RU139821U1 - MULTILAYER WATERPROOFING OF UNDERGROUND STRUCTURE - Google Patents

Abstract

1. The waterproofing of the underground structure for the building, the structure as a whole and for individual nodes, structures, elements of the underground parts in the building system, the structure is multilayer, includes layers of geotextile, geomembrane and an internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid, characterized in that the waterproofing is formed by an external closed a geotextile layer made of a material with the property of unidirectional transverse filtration in the transverse direction, external and internal waterproofing layers with closed geomembres s sandwiching the inner drainage layer of safety geosetki.2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer layer of geotextile is made of thermally bonded geotextile with a density of at least 600 g / m, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together, the geomembranes are made of welded thickness of at least 1.5 mm, the joints which canvases are welded with controlled tight seams; the drainage geogrid is made of a thickness of at least 5 mm with lap joint of the canvases. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that for the walls of an underground structure erected with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls, the internal waterproofing layer of the geomembrane is made of increased strength. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that for the walls of an underground structure erected with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls, the inner waterproofing layer of the geomembrane is made with a front signal layer. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that in the system of a freestanding underground

Description

1. The technical field

The utility model relates to underground construction, specifically to devices of the waterproofing and water protection systems of both detached underground buildings and structures of civil, general industrial and transport purposes in general, as well as individual units, structures, elements of the underground parts of the building system, structures, including metro facilities, protection of foundations and foundations from groundwater.

2. The prior art

It is known to use a bentonite mat with the use of geotextiles with different water-transmitting and water-insulating properties (woven and non-woven) and with an interlayer between them of sodium bentonite granules (Patent RU 2418133, IPC E02B 7/06) to increase the filtration strength of the coupling elements and the suffusion stability of the soil dam and waterproofed with a geomembrane concrete structure in hydraulic engineering.

The disadvantage of the technical solution is the culvert capacity in all directions of the canvas, constant uncontrolled water filtration at the interface between the soil dam and the concrete structure.

It is known to use mechanical protection of geomembranes from damage (mainly from puncturing) in the form of a geogrid with lining and protective layers of geotextiles attached to it on both sides (Patent RU 2468145 IPC E02B 3/06, E02D 17/20). An increase in the reliability of waterproofing is achieved by filling the cells of the geogrid with polyurethane foam or foam from polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites.

The disadvantage of such a protective layer is the impossibility of restoring the anti-filtering properties of the waterproofing system in the event of its mechanical damage (in particular, when piercing, both during installation and during operation) - the absence of an independent mechanism for actively suppressing leaks in case of waterproofing, as well as the inability to drain geogrid.

Known geotextiles, a method for its manufacture and use with a given adjustable isotropy, in particular with specified mechanical properties in the longitudinal and transverse directions. (Patent RU 2291237, IPC D04H 3/04).

A known method of erecting a waterproofing underground structure (Patent RU 2055212, IPC E21D 11/38), including attaching to the insulated surface of a non-woven sheet material (needle-punched fabric) and creating a waterproof coating of two layers of the polymer composition applied sequentially on this fabric.

The disadvantage of this method is the low reliability of actually a single-layer waterproofing formed by a given value of impregnation of the needle-punched fabric with the first layer of the polymer composition, followed by applying a second layer of the polymer composition to it. A single-layer waterproofing from a needle-punched fabric with a two-layer polymer surface coating can be easily damaged (puncture by reinforcement, burn-through by electric welding) during installation of reinforcement of permanent monolithic reinforced concrete lining of an underground structure of a closed construction method or when performing such waterproofing protection in the open method of constructing an underground structure.

A known method of waterproofing the underground part of a building and structure (Patent RU 2333321 IPC, E02D 31/02), including the formation of a waterproofing membrane after the erection of reinforced concrete structures by injection of a waterproofing mixture through long sleeve elements made of polymer fabrics (geotextiles), previously laid in solid rows with overlapping each other to a friend.

The disadvantage is the low reliability of the waterproofing, since the waterproofing membrane is overlapped with hose elements made of polymer fabrics on top of each other, without quality-controlled fastening of the sleeve elements, also in the absence of a guarantee of an even distribution of the injected waterproofing mixtures along the length and width of the sleeve elements, crushed by reinforced concrete structures made over them .

Also known is the multilayer waterproofing adopted for the closest technical solution, used both in the whole building, structure, and for individual units, structures, elements of underground parts in the building system, structure, providing for the presence of layers of geotextile, geomembrane and an internal safety drainage layer of geogrids (Yurkevich P.B. Waterproofing of underground structures using geosynthetics. Three approaches to ensuring the reliability of waterproofing, p. 43, Fig. 23. // “Underground space of the world”, brochure, 73 pages, 2nd edition, supplemented and revised, published by TIMR, Moscow, 2001, ISBN 5-87010-065-8).

In the known technical solution, the reliability of waterproofing is insufficiently ensured, since the outer lining layer of the geotextile is laid with overlapping paintings without reliable fastenings, the water-conducting ability in all directions of the fabric, there is no internal waterproofing geomembrane from the side of permanent monolithic reinforced concrete structures of the underground structure.

3. The essence of the utility model

3.1. The result of solving a technical problem

The technical task is to increase the reliability of the waterproofing system of the underground part of a building or structure.

