RU2075918C1 - Grain-and-forage harvester - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agricultural engineering. SUBSTANCE: grain-and-forage harvester has header with inclined chamber, threshing- and-shredding mechanism with drum and reversible drive adjustable in speed, lattice-type concave and housing with inlet and outlet holes. Harvester has intensifier-meter installed at inlet of threshing-and-shredding mechanism which intensifies threshing of cereal ear crop and shredding of forage stalky crop. Intensifier-meter is made in form of one or several pairs of rolls arranged one over the other. Lower roll is spring-loaded, riffled, with drive adjustable in speed. Riffled form herringbone with apex in center of roll in direction of its rotation changing into sections parallel to axis of rotation of roll. EFFECT: combined harvesting of grain and stalky crops, increased efficiency. 3 cl, 4 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to agricultural machinery, in particular to combine harvesters.

 Combine harvesters are known, including a header with an inclined chamber, a threshing apparatus, separating tools, a grain hopper, interchangeable devices for harvesting various crops (Gray G.F. and other M. Agropromizdat, 1986, p.248 ill.).

 Combine harvester is the main harvesting machine of the most massive, complex and expensive. The effectiveness of its use largely depends on the annual load on harvesting various crops. Solving the problem of increasing the efficiency of using combine harvesters by increasing the annual load, in the 60s, an adaptation for a combine harvester for harvesting stalk fodder crops I-15U universal chopper (I-15U universal mounted chopper on SK-3, SK- combines was created and produced by industry 4, NK-4. Guidelines for cleaning, maintenance and operation. Rostov-on-Don: Rostselmash plant, North Caucasus. ICSTI, 1969. - p. 44). The chopper is a self-contained unit with a header, chopper, exhaust device, mounted in front of the combine. With such a grinder, the combine could be used to harvest stalked fodder crops only as an energy tool, and its main working bodies were not used. In this regard, the device and the unit as a whole had excessive weight and cost and required a lot of time for the conversion of the combine. As a result, agriculture refused to use them.

 The most significant way to increase the efficiency of agricultural machinery is one of the principles for creating agroelastic automated systems, i.e. the principle of combining similar technological processes and operations in a single production process.

 This principle is fully consistent with the threshing and grinding apparatus (ed. St. N 1750482, class A 01 F 12/18, Bull. N 28, 1992), grinding grain and grinding stalk fodder crops.

 The use of this apparatus in the scheme of a combine harvester can turn it into a grain harvester, when the process of harvesting stalked fodder crops becomes the second main process equivalent to the first.

 But the layout and design of the combine require in this case the use of additional new technical solutions.

 The prototype is a combine harvester that includes a header with an inclined chamber, a threshing machine, separating tools, a hopper with loading and unloading devices.

 The disadvantages of the prototype include the impossibility of using it to harvest stalked fodder crops and the impossibility of using a threshing and grinding machine in it (ed. St. N 1750482, because their simple connection does not solve the problem of dosed feeding the stalk mass to the chopper and discharging the chopped into vehicles .

 In forage harvesters, the first task is solved by installing mainly roller feeders, for example, Jaguar-695 combines from Klaas, E-280 from Forshritt, KSK-100A, Don-680 and others (company prospectuses). The rollers used have a generally corrugated surface shape and provide mass compaction before grinding. A combination of smooth and grooved rollers is also used. The upper and lower rollers have the same peripheral speed. The number of rollers is different on one or the other side of the mass flow.

 In solving the issue of ensuring the supply of mass to the grinding and grinding apparatus, the ratio of the width of the header of the header and the length of the drum is important.

 With the same width of the reapers in the combine and forage harvesters in the combine, the coefficient of narrowing of the mass flow is less, because significantly longer drum length. If the length of the drum of the combine is 1200 - 1600 mm, then the length of the drum-chopper of the forage harvester is 300 600 mm. An increase in the length of the chopping drum as applied to the Niva harvester to 1200 mm will inevitably lead to increased unevenness of the mass supply along its length. In combines due to the uneven supply of mass along the length of the drum, only 40 to 60% of its length is effectively used, which leads to a corresponding decrease in productivity.

 Thus, to ensure proper performance of the combine harvester for harvesting stalk feed, it is necessary to solve the problem of its uniform distribution along the length of the drum.

 Such a solution will also allow to intensify the process of threshing grain due to more complete use of the drum length, increasing the productivity of threshing and grain separation through the concave. But the well-known roller feeders do not solve this problem.

 Attempts to intensify the threshing include a threshing-separating device (ed. St. N 1323025, class 4A 01 F 12/18, 12/00, Bull. N 26, 1987). In the present invention, smooth spring-loaded feeding rollers were used, but they only compress and feed the grain mass to threshing without participating in the threshing.

