RU2139505C1 - Natural standard of mass based on laws of nature and mass measuring device - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mass and weight measuring equipment. SUBSTANCE: proposed standard of mass is manufactured from substance of definite composition which measured volume includes volume of vacuum, particles of latent mass and approximately 1.0 cu. cm of particles of indirectly measured mass equal in known measures to 0.1 kg. Standard is manufactured from substance having density cm³ equal or less than density of iridium with little coefficient of volumetric expansion and having volume equal to or more than 4.46 cu.cm measured with required precision. Mass measuring device includes indication unit graduated and numbered with measure of mass specified by standard, transducer, time counter, aid creating force that provides for uniformly accelerated motion of measured mass by logic AND gate. Input of counter is connected to output of logic AND gate whose one input is coupled to source of signals of permanent frequency and whose second input is linked to transducer of time of measurement of change of measured mass by specified value. Its input element is transducer of two boundary values of speed. Indication unit is numbered in natural, volumetric or known measure of mass. EFFECT: increased precision of measurement of mass. 14 cl, 6 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of creating standards of mass, mass and weight measuring equipment.

A known mass standard that implements a unit of measure / measure / mass m _I = 1 kg is used when calibrating mass-measuring devices and creating weights / weights / having a multiple of it. When establishing the Metric system of measures, for the first time the mass of one cubic decimeter of pure water at 4 ^o C was defined, which determined the metric mass measure, which is a function of the measure of length: m _I = 1 dm ³ H ₂ O = 1 kg, justified by Descartes’s great idea " extent is the only essential attribute of matter. " Based on this definition, a prototype of a kilogram was then made - a platinum-iridium cylinder with a height of 39 mm and the same diameter, "copies of which were distributed between states." One of them arrived in Russia, compiling, together with the reference weights, the State primary standard of the unit of mass of 1 kg / Great Soviet Encyclopedia. M .: Sov. Encyclopedia, T. 16./.

 In addition to primary, there are secondary and working mass standards designed for direct comparison with them of model weights, "combined into sets stored in the nests of the case" / Rudo N. Libra. Theory, device, regulation and verification. M. - L., Mashgiz, 1957 /. To measure the mass using scales of different operating principles and for different purposes, having a display unit, calibrated and digitized by the measure of mass specified by its standard, that is, in kilograms and multiple measures. In laboratory practice, scales with built-in weights and scales placed in a vacuum are used, eliminating the error caused by air pressure.

содержащее датчик, вычислительное устройство и счетчик времени с цифровым табло, фиксирующим массу, пропорциональную времени заданного изменения ее скорости при действии постоянной ускоряющей силы F = const. /Кошуль В.М. и др. Прибор для измерения массы тела в невесомости. А.с. N 518639, 1976 г./.A device for measuring body mass in zero gravity is known that implements a modification of the formula of the second law of mechanics

containing a sensor, a computing device and a time counter with a digital display that fixes the mass proportional to the time of a given change in its speed under the action of a constant accelerating force F = const. / Koshul V.M. and others. A device for measuring body weight in zero gravity. A.S. N 518639, 1976 /.

где L - расстояние, проходимое тележкой за измеряемое время t, а измеряемую массу - вычислением по формуле

/Соколов И.И. Курс физики. М.: 1953 г./ Любая массоизмерительная техника, даже опосредованно реализующая метод сравнения с эталоном, характеризуется определенной точностью измерений, зависящей также и от точности используемого эталона массы и стабильности его массы во времени. Между тем измерения 1954 г. показали, что эталон массы, хранящийся в России, равен 1,000000085 кг, то есть больше эталона Международного бюро мер и весов. /Чертов А. Единицы физических величин. М.: Высшая школа, 1977 г./. Кроме того, современные исследования обнаружили систематическое изменение массы существующего эталона, хранящегося под двумя стеклянными колпаками, увеличивающейся каждый год на 2 - 7 мкг /Эталоны, единицы массы и точное взвешивание. В кн.: Образцовые и высокоточные методы измерения. Госстандарт СССР, вып. 2. М.: 1980 г./.Known means for creating a constant force that ensures uniformly accelerated horizontal movement of the measured mass m of the trolley, made in the form of a body of known mass, mounted on the free end of a weightless thread thrown through a block, the other end of which is connected to the measured mass. In this case, the mass acceleration is determined by the calculation according to the formula

where L is the distance traveled by the trolley for the measured time t, and the measured mass is calculated by the formula

/ Sokolov I.I. Physics course. M .: 1953 / Any mass measuring technique, even indirectly implementing the method of comparison with a standard, is characterized by a certain measurement accuracy, which also depends on the accuracy of the used mass standard and the stability of its mass over time. Meanwhile, measurements in 1954 showed that the mass standard stored in Russia is 1.000000085 kg, that is, more than the standard of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. / Chertov A. Units of physical quantities. M .: Higher School, 1977 /. In addition, modern studies have found a systematic change in the mass of the existing standard stored under two glass caps, increasing every year by 2 - 7 μg / standards, mass units and accurate weighing. In: Exemplary and high-precision measurement methods. Gosstandart of the USSR, vol. 2. M .: 1980 g.

 The indicated reasons, as well as the awareness of the possibility of losing the existing standards of mass, made it urgent to create an easily reproducible natural standard of mass, justified not by the opinion of scientific authorities, but by the objective laws of nature.