The technical result is the transformation in time (dynamic transformation) of the outer layer of geotextiles with unidirectional temporary water throughput into an additional closed waterproofing layer, while also actively compensating (self-healing) for leaks arising during the operation caused by the violation of waterproofing; with simultaneous duplication of protective equipment using both external and internal membrane protection and safety drainage.

3.2. Brief Description of the Drawings

In FIG. 1 shows a fragment of a multilayer waterproofing of a detached underground structure constructed in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening; in FIG. 2 - an example of a multi-layer waterproofing system of a detached underground structure, erected in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening; in FIG. 3 - “Node I” in FIG. 2; in FIG. 4 - “Node II” in FIG. 2; in FIG. 5 - “Node III” in FIG. 2; in FIG. 6 is a section “AA” in FIG. 5; in FIG. 7 fragment of multilayer waterproofing of a detached underground structure, erected in a pit with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls; in FIG. 8 is an example of a multi-layer waterproofing system for a freestanding underground structure erected in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence; in FIG. 9 - “Node IV” in FIG. 8; in FIG. 10 - “Node V” in FIG. 8; in FIG. 11 - “Node VI” in FIG. 8; in FIG. 12 is an example of a multi-layer waterproofing system of a freestanding underground structure erected in a semi-closed manner with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls; in FIG. 13 - “Node VII” in FIG. 12; in FIG. 14 is a section “BB” in FIG. 13;

where 1 is a multi-layer waterproofing of the walls of a detached underground structure, erected in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with a temporary fence and fastening; 1a - similar waterproofing for a foundation slab; 1c - similar waterproofing for a coating slab; 1c - similar waterproofing for a permanent drainage pit; 2 - underground waterproofing structure, erected in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening; 3 - the outer layer of geotextiles; 4 - external waterproofing geomembrane; 5 - internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid; 6 - internal waterproofing geomembrane (internal safety waterproofing layer); 6a - internal waterproofing geomembrane (internal safety waterproofing layer) of increased strength or with a front signal layer; 7 - the inner layer of geotextiles; 8 - permanent drainage pit; 9 - external bearing wall; 10 - coating plate; 11 - a manifestation of concrete for waterproofing; 12 - additional inner layer of geotextiles; 13 - insulation; 14 - additional outer layer of geotextiles; 15 - a protective wall (for example, from a brick); 16 - a protective reinforced concrete layer; 17 - preparation of compacted crushed stone of hard rocks; 18 - foundation plate; 19 - a permanent supporting trench wall; 20 - multilayer waterproofing of a detached underground structure, erected with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls; 20a - similar waterproofing for a coating slab; 21 - waterproofing underground structure, erected with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls; 22 - pressure wall of waterproofing; 23 - sealing tape waterproofing; 24 - fastener; 25 - floor slab; 26 - shtrab, leveled cement-sand mortar; 27 - reference console; 28 - pile foundation of a column erected in a borehole; 29 - a column erected in a borehole; 30 - a permanent column; 31 - sealing composition; 32 - a sealing ring; 33 - an apron from an external waterproofing geomembrane; 34 - injection tube No. 1; 35 - injection tube No. 2.

3.3. Features

In contrast to the well-known solution of multilayer waterproofing of an underground structure, the waterproofing is formed by an external layer of geotextile (3) made of a material with its ability (having the property) of temporary and unidirectional in the transverse direction of filtration (over time calcining, silting and losing filtration properties, and at the same time acquiring waterproof properties), external (4) and internal (6, 6a) closed geomembranes, between which an internal safety drainage layer from the geo-grid is located ki (5).

The outer layer of geotextile (3) is closed with flashing joints of paintings with single or double seams or welding lap joints with hot air.

The closed outer layer of geotextiles for the implementation of unidirectionality in the transverse direction can be made of thermally bonded geotextiles with a density of at least 600 g / m ² , closed geomembranes are welded with a thickness of at least 1.5 mm, and the drainage geogrid is made with a thickness of at least 5 mm.

For underground structures, for example, constructed using permanent supporting trench walls, the inner waterproofing layer can be made of increased strength or with a front signal layer.

The outer layer of geotextiles can be made of fibers of thermosetting-capable geosynthetics such as polyolefins, polyesters or polyamides, mechanically with their further bonding by thermal treatment, due to which the finest fibers melt and are rigidly bonded to each other. Due to the thermal effect, thermally bonded geotextile is more tensile than needle-punched, but its filtering properties are lower, because filtration occurs only in the transverse direction.

Polyolefins, in particular polypropylene and polyester, are preferred for the manufacture of geotextile outer layer.

As waterproofing, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) geomembrane, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density (HDPE) geomembrane and TPO geomembrane from thermoplastic polyolefins can be used. Low density (LDPE) and high density (HDPE) geomembranes are preferred.

Geogrids for the internal safety drainage layer can be made uniaxial or biaxial from high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density (LDPE), polyesters, polyamides, polypropylene and polyester. Uniaxial geogrids made of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene are preferred. Uniaxiality of geogrids significantly increases water throughput.