 Feeders with smooth rollers cannot provide a metered supply of mass to the grinder, however, attempts to use them as a threshing machine at different peripheral speeds of the rollers are known. The disadvantages of this apparatus include low productivity and high wear on the surface of the rollers, especially when, increasing the coefficient of friction, the rollers are coated with various friction materials. Therefore, such devices have not received practical application.

 On the other hand, the use of a threshing threshing machine, which is the basis of the threshing and grinding machine, in the prototype requires intensification of the threshing and separation process, since admittedly the grain combines with the threshing threshing machines, the so-called classical ones, have reached the maximum level in size its development. The latter aggravates the need to search for technical solutions that intensify the process of threshing and grain separation in modern conditions of multistructure of agriculture, requiring inexpensive, but high-performance universal machines.

 Therefore, the disadvantages of the prototype, along with the impossibility of its use in harvesting stalked fodder crops, include the impossibility of further intensification of the process of threshing and separation of grain without a significant increase in size and weight.

 Another, very important disadvantage of the prototype is the lack of a threshing drum drive that provides its rotation frequency required for threshing of easily threshing and damaged crops (cereals, sunflowers, etc.), as well as the lack of reverse in the main drive. The latter is necessary for cleaning the combine during clogging, which reduces productivity.

 For a Niva harvester, a special gearbox was produced at one time that lowers the rotational speed of the drum (Isaacson H.I. Combine harvesters Niva and Kolos. M. Kolos, 1975, p.336 ill.), But it became more expensive the harvester required a lot of time for its conversion, had low reliability and had a reverse. It is currently not available. In the second edition of the book G.I. Isaxon's description of the gearbox is missing as a bad decision. As a result, the harvesting of easily threshed and damaged crops is carried out under threshing regimes that do not meet the requirements, and the threshing apparatus and the inclined chamber conveyor do not have a reverse stroke when harvesting grain.

 From foreign practice, a reduction gear drive for the threshing drum of the E-524 combine of the Fortshritt company is known, but it is also not reversible.

 The disadvantages of the prototype, in addition, include the fact that when the combine is working using the technology with straw chopping, the I-15U chopper is hung behind the combine. Now it is a chopper type PUN-5. Such aggregation requires increased engine power and reduces the performance of the combine to 20% for grain harvesting.

 As mentioned above, the use of a thresher-grinding apparatus (autoswitch N 1750482 in the combine scheme does not solve the problem of directing the mass to vehicles. Here, one could use a silo conduit like the silo conduit of the I-15U grinder, but this additional device resulted in a higher cost of the combine In addition, the self-propelled type harvester (Niva, Don-1500, E-512-524, etc.) with such a device becomes left-handed when unloading to the right, which leads to difficulties in cleaning and loading control masses to the right insurance (in this case, the silo line could be smaller). To ensure unloading to the left, the silo line must go above the driver’s cab, becomes larger and violates the height of the combine, with the ensuing consequences. The location of the silo in front of the cab closes the overview of the front of work. In both cases The harvester cannot be used.

 The purpose of the invention is the expansion of the functional purpose and increase the efficiency of the use of a combine harvester by using a threshing and grinding machine (autosw. N 1750482) that combines similar technological processes of threshing grain and grinding stalked forage crops, as well as the intensification of the process of threshing and separation of grain and grinding plant mass.

The goal is achieved by the fact that in a combine that includes a header with an inclined chamber, a threshing and separating device, a grain hopper with loading and unloading devices, the threshing device is made in the form of a threshing and grinding machine according to A. form. 1750482, at the input of which an intensifier-dispenser is installed, both the process of threshing grain and the process of grinding feed stalk crops, and the threshing and grinding machine has a reversible drive that is adjustable in frequency of rotation;
the intensifier-dispenser for the process of threshing grain and grinding feed stalk crops is made in the form located in the upper and lower parts of the mass flow in one or more smooth and grooved spring-loaded rollers with a reversible speed-controlled drive, and the grooved roller for harvesting grain has a large linear speed;
reefs on a corrugated roll form a chevron with a vertex in the center of the roll in the direction of its rotation, passing to sections parallel to the axis of rotation of the roll;
the exhaust window of the casing of the drum-grinder is connected by an exhaust pipe to an additional receiving window of the grain hopper, closed when harvesting the grain cover;
in a grain hopper having an unloading screw, the horizontal part of which is closed within the hopper with a casing with adjustable metering shields in the upper part, the lid of the additional hopper receiving window is pivotally mounted on its inner surface and is attached to the rotary part of the screw casing in the open position, forming a single guide to the flow path of the crushed mass from the drum-grinder to the continuously working discharge hopper auger.

