RU2086105C1 - Method for changing climate and forestation conditions - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: climatology, agriculture and forestry, ecology. SUBSTANCE: method involves creating defensive forest strips in combination with brushwoods on lands to be improved, with agricultural areas (forests and fields) being disposed between forest strips and brushwoods; constructing basins on the territories of forest strips, brushwoods and agricultural areas. Basins should preferably be made within forests and/or outside along their perimeter. Configuration of forests as viewed from the top should preferably be annular, circular or elliptic. Forest strips and brushwoods should be positioned at angles of α, b and g relative to direction of earth's parallels and prevalent winds. Continuous and/or broken lines of high-stalked grasses, subshrubs and brushes are grown between rows of trees in forest strips. Combination of forest strips, brushwoods, agricultural areas and basins arranged in mentioned manner provides for creation of single natural biogeocenosis over all area under amelioration process and allows afforestation in forest, forest-steppe, semi-arid and desert zones to be carried out. EFFECT: improved climate, increased productivity of forest and agricultural lands and improved ecology. 2 cl, 6 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to climatology, agriculture and forestry, bio-land reclamation, ecology and nature conservation and can be used, for example, for protective afforestation in forest, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert and desert zones that need improvement in climate and nature protection, as well as to increase productivity of forest and agricultural land.

 A known method of climate change and forest conditions, which consists in the placement of ameliorative plantings in land management and anti-erosion organization of the territory.

The method provides for the placement of stands:
along country and profiled roads alley and forest plantings;
on gentle slopes (up to 1-1.5 ^o ) along the boundaries of the fields, as well as inside the fields of crop rotation, shelterbelts;
along the borders of fields passing across the slopes, along the borders of field and soil-protective crop rotations, as well as pasture lands, water-regulating strips;
along the borders of the fields of crop rotation with blurred subnet areas, reserved for tinning, when plowing slopes to the edges of the hydrographic network and near the edges of the grooves, lanes (subnetworks) and, in some cases, stripes;
in the conditions of the forest-steppe, strongly eroded suburban areas can also be assigned for continuous afforestation, and in the conditions of the steppe, under the gardens, on terraces;
on sloping pastures, 1-2-row rocking, on moving or semi-overgrown sands, massive or strip plantings.

 The disadvantage of this method is that it does not allow to create conditions for the emergence of a single natural biogeocenosis.

 The main objective of the invention is the creation of a single natural biogeocenosis on the entire ennobled territory by means of versatile and multiply duplicated environmental links for various plant and animal communities, thanks to a complex combination of forests, meadows, fields, ponds and forest belts.

 The second objective of the invention is to improve the living conditions of the fauna by improving protection against predators and insects.

угол встречи восточных ветров с лесными полосами и лесокустарниковыми насаждениями, расположенными в направлении с юго-востока на северо-запад,

угол встречи западных ветров с лесными полосами и лесокустарниковыми насаждениями, расположенными в направлении с юго-запада на северо-восток,
"γ" = 0±40^° угол расположения лесокустарниковых насаждений относительно земных параллелей, восточных или западных ветров.The main goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of climate change and forest conditions, including the creation of protective forest belts, additionally create ponds and shrub plantings to ensure forest biogeocenosis in relation to the existing conditions of forest growth, flora and fauna habitat, while the forest strips are placed at an angle " α "and / or" b ", and shrub plantings at angles a, g and b to the earth's parallels and directions of the prevailing winds, where:

the angle of the meeting of the east winds with forest strips and shrub plantings located in the direction from the southeast to northwest,

the angle of the meeting of westerly winds with forest strips and shrub plantings located in the direction from the south-west to the north-east,
"γ" = 0 ± 40 ^{° the} angle of the forest shrub stands relative to terrestrial parallels, east or west winds.

 The second objective of the invention is achieved by the fact that in the forest strips between rows of trees continuously and / or at intervals grow tall stalks, shrubs and shrubs.