In the system of a freestanding underground structure, erected in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening, multilayer waterproofing is performed closed and externally at the interface of the external bearing walls with a coating (according to Node I) and a foundation plate (according to Node II) and contains an additional inner layer of geotextile (7) with a density of at least 400 g / m ² installed on the concrete surface of an underground structure to prevent damage to the internal waterproofing geomembrane during its installation.

If the underground structure is deepened, the depth of winter freezing of the soil is shallower at the junction points of the external bearing walls with the coating (according to Node I), an additional insulation layer is installed, for example, from extruded polystyrene foam, and an additional layer of external (lining) geotextile is placed on top of the insulation.

The outer layer of thermally bonded geotextiles in such a multi-layer waterproofing system has a double function: a protective layer against mechanical damage when performing continuous waterproofing protection in the form of a brick wall or reinforced concrete layer and an additional external waterproofing layer due to the gradual colmatization by dust particles of the soil of the unidirectional soil structure of its pores and the formation of a waterproofing material like bentonite mat.

The inner layer of the waterproofing geomembrane according to Node I serves as a safety waterproofing in case of mechanical damage during the construction process and at the stage of operation of the external waterproofing layer, as well as vapor barrier. The internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid according to Node I serves to divert the external waterproofing layer of water, as well as water condensate above the vapor barrier layer, temporarily filtering through defects in the performance or zone of local damage, into the permanent drainage pit of the underground structure.

Unlike waterproofing of external walls and coatings, when waterproofing a foundation slab, the outer layer of geotextile serves as a lining, while the inner one is protective during construction and operation.

The waterproofing unit III of the permanent drainage pit does not contain the inner layers of the drainage geogrid and the waterproofing geomembrane, since the drainage pit serves to temporarily collect water, filtering through defects in the performance and damage of the waterproofing, as well as water used for fire fighting and wet cleaning of underground buildings, pumped into stormwater Sewerage beyond the underground structure.

To discharge water through the internal safety drainage layer into the permanent drainage pit, special drainage systems are used, which are tapes of the drainage geogrid wrapped with a geomembrane and additional geotextile on top and brought out from under the base plate into the permanent drainage pit.

In order to provide a drainage that temporarily filters through performance defects or zones of local damage to the external waterproofing layer of water from the safety drainage layer, a multilayer waterproofing under the foundation slab is laid on a concrete ramp made with a slope of at least 3% towards a permanent drainage pit.

In a system of a freestanding underground structure constructed in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously supporting permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence, multilayer waterproofing of the coating slab is performed separately from the waterproofing of the foundation slab and walls.

Continuous multilayer waterproofing is pinched inside between the trench walls and the pressure walls of the waterproofing (Node V) and is carried out externally on a concrete ramp under the foundation plate (Node VI).

To ensure compatibility between the deformation of the trench walls of the foundation pit enclosure and the pressure walls and the exclusion of tears of the multilayer waterproofing pinched between them, the cover plate is rigidly connected to the trench walls, and the floor slabs are supported on the trench walls through supporting shabs aligned with cement-sand mortar. Additionally, on the trench walls, a support console is provided under the base plate.

A distinctive feature of such waterproofing of walls along Node V is the absence of an internal (protective during the construction of pressure walls) geotextiles and the installation of an internal waterproofing geomembrane of increased strength or two-color with a signal front layer, which simplifies the detection of damage to this geomembrane (punctures, burn-throughs) when reinforcing reinforced concrete pressure clamps walls.

The basement slab waterproofing (according to Node VI) contains an additional inner layer of (protective) geotextile (7) with a density of at least 400 g / m ² , which protects the internal waterproofing geomembrane from damage when the protective reinforced concrete layer is installed before the foundation slab is erected.

The waterproofing of the coating slab (according to Node IV) is carried out separately from the waterproofing of the foundation slab and walls. The waterproofing of the walls under the coating slab is sealed by welding the external and internal waterproofing geomembranes to sealing tapes anchored in the body of the concrete of the coating slab during its concreting. The waterproofing of the coating slab is led along the concrete ramp for the trench walls, and the internal waterproofing geomembrane is fixed to the trench walls using fasteners (metal strips and anchors) and is additionally sealed with waterproofing mastic, for example, bitumen-rubber.

The waterproofing of the coating plate according to Node IV as an internal safety drainage layer, instead of a geogrid, may contain an internal additional (lining) layer of needle-punched geotextiles. If the underground structure is deepened, the depth of winter freezing of the soil is shallower at the junction points of the trench walls with the coating (according to Node IV) an additional insulation layer is installed, for example, of extruded polystyrene foam, and an additional layer of external (lining) geotextile is placed on top of the insulation.

The outer layer of thermally bonded geotextiles in this multilayer waterproofing system has a double function: a protective layer against mechanical damage when the waterproofing is constantly protected in the form of a reinforced concrete layer and an additional external waterproofing layer due to the gradual colmatization of unidirectional soil pores by the dust particles of the soil and the formation of a waterproofing material like bentonite mate.

The inner layer of the waterproofing geomembrane according to Node IV serves as safety waterproofing in case of mechanical damage during the construction process and during the operation phase of the external waterproofing layer, as well as vapor barrier. An internal safety drainage layer made of needle-punched (lining) geotextiles according to Node IV serves to drain the external waterproofing layer of water, as well as water condensate above the vapor barrier, temporarily filtering through defects in the run or zone of local damage, behind the trench walls.

