RU117771U1 - DEVICE FOR SOWING GRAIN CROPS FOR ONE PASS OF THE UNIT ON THE UNTREATED FIELD - Google Patents

Abstract

1. A device for sowing grain crops in one pass of the unit over an untreated field, including a frame, mounted on a frame, at least one bead, on which a self-aligning disc knife, a coulter with seed fertilizers and press-press rollers are sequentially installed, characterized in that the opener is made in the form of two single diameters of flat self-cleaning discs mounted with the possibility of rotation on axes with different angular velocities, installed with an offset relative to each other in the longitudinal direction and at different heights from the soil surface and with the contact point in the seed sowing zone, and the opener is equipped with removable drum to limit the depth of the opener (copying). ! 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the discs of the opener are replaceable and are arranged so that the discs converge in the front part, in the area of sowing seeds, and their point of contact is determined by an angle of 60-70 ° between the horizontal plane of the opener body and the center lines, passing through the centers of rotation of the disks. ! 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the press-press rollers, pivotally attached to the bed, not only compact the seedbed, but also move the soil into the sown furrow due to the sharp angle of attack of the rollers in the horizontal plane. ! 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the seed pipes are installed in the inter-disc space of the double-disc opener at a height from the soil, excluding mixing of seeds and fertilizers, and the lower end of the fertilizer pipe is located at an acute angle below the end of the seed pipe, located at an obtuse angle ... ! 5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the workers about

Description

The utility model relates to agricultural engineering, in particular, to equipment for tillage, sowing of grain crops with fertilizer application and can be used for sowing grain crops without preliminary tillage.

Known domestic devices for tillage and sowing of sown material - RU 2267893 C, 02/01/2006; RU 2335111 C, 10/10/2008; RU 2161391 C, 03/29/99; RU 2195798 C, 01/03/2003; RU 2293460 C, 02.02.2007; RU 2140136 C, 10.27.2009. Each of these devices includes cutting the soil and weeds to a predetermined depth of crushing the soil, sowing seeds and fertilizers, planting them and compacting the soil above them.

Such analogues, including grinding-rolling rollers, do not allow rational compaction of the soil to retain moisture in it, do not provide conditions for the effective destruction of weeds, growth and development of grain crops, since the soil treated with such machines does not have a stable mulching layer on the field surface (in non-sowing aisles or strips), as a result of which there are no necessary conditions for the preservation of moisture, heat, conditions for the rapid development of seedlings of sown crops. In addition, devices for loosening the soil to the entire depth of the arable horizon are energy-intensive and inefficient and, as practice has shown (from the standpoint of agricultural technology and ecology), deep tillage is not only not required, but also costly and harmful. With all this, it does not provide high-quality sowing in accordance with agricultural requirements due to irregularities in the microrelief of the soil.

Famous domestic disc coulters for sowing grain crops - RU 2303342 C, 05.25.2005; RU 2311746 C2, 06/10/2007; RU 2235451 C2, 11.28.2002 provide for the sowing of seeds of grain crops through the strip with equal or unequal width of the sizes of sown and non-sown stripes. Sown strips are prepared by cutting the soil in a vertical plane with the formation of a gap (furrow) into which seeds and fertilizers are sown. Non-sown furrows are treated to a shallower depth in order to grind the plant mass (weeds) and make the main dose of fertilizer.

The main disadvantage of such devices is soil cultivation over the entire area (stubble destruction), which is not necessary. Therefore, these devices for sowing cereals are unnecessarily costly, insufficiently realize the genetic potential of seeds and need to be improved.

Foreign devices for processing and sowing grain crops are known - US 6347594 A, US 6347594 A, US 4307674 A, FR 2041925 A, FR 2689724 A, EP 0117745 A, which describe various devices for processing soil and sowing seeds of grain crops with simultaneous application fertilizers only in sown furrows. For these purposes, it is proposed to use single-disc or double-disc coulters, the discs of which rotate around the axes when opening the seed furrows, and the press wheels are installed to control the specified depth of fertilizer application, close the furrows, and seal the seed bed immediately after sowing the seeds with the metering device. The press wheels are mounted on the angular axes with the possibility of touching the soil surface on opposite sides of the furrows to move (fall asleep) the soil onto the seed laid in the furrow.