 FIG. 1 shows a scheme for harvesting crops; FIG. 2 scheme for cleaning green feed; FIG. 3 arrangement of reefs on a grooved roller; FIG. 4 loading the ground mass into the vehicle.

 The grain feed harvester includes (Fig. 1 and 2) a header 1, an inclined chamber 2 with a conveyor 3, a threshing and grinding drum 4, a trellis concave 5, a bumper beater 6 and a casing 7 with an exhaust window 8. On the threshing and grinding drum along with the scourges various types of knives should be fixed, the pest knives 9 are shown in the diagram. An intensifier-dispenser with a smooth upper 10 and a grooved lower 11 rolls is installed between the conveyor of the inclined chamber 2 and the threshing and grinding machine. A combine may have several smooth and grooved rollers located in the upper and lower parts of the mass flow. The diagrams (Figs. 1 and 2) show and describe the simplest version with a pair of rollers, which has all the features in accordance with the formula.

 Between the upper roller 10 and the drum-grinder 4, an opposing plate 12 is mounted on the beam 13, rearranged vertically and horizontally to change the gap in the grinder. The corrugated roller 11 has reefs 14, forming a chevron on the roll surface (Figs. 3a, 3b), which is located with its apex in the center in the direction of rotation of the roll, passing to sections c parallel to the axis of rotation. In FIG. 3a shows the location of reefs in a sweep. In the length of the drum. The reefs may be more or less than the six shown.

 The lower roller 11 is movable in height, spring-loaded and rotates on grain harvesting with a higher linear speed in comparison with the upper roller 10. To adjust the length of the cutting mass and implement the reverse, the rollers 10 and 11 are driven from the gearbox (not shown, well known) of an inclined drive cameras.

 Changing the direction and frequency of rotation of the drum-grinder 4 in addition to the existing variator drive of the threshing drum is carried out by another gear change unified with the first gearbox (not shown). The hopper 15 has an unloading screw 16 and an additional inclined screw 17 for unloading the mass into the transport (Fig. 4). The screw 16 in the upper part is closed (Fig. 1) by a casing 18 with metering shields, the front of which 19 is rotatable. The receiving additional window 20 of the hopper 15 is closed on the inside with a rotary cover 21 for grain harvesting (Fig. 1), and for fodder harvesting (Fig. 2), the cover 21 in the open position is fastened with the rotary part 19 of the casing 18, forming a single guide to the ground flow path mass to the screw.

 The exhaust window 8 of the casing 7 of the chopper and the receiving additional window 20 of the hopper 15 are connected by an exhaust pipe 22.

 The harvester has a straw walker 23 and a cleaning 24.

 The work of the combine harvester for harvesting grain is as follows (Fig. 1).

 The bread mass, beveled by the header 1, by the conveyor 3 of the inclined chamber 2 is fed to the intensifier-dispenser, i.e. to rollers 10 and 11.

 The corrugated roller 11 by the crests of the reefs 14 acts on the middle of the mass flow, and the surface of the reef partially shifts it to straight sections at the edges of the roller. This distributes the redistribution of the mass unloaded in the middle to the ends of the rollers, i.e., a more complete use of the length of the drum-chopper is achieved. Further, in the process of advancement, the mass is captured by rollers 10 and 11 and pulled in their gap. At the same time, due to impacts by reefs 14 on the grain mass before and at the moment of its capture by the rollers, when the smooth roller becomes an shockproof element at a higher linear speed of the corrugated roller, as well as due to grinding of the mass at the moment of its dragging in the gap between the rollers, due to friction from the difference between the linear speeds of rotation of the rollers, there is a partial grinding out of the grain that is poured onto the transport cleaning board 24.

 It is known that the most ripe, biologically valuable grain is threshed during collisions of ears at a speed of more than 4 m / s, and with machine threshing a speed of 15 to 20 m / s is sufficient. Thus, the most valuable part of the grain (seed) is threshed by rollers, which goes directly to the transport cleaning board 24. The remaining grain, most associated with the spike, requires great efforts to grind, and its use may be limited by food and feed purposes. Therefore, the peripheral speed of the drum-grinder 4 in the threshing mode is set, due to the variator and gearbox gears greater than in conventional combines. Thus, due to the intensifier-dispenser, the pre-threshed mass enters the threshing gap between the drum 4 and deck 5, as a result of which the threshing and grain separation productivity increase.