In contrast to the waterproofing of the coating, when waterproofing the trench walls and the foundation slab, the outer layer of geotextile serves as a lining, while the inner one is protective during construction and operation.

The waterproofing device for a permanent drainage pit for a freestanding underground structure erected in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously supporting permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence is completely similar to a freestanding underground structure built in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening .

In the system of a detached underground structure constructed in a semi-closed manner with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls, multilayer waterproofing is performed similarly as for a detached underground structure erected in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence. The difference lies in the waterproofing of the foundation slab at the interface points with the pile foundations of the columns erected in the boreholes (according to Node VII).

At Nodes VII, multilayer waterproofing is interrupted around the pile foundations and sealed with sealing strips welded to the external waterproofing geomembrane, thereby forming closed compartments around the pile foundations for subsequent injection compaction of these nodes. Sealing tapes with their anchor ribs are oriented inside the concrete body of the foundation slab and anchor in it after it is concreted. Sealing tapes are used to localize areas for performing injection compaction of nodes around pile column foundations.

Inside the compartments around the pile foundations of the columns, the installation of the inner layers of the waterproofing geomembrane, drainage geogrid and protective geotextile is not provided. Additional sealing elements of Nodes VII are metal rings and fasteners for pinching the breakage areas of the external waterproofing geomembrane, a sealing compound (for example, from non-shrink or expanding cement) at the points of attachment of metal sealing rings and injection tubes for injecting polymer (for example, acrylic, polyurethane, carbide ) or polymer-cement (for example, based on solutions on expanding cements with the addition of acrylates) compositions.

Fasteners are installed after cleaning the pile foundations from the soil and bentonite peel, mounting vertical metal half rings fixed to the pile foundations with the help of drilled metal anchors and welded into single o-rings, filling the gaps between these rings and the pile foundations with sealing compounds (for example, on based on non-shrinking or expanding cement).

The pinching of the outer layers of the geotectil and the waterproofing geomembrane around the pile foundations according to Nodes VII is performed using paired horizontal metal and rubber half rings joined together by tightening bolts. Moreover, the lower horizontal metal half rings are welded to the vertical metal sealing ring with hermetic welds and are welded together.

After the foundation plate is erected by means of horizontally installed (No. 1) and inclined with respect to the vertical (No. 2) injection tubes, injection sectional compaction of the nodes in the adjacency zones of the pile foundations is performed.

The waterproofing device for a permanent drainage pit for a freestanding underground structure erected in a semi-closed manner with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls is completely similar to that for a freestanding underground structure erected in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence.

In the known technical solution, there is no compensation for leaks arising during operation caused by violation of waterproofing, as well as an internal additional waterproofing layer from the geomembrane, which prevents the reinforced concrete structures of the waterproofing underground structures from getting wet in case of intensive water intake or freezing and thawing in the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid.

For these purposes, in particular, in the claimed technical solution, the outer layer (3) is made closed or partially open with a seal (at the level of the coating plate) and continuous from stitched or welded to each other material sheets with its possibility of unidirectional transverse temporal filtration ( with the blocking of initially filtering properties in the longitudinal direction and gradual due to the clogging of the pores in the transverse direction), and in particular in a particular case, from thermally bonded geotextiles. A two-layer waterproofing with an internal safety drainage layer was also used, while an additional internal waterproofing layer was installed.

3.4. Waterproofing works as follows

In the known technical solution, the requirement for the outer layer of geotextiles was not implemented as an additional waterproofing layer and the internal additional waterproofing layer was not applied or a single-layer waterproofing with an internal safety drainage layer was actually implemented.

The outer layer of geotextile serves as a filter and at the same time as a barrier against suffusion in soils, as well as protecting the waterproofing membrane from damage. The use of thermally bonded geotextiles - a material with unidirectional transverse filtering properties (as opposed to needle-punched with multidirectional properties) allows the outer layer of geotextiles to be used as a temporary filter, which is clogged (closing pores) by dusty particles of soil and bentonite used in the construction of trench walls, and forms an additional external waterproofing layer similar to a bentonite mat. In case of mechanical disturbance (for example, puncturing) of the external waterproofing geomembrane through the external layer of geotextile, the water temporarily filters and penetrates into the internal safety drainage layer, from where it is diverted to a permanent drainage pit. Quite quickly, over time, the pores of the external thermally bonded geotextile become clogged, gradually decreasing until the water completely stops filtering into the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (a kind of self-healing multilayer waterproofing).

Geotextiles (http://tdbastion.com/geotekstil) are divided into two main types. The first, most common type is needle-punched geotextile, which is made from continuous polypropylene or polyester fibers by a mechanical needle-punched method, due to which the material perfectly passes water both along and across, preventing a layer of crushed stone (in the drainage layer) from silting. Good filtering ability, high water permeability and strength characteristics make needle-punched geotextiles one of the most suitable for the construction of various drainage systems and water drainage systems. Externally, such a geotextile looks like a canvas, soft to the touch and with barely noticeable holes. Needle-punched geotextiles are most often used in drainage systems and road construction.

