RU114147U1 - PALETTE FOR PLANIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF OBJECTS IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE - Google Patents

Abstract

1. A palette for planimetric measurements in biology and medicine, consisting of a transparent plate on which a scale-coordinate grid is applied, made as a rhythmic structure of a cell, built of intersecting lines forming intermediate, medium and large squares, each middle square is formed of 4 x in between, and each large of the 25 middle squares has writing fields, rounded edges and a pen. ! 2. The palette of claim 1, wherein the handle is foldable.

Description

The invention relates to the field of biology and medicine, in particular to methods for conducting planimetric measurements.

Known use for planimetric purposes, "Scale-coordinate paper", GOST 334-73 (hereinafter - graph paper). Scale-coordinate paper is a scale-coordinate grid printed on a sheet of paper, built of cells. Each large cell 50 × 50 mm in size is divided into 25 medium, each middle - 4 intermediate, each intermediate - 25 small cells with an area of 1 mm. Scale paper has a number of disadvantages. Firstly, in a whole series of cases, scale-and-coordinate paper is used to transfer graphic objects onto it using tracing paper and carbon paper, which inevitably reduces the reproduction accuracy of the object due to its multiple shifting - when transferring the image onto tracing paper and then onto graph paper. Secondly, Scale coordinate paper is suitable for single use only. Thirdly, scale-coordinate paper has a limited scope, mainly for engineering, drawing and graphic work. In particular, Scale-coordinate paper is unsuitable for direct planimetric measurements of objects in biology and medicine.

Known devices for measuring the area of flat objects based on the use of the photoelectric measurement method and containing a photodetector, a transparent cylinder, a transport mechanism, a calculation unit and a light source (AS USSR No. 932218, G01B 7/32, 1080; No. 731279, G01B 11 / 28, 1977). They are also designed to measure the area of only absolutely flat objects.

In medicine, it is known to determine the area of the wound surface using "Devices for determining the area of the wound surface" (utility model patent of the Republic of Belarus No. 3460, А61В 17/00, 2007). The method relates to surgery, normal and pathological anatomy, forensic medicine and can be used to determine the area of any pathological focus. This method involves the use of a device that is a light source, together with a nozzle, a mesh in the sleeve, a ruler and a screw lock. Before determining the area of the wound surface, the patient calibrates the device on graph paper to measure the area of one cell and the distance to the surface to be examined by moving the source of light, together with the nozzle and mesh in the sleeve relative to the ruler, and then securing the latter with a screw lock. The calibrated device is directed perpendicular to the wound to the stop on the device. The wound surface area is measured at the time of dressing by counting the total and incomplete light squares projected by the device on the wound. The advantages of this method are the low risk of infection and traumatic injury to the wound. The disadvantages of this method: 1 - the time spent on calibrating the device, 2 - the calculation of the sum of squares can be done only visually and only at the time of operation of the device, therefore, it is impossible to fix and transfer the measured object to information medium (for example paper), that is, it is impossible to double-check the measurement result and storage of primary information, 3 - it is impossible to postpone the process of counting squares, which requires a lot of time for each measured object, 4 - if the measured area has a large curvature In addition, distortion of the measurement results is possible. These disadvantages significantly limit the applicability of this method of planimetric measurements.

In medicine, the method of planimetric studies is known - the method of planimetric measurement of the area of wounds in the modification of L.N. Popova (Popova L.N. How the boundaries of the newly formed epidermis are measured during wound healing: abstract of thesis of Candidate of Medical Sciences / L.N. Popova. - Voronezh, 1942. - 22 p .; Theory and practice of local treatment of purulent wounds / E.P. Bezuglaya et al. / Edited by B.M. Datsenko. - K .: Zdorovya, 1995.- 384 p.). The essence of the method is that a transparent cellophane film is applied to the surface of the wound and the contours of the wound are transferred to this film. Then the contours are transferred to tracing paper and from tracing paper using carbon paper onto a sheet of graph paper. Next, the area of the object is calculated by counting millimeter squares. The advantages of this method are simplicity, convenience, cheapness. Disadvantages: 1 - high probability of measurement inaccuracy, because this method involves the possibility of shifting the measured graphic object during its transfer and overlay up to three times: fixing the object on film, on tracing paper, on graph paper; 2 - high time spent on the process of transferring the image from the film to graph paper.

A known method of measuring the area of wounds according to A.V. Cherkasov (A.S. SU No. 1675657, A61B 5/00, G01B 5/26, 1991). According to this method, a wound is copied onto a sheet carrier with a known specific gravity, a copy is cut out and transferred to an additional medium similar to the main one, an additional copy is cut out, it is weighed and the desired area is determined from the result.

Known methods for measuring the area of surface areas bounded by a complex contour are copying the contour onto the film by cutting, measuring the thickness and volume of the copy and calculating the area from the measured parameters. As a film, use a layer of plastic non-wettable polymer hardening material (A.S. No. 1670354, G01B 5/26, 1991), or polyethylene (A.S. No. 1335801, G01B 5/26, 1987), or an X-ray film (a. S. No. 1675657, G01B 5/26, A61B 5/00, 1991).

