RU2146438C1 - Winter wheat cultivation method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves performing basic winter wheat cultivation operations, including additional application of phosphate-potassium fertilizer into zone free of roots in an amount of 30-50 kg/hectare at the beginning of wax stage. EFFECT: increased efficiency and improved quality of grain. 2 cl, 2 tbl, 1 ex

Description

 The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to obtain food grain of winter wheat of high quality.

 In modern agriculture, mineral fertilizers are widely used to improve the quality of winter wheat grains. A significant increase in the yield of this crop and an increase in its quality is obtained when mineral fertilizers are applied before sowing (main application). Well-known methods of increasing the yield and quality of winter wheat grain, aimed at improving the nitrogen nutrition of this crop during the growing season, such as additional root and foliar application of nitrogen fertilizers. There are spring nitrogen fertilizing of winter wheat, which is carried out according to the results of plant diagnostics during the growth of winter crops after wintering, in the phase of tillering and going into the tube, as well as summer (late) in the phase of heading, flowering and milk ripeness [1]. Later feeding is aimed at improving the quality of winter wheat and practically does not change the crop yield. The data on additional foliar application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, which is carried out together with or instead of nitrogen fertilizer to improve the phosphorus-potassium nutrition of winter wheat, are quite contradictory [2, 3, 4]. However, in all cases, there was no significant increase in the quality of winter wheat when using such top dressing. In our opinion, this is due to the fact that foliar application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers was carried out in the phases of development of winter wheat, when phosphorus-potassium nutrition of plants was not limiting in comparison with nitrogen.

 At the same time, it is known that most of the nitrogen, which is part of the protein in the grain, enters there due to the process of recycling from the stems and leaves of plants during its filling and ripening [5]. On the other hand, the agrochemical method of phosphorus-potassium foliar top dressing at the late stages of development of sugar beet [6] and other crops is well known, which promotes the movement of organic substances from leaves to reproductive organs, which improves their quality indicators.

 This invention is aimed at improving the quality of winter wheat grain (increasing the gluten content in the grain, as well as its vitreous nature) due to the additional agrochemical method - foliar phosphoric-potassium top dressing in the late stages of wheat grain maturation, which is given after obligatory foliar nitrogen top dressing. The introduction of this technique in the technology of growing winter wheat is the main difference of the proposed method. The peculiarity of the method is that it is aimed not at improving the nutrition of winter wheat, which is the case in the case of nitrogen, but at strengthening the process of reutilization of organic substances in the composition of the plant. This technique contributes to an increase in the protein complex in the composition of grain and gluten-forming proteins, which is manifested in an increase in the content and quality of gluten in the grain, as well as its glassiness, that is, important qualitative indicators of winter wheat grain.

 Table 1 shows the main agrochemical methods for the known and proposed method of growing winter wheat with a high content of gluten.

An example of the method
The difference of the proposed method from the known one consists in the phosphorus-potassium top dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness of winter wheat grains. Other technological methods for growing winter wheat are carried out similarly to those already known. For foliar phosphorus-potassium top dressing, double superphosphate (46%) and potassium chloride (60%) are used in doses of 40 kg d.v. per 1 ha or 87 kg / ha and 67 kg / ha respectively in the physical mass of fertilizers. Due to the poor solubility of superphosphate in water, its amount for solution preparation is increased by approximately 20% (104 kg / ha). The solution is advisable to insist. Since the flow rate of the solution during feeding is 1000 l / ha, therefore, the above amounts of fertilizers are used to prepare 400 liters of solution, which is prepared on the solution nodes or on the STK-5 machine. Foliar top dressing is carried out in rainy weather in the morning and evening hours using sprayers OPSh-15, OPSh-15-01, POU, POM-630.

 A comparison of the known and proposed methods for growing winter wheat with a high gluten content was carried out in two micro-plot experiments.

The first experiment was laid at the hospital of the Kursk experimental station on a strip of winter wheat. The experimental design included four options in duplicate:
1. Control, without top dressing (K).

 2. Nitrogen fertilization in the phase of milk-wax ripeness (N).

 3. Nitrogen top dressing in the phase of milk-wax ripeness and against its background phosphorus-potassium top dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness (N + PK).

 4. Phosphorus-potassium top dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness, without nitrogen background (PK).