The second type of geotextile is thermally bonded. It is made of polypropylene or polyester fibers by mechanical means with their further bonding using thermal treatment, as a result of which the finest fibers melt and are rigidly bonded to each other. Due to this, thermally bonded geotextiles are more tensile than needle punched. Filtration in thermally bonded geotextiles occurs only in the transverse direction. The pores of thermally bonded geotextiles are silted faster, therefore, thermally bonded canvas, as a rule, is not used in drainage systems. In the claimed technical solution, thermally bonded geotextiles are used as a particular solution for the formation of a durable waterproof layer as it is filtered or as a means of healing when the waterproof layer is mechanically damaged.

3.4. Utility Model Implementation

Multilayer waterproofing with an internal safety drainage layer can be performed by well-known techniques for the construction of underground buildings and structures with waterproofing and includes the implementation of sequential operations taking into account the specifics of the technology for the construction of a building or structure.

The following operations are performed in the system of a freestanding underground structure built in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with a temporary fence and fastening:

For the foundation slab (1a), the following are stacked:

- the outer (lining) layer of geotextile (3) with special properties of unidirectional filtration in the transverse direction (for example, high-density thermally bonded geotextile), which is a short-term filter that during operation forms a waterproof layer; the joints of the canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched together or welded together and laid on a concrete bifurcation;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with lap joint of the canvases;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) of equal or reduced thickness with respect to the outer layer of the geomembrane, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the inner (protective) layer of geotextiles (7) with overlapping, as a rule, the connection of paintings.

Welding of geomembrane canvases is carried out by contact-heat method using special welding equipment. At the same time, the weld is double with a channel to check for leaks using compressed air. In the event that when pressure is injected into the channel between the double weld, a pressure drop occurs, leak zones are determined from the compressed air leaks and the seam is digested until complete tightness is achieved.

In the case of using a polyethylene geomembrane as a waterproofing method, in addition to the contact-heat method, welds can also be extruded using a molten polyethylene rod. Extrusion welding is performed single with a tab inside the weld seam of thin copper wire. In the electric spark method, in the absence of tightness of the weld, defective zones are determined and the seam in these places is digested until tightness is achieved.

For walls (1):

- the inner (lining) layer of geotextiles (7) with lap, as a rule, the connection of paintings;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) of equal or reduced thickness with respect to the outer layer of the geomembrane, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with lap joint of the canvases;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the outer (protective) layer of geotextile (3) with special unidirectional filtering properties in the transverse direction (for example, high-density thermally bonded geotextile), which is a short-term filter that forms a waterproof layer during operation; the joints of the canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched or welded together.

For the coating plate (1c), successively stack:

- the inner (lining) layer of geotextile (7) with lap, as a rule, the connection of paintings on the bifurcation of concrete;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6), which is at the same time a vapor-insulating layer of equal or reduced thickness with respect to the outer layer of the geomembrane, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with lap joint of the canvases;

- insulation (13), as a rule, from extruded polystyrene foam;

- an additional external (lining) layer of geotextile (14) with lap joint of paintings;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the outer (protective) layer of geotextile (3) with special properties of unidirectional filtration in the transverse direction (for example, thermally bonded high-density geotextile), which is a short-term filter that during operation forms a waterproof layer; the joints of the canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched or welded together.

The following operations are performed in the system of a detached underground structure constructed in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence, as well as for a detached underground structure constructed in a semi-closed way with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls:

For the foundation slab (1a):

- the outer (lining) layer of geotextiles (3) with special unidirectional filtering properties in the transverse direction (for example, high-density thermally bonded geotextiles), which is a short-term filter that during operation forms a waterproof layer; the joints of the canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched together or welded together and laid on a concrete bifurcation;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with lap joint of the canvases;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) of equal or reduced thickness with respect to the outer layer of the geomembrane, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the inner (protective) layer of geotextiles (7) with overlapping, as a rule, the connection of paintings.

For walls (20) successively stack:

- the outer (lining) layer of geotextiles (3) with special unidirectional filtering properties in the transverse direction (for example, high-density thermally bonded geotextiles), which is a short-term filter that during operation forms a waterproof layer; joints of canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with lap joint of the canvases;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6a) of equal or reduced thickness, increased strength or with the front signal layer (6a), in relation to the outer layer of the geomembrane, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams.

For the coating plate (20a), successively stack:

- the inner (lining) layer of geotextile (7) with lap, as a rule, the connection of paintings on the bifurcation of concrete;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6), which is at the same time a vapor-insulating layer of equal or reduced thickness with respect to the outer layer of the geomembrane, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- an internal additional (lining) layer of geotextile (12) with lap joint of paintings;

- insulation (13), as a rule, from extruded polystyrene foam;

- an additional external (lining) layer of geotextile (14) with lap joint of paintings;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the outer (protective) layer of geotextile (3) with special unidirectional filtering properties in the transverse direction (for example, high-density thermally bonded geotextile), which is a short-term filter that forms a waterproof layer during operation; the joints of the canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched or welded together.