An attempt to create a natural mass standard is the proposal for its manufacture from a silicon single crystal, the mass of which is determined by the formula: m = km _a , where m _a is the average value of the mass of atoms, taking into account the content of isotopes, and K is the number of atoms in this single crystal / Krylova N.S. . and others. To the question of the natural standard of mass. In the book: Research in the field of mass measurement. All-Russian Research Institute of Metrology named after DI. Mendeleev. Vol. 224/284 /. Leningrad, 1978.

 A disadvantage of the known mass standard, set only by its nominal value of 1 kg / without specifying the measurement range defined for other quantities /, is that it does not provide high accuracy of reproducing small fractions of a kilogram.

 Many of the shortcomings of the existing standards of mass and mass-measuring equipment stem from the uncertainty of the content of the concept of "mass", the nature of which is "one of the most important unsolved problems of physics." As a result, when measuring mass, experts today do not fully understand what they determine: the amount of matter, inertness, a measure of energy or something more abstract, mentioned in a famous book / Jammer M. The concept of mass in classical and modern physics. Per. from English M .: Progress, 1967 /, which showed that "the concept of mass is shrouded in serious uncertainties that have not yet been overcome." The consequence of this was, for example, the situation in the physics of the microworld, where the mass of particles is determined in energy measures / electron-volts /, sanctioned by the theory of relativity, which did not bring closer the clarification of the nature of the mass.

 The urgent task of identifying the objective content of the basic concepts of natural science / mass, speed, time, temperature, email. current, etc. / solves the axiomatic theory published in the established scientific journal "Axiomatics of Nature" / ISSN 0131-9876 /, substantiating this and my other inventions, reforming the foundations of metrology. / Aidelman M.S. Axiomatics of nature. - Journal "AP", St. Petersburg, N 1, 1991 / Primary laws / axioms / natures are a function of such primary / undetectable / concepts: length, particle, motion, pressure, unit, limit, more / less /, whose function is the following basic concepts: indivisible particle - an analogue of the atom of Democritus; divisible particle - an analog of a molecule or a modern atom; infinitely divisible / infinitely divisible / - empty; etc.

линейная скорость, равная отношению расстояний L и L₁, одновременно проходимых с измеряемой C и эталонной C₁ скоростями, представленными в измерительном устройстве сигналами с коэффициентом пропорциональности K;

время, равное расстоянию L₁, проходимому с эталонной скоростью C₁ = 1, являющейся скоростью "течения времени";

измеряемый объем материи, содержащий объем пустоты

и сумму /n + n^-/ неделимых частиц предельно малого объема V_•, составляющих его косвенно измеряемую массу m = nV_• и обратно пропорциональную ей неизмеряемую /скрытую/ массу, выражаемую только объемной мерой m^-= n^-V_• , включающую скрытую массу квантов /делимых частиц, состоящих из неделимых/ света m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{c}}$ , электричества m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{e}}$ , тепла m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{т}}$ и других скрытых масс материи, имеющей приближенно постоянную суммарную /абсолютную/ плотность:

электрический ток, равный расходу скрытой массы квантов электричества;

температура, равная скрытому давлению квантов тепла p $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{т}}$ , пропорциональному измеряемому давлению газа в камере постоянного объема, а также скрытому давлению неделимой частицы p $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{•}}$ , имеющей постоянную скорость C_• , изменяющую за нулевое время соударения с другими только направление на угол γ_•≤ π = 3,14. Согласно теории, косвенно измеряемую массу определяет такая ее формула:

где t - время изменения скорости измеряемой массы m на заданную величину ΔC = const, созданного постоянной ускоряющей силой

= const, совпадающей с вектором

перпендикулярным силе веса;

= const - константа временной меры массы, заданная настройкой используемого массоизмерительного устройства.A new / preparing for publication / version of my theory offers such refined formulas of basic physical quantities that are adequate to nature:

linear speed equal to the ratio of the distances L and L ₁ simultaneously traveled with the measured C and the reference C ₁ speeds represented by signals in the measuring device with a proportionality coefficient K;

time equal to the distance L ₁ traveled with a reference speed C ₁ = 1, which is the speed of the "flow of time";

measured volume of matter containing the void volume

and the sum of / n + n ^- / indivisible particles of extremely small volume V _• making up its indirectly measured mass m = nV _• and inversely proportional to it unmeasured / hidden / mass, expressed only by the volumetric measure m ^- = n ^- V _• , including the hidden mass quanta / divisible particles consisting of indivisible / light m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{c}}$ electricity m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{e}}$ , heat m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{t}}$ and other hidden masses of matter having an approximately constant total / absolute / density:

an electric current equal to the consumption of the latent mass of electricity quanta;

temperature equal to latent pressure of heat quanta p $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{t}}$ proportional to the measured gas pressure in the chamber of constant volume, as well as the hidden pressure of the indivisible particle p $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{•}}$ having a constant speed C _• , changing only the direction of the angle γ _• ≤ π = 3.14 for zero time of collision with others. According to the theory, the indirectly measured mass is determined by its formula:

where t is the time of the change in the speed of the measured mass m by a given value ΔC = const, created by a constant accelerating force

= const matching the vector

perpendicular to weight;

= const is the constant of a temporary measure of mass, given by the setting of the used mass measuring device.

размерности длины.These patterns justified the need to use a new truly metric / natural / system of measures in which the dimension of any physical quantity is a degree

length dimension.

The theory suggests that the reference speed be the speed of the second-hand point of a clock of a given radius, which determines the ratio of natural / dimensionless / and known mass measures, for example, C ₁ = 1 = 10 cm / min, whence this ratio of natural / linear / and known time measures follows: t = 1 cm = 0.1 min.

