on a bearing surface a plurality of subgroups of threads in which the threads are oriented in the longitudinal (machine) direction, laying of each group with a certain step along the longitudinal axis, laying the threads of each subgroup oriented in the longitudinal direction, at offset positions in the transverse direction relative to the others subgroups oriented in the longitudinal direction;
(c) laying on a bearing surface a plurality of subgroups of yarns containing yarns oriented in the transverse direction; laying each subgroup with a certain step along the longitudinal axis; laying down a subgroup oriented in the transverse direction with a certain step relative to the corresponding subgroup oriented in the longitudinal direction; laying the threads of each subgroup oriented in the transverse direction to offset positions in the longitudinal direction, different from other subgroups oriented in the transverse direction;
(d) moving the bearing surface in a predetermined direction aligned with the longitudinal axis to collect together the yarns laid from all subgroups oriented in the longitudinal and transverse directions and form a flooring;
(e) compressing the subgroups together and joining the upper subgroups in the flooring with the lower subgroups in the flooring, so as to form an interlaced material structure.

 An embodiment of the method described with reference to FIG. 13 consists in pre-assembling two orthogonal and adjacent subgroups, for example, subgroups 502 and 510, to form a grid. The four grids 502/510, 504/512, 506/514 and 508/516 must be connected to the offsets between the subgroups described above to form the same material structure. Pre-assembled subgroups could be temporarily assembled into grids using a binder in the form of a dressing that can be removed after the final assembly and joining of the upper and lower subgroups, or the joints between pre-assembled subgroups could remain in the final structure of the material.

 The flexible material according to the present invention can be made directly in three-dimensional shape using the devices shown in FIG. 15 and 18E. Flexible material can be made directly to the desired shape by laying each subgroup directly on the bulk form. In FIG. 15 shows an example of the use of a universal dispenser for the manufacture of material. The universal drive device in this case is a robot 401 having six degrees of freedom, which carries one thread distributor 402, similar to that shown in FIG. 20, designed to be positioned in the desired position and with the desired orientation, to lay the thread 403 on the mandrel 404 volumetric configuration. The robot may also carry a plurality of thread spreaders in order to lay a plurality of spaced threads from one another at the same time on a mandrel of a three-dimensional configuration.

 In general form, each group of threads may include threads located along curved spatial paths. It is preferable that the adjacent threads in the group are generally parallel to each other and that the threads of the group tightly cover the surface area bounded by the outermost threads of this group; this group does not have to cover the completely desired final shape. In FIG. 16A is a plan view of the mandrel, in FIG. 16B and 16D show side views, and in FIG. 16C is a perspective view. Trajectories 410 (Figs. 16A-16D) are curved paths in space for one subgroup of one group of threads on a spherical mandrel 411. This subgroup trajectory consists of arcs 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421 422, 423 connected by connecting portions 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434. In FIG. 16B clearly shows how the connecting sections connect the arcs of the trajectories of the subgroups 410, for example, the connecting section 424, which connects the arc 412 with the arc 413.

The orientation of the trajectories of the subgroup 410 relative to the mandrel 411 is defined by two angles: the angle of rotation about the Z axis 435 and the inclination relative to the XY plane 436. To determine the angle 435, you should move from the beginning of the arc 412, from point 437 in the lower right corner of FIG. 16D. Determine the tangent vector 438, which is directed along the arc 412 to the left in FIG. 16D toward the first connecting portion 424. The direction of this tangent vector at t. Y = 0 in FIG. 16D is shown by vector 439, which is also shown in FIG. 16A. Angle 435 is defined as the angle between the positive direction of the X axis 442 and the plan vector 439 in FIG. 16A, which for the case shown is 90 ^° . The path 410 of the subgroup is inclined to the XY 440 plane at an angle indicated by pos. 436, which in the case shown is +75 ^o . The inclination angle 436 is selected to be less than 90 ^° in order to ensure that the filaments at the equator of this spherical mandrel cross from subgroup to subgroup rather than almost parallel if the angle 436 is about 90 ^° .

In FIG. 17A to 17D show two other subgroup paths 450 and 451 formed by rotation of the subgroup path 410 with respect to the Z axis. The plane angle equivalent to angle 435 for path 450 is +30 ^° and for path 451 is +150 ^° . In this example, the three groups consisting of subgroups are evenly spaced from one another, and the angle 435 in the plan view of the path 450 is +120 ^o from the path 410, and the angle 435 in the plan view of the path 451 is -120 ^o from the path 410. The number of groups and the required angles 435 and 436 for each group can be varied to provide the required structural properties of the bulk material.

 The subgroup trajectory 410 defines the skeleton of the trajectories of the entire group of threads in this general direction. Other subgroups in this group can be defined by placing the filaments in displaced positions along the surface, generally parallel to the sparse filaments of the skeleton 410. In general, the subgroups of the guiding group are not just displaced versions of each other, as in the case of a flat figure; they have a slightly different shape. Other subgroups of yarns in other directions of groups 450 and 451 can be determined by offsetting the paths 450 and 451 of the subgroups similarly along the mandrel surface for these common directions.

 In FIG. 18A-18E show the addition and completion of what was discussed with reference to the yarn paths in FIG. 16A-16D and 17A-17D. In FIG. 18A-18D show sequential threading starting from one subgroup in FIG. 18A and proceeding to the first subgroups of the three groups in FIG. 18B, to the first two subgroups of the three groups in FIG. 18C, to the first three subgroups of the three groups in FIG. 18D, to the four subgroups of the three groups in FIG. 18E, in this case densely covering the desired surface area to form the bulk structure of the material 452. In this example, the yarns of each subgroup are spaced four positions from each other and each subgroup is shifted from the previous group by one position. A similar procedure can be used for groups with a different number of threads (say, from 3 to 8) that separate the threads in each subgroup, or with a different sequence of offsets for subsequent subgroups (say, 0/4, 2/4, 1/4, 3 / 4 instead of the sequence shown 0/4, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4).

Each family of trajectories has 410, 450 or 451 subgroups,
making up each of the three groups of trajectories of the threads, it is not necessary to cover the completely desired section of the final surface, and the families of the trajectories do not have to be the same, as in this example. For a generalized surface shape with low symmetry, the various groups may not be the same. You can choose as many groups in how many main directions it is necessary to cover the desired surface area so that at each point there will be at least two groups of intersecting threads and the angle of intersection will be sufficient to meet the requirements of the mechanical strength of the material. In FIG. 18E shows that the structure of flexible material 452 can combine triaxial portions 460 including yarns arranged in three directions with biaxial portions 461 including yarns located in two directions.