Known graphic methods for determining the area according to the plan or a map with, breaking the site into geometric shapes or using pallets (Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1975. - T.19. - S.117-118). In the first case, the desired area is divided into simple geometric shapes - triangles, rectangles and trapezoids, the area of the figures is calculated by geometric formulas, and the total area is determined as the sum of the areas of the individual figures. In the second case, a square palette is used, which is a sheet of a transparent base (glass, celluloid or wax), on which a grid of lines is applied that form squares of known sizes. A palette is arbitrarily imposed on the plan, the number of full and incomplete squares inside the site contour is calculated (http://window.edu.ru; Moiseichenko V.F. et al. Fundamentals of scientific research in fruit growing, vegetable growing and viticulture // Textbook for high schools. - M .: Kolos, 1994 .-- p. 131). Triangular pallets with a millimeter grid are also used (AS No. 25740, G01B 5/26, 1932).

It is known to use a parallel (linear) palette, which is a sheet of a transparent base, on which a series of parallel lines are applied at regular intervals. The palette is superimposed on a given section so that the extreme points of the contour are located in the middle between parallel lines of the palette. As a result, the area is divided into figures close to the trapezoid with equal heights, while the area is defined as the sum of the lengths of the trapezium midline measured with a curvimeter (RF patent No. 2145410, G01B 5/26, 2000; a.s. No. 28332, G01B 5 / 26, 1932).

It is known to use for calculating the area of a palette made in the form of a grid deposited on a transparent plate composed of a series of parallel and alternating solid and dashed lines and equipped with three scales for converting linear dimensions into quadratic ones (AS No. 93651, G01B 5/26, 1952).

It is known to use for calculating the geometric parameters of curved bodies of pallets made in the form of a network of lines built of diverging rays deposited on a transparent plate and bounded by a circle graduated by a degree scale (RF patent No. 2148787, G01B 5/26, 2000).

The present invention is the creation of a simple, convenient and accurate method of planimetric measurements for biology and medicine.

The technical result consists in the simplicity of using this method, the ability to store, recheck and edit the original factual information.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of planimetric measurements of objects in biology and medicine consists in applying a palette to the measured object and then calculating the desired area by any known method, according to the invention, onto a palette with a coordinate-coordinate grid, transfer the contour of the measured object and digitize the resulting contour .

The device is a palette made of a transparent plate on which a network of measuring lines is constructed that form squares of a known area. According to the invention, it contains a scale-coordinate grid made as a rhythmic structure of a cell constructed of intersecting lines that form intermediate, medium and large squares, each the middle square is made up of 4 intermediate squares, and each large of 25 middle squares has margins for writing, rounded edges and a pen.

A scale-coordinate grid can be created, for example, using vector computer graphics and printed using a laser printer on A4 transparent film for laser printers.

Palettes can be made of various sizes, for example, 2 × 2 cm, 3 × 3 cm, 5 × 5 cm, 10 × 10 cm, 15 × 15 cm.

Fields for drawing records are an area external to the grid with two lines located at a distance from each other, convenient for inscribing (for example, date, number or code of the measured object).

Each of the pallets in the lower part has a handle made in the form of a protrusion, and designed for the convenience of holding the grid with your fingers. For ease of use and storage, the handle can be made folding.

Each of the grids has rounded edges, eliminating the possibility of injury to the fingers of the researcher’s hands and damage to the measured object.

The scale-coordinate grid is made as the rhythmic structure of a cell constructed of intersecting thin lines 0.08 mm wide, forming small squares 1 × 1 mm in size. Dividing lines of greater thickness than the lines of small squares form intermediate, middle and large squares, which facilitates the visual perception of squares during measurements.

Intermediate squares measuring 5 × 5 mm are delimited by dividing lines with a thickness of 0.13 mm. The average squares of 10 × 10 mm in size are delimited by dividing lines of a thickness of 0.25 mm, each middle square is formed of 4 intermediate ones. The outer square, the dimensions of which correspond to the dimensions of the grid, is made with lines of thickness 0.35 mm.

For grids with dimensions of 5 × 5 cm, 10 × 10 cm and 15 × 15 cm, large squares with dimensions of 50 × 50 mm formed from 25 middle squares are made by dividing lines of 0.35 mm thickness.

Figure 1 shows a General view of the palette; figure 2 - indicators of the measurement of the area of the burn sections (table 1); figure 3 - indicators of measuring the area of ulcers of the gastric mucosa (table 2); figure 4 - indicators of measurements of the area, length and width of the leaves of the plant (table 3).

The palette consists of a transparent plate 1, on which a scale-coordinate grid 2 is applied by any known method, the plate has rounded edges 3 and an inscription field 4 in the upper part, and a handle 5 in the lower part.