и форму прямоугольного параллелепипеда высотой 5 см, другие равные стороны которого реализовали предлагаемый эталон длины L_I = 1 см.The theory justified the natural standard of mass m = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 kg, containing a unit volume of indivisible particles nV _• = 1 cm ³ , equal in known measures to 0.1 kg, made of platinum alloy with density ρ = 20 g / cm ³ having a measurable volume

and the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped 5 cm high, other equal sides of which realized the proposed standard of length L _I = 1 cm.

включающее датчик скорости и таймер. Недостатки известного эталона массы и массоизмерительного устройства устраняет данное изобретение, обоснованное уточненным вариантом моей теории /намеченной к опубликованию в виде книги "Аксиоматика природы", 1999 г./.The disadvantage of this standard can be considered the uncertainty of the real properties of its substance, which may not be suitable for the manufacture of a practically used mass standard. The 1991 theory of the sample also proposed a device that implements the formula for indirectly measured mass:

including speed sensor and timer. The disadvantages of the well-known standard of mass and mass measuring device are eliminated by this invention, justified by an updated version of my theory / scheduled for publication in the form of the book "Axiomatics of Nature", 1999 /.

 The aim of this invention is the creation of a natural standard of mass and mass measuring device, substantiated ekonomernost, clarifying the nature of the mass.

 The technical result of the invention is to increase the accuracy of mass measurements and the accuracy of the standards, which can be reproduced even in case of loss of existing standards. The invention will provide comparability of the results of measuring the mass of matter of various types / from macro to micro levels /, which will determine the natural / volumetric / measure adequate to nature.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that they create a natural mass standard, justified by the regularity of nature, realizing a natural unit of measure / measure / mass equal to approximately a unit volume of its constituent particles, made of a substance of a certain composition, the measured volume of which includes volumes of void, particles of hidden mass, and also about 1 cm ³ particles of indirectly measured mass, equal in known measures to 0.1 kg

где

объем беспредельно делимой пустоты в измеряемом объеме V материи;
V_• - предельно малый объем одной неделимой частицы, равный ее неизмеряемой /скрытой/ массе m;
n и n^- - число неделимых частиц косвенно измеряемой массы m = nV_• и неизмеряемой /скрытой/ массы m^-= n^-V_• ;
nV_• = 1 см³ = 0,1 кг = m₁ - косвенно измеряемая масса естественного эталона, выраженная естественной /объемной/ и известной мерами;
ρ_Ir = 0,2242 = 22,42 г/см³ - косвенно измеряемая плотность иридия, выраженная естественной /безразмерной/ и известной мерой;

измеряемый объем вещества эталона массы.The new standard is different in that it is made of a substance of known composition with a density ρ equal to or lower than the density of iridium, with a small coefficient of volume expansion, having a volume measured with the necessary accuracy equal to or greater than 4.46 cm ³ , determined by such a regularity that clarifies the nature of the mass :

Where

the volume of infinitely divisible emptiness in the measured volume V of matter;
V _• is an extremely small volume of one indivisible particle, equal to its unmeasured / hidden / mass m;
n and n ^- is the number of indivisible particles of indirectly measured mass m = nV _• and unmeasured / hidden / mass m ^- = n ^- V _• ;
nV _• = 1 cm ³ = 0.1 kg = m ₁ is the indirectly measured mass of the natural standard, expressed by natural / volumetric / and known measures;
ρ _Ir = 0.2242 = 22.42 g / cm ³ - indirectly measured density of iridium, expressed by natural / dimensionless / and known measure;

the measured volume of the substance of the mass standard.

включающий объем пустоты

и скрытую массу

Вариантом изобретения является эталон массы, изготовленный из тантала, с измеряемым объемом

а также эталоны массы из сплава инвар с измеряемым объемом

12,5 см³, из монокристалла сапфира с измеряемым объемом

25,4 см³ и другие, имеющие форму куба или цилиндра с высотой, равной его диаметру. Естественный эталон массы может являться набором нескольких его частей /разновесов, гирь/, суммарный объем которых определит, например, такая формула
V = zV_I+V_Δ, (z ≥ 1)
где V_I= L $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{3}}{\text{I}}$ = 1 см³ - эталонный объем куба единичной длины;
L₁ = 1 см, являющейся реализацией естественного эталона длины.For example, a natural mass standard made of chemically pure iridium will have a measurable volume

including void volume

and hidden mass

A variant of the invention is a mass standard made of tantalum, with a measured volume

as well as mass standards from Invar alloy with a measured volume

12.5 cm ³ , from a single crystal of sapphire with a measured volume

25.4 cm ³ and others, having the shape of a cube or cylinder with a height equal to its diameter. The natural mass standard can be a set of several parts / weights, weights /, the total volume of which will determine, for example, such a formula
V = zV _I + V _Δ , (z ≥ 1)
where V _I = L $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{3}}{\text{I}}$ = 1 cm ³ - reference volume of a cube of unit length;
L ₁ = 1 cm, which is the implementation of the natural standard of length.

In the manufacture of such a mass standard, for example, from iridium, at Z = 3, three weights of its set will have an equal measured volume V ₁ = 1 cm ³ , and the fourth with a measured volume V ₄ = V - 3V ₁ = 4.46 cm ³ - 3 cm ³ = 1.46 cm ³ will have a measured mass m ₄ = 1.46 cm ³ • 22.42 g / cm ³ = 32.73 g, and the mass of the first three weights: m ₁ = 1 cm ³ • 22 , 42 g / cm ³ = 22.42 g.