 In FIG. 1 shows a variant of the location of shrub plantations in forest strips in relation to the prevailing east winds; in FIG. 2 the same, but with reference to the prevailing winds of the western direction; in FIG. 3 option for the location of forest shrubs between forest strips in relation to the prevailing east winds; in FIG. 4 the same, but with reference to the prevailing winds of the western direction; in FIG. 5 variant of the location of forest shrubs in the forest strips and between them simultaneously with respect to the prevailing east winds; in FIG. 6 the same, but with reference to the prevailing westerly winds.

 Conventional images adopted on the schemes: 1 landscaped area, 2 protective forest belts, 3 forest shrub plantations (forests), 4 agricultural land (meadows, pastures and fields), 5 water bodies, 6 direction of the earth’s parallel, 7, 8 direction of the prevailing winds, " α "the angle of the east winds 7 with the forest strips 2 and forest shrubs 3, located in the direction from the southeast to the north-west, that is, the angle between the lines of the forest strips 2 (with forest shrubs 3 in these strips 2) and the direction (terrestrial parallels 6) to the west. "b" - the angle of the west winds 8 with the forest strips 2 and shrub stands 3 located in the direction from the south-west to the north-east, that is, the angle between the lines of the forest strips 2 (with the included shrub stands 3) and the direction (earthly parallels 6) to the east. "g" angle of forest shrub stands (forests) 3 relative to terrestrial parallels 6 and prevailing winds (west 7 or east 8).

 The method of climate change and forest conditions is as follows. In the ennobled territory 1, protective forest belts 2 are created in combination with forest shrub plantations (forests) 3. Agricultural land (forests and fields) 4 are placed between forest belts 2 and forest shrub plantings (forests) 3. In the territories of forest belts 2, forests 3, and also agricultural land 4 is located in reservoirs 5. The shape of the forests when viewed from above is a square, rectangle, rhombus, circle, ring, ellipse. Preferred shape is circle, ring, ellipse. The most preferred location of ponds 5 inside forests 3 and along their perimeter outside. The preferred forest area is 1000-6000 ha.

Forest strips 2 and forests 3 are placed at angles "α" = 10-80 ^° "β" 10-80 ^o and "γ" = 0 ± 40 ^° relative to terrestrial parallels 6 and prevailing winds 7, 8. At angles "α" and "β"<10 ^° unnecessarily increases the cost of creating forest belts, and at α and β> 80 ^{° the} process of directional air movement in the north-west, north-east, south-west and south-east directions is complicated. At an angle of γ> ± 40 ^° , problems arise in the efficient use of agricultural land. The angle value "γ" (+ or -) is chosen depending on the direction of the prevailing winds and the desired climate change towards warming or cooling, for example, for climate warming with prevailing winds of the southeast, east and south directions γ = 0 - (+ 40 ^° ) north-west, north and west directions γ = 0 - (- 40 ^° ) and with prevailing winds of the north, west, east and south directions γ = 0 ^° or close to it.

 Between the rows of trees in the forest belts 2, continuous-growing and / or dotted plants grow continuously tall grasses, shrubs and shrubs (whose height is much less than the height of the trees, but greater than the height of the animals living in the surrounding forests 3).

 The distance between the ponds 5 provide no more than twice the range of flight of birds for feeding during their nesting period.

 The combination of forest strips with forest and agricultural land, as well as water bodies when the forest strips and forests are located at the angles "α", "β" and "γ" provides the creation of a unified natural biogeocenosis throughout the ennobled territory 1 and the possibility of climate regulation, and also contributes to longevity forest lanes 2.

 Growing tall stalks, shrubs and shrubs between rows of trees in forest belts 2 provides free movement of air flows over them (above the bushes, but between the trees), helps protect animals from insect bites (not able to stay in one place for a long time in windy weather due to for blowing off by the wind in the leeward side) and favors the protection of animals from predators (due to their shelter in higher vegetation).