The coulters in such devices and one of the press wheels close to each other, forming a structurally and technologically complex node for the formation and closure of the sowing furrows. Double-disc coulters for opening furrows include two discs, which are placed at an angle to each other and do not guarantee the formation of high-quality furrows on different types of soils. The press wheels are located at a relatively large distance from the discs. The analyzed devices do not provide the same depth of seed placement on the entire field surface, are suitable for work on relatively light soils of not high humidity, and they will stick on wet chernozems. Therefore, such devices, although they can reduce labor and energy costs, but require technological improvement, constructive refinement of the working bodies in accordance with agricultural and environmental requirements.

Closest to this utility model in terms of technical nature and the achieved technological result (prototype) is US patent - US 5970891, which presents a seeder for direct sowing of grain crops in one pass of the unit. The seeder includes: two flat twin discs for cutting the seed furrows, placed on the axles at an angle to each other, twin wheels for setting the depth and closing of the furrows located at the rear of the twin discs. Fingers with seals are placed along the perimeter of the wheels and parallel to their axes for better traction with the soil (tipping arms). Twin wheels are mounted mirror-opposite to twin wheels.

Due to sticking on moist chernozem soils, the couplers of the twin wheels will not allow to carry out the technological process of sowing grain crops at high speeds, since the twin discs do not create fine-grained fractions of the soil, therefore, such a seeder needs to be improved.

Common disadvantages of the above-mentioned known devices are the unstable depth of seeding and distribution of seeds, sticking of the working bodies at high humidity, the high cost of labor and funds when processing the entire sown area of sowing, the imperfection of the used working bodies.

The objective of the utility model is to eliminate these drawbacks, to ensure high-quality soil tillage of the sown strip only, the formation of a mulched soil layer, high-quality furrow-tape sowing of grain crops on the sowing bed with the simultaneous tape application of mineral fertilizers located through the soil layer below the seed level, to ensure soil compaction above rows of seeds and fertilizers.

The technical result is an increase in the quality of sowing to provide improved energy for the growth of grain crops and inhibit the growth of weeds in non-sown and uncultivated strips and, as a result, increased technological reliability and productivity.

The proposed device for sowing crops in one pass of the unit on an uncultivated field will eliminate the above disadvantages through the use of more highly efficient working bodies.

Working bodies for cutting seed furrows up to 10 cm deep, at high unit speeds, including a sequentially mounted self-aligning circular knife that cuts crop residues on the soil surface and equal (one diameter) flat paired, self-sharpening and self-cleaning discs mounted on inclined axes rotation at an acute angle of 9 ... 12 ° to each other so that the blade of one disc protrudes above the blade of another disc by 15 ... 25 mm, then the double-disc coulter and press-and-roll rollers . The design of a double-disc coulter with a difference in the linear rotational speeds of each of the disks upon their contact with the soil at different depths provides directional and uniform fertilizer application 10 ... 20 mm below the seed placement depth, excluding the contact of seed with fertilizers, sowing of seeds of grain crops and their subsequent sprinkling fine-grained fractions of the soil, providing good contact with the materials introduced into the furrow for the rapid and friendly development and growth of seeds of grain crops.

The flat coulter discs, having the same diameter, are immersed in the soil to be cut to different depths, contacted by the lateral surfaces of different sizes with the soil, perceiving different resistivity and inertial pressure caused by the corresponding friction forces, rotate at different frequencies.

A disk with a large depth of penetration rotates with a higher rotational speed and acts as a cutting element, and another disk with a lower depth of penetration rotates more slowly and acts as a counter element, which ensures grinding of soil and plant debris, self-cleaning of the inner planes of the disks that increase the reliability of the double-disc opener that improves the quality of sowing seeds.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 is a structural diagram of the working bodies of the device for sowing crops in one pass of the unit along the untreated field (side view).

Figure 2 is the same (top view).

Figure 3 shows the design of a double-disc opener, side view.

Figure 4 shows a section bb in figure 3.

Figure 5 shows the design of a double-disc opener, section AA in figure 3.

Figure 6 presents the design of the double-disc opener, section BB, in figure 3.