и три ряда гнезд остальных гирь по k+1 штук в каждом ряду, где масса гирь изменяется в геометрической прогрессии со знаменателем 10 и с первыми членами 2m₁, 3m, 4m₁, так что, например, при k=3 гири набора имеют такую массу, выраженную объемной и известной мерами: m₁ = 10^-4 см³ = 10^{-5 кг}, m₂ = 2m₁, m₅ = 20m₁ = 0,2 г, m₈ = 200m₁ = 2 г, m₁₁ = 2000m₁ = 20 г, m₃ = 3m₁, m₆ = 30m₁ = 0,3 г, m₉ = 300m₁ = 3 г, m₁₂ = 3000m₁ = 30 г, M₄ = 4m₁, m₇ = 40m₁ = 0,4 г, m₁₀ = 400m₁ = 4 г, m₁₃ = 4000m₁ = 40 г.Another embodiment of the invention will be a natural mass standard that is a set of 3k + 4 weights, for example, sapphire single crystals, with K = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, stored in the nests of the case having a nest of the smallest / first / mass

and three rows of nests of the remaining weights of k + 1 pieces in each row, where the mass of weights varies exponentially with the denominator of 10 and with the first terms 2m ₁ , 3m, 4m ₁ , so that, for example, for k = 3, the set weights have such mass expressed by volumetric and known measures: m ₁ = 10 ^-4 cm ³ = 10 ^{-5 kg} , m ₂ = 2m ₁ , m ₅ = 20m ₁ = 0.2 g, m ₈ = 200m ₁ = 2 g, m ₁₁ = 2000m ₁ = 20 g, m ₃ = 3m ₁ , m ₆ = 30m ₁ = 0.3 g, m ₉ = 300m ₁ = 3 g, m ₁₂ = 3000m ₁ = 30 g, M ₄ = 4m ₁ , m ₇ = 40m ₁ = 0.4 g, m ₁₀ = 400m ₁ = 4 g, m ₁₃ = 4000m ₁ = 40 g.

The listed variants of the natural mass standard are proposed to be stored under identical conditions in different countries in order to determine the most suitable substance for the manufacture of a single International Natural Natural Mass Standard m ₁ = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 kg, which simultaneously implements a natural standard of length L ₁ = 1 cm, what can be a natural mass standard having the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with a unit length of two small sides / edges / L ₁ = L ₂ = 1 cm and a third side length L ₃ > 4 cm, equal, for example, to iridium 4.46 cm.

 The proposed natural mass standard, made, for example, of a sapphire single crystal, can be easily reproduced and verified not only by its indirectly measured mass, but also by its linear dimensions: length L and volume V. It will be possible to reproduce such a standard without using weights, introducing their own errors, having only the ability to accurately measure the volume of the substance of the standard and the exact determination of its chemical and physical composition.

The natural mass measure proposed by the invention m _I = nV _• = 1 cm ³ allows us to estimate the unmeasured / latent / mass of macro- and microworld objects that cannot be determined by a known measure / in kilograms /, which serves to measure only the indirectly measured part of the absolute / total / mass of matter .

решением которой будет общее выражение, где килограммы отсутствуют:
m₁ = 1 см³ nV_• = 100 см³ H₂O, показывающее, что косвенно измеряемая масса воды с измеряемым объемом V = 100 см³ содержит единичный объем неделимых частиц nV_• = 1 см³.The physical meaning of the natural / volumetric / mass measure is explained by a system of similar equalities that determine the mass of the known and proposed standards:

the solution of which will be a general expression, where kilograms are missing:
m ₁ = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 100 cm ³ H ₂ O, showing that the indirectly measured mass of water with a measured volume V = 100 cm ³ contains a unit volume of indivisible particles nV _• = 1 cm ³ .

Согласно новой теории, сумма косвенно измеряемой и скрытой масс, выражаемая единственно возможной объемной мерой, оказывается при этом равной для любого вещества равного объема V=100 см³, например, воды и золота:

Именно такую абсолютную /суммарную/ массу, как представляется, и имел в виду Декарт, утверждавший, что "виза, заполненная золотом, содержит не более материи, чем ваза с нашей точки зрения пустая. Это может показаться странным лишь для тех, разум кого не простирается дальше кончиков пальцев и кто думает, что в мире существует лишь то, до чего они могут прикоснуться. Далеко не все находящиеся вокруг нас тела могут быть чувствуемы". Скрытую массу рассматриваемого объема золота V=100 см³ определит формула: m^-= m_Σ-m = 33,3 см³ - 19,3 см³ ≈ 14 см³,
где m = Vρ = 100 см³ • 19,3 г/см³ = 1930 г = 19,3 см³.The hidden mass of such a volume of water V = 100 cm ³ will determine the formula:

According to the new theory, the sum of indirectly measured and latent masses, expressed as the only possible volumetric measure, turns out to be equal for any substance of equal volume V = 100 cm ³ , for example, water and gold:

It seems that such an absolute / total / mass was meant by Descartes, who claimed that "a visa filled with gold contains no more matter than a vase is empty from our point of view. This may seem strange only to those whose minds are not extends beyond the fingertips and who thinks that in the world there is only what they can touch. Not all the bodies around us can be felt. " The hidden mass of the considered volume of gold V = 100 cm ³ will be determined by the formula: m ^- = m _Σ -m = 33.3 cm ³ - 19.3 cm ³ ≈ 14 cm ³ ,
where m = Vρ = 100 cm ³ • 19.3 g / cm ³ = 1930 g = 19.3 cm ³ .