 To fabricate the material (FIGS. 15, 16A-16D and 17A-17D), the universal drive can be “trained” or programmed to distribute threads along the paths of the subgroups defined for each group. The distributor can lay one thread, making return movements sequentially along the arc 412, then along the connecting section 424, then along the arc 413, then along the connecting section 425, etc., then along the connecting section 434, then along the arc 423. Alternatively execution, the distributor can lay the threads along all arcs 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423 simultaneously in one pass. In another alternative embodiment, the distributor can lay the threads along the selected number of arcs, for example arcs 412, 413, 414, in one pass, and complete the laying along the remaining arcs in subsequent passes along the arcs 415, 416, 417, then along the arcs 418, 419, 420, then along arcs 421, 422, 423, laying some or all of the connecting sections 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434. An alternative to laying the threads along the paths of the connecting sections may be cutting the threads at the end of the arc and reattach to the mandrel at the point where the thread starts The next arc. Thus, the filaments from subsequent subgroups could not accumulate along the connecting sections of the trajectories.

 Subgroups in other directions can be stacked by “learning” or programming the robot along these paths or in some cases symmetrical stacking, for example, as in this case, by turning the mandrel relative to the Z-axis 441 by the required angle 435 and repeating the program for path 410. In general, for asymmetric forms, however, the laying of subsequent subgroups should be taught or programmed independently, since they are not just offset by parallel transfers of trajectories 410 of the first laid out subgroup of the first group.

 Controlling the tension of the threads is very important when laying them along these paths to hold the threads on a generally curved path. Excessive tension can cause the thread to deviate substantially from the desired trajectory. It is preferable to use temporary assistance using mechanical means or adhesive on the surface of the mandrel and on the threads in the previous subgroups to hold the threads on the desired paths. For example, a pressure sensitive adhesive may be applied by spraying onto the mandrel at the beginning and during the laying of each subsequent subgroup of yarns to help hold the yarns in place. To further facilitate this, you can use the roller for each subgroup to clamp the threads with adhesive applied to them to the mandrel and to each other. These aids may be left in the finished material or may be removed after the final bonding step.

 The final stage is designed to connect the last subgroup, which must be laid in each section, i.e. upper subgroup, with the first subgroup to be laid in this section, i.e. with the lower subgroup, at the intersection points between the two subgroups. In general, the upper and lower subgroups should be arranged so that they cross each other. Since each group does not have to cover the entire surface (but cover a substantial part, larger than one third and preferably more than half of the surface of the material), the upper and lower subgroups can be different subgroups, different from different groups in the triaxial and biaxial zones. You can connect the threads of the upper subgroup with the threads of the lower subgroup by connecting the upper and lower threads with the threads of the intermediate subgroups in a variety of places spaced from each other, rather than making exact direct connections between the upper and lower threads of the subgroups. Such a process was considered in the description of the flat structure of the material.

In General, the above method, which allows to produce a three-dimensional, three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material, contains:
the flooring of the first set of subgroups, the second set of subgroups and the third set of subgroups, each subgroup containing yarns spaced from one another to determine the sparse sheathed area of the material, the yarns are predominantly parallel and laid along curved paths in space;
assigned subgroups are located in a predetermined array with respect to a common axis and a common reference plane perpendicular to said axis;
the first subgroups are located at a first angle relative to the reference plane and placed at a first angle of rotation relative to the axis, the second subgroups are located at a second angle relative to the reference plane and placed at a second angle of rotation relative to the axis, the third subgroups are located at a first angle relative to the reference plane and placed at a third angle rotation about the axis, while the threads of any of the first, second and third subgroups intersect with the threads of the other first, second and third subgroups;
in each first, second and third set of subgroups, the threads of one subgroup are shifted relative to the threads of other subgroups, so as to form a group of threads for each corresponding subgroup, the group for any corresponding subgroup densely covering the surface of the material;
the upper subgroup in the flooring is connected to the lower subgroup in the flooring to thereby form a three-dimensional, three-dimensional interlaced material structure.

 The material according to the invention can also be wound on a rectangular parallelepiped shape for manufacturing biaxial three-dimensional material structures in accordance with FIG. 19A-19D. In FIG. 19A shows a complex rectangular mandrel 300, which is a general configuration of the desired shape and which in this case could be the shape of a shirt with short sleeves. The mandrel can be solid, made of connected parts in the form of rectangular parallelepipeds, for example, a torso 310 and shoulder parts 312, which are removably connected by rods, or screws, or clamps (not shown in the drawing). The mandrel can also be in the form of a frame that defines the external shape or expandable and folding structure to facilitate removal of the finished material.

To manipulate the shape and rotate it relative to the three axes and easily form the material, two pairs of gripping devices are provided located on the core (not shown in the drawing) surrounding the mandrel. A suitable frame for holding the grippers and rotation and shear, and a suitable variable speed motor for driving them can be created by a specialist engineer in the art, and therefore this device will not be discussed in more detail here. The first pair of opposing grippers 302 and 303 (FIG. 19A) is positioned to support the mandrel 300 for rotation about the first axis 314 of the mandrel. The second pair of opposing grippers 304 and 305 is positioned to support the mandrel 300 rotatably relative to the second mandrel axis 316. The mandrel can be reoriented 90 ^° (FIG. 19B) relative to the position shown in FIG. 19A, and a second pair of opposing grippers 304 and 305 is positioned to support the mandrel 300 rotatably relative to the third mandrel axis 318. Each pair of grippers has the ability to rotate and axially move forward and backward towards each other, i.e. the grip 302 can be rotated and axially moved forward and backward relative to the grip 303, and the grip 303 can be rotated and axially moved forward and backward relative to the grip 302.