In the system of a detached underground structure constructed by any of the above methods, when waterproofing a permanent drainage pit, the following shall be sequentially laid:

- the outer (lining) layer of geotextiles (3) with special unidirectional filtering properties in the transverse direction (for example, high-density thermally bonded geotextiles), which is a short-term filter that during operation forms a waterproof layer; joints of canvases of the outer layer of geotextiles are stitched or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) of the required thickness, the joints of the webs of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the inner (protective) layer of geotextiles (7) with overlapping, as a rule, the connection of paintings.

The well-known technical solution did not impose requirements on the external geotextile as an additional waterproofing layer and needle-punched geotextile with a density of 400-800 g / m ² with an overlap of its canvases was used. But lap joints are not leakproof and when laid inaccurately, the soil could come in contact with a waterproofing membrane. For this reason, for example, for the aforementioned technical solution, a requirement was put forward for the preliminary cleaning of monolithic reinforced concrete. trench walls of the foundation pit fence from the ground and bentonite crust to prevent siltation of the safety drainage layer. In the event of defects in the performance of a single-layer waterproofing membrane and without cleaning the surface of the trench walls, water could not only filter into the internal safety drainage layer, but also carry small particles of soil and bentonite into this drainage layer, including through lap joints of geotextiles. In this case, the internal safety drainage layer could fail, and leaks on the front surface of the monolithic reinforced concrete pressure walls would again appear.

In the known design of waterproofing, the protective layer of the polyethylene film was also laid with an overlap of the webs without any bonding. When erecting monolithic reinforced concrete pressure walls, such a film often torn during reinforcement installation, required repair, and did not give a guarantee of protection against impregnation with cement milk of the inner protective layer of geotextile, to which the requirements of the internal filter were presented.

The use of a thermally bonded type for the outer layer of high-density geotextiles (600-1200 g / m ² ) does not allow it to be used for a long time as an external filter, because such geotextile quickly clogs (silts) and loses its filtration ability. The connection of his paintings, for example, by stitching with a double seam or welding with hot air with a continuous and closed installation system provides additional tightness. Such solutions eliminate the need to clean bentonite from the trench walls, and vice versa, they save bentonite peel on the wall surface, which simplifies and reduces the cost of construction, and besides, it is possible to quickly reach the outer layer of thermally bonded geotextile by dusting particles of soil and bentonite and turn it into an additional waterproofing layer of the type famous bentonite mats “Voltex”.

The protection of the internal safety drainage layer is provided not by the internal protective layer of needle-punched geotextiles (internal filter) with a thin plastic film, but by the internal protective layer of the waterproofing membrane, the joints of the webs of which are overlapped and welded together with hermetic seams. At the same time, the membrane of this layer is taken as two-color, so that when a puncture or burn through due to the difference in the color of the front and back layers, it is easy to determine the defects of this waterproofing layer. If this waterproofing layer is damaged during the installation of reinforcement of the clamping monolithic reinforced concrete wall, then the defect is easier to detect and eliminate. At the same time, the waterproof inner membrane itself does not allow to impregnate the inner safety drainage layer with cement milk when concreting the pressure walls, and also to saturate the pressure walls themselves in case water freezes in the internal safety drainage layer at negative temperatures or when the filtering ability of the drainage geogrid decreases due to its crushing in the most loaded nodes.

Thus, the basic principles for the practical implementation of waterproofing are as follows:

- in the case of local undetected damage to the membrane of the external waterproofing layer, the internal safety drainage layer allows you to divert a small amount of water temporarily seeping through the waterproofing defects and filtered by the external layer of high density geotextile into permanent drainage pits for subsequent removal by pumps from the underground structure;

- rather quick colmatization (siltation) of the outer layer of thermally bonded high-density geotextile, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with a single or double seam or welded with hot air between each other, not only protects from suffusion, but also gradually reduces the filtration of water into the internal safety drainage layer (effect self-healing - geotextile itself turns into an external additional waterproofing layer such as “Voltex” bentonite mat).

Water temporarily filtering through minor local waterproofing defects through an internal safety drainage layer placed between two layers of a waterproofing membrane is discharged into internal permanent drainage pits of an underground structure, the need for which is still determined by operational requirements (for example, to remove water when using a sprinkler system fire fighting or wet floor cleaning). In this case, the internal safety drainage layer communicates with the permanent drainage pits and has no connection with external groundwater. The front surface of the pressure walls, foundation slabs and floor slabs always remains dry, which guarantees the required humidity conditions for underground buildings.

Frost resistance and durability of geosynthetic waterproofing materials eliminates their damage and failure of the waterproofing system even in the event of localized leakage water freezing in the internal safety drainage layer.

4. Industrial applicability

The use of variants of multi-layer waterproofing systems for underground structures constructed in various ways is shown in FIG. 2, 8, 12.

A multi-layer waterproofing system (Fig. 2) for a freestanding underground structure (2), erected in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening, a fragment of which is shown in FIG. 1 is performed sequentially as follows:

For the foundation plate (1a, Node II in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4):

- preparation is carried out from compacted crushed stone of hard rocks (17) or sand and gravel preparation;

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) with a slope of at least 3 ‰ towards a permanent drainage pit (8);

- an external (lining) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the inner (protective) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with an overlapping, as a rule, connection of paintings;

- a protective reinforced concrete layer is performed (16). For walls (1, Nodes I and II in Fig. 2, Figs. 3 and 4):

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) on the ledge of the foundation slab (18) with a slope of at least 1.5%;

- the inner (lining) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with lap, as a rule, the connection of paintings;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- an external (protective) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- a protective wall (15), for example, of brick, is made, also a protective reinforced concrete layer (16) on the ledge of the foundation plate (18).