 Straw heap with a chipping beater 6 is sent to a straw walker 23, which allocates grain for cleaning 24 and removes the straw from the thresher. The grain heap allocated on the intensifier-batching machine, in the threshing-grinding apparatus and on the straw walker, is separated on the grain and the floor at the cleaning 24, while the grain is fed into the hopper 15 and is unloaded with screws 16 and 17 (Fig. 4).

 In this case, the cover 21 of the additional receiving window 20 is closed, and the rotatable part 19 of the casing 18 is in the initial position.

 For harvesting stalked feed, the harvester is reconfigured.

 The gearbox sets the reverse direction of rotation of the drum-grinder 4 and the required frequency of its rotation. Depending on the required degree of grinding of the mass, the corresponding rotation frequency of the rollers 10 and 11 is set and they now work in the mode of the feeder-dispenser of the grinder. The hopper cover 21 is opened and fastened to the rotatable part 19 of the casing 18. The clearance between the knives 9 and the counter plate 12 is adjusted.

 In the process of work, the stalk mass mowed by the header 1 or picked up by the picker from the roll is fed by the conveyor 3 to the rollers 10 and 11, while the reefs 14 of the drum 11 are distributed along the length of the drum, then compacted and fed to the grinder. In the gap between the knives 9 and the counter 12, the mass is crushed and fed through the exhaust pipe 22, the cover 21 and the rotary part 19 of the casing 18 to the unloading screw 16, which is fed to the inclined screw 17 and the last to the body of the vehicle moving along the field next to the combine ( Fig. 4).

 When the harvester is working on harvesting stalked feed, all other working bodies of the harvester are turned off.

The proposed device combines allows you to:
significantly increase the annual load of the combine due to the use of stalk fodder crops throughout the season;
increase the efficiency of capital investments, reduce the cost of repair and maintenance of equipment;
improve the employment and working conditions of machine operators;
to improve the use of the harvester for harvesting lightly threshed crops (cereals, sunflowers, etc.), to increase efficiency in the selection of straw rolls;
reduce the cost of agricultural products.

 By the technical and economic comparative analysis of the AES-1 combine harvester with the SK-5 Niva combine harvester and the KSK-100A feed harvester when used in 400 ha model farms (brigade, farm, etc.), where a single equipment is required, it has been established that the cost the AEN-1n harvester at 1990 prices is less than the total cost of SK-5 and KSK-100A by 23811 rubles. and the weight is 9945 kg. That is, significantly less funds are needed for the acquisition of equipment and resources for its production. Reducing the number of machines reduces operating costs.

 Technical and economic analysis according to the method of GOST 23728-88. GOST 23730-88 with the application of 400 hectares and 11350 hectares of sown areas to farms shows a significant reduction in both cases of reduced costs compared to the basic equipment.

 The reduction in the cost of the process (RUB / ha) is shown in the table.

 The economic effect on households will amount to 32,233.85 rubles, respectively. and 9472.45 rubles. or 4029 rub. and 9472 rubles. per car per year at 1990 prices

 With such high efficiency, the payback in the second case is less than two years.

 The calculation takes into account only part of the sources of economic effect.

 Thus, the proposed combine harvester has significant differences and high economic efficiency.

Claims (3)

 1. Grain forage harvester containing a header with an inclined chamber, a grain hopper with an unloading auger, a threshing and grinding machine, including a drum with a drive, consisting of disks mounted on the shaft with mounted headers and pests, trellised drum, a casing with input and output holes, while on the headers are installed knives with a blade in the opposite direction to the direction of the working surface of the scourges, the inlet is made with an upper edge on which the counter plate is mounted, and on a window for discharging the crushed mass is made in the casing, and the drum drive is made reversible and variable in speed, characterized in that the combine is equipped with an intensifier-batcher installed at the entrance to the threshing and grinding machine for grinding cereal crops and grinding feed stalk crops, made in the form of one or more pairs of rollers located one above the other, the lower of which is spring-loaded, with a reversible, variable-speed drive and a grooved, etc. than reefs form a chevron with the vertex at the center of the roller in the direction of rotation passing into portions parallel to the axis of rotation of the drum.  2. The harvester according to claim 1, characterized in that an additional receiving window is made in the grain hopper, which is connected by a nozzle to the exhaust opening of the drum casing of the threshing and grinding apparatus and provided with a lid for closing it when harvesting grain crops.  3. The harvester for PP. 1 and 2, characterized in that the cover of the additional receiving window of the grain hopper is pivotally mounted on its inner surface and in the open position when harvesting the stalk feed is connected to the rotary part of the casing with the formation of a single surface for moving the flow of crushed mass from the drum to the unloading screw of the hopper.

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