In FIG. 19A, the grippers 304 and 305 were axially moved to mate with the edges of the mandrel 312 to rotate the mandrel 300 relative to the axis 316. The face plane of each pair of grippers that are mated with the edges of the mandrel can be coated with a high elastic material coefficient of friction to securely grasp the mandrel and any material laid on it, or they can be covered with pegs or needles to capture the edges of the mandrel and the material. There is a first thread spreader 306 designed to wind the first thread 307 onto the mandrel 300 while rotating it about an axis 316. The spreader 306 is placed on a rotatable rod 320 with a screw thread, with which it is notified of reciprocating movement in a direction parallel to the axis 316. The rod installed in simple bearings and it is rotated using an engine (not shown) with adjustable speed. The rotation of the grippers 304/305 of the mandrel and the rod 320 is coordinated using the adjuster 321 so that in one revolution of the grippers 304/305, the thread 307 moves one step of the cell 322 along the mandrel 300 to lay the first subgroup of threads in the direction 324 on the mandrel. After the mandrel is covered with threads of one subgroup, the winding is suspended and the grippers 302 and 303 holding the mandrel and the grippers 304 and 305 are bred. The grippers 302/303 rotate the mandrel 90 ^° and stop, the grippers 304 and 305 are again brought into pairing with the mandrel, and the grippers 302 and 303 are parted. As a result of this, the mandrel is set to the position shown in FIG. 19B.

 The grippers 304 and 305 are moved axially so as to grip the ends of the mandrel 312 to rotate the mandrel 300 relative to the axis 318. The first thread spreader 306 is now positioned to wind the thread 307 on the mandrel 300 when it is rotated about the axis 318. The spreader 306 is now placed on a rotatable a rod 320 with a screw thread, with which it is notified of reciprocating movement in a direction parallel to the axis 318. The rotation of the grippers 304/305 of the mandrel and the rod 320 are coordinated so that for one revolution of the grippers 304/305, the thread 307 moves one step Menus 332 along the mandrel 300 to lay a first subgroup of yarn in the direction 334 on the mandrel.

 When winding the yarn while rotating the mandrel 300 about the axis 318, a special deflecting device is used, which is best shown in FIG. 19D, where a side view of the mandrel is shown, and the grips are shown in FIG. 19B. During the rotation of the mandrel 300 at one point, the filaments 307 are laid along a path 336 depicted by a dashed line 336 in the area of the armpit 338 of the mandrel. At this point, the yarn deflection device 340 is moved from the remote position 342 to the extended position 344 and the yarn is laid in the armpit area, where an insert 346, including temporary grips, such as hooks or adhesive, grabs the yarn and holds them in the desired position in the armpit area . The yarn deflection device 340 is then quickly returned to the allotted position 342 and the mandrel continues to rotate and the yarn continues to be laid. As the mandrel continues to rotate, another area of the armpit 348 enters the operating area of the yarn deflector 340, this cycle is repeated, and the yarn deflector bends the yarn into the armpit 348, where it is gripped with a gripping insert 350.

 Both grippers 302 and 303 (Fig. 19C) are axially moved to grab the edges of the mandrel 300 to rotate it about axis 314, and the grippers 304 and 305 are parted. The front surface of each grip of the pair of grippers 302/303 that hold the edges of the mandrel can be coated with a high friction elastic material to securely grip the mandrel and any material laid on it, or they can be covered with pegs or needles to grip mandrel edges and material. There is a second yarn spreader 326 designed to wind the second yarn 328 onto the mandrel 300 when it is rotated about the axis 314. The spreader 326 is placed on a rotary rod 330 with a screw thread, with which it is notified of the reciprocating movement in a direction parallel to the axis 314. Rotation the mandrels 302/303 and the mandrel 330 are coordinated so that in one revolution of the grippers 302/303, the strands 328 move one cell step 333 along the mandrel 300 to lay the first subgroup of threads in the direction 335 on the mandrel.

In order to form a tight walled mandrel using four subgroups of threads in each of the three directions, the following sequence of operations is preferred (although other sequences are possible):
the mandrel is gripped by grippers 304/305, as shown in FIG. 19B, and the thread 307 is attached to the corner 352 of the mandrel;
the grippers 304/305 rotate the mandrel 300 relative to the axis 318 of the mandrel and the thread 307 is shifted in the transverse direction by moving the spreader 306 to reach the step 332 of the cell;
the thread is suspended approximately at position 354, cut and then attached to the mandrel;
the grippers 302/303 capture the mandrel 300, and the grippers 304/305 parted, as shown in FIG. 19C and thread 328 is attached to mandrel corner 356;
the grippers 302/303 rotate the mandrel 300 relative to the axis 314 of the mandrel and the thread 328 is shifted in the transverse direction by moving the spreader 326 to reach the step 333 of the cell;
yarn 328 is suspended at about 358, cut and then attached to the mandrel;
the grippers 304/305 capture the mandrel 300, and the grippers 302/303 part, as shown in FIG. 19A, and the thread 307 is attached to the corner 360 of the mandrel;
the grippers 304/305 rotate the mandrel 300 relative to the axis 316 of the mandrel and the thread 307 is shifted in the transverse direction by moving the spreader 307 to achieve a cell pitch 322;
the thread 307 is suspended at approximately 362, cut off and then attached to the mandrel;
the grippers 302/303 capture the mandrel 300, and the grippers 304/305 are opened and the grippers 302/303 rotate the mandrel 300 to the position shown in FIG. 19B;
grippers 304/305 capture the mandrel, and the grippers 302/303 are bred, as shown in FIG. 19B, and the thread 307 is attached near an angle 352, except for an offset position of one, two, or three diameters of the thread from position 352;
the thread is wound once more with respect to axis 318 at an offset position, cut and attached near position 354;
the grippers 302/303 capture the mandrel 300, and the grippers 304/305 parted, as shown in FIG. 19C, and the thread 328 is attached near the angle 356 of the mandrel, except for an offset position of one, two or three diameters of the thread from position 356;
the thread is wound once more with respect to axis 314 at an offset position, cut and attached near position 358;
grippers 304/305 capture the mandrel, and the grippers 302/303 part, as shown in FIG. 19A, and the thread 307 is attached near the corner 360 of the mandrel, except for an offset position of one, two, or three diameters of the thread from position 360;
the thread is wound once more about the axis 316 at an offset position, cut and attached near position 362;
the process described above is continued with subsequent yarns wound around this axis of the mandrel, offset from the previous yarns, until they are densely covered with four subgroups of yarns in three directions. On each given surface of the mandrel there will be threads oriented in only two directions, thus forming a biaxial material structure on each surface;
on each surface of the mandrel, the uppermost subgroup of filaments is connected to the subgroup of filaments closest to the mandrel, while the upper ones intersect with the filaments closest to the mandrel by applying a waveguide to the ultrasonic fastener only at the intersection points when using the mandrel as a support for the ultrasonic fastener.