 Removing ponds 5 from one another, no more than a doubled range of birds feeding to feed during their nesting period, provides an abundance of watering and preservation of offspring, that is, the richness of fauna, which in turn protects forest bands from destruction by pests and diseases.

By combining forest strips, shrub plantations (forests), meadows, fields and water bodies, complex environmental protection zones are created that provide the integrated creation of such plant and animal communities, which are characterized by diverse and duplicated duplicated ecological ties, with a self-sustaining mode of living, while:
conditions are created for the formation of forest biogeocenoses as self-governing systems providing a wealth of soil, forest, meadow, field and aquatic flora and fauna;
the issues of the unity of agriculture and forestry are comprehensively addressed through the creation of a single natural biogeocenosis for herbaceous and woody-shrub plants, for the animal world, soil, water and air;
the conditions for the growth of flora and fauna are softened, as a result of which their death is excluded even under the influence of sharply changing external conditions;
conditions are created for the longevity of forest strips due to their communication with forests, which are the habitat of such an animal world that can destroy pests and diseases in forest strips;
conditions are being created to prevent the amplification of the greenhouse effect on Earth and the anomalous phenomena associated with it (ozone holes, droughts, floods, smogs, mudflows, acid rain, etc.).

Provides the opportunity for integrated controlled impact on:
climate (temperature, humidity and air pressure) within significant areas of forest belts and forest stands at an angle of attack to terrestrial parallels and directions of prevailing winds);
air (due to the absorption of dust and carbon dioxide with the simultaneous release of oxygen);
water (due to the conservation of snow moisture in the forests and the transfer of high water into groundwater);
soil (due to the prevention of desiccation due to the removal of drying winds from the surface of the soil to the under-forest);
flora and fauna (through the provision of multilateral and repeatedly duplicated environmental links between the plant and animal communities in combination with creating the required ecological niche for each species).

 Depending on the growing conditions of the flora and habitat of the fauna, shrub plantings can be applied in various designs, for example: in the form of a circle, square, rhombus, etc. as well as continuous, non-blown, blown, to drain or moisturize.

For the animal world, a complex of all necessary living conditions is created, in particular:
succulent feed (near ponds and forests);
the adequacy of the watering hole (due to the many reservoirs);
protection against frost (due to forests and the large thickness of snow in them);
protection from insects (due to the creation of forced air flows in forest belts and around forests);
protection from predators (due to forests, shrubs, various bumps in the relief and tall stalks).

In a complex, issues of agricultural and forestry production, nature conservation and nature management, that is, issues of reproduction and consumption of natural resources, for example, can be resolved:
growing crops and forests;
irrigation of fields, meadows and forests;
game breeding and fish farming, in particular the possible creation of elk, capercaillie, grouse farms and hatcheries;
gradual and selective logging during the fulfillment of protective functions by forests;
harvesting crops and by-products, in particular picking mushrooms, berries and medicinal plants.

 Forest strips do not act as independent natural systems, but only as a complement to natural forests to create the possibility of climate transition in given regions (through heat and moisture transfer by winds blowing along the strips).

Claims (2)

1. A method of changing climate and forest conditions, including the creation of protective forest belts, characterized in that it additionally creates ponds and shrub plantings to ensure forest biogeocenosis in relation to existing conditions of forest growth, flora and fauna habitat, while forest belts are placed at an angle α and / or b a shrub plantings at angles ab and g to terrestrial parallels and the directions of the prevailing winds, where a = 10 80 ^{o the} angle of meeting of the east winds with forest strips and forest shrub arnikovy stands located relative to the earth’s parallels in the direction from the southeast to the northwest, β = 10 80 ^{o the} angle of meeting of the west winds with forest strips and shrub plantings located relative to the earth’s parallels in the direction from the southwest to northeast, γ = 0 ± 40 ^{o the} angle of the forest shrub stands relative to terrestrial parallels, east or west winds.  2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the forest belts between rows of trees continuously growing and / or at intervals grow tall stalks, shrubs and shrubs.

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