RO130927A0 - Four-cycle internal combustion heat engine using water as a fuel, instead of gasoline or gas-oil - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a four-cycle internal combustion heat engine which uses water as a fuel, instead of gasoline or gas-oil. According to the invention, the engine comprises a distribution mechanism (1), a piston (4) of reciprocating motion between an internal dead point PMI and an external dead point PME, inside a cylinder (3), the said piston (4) being in connection with a connecting rod - crank assembly (2) which converts the linear reciprocating motion into rotary motion, the front part of the cylinder (3) being closed by a cylinder cover in which an injector (9) is mounted to inject water into the cylinder (3) and some spark plugs meant to produce electric sparks, two exhaust and intake valves (7 and 10) being mounted on the same cylinder cover which has two recesses forming two manifolds (6 and 11), namely an exhaust manifold and an intake one, respectively, where the exhaust manifold (6) makes the connection with a cyclone-type particle recovery unit (5) meant to integrally recover the coke powder used as a catalyst.

Description

Four-stroke internal combustion engine that uses water as fuel instead of gasoline or diesel

Water is a compound substance made up of hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is one of the best fuels (it has a calorific value of 28450 kcal / kg, but it is also the lightest element being 14 times lighter than air). Hydrogen being a gas liquefies at a temperature of -252 ° C. It is an inexhaustible source, but a large amount of energy is consumed to obtain it. Obtaining hydrogen from water can be done with a high energy consumption of approx. 57.8 kcal / mol.

H2O _(g ) + ΔΗ = H2 (g) + l / 2 02 ( _g )

ΔΗ = 57.8 kcal / mol (enthalpy-water decomposition energy)

This energy is reduced if different substances are used which act as a catalyst. One such substance is coke, which is a product obtained by the dry distillation of certain categories of coal. Coke is much less reactive than charcoal and can be used to obtain hydrogen through the so-called water gas process ", where in addition to hydrogen, carbon monoxide CO and carbon dioxide CO2 are obtained.

H 2 O + C = CO + H2

CO2 + 2H2O = 2H2 + C

By converting it to water gas, other gases are obtained.

CO + H2O CO2 + H2 <=>

Applying the law of the masses:

K _ ⁿ C02 ^xn H2 ⁿ CO ^xn H _2O nco = n _H zo (denoted m) nco2 = n _H 2 (denoted by n ₂ ) nco = nH2o (number of moles CO and H2O) nco2 = n _H 2 (number of moles of CO2 and H ₂ )

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The equation of mass law becomes:

| Z_ ( ⁿ z)

At a temperature of 686 ° CK = 1,9 it represents the proportionality ratio n ₂ , - - 1,38

Hi

At equilibrium the amounts of CO2, H2, CO and H2 O are present in molar proportions of 1.38; 1.38; 1.00;

1.00.

The molar proportions of CO ₂ and H2 are:

1.38 (2 x 1.38) + (2 x 1.00) ^{X 100} “ ^29%

The molar percentages of H2O and CO are 21%. In order to obtain H2 in the highest possible proportion, it is advantageous to work at temperatures as low as possible but not lower than 500 ° C.

t = 686 ° C 830 ° C 936 ° C 1500 ° C

K = 1.9 1 0.62 0.25

At lower temperatures, the concentrations of H2 and CO _{2 increase} . Blowing steam over the layer of incandescent coal (coke) takes place the reaction:

C + H2O-> CO + H2 ΔΗ = 31.2 kcal / mol

The reaction takes place in this sense at temperatures above 1200 ° C, below 1000 ° C the reaction takes place:

C + 2H ₂ O-> CO ₂ + 2H ₂ ΔΗ = 21.6 kcal / mol

The concentration of water gas is 40% -44% volumes of CO.

48% -50% volume of H ₂ .

(C.D.Nenitescu, General Chemistry, 17-4.6, p.375)

From the decomposition of water is obtained hydrogen which is a very good fuel (with a calorific value of 28450 Kcal./kg.) as well as oxygen which in this case can be a good oxidant for hydrogen. For this we must make the reaction between the carbon in the coke and the oxygen resulting from the decomposition of water not take place, this implying certain conditions which are:

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- the existence of a catalyst which is coke

- the existence of an electric spark that makes the oxygen obtained not to combine with the carbon in the coke but through a detonation process to combine with hydrogen.

These conditions can be obtained inside a four-stroke internal combustion engine, depending on the existence of a closed chamber in which the reaction of decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen in a very short time. Also in this space there must be a device that produces an electric spark at the right time, ie immediately after the injection of water into the cylinder. To facilitate the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, it is introduced into the cylinder with the help of an injector that makes the introduced water almost vaporized, which facilitates the process of water decomposition by the fact that the decomposition energy decreases from 68 , 3Kcal / mol to 57.8Kcal / mol. Thus in a kilogram of water you sound 0.11 kg. of hydrogen and 0.89 kg of oxygen which is the oxidant needed to burn hydrogen. The coke used as a catalyst is ground and brought to a granulation of 40 microns, so that it can be sucked into the cylinder and after participating in the decomposition of water can be discharged from the cylinder without causing damage.