 In the same way, we can determine the latent and absolute / total / mass of any matter, including the latent mass of the apparent void of space.

Mass can be measured with a volumetric measure using well-known mass-measuring devices, for example, lever scales, the scale of which will be digitized with a volumetric measure / in cm ³ / taking into account its correlation with the known one: m = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 kg, which is used also when digitizing by volumetric measure the masses and weights of these weights having, for example, such an indirectly measured mass: m ₁ = 0.5 cm ³ = 50 g, m ₂ = 5 cm ³ = 0.5 kg, m ₃ = 10 cm ³ = 1 kg, etc.

 A table of correspondence of mass values expressed by volumetric and known measures is given at the end of the description.

отличающееся тем, что вход счетчика соединен с выходом логической схемы "И", один вход которой связан с источником сигналов постоянной частоты, пропорциональной постоянной ускоряющей силы f ~ F = const, а второй вход связан с датчиком времени t = t₂ - t₁ изменения скорости измеряемой массы на заданную величину ΔC = C₂-C₁, входным элементом которого является датчик двух граничных значений скорости C₁ и C₂, соответствующих моментам времени t₁ и t₂.A mass measuring device containing an indication unit calibrated and digitized by a mass measure specified by its standard, a sensor and a time counter, and also a means of creating a force providing uniform acceleration of the measured mass to determine it in accordance with the formula

characterized in that the counter input is connected to the output of the AND circuit, one input of which is connected to a constant frequency signal source proportional to the accelerating force constant f ~ F = const, and the second input is connected to a time sensor t = t ₂ - t ₁ changes the measured mass velocity by a predetermined value ΔC = C ₂ -C ₁ , the input element of which is a sensor of two boundary velocity values C ₁ and C ₂ corresponding to time instants t ₁ and t ₂ .

где t - интервал времени изменения скорости измеряемой массы m = nV_• на заданную величину ΔC = const;

- постоянная ускоряющая сила, совпадающая с вектором

перпендикулярным силе веса;

- константа временной меры массы, заданная настройкой используемого массоизмерительного устройства.At the same time, the display unit associated with the counter output is digitized by a natural / volumetric / or / and / known mass measure, the accepted ratio of which m = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 kg is given by the indirectly measured mass of the natural standard and is justified by the refined formula of the law of nature:

where t is the time interval of the change in the velocity of the measured mass m = nV _• by a given value ΔC = const;

- constant accelerating force coinciding with the vector

perpendicular to weight;

- the constant of the temporary measure of mass specified by the setting of the used mass measuring device.

The time sensor t = t ₂ - t _{1 of} this device consists of a sensor of two values of the speed of the measured mass C ₁ and C ₂ , on the moving part of which a sliding contact is fixed, electrically connected by a flexible wire to the input of the logic circuit “I” and directly adjacent to a smooth plate having a proportional ΔC length of the conductive part connected to a constant voltage source. The moving part of the speed sensor C ¹ and C ₂ may be the core of the electromagnet, the winding of which is connected with the output of the tachogenerator / speed sensor of the measured mass /.

Another variant of the moving part of the sensor of two values of the measured mass velocity C ₁ and C ₂ is a surface perpendicular to the vector ΔC, pressed by a spring, open to the oncoming flow of air or other matter, fixed to the measured mass.

где

= a - ускорение /или замедление/ измеряемой массы;
F_т - сила тяги, например, двигателя;
F_тр - сила трения.In this case, the accelerating force F is determined by the equation:

Where

= a - acceleration / or deceleration / of the measured mass;
F _t - traction force, for example, of an engine;
F _Tr - the force of friction.

When F _t = 0, the force F is the friction force that slows down the measured mass, for example, of a train or a car moving horizontally with the engine turned off.

 A signal proportional to the force F is generated, for example, by a special computing device and, when measuring mass, is entered automatically or by a handle into the pulse generator block to set the desired pulse frequency f ~ F or the desired angular speed of the motor shaft ω ~ F, connected by the coupling to the output of a mechanical decimal a counter having at the same time the function of an indication unit.

 A mass measuring device using such a decimal counter has an electromagnetic clutch that performs the function of an “I” circuit, the winding of which is connected to the output of a time sensor for a given change in the speed of the measured mass. Such a sensor can be a sensor mounted on the measured mass of, for example, an airplane, a sensor of the dynamic component of the oncoming air flow p proportional to the speed C of the measured mass.

The speed sensor C ₁ and C _{2 of the} measured mass can include a pulse speed sensor mounted near the wheel of the trolley with the measured mass, connected to the input of the pulse frequency converter proportional to the speed of the measured mass f ~ C in a binary code, as well as a code decoder of two speeds C ₁ and C ₂ defining time instants t ₁ and t ₂ .

 In laboratory experiments related to checking the validity of the known fundamentals of mechanics and physics, part of the measured mass can be a removable natural mass standard made of different substances, or a standard that is a set of its parts / weights /.

где C₁ = 1 = 10 см/мин - соотношение естественной /безразмерной/ и известной мер линейной скорости, определившее соотношение естественной /линейной/ и известной мер времени: t = 1 см = 0,1 мин.The volumetric measure of mass justified by the invention makes it possible to determine a natural measure of force having such a ratio with the known:

where C ₁ = 1 = 10 cm / min is the ratio of natural / dimensionless / and known measures of linear speed, which determined the ratio of natural / linear / and known measures of time: t = 1 cm = 0.1 min.