In an alternative embodiment, a plurality of waveguides spaced apart from one another can be moved back and forth over each surface of the mandrel along a diagonal path relative to the directions of the filaments on this front surface, similar to what was described when forming a flat material structure;
after the connection is completed, the mandrel can be separated from the grips and the edges of the sleeves of the shirt material can be cut off (to “open” the sleeves) and the part of the mandrel 312 separated from the part 312 can be removed through the opening of the cut sleeves;
the lower edge of the shirt material (waste) can be cut off (to “open” the shirt along the hem) and part of the mandrel 310 can be pulled out through the open bottom hole;
the cut edges of the material can be removed or can be used to form cuffs on the sleeves and the waistband on the shirt.

 Using the method described above, it is possible to easily make three-dimensional articles of the clothing assortment from material using relatively simple mandrels. By winding in a simple way with respect to the three axes of the mandrel, it is possible to produce a material with a biaxial orientation of the threads in the form of a three-dimensional product without the use of cutting and stitching of individual parts from the material, as was the case in the existing technology. This technology allows us to produce unique items of clothing from seamless material.

 In FIG. 19E shows a pattern of weaving yarns (as seen) at the corner of the mandrel at the edge of the sleeve near angle 364 (as is also seen in FIG. 19A). The axis of the mandrel is indicated on the remote diagram 366. The first few subgroups of threads laid relative to the axis 318 of the mandrel is indicated by the number 1; several second subgroups of threads laid relative to the axis 314 of the mandrel is indicated by number 2. Several third subgroups of threads laid relative to the axis 316 of the mandrel is indicated by 3. The subgroups are indicated in the order in which they are laid on the mandrel. In the subgroups following the third, only one thread of the subgroup is indicated to show the weave pattern that is formed on the mandrel. A group of threads laid relative to the axis 318 of the mandrel is indicated by the number 1 from the first subgroup, the number 4 from the fourth subgroup, the number 7 from the seventh subgroup and the number 10 from the tenth subgroup. A group of threads laid relative to the axis 314 of the mandrel is indicated by the number 2 from the second subgroup, the number 5 from the fifth subgroup, the number 7 from the eighth subgroup and the number 11 from the eleventh subgroup. A group of threads laid relative to the axis 316 of the mandrel is indicated by the number 3 from the third subgroup, the number 6 from the sixth subgroup, the number 9 from the ninth subgroup and the number 12 from the twelfth subgroup. Although the yarns are wound around the three axis of the mandrel, on the front surface 368 the yarns form a biaxial structure; on the front surface 370, the filaments form a biaxial structure and on the front surface 372, the filaments form a biaxial structure.

Dots 374 and 376 on front face 368 show some typical bonding points between the outermost subgroup 11 and the innermost subgroup 1. Dots 378 and 380 on front face 370 show some typical bonding points between the outermost subgroup 12 and the innermost subgroup 2. Dots 382 and 384 on the face 372, some typical bonding points are shown between the outermost subgroup 12 and the innermost subgroup 1. In general, the method just described for forming an intertwined bulk structure of ma Methods and material comprising the steps of:
(a) creating a rectangular parallelepipedal bearing surface for a material that can be rotated about three orthogonal axes, thereby defining three orthogonal directions for laying the threads: X, Y and Z;
(b) laying the first subgroup of threads to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the X axis;
(c) laying down a second subgroup of yarns to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the Y axis and form the flooring together with the yarns laid in the X axis direction;
(d) laying the third subgroup of threads to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the Z axis and form the flooring together with the threads laid in the direction of the X axis and in the Y direction;
(e) repeating the laying and laying of each of the first, second and third subgroups and the displacement of the yarns of subsequent subgroups relative to all yarns of previously laid subgroups until each of the plurality of subgroups forms a group of yarns located in the corresponding direction for that subgroup that is densely covered mandrel surface;
(f) connecting the upper subgroup in the flooring with the lower subgroup in the flooring to form a three-dimensional interlaced material structure.

EXAMPLES
Example 1
A material structure was made of a sheath-core filament with a total linear density of 78.8 tex, including a 44.4 tex linear density core of a multifilament yarn made of nylon-6.6 and consisting of 0.666 tex linear density filaments. The core was wrapped with a “sheath” of staple fibers made of nylon-6.6 copolymer containing 30% (mass) elementary units derived from MPMD (2-methylpentamethylene diamide), the melting point of which is lower than the melting point of the core fiber polymer. The staple fibers that were wound around the core thread were in the shape of a roving, with a staple length of 38.1 mm and a linear density of about 0.2 tex. This thread was made on the "Friction spinning machine" model "DREF 3" firm "Textilmachinenfabrik Dr. Ernst Ferrer AG", Linz, Austria. The material structure contained 16 subgroups arranged as shown in FIG. 2A, and was wound on the device shown in FIG. 11B. The step of the weave cell contained 8 threads. The fastening nodes were made around the circumference using an ultrasonic generator company Dukein Co. model 351 "Autotrack", which worked at a frequency of 40 kHz, and the clamping force to the mandrel was about 1.8-2.3 kg. The waveguide velocity relative to the surface of the mandrel was such that ultrasonic energy of the order of 0.2 J per bond point acted on the material. The trajectories of the bonding lines were spaced 5.1 mm apart, the tip of the waveguide was about 2.54 mm wide and about 19.05 mm long with a slightly concave surface, and the concavity in the transverse direction was 0.1 dimensions by about 12.7 mm length. The concave edge of the bonding surface was rounded so as to exclude a sharp edge at the leading corner, and the concavity followed the radius of rounding. The waveguide did not make full contact over the entire length of 19.5 mm due to the radius of curvature of the mandrel. Firmly bonded sections near the edges of the concave surface were performed by the waveguide. It is believed that improved bonding could be realized using a narrower waveguide with a width of the order of 1.016 mm with a flat bonding surface instead of a concave surface.