A set of pallets allows you to carry out the following types of measurements during biomedical research:

1 - measurement of the area of an object, for example, in medicine - the area of burn sites, wounds, skin ulcers or mucous membranes, atherosclerotic plaques, etc .; in botany and biology - the area of leaves, petals or other flat parts of plants,

2 - measuring the length and width of an object, for example, in biology and medicine - the length and width of the internal organs of small laboratory animals; stems, leaves, petals or other flat parts of plants.

To take measurements of a specific object from a set, a pallet of a suitable size is selected. It is applied directly on top of the measured surface, which allows you to simply and conveniently visualize the object below it.

The contours of the measured object are applied directly to the palette using a waterproof marker with a thin rod other than black. The sizes or areas of objects are calculated in any known manner, for example, by simply counting the number of squares.

Since the contours of the measured object are applied immediately to the palette, the time required to transfer the image of the object is reduced and measurement inaccuracy is eliminated. It is possible to postpone the process of calculating the size or area of an object to a convenient point in time.

It is possible to digitize the contours of the measured objects deposited on a palette using a scanner or digital camera, therefore in the future it is possible to store, double-check and edit the original factual information.

It is possible to use one palette many times, since the contours drawn with the marker can be washed with a cotton ball moistened with a solution of 70% ethyl alcohol. Do not use acetone or other organic solvents for processing, as the mesh may wear out. The contours of the object should be applied to the wrong side of the grid relative to the applied grid, this increases the life of each palette, since there is no possibility of damage to the grid itself by scratching with a marker or erasing with a solvent.

If it is necessary to reuse a single palette, it can be washed with water and detergents and sterilized with a cotton ball moistened with alcohol or another antiseptic. With the specified processing method, the applied scale-coordinate grid is not erased with repeated use for a long time.

A set of pallets can be produced industrially (using industrial-produced films for laser printers).

The advantages of the method of planimetric studies using palettes with a scale-coordinate grid are simplicity, convenience, high accuracy, the possibility of reuse of one palette, relative cheapness, and the possibility of industrial production.

Example 1

Measurement of the area of experimental burn sites.

The studies were carried out on 50 white outbred male rats with an average body weight of 250 ± 10 g. The burn wound was simulated using an electric device for contact thermal burn. The device provides a stable temperature of 100 ° C, application time 10 seconds. 2 symmetric burns were applied to each animal on pre-depilated skin areas of the posterolateral surface of the body on both sides of the spine. The degree of burn is Sha, the total area is about 15.0% of the body surface area. Burns healed on their own. The area of the burn sections was measured on the 1st and 28th days after applying the burn according to the proposed method using a palette with a 5 × 5 cm grid, for this purpose, the palette was applied directly to the surface of the burn section and contours were drawn using a waterproof marker burn site. Then, the area of each burn area was calculated, the results were subjected to statistical processing with the calculation of the average value and the average error. The measurement results are presented in table 1 (figure 2).

Example 2

Measurement of the area of experimental ulcers of the gastric mucosa.

The studies were conducted on 50 white outbred male rats with an average body weight of 265.3 ± 6.0 g. Experimental ulcers of the gastric mucosa were simulated by a single oral administration of an official 2.5% sodium diclofenac solution (25 mg / ml) in an “ulcerogenic dose” component of 50.0 mg / kg in a volume of 0.5 ml / 250 g of animal body weight. 3 hours after the administration of diclofenac sodium, animals from the control, intact and experimental groups were killed under chloroform anesthesia and stomachs were removed to examine the state of the mucous membrane and measure ulcer area. Measurement of the area of ulcers was carried out according to the proposed method using a palette with a scale-coordinate grid 3 × 3 cm in size. For this, each of the stomachs was dissected according to the lesser curvature, washed, stretched on a flat pillow made of a dense foam covered with a plastic film, the edges were fixed with pins . A palette was applied directly to the surface of the gastric mucosa and a marker was applied to the contours of each of the existing ulcers without changing the position of the palette. The number of ulcers in pieces per animal and their total area for each animal were determined. The results were subjected to statistical processing with the calculation of the average value and the error of the mean. The measurement results are presented in table 2 (figure 3).

Example 3

Measure the area, length and width of the leaves of a plant.

The object of measurements was the leaves of the plant Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). To measure the area, length and width used leaves obtained from one plant, in the amount of 10 pieces. Each sheet was placed on white paper, laid on a flat surface of the laboratory bench. The area, length and width of the leaves were measured using the proposed method using a palette with a 10 × 10 cm grid. A palette was applied directly to the sheet, the external contours of the sheet were outlined with a marker and the area, length and width were calculated. The results were subjected to statistical processing with the calculation of the average value and the error of the mean. The measurement results are presented in table 3 (figure 4).

Claims (2)

1. A palette for planimetric measurements in biology and medicine, consisting of a transparent plate on which a scale-coordinate grid is applied, made as a rhythmic structure of a cell, built of intersecting lines forming intermediate, medium and large squares, each middle square is made up of 4- x intermediate, and each large of 25 average squares, has fields for writing, rounded edges and a pen. 2. The palette according to claim 1, characterized in that the handle is folding.