Waterproofing work on the walls (9) of the underground structure (2) is carried out after waterproofing and the erection of the foundation slab (18), the erection of the walls themselves (9) and, as a rule, the coating slab (10).

For the coating plate (1c, Node I in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3):

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) along the cover plate (10) with a slope of at least 1.5% towards the external walls (9);

- the inner (lining) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with lap, as a rule, the connection of paintings;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid;

- insulator (13) is laid, as a rule, from extruded polystyrene foam;

- an additional external (lining) layer of geotextile (14) with overlapping joining of canvases is laid;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- an external (protective) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- a protective wall (15) is made, for example, of brick, and also a protective reinforced concrete layer (16) along the coating plate (10).

Waterproofing works on the cover plate (10) of the underground structure (2) are carried out after waterproofing and erecting the foundation plate (18), erecting and waterproofing (1) the walls (9), erecting the cover plate (10).

A multi-layer waterproofing system (Fig. 8) for a freestanding underground structure (21), erected in an open pit with enclosing and simultaneously supporting permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence, a fragment of which is shown in Fig. 7 is performed sequentially as follows:

For the foundation plate (1a, Node VI in Fig. 8 and Fig. 11):

- the supporting console (27) is carried out on a permanent supporting trench wall (19);

- preparation is carried out from compacted crushed stone of hard rocks (17) or sand and gravel preparation;

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) with a slope of at least 3 ‰ towards a permanent drainage pit (8);

- an external (lining) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the inner (protective) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with an overlapping, as a rule, connection of paintings;

- a protective reinforced concrete layer is performed (16).

For walls (20, Nodes IV, V and VI in Fig. 8, Figs. 9, 10 and 11):

- a leveling layer is made of cement-sand mortar in the support ridge (26) on a permanent supporting trench wall (19);

- an external (lining) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid;

- an internal safety waterproofing layer is laid from a geomembrane (6a) of increased strength or with a signal front layer, the joints of which canvases are welded by controlled tight seams.

Waterproofing work on the trench walls (19) of the underground structure (21) is carried out after waterproofing and erecting the foundation plate (18) floor-by-floor according to the “bottom-up” scheme and as the pressure walls (22) of the waterproofing (20) and floor slabs are erected (25) as well as coating plates (10). To seal the breakage zones of the waterproofing (20) of the walls, sealing tapes (23) are installed under the cover plate (10) before concreting it. The external waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (4) of the waterproofing (20) of the trench walls (19) in the cliff zones is welded to the sealing strips (23), the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6a) is welded to the external waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (4).

For the coating plate (20a, Node IV in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9):

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) along the cover plate (10) with a slope of at least 1.5% towards the outer trench walls (19);

- the inner (lining) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with lap, as a rule, the connection of paintings;

- the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal additional (lining) layer of geotextile (12) with overlapping connection of the canvas is laid;

- insulator (13) is laid, as a rule, from extruded polystyrene foam;

- an additional external (lining) layer of geotextile (14) with overlapping joining of canvases is laid;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- an external (protective) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- a protective reinforced concrete layer (16) is performed along the coating plate (10).

Waterproofing works on the cover plate (10) of the underground structure (21) are carried out after waterproofing and erecting the foundation plate (18), erecting and waterproofing (20) the trench walls (19), erecting the cover plate (10). The cliffs of the inner (lining) layer of geotextiles (7) and the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) behind the trench walls (19) are sealed with fasteners (24), which are metal strips fixed by anchors. The breakage zones of these materials are additionally sealed with mastic, for example, bitumen-rubber.

The multi-layer waterproofing system (Fig. 12) for a detached underground structure (21), erected in a semi-closed way with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls, a fragment of which is shown in Fig. 7, is performed sequentially as follows:

For walls (20, Nodes IV, V and VI in Fig. 12, Figs. 9, 10 and 11):

- a leveling layer is made of cement-sand mortar in the support ridge (26) on a permanent supporting trench wall (19);

- an external (lining) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid;

- an internal safety waterproofing layer is laid from a geomembrane (6a) of increased strength or with a signal front layer, the joints of which canvases are welded by controlled tight seams.

Waterproofing work on the trench walls (19) of the underground structure (21) during the construction of the semi-closed method is carried out according to the “top-down” scheme after the erection of the slab (10) floor-by-floor and before the erection of each of the floor slabs (25) in the walls of the walls (26), leveled with a layer of cement-sand mortar, in trench walls (19) and for sections of overlying trench walls (19) after the construction of floor slabs (25). To seal the breakage zones of the waterproofing (20) of the walls, sealing tapes (23) are installed under the cover plate (10) before concreting it. The external waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (4) of the waterproofing (20) of the trench walls (19) in the cliff zones is welded to the sealing strips (23), the internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6a) is welded to the external waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (4). After waterproofing (20) of the walls on each floor, pressure walls (22) are erected.

Waterproofing works on trench walls (19) on the lower floor of an underground structure (21) are carried out after waterproofing (1a) and the construction of a foundation slab (18).