Figure 7 shows the design of the seven pipelines installed in the double-disc coulter.

On Fig given the design of the casing of the double-disc opener (right side view).

Figure 9 shows the design of a double-disc coulter, (left view).

Figure 10 presents a section aa the design of the casing of the double-disc opener in figure 9.

In Fig.11 shows a section bB of the design of the casing of the double-disc opener in Fig.9.

The proposed device (working bodies) for sowing grain crops in one pass of the unit on an untreated field (Fig. 1, 2) is intended for sowing fertilizers and seeds without preliminary cultivation of the soil in the presence on its surface of plant residues of previous crops weighing at least 10 centners per hectare , performs five operations simultaneously in one pass:

1. cutting of seed furrows up to 10 cm deep;

2. the formation of a sowing furrow and a bed for fertilizer and seeds with a shift of mail from the sowing furrow into the non-sowing strip;

3. tape application of mineral fertilizers in the sowing furrow and their sprinkling with a layer of soil 2 ... 3 cm below the depth of seed placement;

4. the formation of the ovule for sowing seeds and sowing seeds;

5. closing the sowing furrows by the method of bilateral deformation (shear) of the soil from the non-sown strip into the sown furrow, to compact the soil;

A device for sowing crops in one pass of the unit on an untreated field (Fig.1, 2) includes: frame 1, below which a fixed beam 2 is installed, and above - a rotary beam 3 with two levers rigidly mounted on it, one of which is 4 pivotally connected to the hydraulic cylinder 5 of the rotary beam 3, and the second 6 is pivotally connected to a spring-loaded rod 7, pivotally connected to the bar 8, which is connected through the silent block 9 to the lever 10 of the fixed beam 2.

One to three springs 11 are put on a spring-loaded rod 7, the compression force of which is regulated by couplings 12 with stoppers.

On the bed 8 are installed in series: a removable self-aligning disk knife 13, a double-disc coulter 14 with a removable drum for setting the sowing depth 15, press-and-roll wheels 16 pivotally mounted on the bed 8, with an adjusting device 17, stops 18, for fixed installation of the beds on the seeder in the horizontal plane.

The circular knife 13 (thanks to the right-angled elbow 19 is self-adjusting, and the depth of the slit is regulated by the screw mechanism 20) is installed or removed depending on the density and contamination of the soil of the field to be treated.

The double disc coulter 14 includes a housing 14 a and two flat disks of equal diameter 21, 22 whose rotation centers tsv.1 and tsv.2 are installed at different distances both vertically Δ1 and horizontally Δ2. The disks 21, 22 are installed at an acute angle α to each other, forward an acute angle in the direction of the machine Vm, and their cutting edges are shifted in height relative to each other by S. The acute angle α allows the soil to be shifted from the surface of the sowing furrow into the non-sowing strip. The double-disc coulter includes nozzles for seeds 23 and fertilizers 24, which are placed in the interdisc space at different heights, excluding mixing of seeds with fertilizers.

Press-and-roll wheels 16 are mounted on axles at an acute angle β to each other so as to perform two functions: 1) to compact the furrow soil after fertilizing and sowing seeds due to the weight of the working bodies and pressing of the hydraulic cylinder 7; 2) to shift the soil from the surface of the sowed strip into the sowing furrow due to the installation of press-and-roll wheels with an acute angle β backwards along the direction of the machine Vm, while aligning the surface of the sowing furrow and setting the same seed placement height h _c .

The described working bodies are placed on the bed 8 with the possibility of moving them along the bed 8, raising or lowering and pushing into the soil from its own weight, hydraulic cylinder 5 and the efforts of the spring rod 7.

The inventive main working body of the double-disc coulter 14 (Figs. 1-7) includes a housing 14a with a left and a right axis 25. fixed obliquely to the axis OO at an acute angle γ, on which are mounted on tapered bearings 26 of the hub 27. The clearance in the bearings is regulated by castellated nuts 28 and washers 29, and to preserve lubrication, cuffs 30, adjusting washers (seals) 31 and covers 32, which are locked by rings 33, are used. Screws with nuts 34 are attached to hub 27 with disk 21 with drum 15 on the left and disk 22 on the right. Disks 21 and 22 flat with one-sided bevels (h points) working the edges of the outer sides, and their centers (rotation axes ts.v.1 ts.v.2 and are at different heights from ground level Δ1 and offset horizontally by an amount Δ2 apart.