In FIG. 1 shows the variants of the natural standard of mass, from iridium and sapphire, having the shape of a cube; in FIG. 2 - scale mass measuring device, digitized volumetric and known mass measures / cm ³ and kg /; in FIG. 3 - a set of weights of the natural mass standard; in FIG. 4 - laboratory mass measuring device that implements the measured mass formula b = tM _• = e • const; in FIG. 5 - version of the time sensor t = t ₂ - t ₁ , changes in the speed of the measured mass by ΔC = C ₂ - C ₁ ; in FIG. 6 is a variant of the sensor of two given speeds of the measured mass C ₁ and C ₂ .

= 0,1 кг, содержащую равное число неделимых частиц, составляющих эту массу: n₁V_•= n₂V_• = 1 см³ и определяющих метрическую меру массы. Вещество этих эталонов включает объемы пустоты, составляющей 2/3 их объема:

2,97 см³ и

16,9 см³, а также разные объемы частиц их неизмеряемой /скрытой/ массы, определяемые по формуле: m^- = V - V₀ - m, согласно которой:
m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{1}}$ = 4,46 см³ - 2,97 см³ - 1 см³ = 0,49 см³ - скрытая масса эталона из иридия;
m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{2}}$ = 25,4 см³ - 16,9 см³ - 1 см³ = 7,5 см³ - скрытая масса эталона из сапфира.Depicted in FIG. 1 natural mass standards of iridium 1 having a measured volume V ₁ ≈ 4.46 cm ³ and sapphire 2 having a measured volume V ₂ ≈ 25.4 cm ³ have the same indirectly measured mass

= 0.1 kg, containing an equal number of indivisible particles making up this mass: n ₁ V _• = n ₂ V _• = 1 cm ³ and determining the metric measure of mass. The substance of these standards includes the volumes of the void, comprising 2/3 of their volume:

2.97 cm ³ and

16.9 cm ³ , as well as different volumes of particles of their unmeasured / latent / mass, determined by the formula: m ^- = V - V ₀ - m, according to which:
m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{1}}$ = 4.46 cm ³ - 2.97 cm ³ - 1 cm ³ = 0.49 cm ³ - latent mass of the standard from iridium;
m $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{-}}{\text{2}}$ = 25.4 cm ³ - 16.9 cm ³ - 1 cm ³ = 7.5 cm ³ - the latent mass of the standard from sapphire.

 According to the theory, equal volumes of different substances have a hidden mass inversely proportional to their indirectly measured mass. For example, the volume of matter filled with hydrogen has a minimum indirectly measured density, but a maximum latent density, which explains a lot in the chemistry and physics of the corresponding processes, for example, thermal, which are most adequately described by the now forgotten hypothesis of the existence of a caloric - "light matter, akin to light, not coming into contact with known substances. "

The latent mass of hydrogen includes the latent mass of quanta of heat, light, and other latent masses, greater than the latent mass of other substances. Depicted in FIG. 2 scale of the mass measuring device allows you to measure the mass metric / natural / measure / in cm ³ / and the known measure / in kg /, the ratio of which, given the mass of the natural standard, is as follows: m _I = nV _• = 1 cm ³ = 0.1 kg.

The pointer to the scale indicated indirectly measured mass m = 15 cm ³ nV _• = 1.5 kg, expressed by natural / volumetric / and known measures.

размещенное в центре к+1 = 4 дуг окружностей по трем их радиусам, где масса гирь изменяется в геометрической прогрессии со знаменателем 10 и с первыми членами 2 m₁, 3 m₁, 4 m₁. Наибольшая гиря этого набора имеет такую массу, выраженную метрической и известной мерами: m₁₃ = 4000 m₁ = 0,4 см³ = 0,04 кг, измеряемый объем которой

Контроль стабильного состояния такого естественного эталона производится не только по его массе, но и по его измеряемому объему, проводимому отдельно для каждой из гирь набора, что существенно повысит точность указанного контроля и качество воспроизведения утрачиваемых эталонов массы.Depicted in FIG. 3 a set of weights of a natural mass standard contains 13 single sapphire crystals having the shape of a cube / for k = 3 we have 3 k + 4 = 13 /, and includes nest 1 of a smaller set of mass weights:

located in the center of k + 1 = 4 arcs of circles along their three radii, where the mass of weights varies exponentially with the denominator of 10 and with the first terms 2 m ₁ , 3 m ₁ , 4 m ₁ . The largest weight of this set has such a mass expressed in metric and known measures: m ₁₃ = 4000 m ₁ = 0.4 cm ³ = 0.04 kg, the measured volume of which

The stable state of such a natural standard is controlled not only by its mass, but also by its measured volume, carried out separately for each of the weights of the set, which will significantly increase the accuracy of this control and the quality of reproduction of the lost mass standards.

 Using the proposed set will allow for the mass standard to indicate the range of change, as is customary in the State primary standards of other physical quantities. This will allow, for example, to calibrate and create milligram weights and accurate scales with greater accuracy than the standard allowed, given only a nominal value of 1 kg.