For a foundation slab, waterproofing is performed according to type 1a (Node VI in Fig. 12) or as well as for a freestanding underground structure (21), constructed in an open foundation pit with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls and temporary fastening of the fence. The difference lies in the additional Node VII (Fig. 12 and Fig. 13) in the zones of interfacing with the pile foundations (28) of the columns (29) erected in the boreholes.

The sequence of execution of Nodes VII is as follows:

- leveling the top of the pile foundations (28) to the level of the bottom of the foundation slab (18);

- preparation is carried out from compacted crushed stone of hard rocks (17) or sand and gravel preparation;

- the upper part of the pile foundations (28) of the columns (29) is cleaned from soil and bentonite crust to clean concrete, with the help of fastening elements-anchors (24) on the pile foundations (28), metal sealing rings (32) are fixed with the required clearance from them, performed on the installation of half rings and combined by electric welding; the gaps are filled with a sealing compound (31), for example, based on non-shrinking or expanding cement; lower horizontal metal half rings are welded to the sealing, vertically mounted rings (32);

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) with a slope of at least 3 ‰ towards a permanent drainage pit (8);

- an external (lining) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together and break off at the vertical sealing rings (32), covering horizontal metal half rings;

- aprons (33) of the external waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (4) are laid around the pile foundations (28), on top of which waterproofing sealing tapes (23) are welded, forming compartments of the subsequent sectional injection compaction of the nodes around the pile foundations (28) and columns (29); aprons (33) from the geomembrane (4) break off at the vertical metal rings (32), are laid on top of the horizontal metal rings and the outer layer of the geotextile (3), covered with sealing rubber from above and clamped (sealed) with the help of the upper horizontal metal rings using bolt joints ;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded with controlled tight seams between themselves and aprons (33);

- the internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid (5) with the lap joint of the canvases is laid, not reaching the waterproofing sealing strips (23);

- not reaching the waterproofing sealing strips (23), an internal safety waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (6) is laid, the joints of the sheets of which are welded with controlled tight seams between themselves and the aprons (33) of the external waterproofing layer from the geomembrane (4);

- not reaching the waterproofing sealing strips (23), the inner (protective) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with an overlapping, as a rule, connection of the canvases;

- short of waterproofing sealing strips (23), a protective reinforced concrete layer (16) is performed;

- in Nodes VII (Fig. 12 and Fig. 13), injection tubes No. 1 are installed horizontally and No. 2 inclined with respect to the vertical, then the foundation slab is concreted (18);

- with the help of injection tubes No. 1 and No. 2, injection sectional compaction of nodes in the adjacency areas of pile foundations is performed.

The waterproofing system of a permanent drainage pit type 1 s for a freestanding underground structure constructed by any of the above methods is performed according to Node III (Fig. 2, 8, 12, 5, and 6):

- preparation is carried out from compacted crushed stone of hard rocks (17) or sand and gravel preparation;

- a ramp is made of concrete (11) with a slope of at least 3 ‰ towards a permanent drainage pit (8);

- an external (lining) layer of geotextile (3) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together;

- an external waterproofing layer of geomembrane (4) is laid, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams;

- the inner (protective) layer of geotextile (7) is laid with an overlapping, as a rule, connection of paintings;

- special drainage is carried out in the form of tapes of the drainage geogrid (5), wrapped with geomembranes (4 and 6) and additionally with geotextiles (3 and 7) on top and brought out from under the base plate (18) into the permanent drainage pit (8);

- a protective reinforced concrete layer is performed (16).

Claims (6)

1. The waterproofing of the underground structure for the building, the structure as a whole and for individual nodes, structures, elements of the underground parts in the building system, the structure is multilayer, includes layers of geotextile, geomembrane and an internal safety drainage layer from the geogrid, characterized in that the waterproofing is formed by an external closed a geotextile layer made of a material with the property of unidirectional transverse filtration in the transverse direction, external and internal waterproofing layers with closed geomembres s between which the inner safety drainage layer of geogrid. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the outer layer of geotextile is made of thermally bonded geotextile with a density of at least 600 g / m ² , the joints of the canvases of which are sewn with single or double seams or welded together, the geomembranes are made of welded thickness of at least 1.5 mm, the joints of the canvases of which are welded by controlled tight seams; the drainage geogrid is made with a thickness of at least 5 mm with lap joint of the canvases. 3. The device according to p. 1, characterized in that for the walls of an underground structure constructed with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls, the internal waterproofing layer of the geomembrane is made of increased strength. 4. The device according to p. 1, characterized in that for the walls of the underground structure, erected with enclosing and at the same time bearing permanent trench walls, the inner waterproofing layer of the geomembrane is made with the front signal layer. 5. The device according to p. 1, characterized in that in the system of a freestanding underground structure, erected in an open pit with slopes or in a pit with temporary fencing and fastening, the waterproofing is made in the form of a completely closed system and outside with its placement in the interface nodes of external carriers walls with a covering plate and a base plate. 6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that in the system of a free-standing underground structure constructed by open or semi-closed methods with enclosing and simultaneously bearing permanent trench walls, the waterproofing of the coating slab is carried out separately from the waterproofing of the foundation slab and walls.

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