To regulate the depth of penetration of the disks 21, 22 to the hub of the disk 21 is attached with a drum 15 with a bandage on the outer surface in contact with the soil surface at a width of = 60 ... 70 mm. Drum 15 is interchangeable depending on the depth of seed placement. The diameter of the drum 15 should be less than the diameter of the disks 21 or 22 by half the depth of seed placement. At the same time, the drum 15, being on the axis of the coulter disc, copies the topography of the soil, providing the required depth of seeding of seeds and fertilizers.

To clean the surface of the bandage of the drum 15 and the working surfaces of the disks 21, 22 of the coulter from sticking soil, adjustable steel scrapers 35 are installed (Fig.6)

Disks 21, 22 are mounted at an acute angle α = 9 ... 12 ° to each other and can have different diameters, for example, from 400 to 500 mm by overlapping their edges S = 30 ... 50 mm. Alloy steel wheels are made with self-sharpening, one-sided sharp edges. Disks 21, 22 are placed symmetrically to the axis of symmetry of the OO of the two-disc opener: disc 21 with drum 15 on the left, and disc 22 on the right in the direction of movement of the unit. The axis of rotation of the disks 21 and 22 are located in the opener body at an angle γ, which ensures the convergence of the disks in the lower part with their displacement in the vertical and horizontal planes, forming a wedge, and the contact point of the disks 21 and 22 C is always (in the case of a double-disc opener) in the soil at the depth of sowing seeds of grain crops of the formed furrow, and the cutting edge of the disc 22 is lower at a distance S = 15 ... 25 mm, the contact points of the discs C at the depth of fertilizer application, the centers of rotation of the discs are located in the coulter body so that the discs (when e) the coulters converge in the zone of fertilizing and sowing seeds, forming a wedge with an acute angle, and the average point of contact “C” is between the lines defined by the angle η = 50-70 ° with the horizontal (the base plane of landing of the opener body with the bed) and the axial lines of the disks passing through the centers of their rotation tsv.1 and tsv.2 in the limit of displacement of the disks in the horizontal plane Δ2 (figure 3). This arrangement of discs 21, 22 allows them to deepen the gap cut in the vertical plane with a sharp wedge, cut by the self-aligning disc 13, to push it to the sides (left, right) together with cut crop residues (in particular, stubble), to seal the sides of the seed furrow, to form a bed at the bottom of the furrow, on which disk fertilizer is fed by tape 22, fed through the piping 23, and disk 21 (on the seed deposit formed by both disks) 24 seeds of grain crops are sown orderly on the seed tube. At the same time, disks 21, 22, due to their rotation with different angular speeds ω ₁ and ω _2, prepare a finely crumby mulch soil for the formation of sown furrows and self-clean. In this case, the point of convergence (the contact of the disks lies on the surface, which is at an angle η to the horizontal.

The double-disc coulter body 14a (Fig. 8 ... 11) is T-shaped, the asymmetric strut of which 39 has two threaded holes 40, 41 displaced in the vertical (Δ1) and horizontal (Δ2) planes for mounting the disks. The housing 14a is provided with vertical sockets 42, 43 for placement of seed guides 37 and fertilizers 38 in the inner disk space. The bottom of the seed guide 37 is placed at an obtuse angle 6 to the vertical radius R, and the end of the fertilizer guide is placed at an acute angle x to the horizontal so so that in order to prevent mixing, the flow of seeds and fertilizers was at a distance of 1 from each other and separated by a ripper 44 to form a loose bed for fertilizers and to prevent mixing of seeds with fertilizers (Fig.7).

The sides of the casing 14 of the double-disc coulter are made of radial covers-brackets 45, 46 (Figs. 8, 9) and serve to protect the disks 21, 22 and to mount the scrapers 36.

The supply of mineral fertilizers to the bottom of the sowing furrow and seeds in the seed deposit is carried out through the seed guides 37 and the pipelines 38 installed in the interdisc space of the coulter, located in different parts of the double-disc coulter and installed so that the fertilizer is applied 10 ... 15 mm deeper than the seeds, excluding the contact of the latter with fertilizer due to the layer of soil with a thickness of 10 ... 15 mm introduced before sowing seeds (Fig.7).