имеет связанный с блоком индикации 1 двоичный счетчик 2, вход которого связан с выходом логической схемы совпадения 3, один вход которой соединен с выходом генератора 4 импульсов заданной частоты f, пропорциональной силе F = const, а второй - с датчиком 5 интервала времени t, входным элементом которого является датчик 6 скорости измеряемой массы /например, тахогенератор/, связанный с блоком 7, через который переброшена "невесомая" нить 8, связанная одним концом с измеряемой массой m в виде нагруженной тележки 9, а другим концом - с подвешенным на ней встроенным эталоном массы 10. При этом датчик 5 имеет связанную с выходом тахогенератора 6 обмотку электромагнита 11, на подвижном сердечнике 12 которого укреплен скользящий контакт 13, соединенный гибким проводом со входом схемы совпадения 3, прижатый к пластине 14, где токопроводящая часть 15, имеющая регулируемое местоположение и длину L, пропорциональную ΔC, соединена с источником постоянного напряжения.Depicted in FIG. 4 laboratory mass measuring device that implements the measured mass formula:

has a binary counter 2 connected to the display unit 1, the input of which is connected to the output of the matching logic 3, one input of which is connected to the output of the 4 pulse generator of a given frequency f proportional to the force F = const, and the second to the sensor 5 of the time interval t, the input whose element is a sensor 6 of the speed of the measured mass / for example, a tachogenerator / connected to block 7, through which a "weightless" thread 8 is thrown, connected at one end to the measured mass m in the form of a loaded trolley 9, and the other end with a suspended swarm standard of mass 10. In this case, the sensor 5 has a winding of an electromagnet 11 connected to the output of the tachogenerator 6, on the moving core 12 of which a sliding contact 13 is mounted, connected by a flexible wire to the input of the matching circuit 3, pressed against the plate 14, where the conductive part 15 having an adjustable the location and length L proportional to ΔC is connected to a constant voltage source.

When rotating unit 7 by the force of traction reference tachogenerator 6 generates a voltage proportional to the speed measured mass biasing the sliding contact 13 at the time of the electromagnet to the contact t ₁ with the conductive plate 15, when the DC voltage from its source 16 is applied to a coincidence circuit 3, opening her. This continues until the time t _{2 of the} output of the sliding contact 13 beyond the edge of this conductive plate.

 The proposed device, the specific performance scheme of which can be improved, is proposed to be used in demonstration experiments and experiments to test the hypotheses of the equality of inert and heavy masses, the well-known confirmation of which, obtained in experiments with microworld objects, cannot be unprovenly transferred to the rest of the world, which has important macro-features requiring accounting. In such experiments, a second natural mass standard or individual parts of its set, which make up the fraction of the measured mass and made of different substances, can also be used.

Depicted in FIG. 5, the time sensor variant 5 has a pulse frequency converter 11 proportional to the speed of the measured mass f ~ C connected to a pulse speed sensor 6 to a binary code, the output of which is connected to a two-speed code decoder C ₁ and C ₂ having inverters, as well as two logical matching circuits 13 and 14, the outputs of which are connected to opposite inputs of the trigger 15 having one output connected to the control input of matching circuit 3.

In working condition, from the pulse speed sensor 6, pulses of increasing frequency f proportional to the speed of the measured mass are received at the input of the converter 11, so that when this speed reaches a predetermined initial value at time t ₁ expressed, for example, with a binary code C ₁ = 11, which appears at the output of the converter 11 and opens the match circuit 13 of the decoder. In this case, the trigger 15 switches to the state that opens the circuit 3, which continues until the time t ₂ when the measured mass reaches the second predetermined speed C ₂ , the binary code of which, for example, 01111, opens the match circuit 14, which switches the trigger 15 to the state that locks the match circuit 3.

Depicted in FIG. 6, the sensor of two boundary velocities C ₁ and C ₂ , mounted on the measured mass, has a surface 12 open for a counter flow of air / or other matter /, 12 pressed by a spring 13; connected to the sliding contact 14 pressed to a smooth surface 15 with the conductive part 16 of length L proportional to ΔC connected to the constant voltage source 17. When the measured mass reaches speed C ₁ at time t _{1, the} sliding contact 14 comes into contact with the conductive surface 16 opening coincidence scheme 3. This continues until the time t ₁ reaches the measured mass velocity C ₂ . The location and length of the conductive plate 16 relative to the sliding contact 14 is set at the manufacturer of the mass measuring device that implements its formula m = t • const, where they use / when setting up the sensor / speed measuring device, which is therefore not a necessary element of such a sensor, sensor modifications can determine the braking time of a variety of objects, including the indirectly measured mass of a laboratory trolley, train or car, the speed of which can, for example, after turning off the drive that dispersed them gel, decrease equally from C ₂ to C ₁ .

 The present invention, reforming the foundations of metrology, would surely be supported by the creators of the first Metric system, who were only able to partially implement the great principles underlying its creation: a / the uniformity of the measures used, which should be a function of length measures, / decimal division of measures that are multiples of the main ones.

= 1 дм³ H₂O = 1 кг, аналогичная предлагаемой массе естественного эталона: m₁ = 1 см³ nV_• = 0,1 кг.That is why, as a measure of mass, a mass of 1 dm ^{3 of} water was chosen;

= 1 dm ³ H ₂ O = 1 kg, similar to the proposed mass of the natural standard: m ₁ = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 kg.

The invention demonstrates the advantages and the possibility of practical use of the Natural / truly metric / system of measures, where the dimension of all quantities will be the degree of dimension of length / centimeter / and where the main standards of length, speed and mass will be: L ₁ = 1 cm, C ₁ = 1, m ₁ = 1 cm ³ , and the rest will be their function. For example, a natural mass standard made of a sapphire single crystal will have a precisely measured volume: V = V _o + m + m ^- = 25.4 cm ³ , greater than its mass, expressed as a volumetric measure: m = nV _• = 1 cm ³ .