 After bonding, the material was removed from the mandrel and tensile tests were carried out in a direction parallel to the location of one group of threads. The maximum theoretical breaking load of this material without any bonding was calculated (and amounted to 67.1 kg per width of 25.4 mm) by multiplying the strength of the thread, which amounted to 2.09 kg, by the number of threads - 32, per width of 25, 4 mm. The bonded material of the present invention had a real gripping strength of 54.4 kg / 25.4 mm. There is confidence that if the shell-core type threads are bonded by predominantly melting the shell having a lower melting temperature while maintaining the filaments constituting the core thread substantially unbroken, then the strength of the material will not be significantly reduced as a result of bonding . In other tests of the material, carried out using a multifilament yarn made of nylon-6.6 with a linear density of 69.93 tex without a sheath having a lower melting point, the theoretical tensile strength of non-bonded material was 167.8 kg / 25.4 mm, and the actual strength of the bonded material was 54.4 kg / 25.4 mm. This indicates a significant decrease in the strength of bonded multifilament yarns in comparison with a decrease in strength during bonding of shell-rod threads, in which the shell has a lower melting point. A shell with a lower melting point provides a significant increase in strength when using ultrasonic bonding to connect the threads.

Example 2
A structure of a material with limited permeability was manufactured by introducing a film web into the structure of the material during its manufacture. A sample was formed using multifilament yarns with a linear density of 69.93 tex wound on the device shown in FIG. 11B, and fastened using the ultrasonic device described in Example 1. The step of the material cell contained 8 strands. The canvas of the Binel polypropylene film had a thickness of 0.076-0.127 mm. The material was made by laying two subgroups of threads on a mandrel, and then a film was laid, and then 12 subgroups of threads were laid, then the next sheet of film was laid, and then two subgroups of threads. After that, the material was fastened in the same way as in example 1. The material was removed from the mandrel and then tested for blowing air through the material; it was found that a very small amount of air passes through the material and air penetration occurs only in the bonding zone.

Example 3
The structure of the reinforced material was made by adding a non-woven fabric "Spunbond" to the structure during its formation. The yarns were the same as in example 2. The nonwoven material was made from a polyamide copolymer and had a surface density of 33.5 g / m ² . The material was fabricated in the same way as the material in Example 2. 14 subgroups of threads were wound on a mandrel, nonwoven fabric was laid on a mandrel, and two subgroups of threads were wound on top of the nonwoven material. The material was bonded in the same way as in example 1. The material was removed from the mandrel, and it was found that it had increased strength and reduced deformation in the diagonal direction.

Example 4
The reinforcing structure for the composite panel was formed using non-thermoplastic filaments and thermoplastic film webs. Low twist multifilament yarns of aramid filaments (Kevlar ^TM ) were used. The polyester film web had a thickness of 0.051-0.076 mm. The material was made in the same way as the material in Example 2. Two subgroups of filaments were wound on a mandrel, then a film web was laid, then four subgroups of filaments, then a film cloth, then four subgroups of filaments, then a film cloth, then two subgroups of filaments; Only 16 subgroups of threads and four layers of film. The film was approximately 15% of the mass of material. The material was bonded in the same way as the material in example 1. The material was removed from the mandrel, and it was found that it has adequate integrity for use as a reinforcing structure for a composite panel.

Example 5
A material was made with a fiber layer of cotton tapes introduced during formation into its structure to give the material a good soft touch. The thread was the same as in example 2. A layer of cotton was formed from ribbons into canvas with an area of 203.2x279, 4 mm ² and with a surface density of about 16.7 g / m ² . The material was made in the same way as the material in example 2. Eight subgroups of threads were wound on a mandrel, then two layers of cotton canvas were laid, then eight subgroups of threads were wound. The material was bonded in the same way as the material in example 1. The material was removed from the mandrel, and it was found that it has a soft bonded structure, but it can be stratified on a cotton canvas. It is believed that the integrity of the structure can be improved by adding a certain amount of staple from nylon-6.6 or a copolymer of nylon-6.6 with a low melting point to the cotton tape by mixing until the cotton tape is made. There is confidence that this will improve the bonding of nylon threads to and through cotton canvas.

Example 6
The structure of the material was made from natural fibers used as internal subgroups, and thermoplastic fibers as the first and last subgroups. In the structure, 8 feed strands in the form of 28 subgroups were used. Cotton threads had a linear density of 176 tex, and thermoplastic threads were of nylon-6.6 and had a total linear density of 69.3 tex. The stacking sequence was as follows: the first subgroup was nylon-6.6 yarn, then 26 subgroups of cotton yarn and the last was a nylon-6.6 yarn subgroup. The structure was then bonded by tracing the path of each strand in the last subgroup with an ultrasonic waveguide and fastening in the longitudinal direction so as to fasten each crossing point of the first and last subgroups.

Example 7
A material structure was made of yarns from Dacron ^TM (linear density of the filament 0.143 tex, linear density of the multifilament 28.1 tex), consisting of repeating groups of subgroups. A material consisting of a two-layer structure, where one layer was a flooring of two groups of subgroups, which formed a tightly caked area, and the other layer was an identical group of subgroups, which formed a second tightly cured area. The resulting material had a base surface density equivalent to the surface density of a material consisting of the same number of all subgroups that were parallel but displaced so that no subgroup was laid on top of the other, but gave a more voluminous feel and appearance.

For comparison, three separate materials were developed in order to study the effect of various manufacturing methods on the volume of the finished material. All materials were worked out using the aforementioned yarns laid in 16 yarn guides of the spreader ring of the device shown in FIG. 11B. All materials were bonded in the same way using the circular bonding process described in Example 1. Material A contained two groups of threads, comprising a total of 18 subgroups, with 9 threads per step of the cell, the surface density of the material was 33.4 g / m ² . Material B contained two groups of filaments, comprising a total of 36 subgroups, with 18 filaments per cell step, and the surface density of the material was 66.8 g / m ² . The filaments in material B were laid more tightly in the same cell step as the filaments of material A. Material C was a two-layer structure, where the first layer was formed as material A, and then the second layer was formed on top of the first layer to obtain the material with a total number of subgroups of threads equal to 36, and a surface density of 66.8 g / m ² . Two layers were bonded only after both layers were wound on the mandrel. Three materials were removed from the mandrel and conducted a visual comparison and a touch comparison to determine the volume. It seemed that material A had a smaller volume, material C had the largest volume, material B had a volume that occupied a middle position between the same characteristics of materials A and C. It turned out to be unexpected that when packing more threads into a step of a cell, more voluminous material is obtained (at comparing materials A and B) and that a two-layer structure with the same number of threads has a larger volume (when comparing materials B and C). Since all the materials were bonded in the same way, this shows that the packing of the threads and their laying can be used to control the volume of the material.