A device for sowing grain crops in one pass along an untreated field works as follows (Figs. 1, 2): when the unit is moving, with the reel sowing apparatus for fertilizers and seeds brought into operation, their drive mechanism is activated (not shown in the drawings), the working bodies of the device are buried in the soil by a hydraulic cylinder 5 to a predetermined depth of cutting of the sowing furrow “β”, a self-aligning disk knife 13 vertically cuts plant debris, shifting them to the side and leaving a narrow strip of soil s, which the discs and the coulter 21, 22 spreads apart, forms a seed furrow up to 10 cm deep and spreads fertilizer mainly into the bottom of the furrow, fertilizers are sprinkled with a layer of fine-crushed soil 2 ... 3 cm thick, which comes off discs 21, 22. Prepared with the bed for seeds is sown with a disk 21, filled with disks 21, 22 with finely crumbled mulch fractions of the soil and pressure-rolling wheels 16 are finally compacted and the sowing furrow is rolled.

This design of the device will allow you to get a field with alternating processed (sowed) furrows and untreated strips.

Seeds in the protective mulch with a finely crumbly, fertilized and rolled soil layer of the sowing furrow, getting enough light and moisture, quickly emerge and develop, and in shaded, dense untreated powdery strips, the germination of weeds and their development are inhibited.

Using the proposed utility model improves the environmental situation, since such a device preserves the soil structure, reduces the passage of aggregates to one, reduces the time for field work by half, reduces deformation (compaction) of soil by heavy machines and implements by 3-4 times, energy and labor costs per unit of production are halved, and plant debris in the upper soil layer counteracts wind and water erosion, slows down the mineralization of organic matter by 30%, which stops Vaeth nitrogen leaching process and contributes to the reproduction of soil fertility, because the soil is protected from overheating during the hottest summer periods, reducing to 25% unproductive evaporation, which improves the water supply plant. Productivity due to the moisture supply of crops in dry years increases by 0.2 ... 0.3 t / ha.

Claims (9)

1. A device for sowing grain crops in one pass of the unit on an uncultivated field, including a frame mounted on the frame, at least one bed, on which a disk self-aligning knife, a coulter with a fertilizer line and pressure rollers are sequentially installed, characterized in that The coulter is made in the form of two single diameters of flat self-cleaning discs mounted for rotation on axes with different angular speeds, mounted with offset relative to each other in the longitudinal direction and at different heights from the soil surface and with the point of contact in the area of sowing seeds, and the coulter is equipped with a removable drum to limit the depth of the coulter (copying). 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the coulter discs are interchangeable and arranged so that the discs converge in front of the seed sowing area, and the point of contact is determined by an angle of 60-70 ° between the horizontal plane of the coulter body and the center lines, passing through the centers of rotation of the disks. 3. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the press-and-roll rollers pivotally attached to the bed not only compact the sowing bed, but also shift the soil into the sowing furrow due to the acute angle of attack of the rollers in the horizontal plane. 4. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the seven pipelines are installed in the interdisc space of the double-disc coulter at a height above the soil, which excludes mixing of seeds and fertilizers, and the lower end of the fertilizer pipe is placed at an acute angle below the end of the seed pipe, placed at an obtuse angle . 5. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the working bodies on the bed are fixed with the possibility of adjusting the distance from each other and installing them in the working transport position by means of a lever-spring suspension and adjusting devices. 6. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a removable circular knife mounted in front of the opener with the ability to move it in a vertical plane and copy the relief of the field. 7. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the double-disc coulter body is T-shaped with lateral sides in the form of radial covers-brackets for protecting discs, the asymmetric rack of which has two threaded holes offset in the vertical and horizontal planes for mounting discs and two openings for placement in the interdisk space of the seventh guides. 8. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the double-disc coulter is equipped with a cultivator to form a loose bed for fertilizers and to prevent mixing of seeds and fertilizers. 9. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that the point of contact (contact) of the discs is in front, forming a wedge with an acute angle and is regulated by adjusting washers (seals) located between the coulter body and discs.