Claims (14)

1. The natural standard of mass, justified by the regularity of nature and realizing the natural unit of measure (measure) of mass, equal to approximately the unit volume of its constituent particles, made of a substance of a certain composition, the measured volume of which includes the volume of the void, particles of hidden mass, as well as about 1 cm ³ particles of indirectly measured mass equal to 0.1 kg in known measures, characterized in that the specified standard is made of a substance of precisely established composition with a density ρ equal to or lower than the density of iridium, with m a low coefficient of volume expansion, having a volume measured with the necessary accuracy equal to or greater than 4.46 cm ³ , determined by such a regularity that clarifies the nature of the mass
V = V ₀ + (n + n) V _• = V ₀ + m + m ^- = m / ρ,
where V _o ≈2 / 3V is the volume of infinitely divisible emptiness;
V _• - extremely small volume of one indivisible particle;
n and n ^- is the number of indivisible particles of indirectly measured mass m = nV _• and unmeasured (hidden) mass m ^- = n ^- V _• ;
nV _• = 1 cm ³ = 0.1 kg = m ₁ is the indirectly measured mass of the natural standard, expressed by natural (volumetric) and known measures;
ρ _Ir = 0.2242 = 22.42 g / cm ³ - indirectly measured density of iridium, expressed by natural (dimensionless) and known measures;
V = m ₁ / ρ≥4.46 cm ³ is the measured volume of the substance of the mass standard. 2. The standard according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made of chemically pure iridium having a measured volume V _Ir ≈4.46 cm ³ , or made of tantalum having a measured volume V _Ta = m _I / ρ _Ta ≈ 6 cm ³ .  3. The standard according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made of Invar alloy.  4. The standard according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made of a single crystal of the selected substance, for example sapphire or diamond.  5. The standard according to claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it has the shape of a cube or cylinder, the height of which is equal to its diameter.  6. The standard according to claims 1-5, characterized in that it is a set of several of its parts, weights or weights. 7. The standard according to claim 6, characterized in that when the mass of the first (smallest) weight of the set is m ₁ = 0.001 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 g, the mass of the remaining weights is represented by three rows of geometric progressions with the denominator of 10 and the first members of 2m ₁ , 3m ₁ , 4m ₁ : m ₂ = 2m ₁ = 0.2 g; m ₃ = 3m ₁ = 0.3 g; m ₄ = 4m ₁ = 0.4 g; m ₅ = 20m ₁ = 2 g; m ₆ = 30m ₁ = 3 g; m ₇ = 40m ₁ = 4 g; m ₈ = 200m ₁ = 20 g; m ₉ = 300m ₁ = 30 g; m ₁₀ = 400m ₁ = 40 g. 8. A mass measuring device comprising an indication unit, calibrated and digitized by a mass measure specified by its standard, a sensor and a time counter, and also a means of creating a force providing uniform acceleration of the measured mass for its determination in accordance with the formula m = tF / ΔC, characterized in that the counter input connected to the output of the aND gate, one input of which is connected to a source of constant frequency signals proportional constant accelerating force f ~ F = const, and the second input is connected with the sensor time t = t ₂ -t ₁ measurements Ia speed measured mass by a predetermined amount, the counter coupled to an output display unit digitized natural (bulk ΔC = C ₁ -C _2, the input member of which is two sensor velocity boundary values C ₁ (t ₁₎ and C ₂ (t ₂₎ ) and / or a well-known mass measure, the accepted ratio of which m = 1 cm ³ nV _• = 0.1 kg is given by the indirectly measured mass of the natural standard according to claim 1 and is justified by the refined formula of the law of nature
m = nV _• = t • const ~ tF / ΔC,
where t is the time interval of the change in the velocity of the measured mass m = nV _• by a given value ΔC = const;

= const - constant accelerating force coinciding with the vector

perpendicular to weight;
FΔC = const is the constant of a temporary measure of mass specified by the setting of the used mass measuring device. 9. Mass measuring device according to claim 8, characterized in that the time sensor t = t ₂ -t ₁ consists of a sensor of two values of speed C ₁ (t ₁ ) and C ₂ (t ₂ ) of the measured mass, on the moving part of which is mounted a sliding a contact electrically connected by a flexible wire to the input of the logic circuit AND and directly adjacent to a smooth plate having a proportional ΔC length of the conductive part connected to a constant voltage source. 10. Mass measuring device according to paragraphs. 8 and 9, characterized in that it is equipped with a tachogenerator and an electromagnet, and the movable part of the sensor of two values of speed C ₁ (t ₁ ) and C ₂ (t ₂ ) is the core of the electromagnet, the winding of which is connected with the output of the tachogenerator. 11. Mass measuring device according to paragraphs. 8 and 9, characterized in that the movable part of the speed sensor C ₁ (t ₁ ) and C ₂ (t ₂ ) is a surface perpendicular to the vector ΔC, pressed by a spring, open to the oncoming flow of air or other surrounding matter.  12. Mass measuring device according to claim 11, characterized in that the surface, preloaded by a spring, is equipped with a rod and is installed in a glass that is open to the oncoming flow of air (or other surrounding matter), which also has an opening for the stroke of the rod. 13. Mass measuring device according to paragraphs. 8-12, characterized in that the means of creating an accelerating force is made in the form of an integrated natural standard of mass m ₁ = 0.1 kg, made, for example, of a sapphire single crystal according to claim 4, mounted on the free end of a “weightless” thread thrown through block, the other end of which is connected with the measured mass.  14. Mass measuring device according to paragraphs. 8-13, characterized in that the display unit is made in the form of a mechanical decimal counter associated with the motor shaft having a predetermined angular velocity proportional to the force F, by means of a coupling, the electromagnet winding of which is connected with the output of the time sensor t.

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