Example 8
Mixed samples were made using two layers of carpet-shaped composite bulk yarn from nylon-6.6 with a linear density of 275 tex (consisting of bulk filament yarn with a linear density of 2.09 tex) and carpet yarn from staple fibers from nylon-6.6 . The bonding energy for these thicker filaments could reach up to 1-2 J of ultrasonic energy per one crossing of the filaments. Mixed samples were also made using textured polyester yarns with a linear density of 16.5 tex with a linear density of a filament of 0.08 tex. Flat and three-dimensional samples were also manually made using twine, or cord, with a diameter of 3.175-6.35 mm and a plastic tape for connecting the threads at the intersection of the outer subgroups.

 The structure of the material according to the invention can be made in many different ways, including manual and automated means, either in the form of piece products or in the form of continuous roll materials using a wide range of threads and fasteners.

Claims (39)

 1. A material structure containing the following elements: a plurality of groups of threads densely covering the area, and the threads of one group follow substantially along parallel trajectories and are located so as to intersect the threads of another group; a plurality of subgroups included in each group, each subgroup containing a plurality of threads sparse covering the said area, and the threads of one subgroup in one group are shifted relative to the threads of other subgroups of the same group; many connections between the upper subgroup of the structure and the lower subgroup of the structure directly, or through the threads of other subgroups, are made in such a way that the connections between the points of intersection of the threads of groups occur in 0.3-80% of all crossings of the threads.  2. The material structure according to claim 1, in which the points of intersection of the threads occur in 1-50% of cases of all crossing of the threads.  3. The structure of the material according to claim 1, in which there are unconnected sections separately from the compounds, those in which the inherent flexibility of the structure in the threads is stored in unconnected sections.  4. The material structure according to claim 1, in which the joints are spaced apart sections and there are unconnected sections, separate from the connected sections, such that the inherent flexibility of the structure in the threads is stored in unconnected sections.  5. The material structure according to claim 1, in which the threads of the subgroup follow substantially along parallel paths, which forces each of the threads to cross with itself within the subgroup and cross with neighboring threads within the group.  6. The material structure according to claim 1, in which the threads of the subgroup in one group are bent so that they become the threads of a subgroup of another group and as a result of this cross with them.  7. The material structure according to claim 1, wherein the film web or nonwoven fabric is laid between two adjacent subgroups in the structure.  8. A method of forming a flexible material from interwoven threads, comprising the following steps: laying multiple groups of threads, including many threads tightly covering the area, while the threads in the group are substantially parallel, and the threads of each group intersect with the threads of other groups, and each a group contains many subgroups, and each subgroup contains many threads, and the threads of each subgroup are laid so that they are located at a certain distance from each other in the form of sparse th array to cover the mentioned area; laying each subgroup of one group on a different subgroup of another group so that the threads of a subgroup of one group intersect with the threads of a subgroup of another group; positioning the threads of each subgroup of one group with a shift relative to the threads of other subgroups of the same group; the connection of the highest subgroup in the flooring with the lowest subgroup in the flooring to form an interwoven material structure, in which compounds occur in 0.3-80% of cases of crossing the threads in the subgroup.  9. The method according to p. 8, in which the point of intersection of the threads occur in 1-50% of all crossings of the threads.  10. The method according to p. 8, further comprising the step of introducing the matched subgroups of each group into each other with the formation of a densified structure, where the threads of one group envelope the threads of neighboring groups.  11. The method according to p. 8, in which the connection step comprises the step of connecting the subgroups in the distant sections and forming unconnected sections, separate from the connected sections, in which the inherent flexibility of the structure in the threads is stored in the unconnected sections.  12. The structure of the material made according to the method according to p. 8.  13. Three-dimensional, three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material containing the following elements: flooring of the first set of subgroups, the second set of subgroups and the third set of subgroups, each subgroup including yarns spaced one from the other to form a sparse sheathed area of the material, the yarns being usually located parallel and directed along a curved path in space; assigned subgroups are located in a predetermined array with respect to a common reference axis and a common reference plane perpendicular to the reference axis; the first subgroups are located at a first angle relative to the reference plane and are located at a first angle of rotation relative to the axis, the second subgroups are located at a second angle relative to the reference plane and are located at a second angle of rotation relative to the reference axis, the third subgroups are located at a third angle relative to the reference plane and are located under the third rotation angle relative to the reference axis, while the threads of any one of the first, second and third subgroups intersect with the threads of the other first, in the second and third subgroups; in each first, second and third set of subgroups, the threads of one subgroup are shifted relative to the threads of other subgroups to form a group of threads for each of the corresponding subgroups, and the group of any corresponding subgroups densely covers the area of the material; the upper subgroup in the flooring is connected to the lower subgroup in the flooring to form a three-dimensional, three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material.  14. The three-dimensional, three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material according to claim 13, in which the entire area of the material contains a biaxial part of the area, consisting of two sets of subgroups from the first, second and third subgroups, and a triaxial part of the area, consisting of three sets of subgroups from the first, second and third subgroups.  15. The interwoven structure of the material containing the following elements: a plurality of first threads subgroups, including many threads oriented in the first angular direction, free from crosses, the threads of the first subgroups forming a flooring with many second subgroups of threads, containing many threads in the second angular direction, free from crosses; the threads of each subgroup, directed substantially along parallel trajectories that are spaced apart from each other with a repeating pattern, to sparse cover the common predefined area of the material, the threads of the subgroups are alternately laid together with the first subgroup following the second subgroup, while the threads of the first subgroup intersect with threads of the second subgroup; the threads of any one subgroup of the many first subgroups are offset relative to the threads of all other subgroups of the many first subgroups; the threads of any one subgroup of the many second subgroups are offset relative to the threads of all other subgroups of the many second subgroups; laying out the whole set of first subgroups forming the first group of threads containing threads tightly covering the predefined area of the material, and laying out the whole set of second subgroups forming the second group of threads containing threads tightly covering the predefined area of the material; the yarns of the upper subgroup in the flooring are connected to the yarns of the lower subgroup in the flooring so as to encompass other subgroups in the flooring in the interlaced structure of the material.  16. The interwoven material structure according to claim 15, wherein the yarns of successively arranged subgroups of the plurality of first subgroups in the deck are offset relative to each other by the width of the yarns in this subgroup of material, and the yarns of sequentially arranged subgroups of the plurality of second subgroups of the deck are shifted relative to each other by thread width in this subgroup of material.  