 The second experiment was carried out on the basis of the field multifactorial experience of VNIIZ and ZEP. The experimental design included six options in quadruplicate.

 1. Control, without top dressing (K).

 2. Nitrogen fertilization in the phase of milk-wax ripeness (N).

 3. Nitrogen top dressing in the phase of milk-wax ripeness and against its background potash top dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness (N + K).

 4. Nitrogen feeding in the phase of milk-wax ripeness and phosphorus feeding in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness (N + P) against its background.

 5. Nitrogen dressing in the phase of milk-wax ripeness and against its background phosphorus-potassium dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness (N + PK).

 6. Phosphorus-potassium top dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness (without nitrogen background) (PK).

In both experiments, the precursor of winter wheat was pure steam and the plot area was 2 m ² . Agricultural cultivation was generally accepted for the Central Black Earth zone. Organic and mineral fertilizers in the studied areas were not applied, with the exception of foliar top dressing, provided by the experimental design. Urea at a dose of 45 kg / ha a.v. was used as a nitrogen fertilizer for feeding. Superphosphate double was used as phosphate fertilizer at a dose of 50 kg / ha ai; potassium - potassium chloride in a dose of 50 kg / ha. Foliar top dressing was carried out by spraying aqueous fertilizer solutions from a spray bottle. The liquid flow rate is 0.5 l per plot.

The quality of wheat grain was evaluated by the following indicators;
- the content of crude gluten;
- general vitreous;
- an indicator of gluten deformation;
- total nitrogen content.

 The amount of total nitrogen was calculated protein content in the grain, and the ratio of crude gluten to protein content - gluten-forming ability of the protein. The results of the first and second experiments are shown in table 2. The tables highlight the options corresponding to the well-known agrochemical method (foliar nitrogen top dressing in the phase of milk-wax ripeness) and the proposed (foliar phosphorus-potassium top dressing in the phase of the onset of wax ripeness).

 A comparison of the known and proposed method for growing winter wheat is given in table 2.

As follows from the above table 2, the proposed additional agrochemical method for growing winter wheat compared with existing allows you to:
- increase the content of crude gluten in grain by 21 - 37%;
- increase the glassiness of grain by 19 - 24%;
- improve the quality of raw gluten (from satisfactory weak to good);
- increase the gluten-forming ability of the protein by 9%.

 The economic effect of conducting phosphorus-potassium fertilizing largely depends on the ratio of prices for high-quality grain and fertilizers, as well as due to the prevailing weather conditions, especially during the period of grain maturation. With an increase in the cost of grain relative to mineral fertilizers and in adverse weather conditions during the ripening period of the grain, for example, humid cool weather, which slows down the maturation and reduces the recycling of elements, the effect of the proposed agrochemical method increases.

Literature
1. Fertilizer in intensive crop cultivation technologies / A. M.Artyushin, I.P. Deryugin, A.N. Kulukin, B.A. Yagodin; Ed. I.P. Deryugina. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1991 .-- 223 p.

2. Gray RC Folair fertilization with primary nitrients during the reproductive stage of plant growth. - Proc Fert Soc London 164. - 1977. - P. 1-23 /
3. Das S. & Sarkar AK Effect of post-flowering foliar spray of potassium nitrate solution on grain filling and yield of rice and wheat // Indian Agric. - 1981. - 25. - P. 267 - 273.

 4. Barraclogh P.B. & Haynes J. The effect of foliar supplements of potassium nitrate and urea on thee yield od winter wheat // Fertilizer research. - 1996. - 44. - P. 217-223.

 5. Pavlov A.N. Some patterns of protein accumulation in wheat grain // Improving the quality of wheat grain. - M .: Kolos. - 1972.

 6. Yakushkin I.V., Edelstein M.N. Pre-harvest top dressing and other ways to increase sugar content and technological qualities of sugar beets. - M .: Pishchepromizdat. - 1958. - 55 p.

Claims (2)

 1. A method of cultivating winter wheat, including the basic technological operations of cultivating this crop, as well as the main application of mineral fertilizers and root and foliar application of nitrogen fertilizers, characterized in that after nitrogen foliar top dressing, additional foliar top dressing of this culture with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers is carried out at the beginning stage wax ripeness.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is applied in doses of 30 to 50 kg / ha by spraying.

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