17. The interwoven material structure according to claim 15, further comprising a plurality of third yarn subgroups, including a plurality of yarns oriented in the third angular direction, free from intersection, the third yarn subgroups forming a flooring with a plurality of first and second yarn subgroups, wherein the yarn of the third subgroup intersect with the threads of the first and second subgroups, laying all the sets of third subgroups forming the third group of threads containing threads tightly covering a predetermined area of the material.  18. The interwoven structure of the material according to claim 15, wherein the plurality of first subgroups are located in the flooring so as to determine the total number of yarn displacement steps equal to the number of subgroups from which the plurality of first subgroups are formed, while subsequent subgroups of the plurality of first filament subgroups are laid on the set of equal sub-intervals of the steps of the threads between them, and sequentially placed in the sub-intervals with many of the threads in the subsequent subgroups of the many first subgroups displaced by one step of the thread from one another, the set of the second subgroups is located in the flooring so as to determine the total number of steps of the displacement of the threads, equal to the number of subgroups from which the set of the second subgroups is formed, while the subsequent subgroups of the set of the second second subgroups of threads in the flooring are laid on the set of equal sub-intervals of the steps of the threads between them and are sequentially placed into sub-intervals with a plurality of threads in subsequent subgroups of a plurality of second subgroups shifted by one step of the thread from one another.  19. A method of forming an interwoven material structure, comprising the following steps: laying the first subgroup of threads, including many threads oriented in the first angular direction, free from overlap, and the threads in the first subgroup are sent substantially along parallel paths that are spaced one from another repeating pattern to sparse cover a certain area of the material; the superposition of the second subgroup of threads following the first subgroup of threads and including a plurality of threads oriented in the second angular direction, free from intersections, and the threads in the second subgroup are directed substantially along parallel paths that are spaced one from another with a repeating pattern, so that in a sparse form to cover a certain area of the material; continuation of the alternating overlapping of the set of the first first subgroups of threads and the set of the second subgroups of threads, including the following sub-steps: the shift of the set of threads in any one subgroup of the set of first subgroups consisting of the set of threads in all other subgroups of the first set of subgroups, and laying all the threads in one first set subgroups before laying threads in another subgroup; displacement of a plurality of threads in any one subgroup of a plurality of second subgroups consisting of a plurality of threads in all other subgroups of a second plurality of subgroups, and laying all the threads in one second plurality of subgroups before laying the threads in another subgroup; the termination of laying, when all the sets of the first subgroups form the first group of threads containing threads that tightly cover the predefined area of the material, and when the laying of all of the many second subgroups forms the second group of threads including threads that tightly cover the predefined area of the material; joining the yarns from the upper subgroup in the flooring to the yarns from the lower subgroup in the flooring so as to hold the other subgroups in the flooring and form an interlaced material structure.  20. The structure of the material made according to the method according to p. 19.  21. A method for rapidly forming a three-dimensional flexible bulk material, in which the threads in the subgroups are spaced apart from each other with a regular step to follow along the contours of the form, comprising the following steps: laying on the spatial surface of many groups of threads, each group containing many threads tightly covering the area at which the threads in the group are substantially parallel, and the threads in each group intersect with the threads of other groups, each group containing many subgroups and each laid subgroup comprises a plurality of yarns, the yarns of each subgroup spaced apart in a sparse array to obscure a substantial portion of said area; laying each subgroup of one group on a different subgroup of another group, together with the threads of a subgroup of one group, intersecting with the threads of a subgroup of another group; positioning the threads of each subgroup of one group with a shift relative to the threads of other subgroups of the same group; the connection of the highest subgroup in the flooring with the lowest subgroup in the flooring to form an interwoven material structure, in which compounds occur in 0.3-80% of cases of crossing the threads in the subgroup.  22. The method according to p. 21, in which the point of intersection of the threads occur in 1-50% of cases of all crossing of the threads.  23. A device for forming a material for forming a material structure from a plurality of threads, comprising the following elements: an endless conveyor having a movable bearing surface to maintain the structure of the material being formed, the surface having opposite edges parallel to the direction of movement and holders located along each edge and designed for temporary holding of the thread to resist lateral movement of the thread, and the conveyor is equipped with a controlled motor for communication of two izhnii movable bearing surface: a lot of layers, adapted to move in the transverse direction of the surface from one edge to another edge, each containing a lot of yarn guides for quickly directing threads from holders located along one edge to holders along the other edge and back to first edge holders; moreover, the spreaders contain a controlled drive for communicating the reciprocating movement of the spreaders in the transverse direction of the bearing surface; a plurality of connecting elements located in the transverse direction of the bearing surface between the edges of the bearing surface and behind the last spreader in the direction of movement of the surface, the connecting elements being adapted to connect one thread to another thread at their intersection point; control means for coordinating the controlled engine and drive means for the continuous formation of the material structure on the bearing surface of the conveyor.  24. A device for distributing threads for neatly laying threads on a complex curved surface using a mechanical drive, containing the following elements: means for driving a mechanical pickup; a thread spreader containing a frame supporting a hollow shaft through which a thread can pass; yarn guide connected to the pickup and to means for driving a mechanical pickup; a block placed on a hollow shaft that carries a plurality of flexible springs intersecting at a common point; a hollow head with a hemispherical end located at the point of intersection of the springs through which the thread can pass, and the springs provide the ability to move the head in the axial or angular direction, and the rotation of the shaft allows the head to run around any surface while maintaining contact with it, and at the same time, it is possible to deviate freely in the axial or angular direction so that the thread is carefully laid on the surface while the thread passes through the hole in the hollow shaft and through the hole stie in the hollow head.  25. A method of forming an interwoven material structure, comprising the following steps: creating an elongated material-bearing surface having a longitudinal axis and opposite side edges parallel to this axis, and arranging the surface next to a plurality of yarn spreaders placed along opposite side edges of the elongated surface; the use of multiple thread guides in the spreader, with each thread guide adapted to guide the thread from the source of the thread to the bearing surface; capture of threads at one edge of the bearing surface; providing relative motion between the bearing surface and each of the plurality of spreaders in such a way that the spreaders lay yarn from the yarn guides on the surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction along the bearing surface; capture of threads at the opposite edge of the bearing surface; reversing the relative motion of the spreaders and the bearing surface so that the spreaders lay the threads from the yarn guides on the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edge of the surface and in a predetermined direction; arrangement of spreaders and thread guides and coordination of relative movements so that when the strings from the spreaders are laid on the surface, the diagonal positions of each thread are shifted relative to the other threads, thus tightly covering the bearing surface with the threads in one cycle of relative movement from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the first edge.  26. The method according to p. 25, in which to ensure relative motion, move the bearing surface in a predetermined direction along the longitudinal axis of the bearing surface and move the pickups in the direction along the path from one edge to the opposite edge, and this path is located substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the bearing surface.  27. The method according to p. 26, in which at least one layout is placed along one edge and at least the other layout is placed along the same edge, and one and the other layouts are moved from one edge to the opposite edge in concert during relative motion messages.  28. The method according to p. 25, in which at least one layout is placed along one edge and at least another layout is placed along the opposite edge and one and the other layouts are moved towards each other and back while they move from one edges to said opposite edge in concert during a relative motion message.  29. A material of threads made according to the method of claim 27.  30. A material of threads made according to the method of claim 28.  31. A method of forming material from interwoven yarns, comprising the following steps: creating an elongated material-bearing surface on a rotatable mandrel having an axis of rotation and opposite lateral edges substantially perpendicular to this axis; the orientation of the surface adjacent to the annular yarn spreader is substantially perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the mandrel, the ring being located near the side edge of the material-bearing surface; the use of a plurality of thread guides on an annular spreader, with each thread guide adapted to guide the thread from the thread source to the bearing surface, the thread guides are evenly distributed around the circumference to lay the threads with the same pitch between them around the mandrel shell; capture of threads at one edge of the bearing surface; ensuring relative movement between the bearing surface and the ring spreader in such a way that the ring spreader stacks the yarn from the yarn guides onto the bearing surface in a first diagonal direction relative to the edges of the surface from one edge to the opposite edge and in a predetermined direction of rotation along the bearing surface, sparse framing in this way the area of the material on the surface of the mandrel with threads in said first direction; capture of threads on the opposite edge of the bearing surface; reversal of the direction of relative motion of the annular spreader and the bearing surface so that the annular spanner laid the threads from the yarn guides on the surface in a second diagonal direction relative to the edges of the surface from the opposite edge to the first edge and in a predetermined direction of rotation along the bearing surface, sparse thus covering the area of the material on the surface of the mandrel with threads in the second direction: the location of the ring spreader and thread guides and coordination I relative motion so that when the threads from the yarn guides in the annular distributor are sequentially laid on the surface, the diagonal positions of the successively stacked yarns are shifted relative to the previously laid yarns in each first and second diagonal directions so that the bearing surface is densely covered with threads after repeated cycles relative movement from one edge to the opposite edge and back to the first edge.  32. The method according to p. 31, in which the relative movement includes stopping the relative movement between the annular spreader and the bearing surface of the mandrel, when the annular spreader is first returned to one edge, the continuation of a predetermined rotation of the surface of the mandrel at a predetermined distance to lay the next thread to be laid in a predetermined offset position relative to the previously laid yarn in the first direction and before reversing the relative pressing stops, continuing and reversing at the opposite edge to place the next stackable yarn in a predetermined offset position relative to the previously laid yarn in the second direction and before reversing the relative motion, and stopping the relative motion between the ring spreader and the mandrel support surface when the ring spreader is made laying the thread in all offset positions for each first and second directions, so that tightly ASTELIT area of material on a supporting surface of the mandrel.  33. The method according to p. 32, in which the continuation of a predetermined rotation of the surface of the mandrel at a predetermined distance comprises the following: determining equal sub-intervals of the offset positions between the first laid yarns in the first and second directions; sequential continuation of a predetermined rotation at one edge and the opposite edge in order to lay the subsequent stackable yarns in each direction on these sub-intervals; further sequential continuation of a predetermined rotation at one edge and the opposite edge, in order to sequentially place the yarns in each sub-interval at a distance from the previously laid yarns by one yarn offset, so as to complete the placement of the yarns in all shifted positions in all sub-intervals together.  34. The bound material of the threads made according to the method according to p. 31.  35. A method of forming an interwoven material structure, comprising the following steps: creating an elongated material-bearing surface having a longitudinal axis and opposite side edges, wherein the longitudinal direction of the machine is determined in the direction of the longitudinal axis, and the transverse direction is defined between opposite edges; laying on a bearing surface a plurality of subgroups of threads in which the threads are oriented in the longitudinal direction, laying of each group with a certain step along the longitudinal axis, laying the threads of each subgroup oriented in the longitudinal direction at offset positions in the transverse direction relative to other subgroups oriented in the longitudinal direction ; laying on a bearing surface a plurality of subgroups of threads containing threads oriented in the transverse direction, laying each subgroup with a certain step along the longitudinal axis, laying a subgroup oriented in the transverse direction with a certain step relative to the corresponding subgroup oriented in the longitudinal direction; laying the threads of each subgroup oriented in the transverse direction to offset positions in the longitudinal direction, different from other subgroups oriented in the transverse direction; moving the bearing surface in a predetermined direction aligned with the longitudinal axis to collect together the yarns laid from all subgroups oriented in the longitudinal and transverse directions and form a flooring; squeezing the subgroups together and connecting the upper subgroups in the flooring with the lower subgroups in the flooring to form an interwoven material structure.  36. The interwoven structure of the material made according to the method according to p. 35.  37. A method of forming an intertwined bulk structure of a material, comprising the following steps: creating a rectangular parallelepiped bearing surface for a material rotated about three orthogonal axes, thereby defining three orthogonal directions for laying yarns: X, Y and Z; laying the first subgroup of threads to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the X axis; laying the second subgroup of threads to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the Y axis and form the flooring together with the threads laid in the direction of the X axis; laying the third subgroup of threads in order to sparse cover the bearing surface in the aforementioned direction along the Z axis and form the flooring together with the threads laid in the direction of the X axis and in the direction of the Y axis; repeating the laying and laying of each of the first, second and third subgroups and the displacement of the yarns of the subsequent subgroups relative to all the yarns of the previously laid subgroups until each of the many subgroups forms a group of yarns located in the corresponding direction for that subgroup that densely covers the surface of the mandrel; the connection of the upper subgroup in the flooring with the lower subgroup in the flooring to form a three-dimensional, interwoven structure of the material.  38. The method of claim 37, further comprising the step of separating the material-bearing surface from the material.  39. The bound volumetric structure of the material made according to the method of claim 38.

Images