The temperature condition can be obtained in a piston internal combustion engine. The temperature in the cylinder is increased until it reaches the value of 1300 ° C, sufficient temperature for the water decomposition reaction to start in the direction:

C + H ₂ O ^ CO + H ₂ ΔΗ = 31.2 kcal / mol

As the water is blown by the injector, the coke temperature drops and from 1000 ° C the reaction takes the following form.

C + H ₂ O-> CO ₂ + 2H ₂ ΔΗ = 21.6 kcal / mol and continue until the temperature reaches approx. 570 ° C. This reaction takes place with the release of oxygen necessary for the operation of the engine.

Engine: D2156HMN8

Nr. cylinders: 6

Cylinder bore (mm): 121

Piston stroke (mm): 130

Cylinder (cm ³ ): 10350

Compression ratio: 17 <* - 2015-- 0 0 6 7 2 1 8 -08- 2015

Specific diesel consumption (g / CPh): 165

Ci (cylinder capacity of a cylinder-cm ³ ): 1725 n = speed (rpm) = 2200 n _c = number of cycles = 1100

1100 x60 = 66000 piston cycles / h

66000 x6 = 396000 nr. total cycles

765x215 = 35475 g / h

35475/396000 = 0.08958g piston consumption / cycle

0, 08958 g diesel / piston cycle

18g H20 ................................. 2gH2 The amount of hydrogen in a gram of water lg H _? A ..................................... XgH?

X = 0, llgH ₂ calorific value in kcal / kg and kj / kg

H C = 28947 Kca / kg = 120000 kj / kg

Diesel C = 10167 Kcal / kg = 42500 kj / kg

Gasoline C = 10465 Kcal / kg = 43744 kj / kg

0.08958g diesel ........................................... 42500k] / kg Quantity of hydrogen required for a piston cycle

X ................................................. ............................. 121000kl / kg

X = 0.03146gH ₂

2g h ₂ 18g H2O The amount of water required for a piston cycle

0.03146gH _? _............................... XgH; A

X = 0.28314 g H ₂ O «-2015-- 0 0 6 7 2 1 ί -09- 2015

0.28314g Η ₂ Ο for 0.03146g H ₂

2gH ₂ ........................................ ...... 18gH ₂ O The amount of hydrogen in a gram of water XeH? ....................................... LGH .....? A X = O, llg H ₂ in lg H ₂ O

2g H ₂ ............................................... ..lmol H ₂ Equivalence between 0.1 lg H ₂ and X mol H ₂ corresponding to it

0.11 gH ₂ .......................................... X mol H?

X = O, O55 mol H ₂

1 mol H ₂ O = 0.29 mol H ₂ By injecting water in the form of very fine drops over the incandescent coke (approximately 1300 ² C) the water begins to decompose into H ₂ and O ₂ as the temperature of the coke decreases. At 686 ² C from one mole of water results 0.29 moles of H ₂ , leaving 0.21 moles of water that decompose as the temperature of the coke decreases. 0.29 mol CO ₂ 0.2 mol CO 0.21 mol H ₂ O lmolH ₂ .......... .................................... 2gH ₂ The amount in grams of H ₂ contained in 0.29 mol of H ₂ 0.29mol H? ... ..................................... XSH? X = 0.58gH ₂ 2gH ₂ ............... .................................... 18gH ₂ o The amount of water required for 0.58 grams H ₂ 0.58eH? ......... ..................................... XgH? A X = 5.22gH ₂ O lmolH ₂ 0 ....... ....................................... 18gH ₂ O The amount of water in grams required for 0 , 29 moles of H ₂ O 0.29molH? A. ........................................ XgH? A X = 5.22gH ₂ O

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2gH2 ................................................. ...... ISgFhO The amount of water required for a piston cycle

0.03146gH? ........................................... XeHzO

X = 0.28314gH ₂ O

So the D2156HMN8 engine consumes 0.08958g diesel / piston cycle, equivalent to 0.03146gH2 that can be obtained from 0.28314 grams of water. The existing coke in the cylinder is in the form of a powder that does not compact, the earthy coals and amorphous lignites can be briquetted without binder but with high pressures (approx. 1200-1600 kgf / cm ² ) and after a preliminary drying at the hydroscopic humidity. ”

The upper brown coals, coal, anthracite and woody lignites can only be briquetted with the addition of binder, in this case the briquetting can be performed at lower pressures (100-300 kgf / cm ² ).

Nica Toma, Briquetting of coal and other materials.

The coke powder can be pressed and change its volume according to ISO 3923-1 and ISO 3923-2 which indicate the apparent density.

ISO 3953 - indicates shaking density

ISO 4490 - indicates flow capacity

ISO 3927 - indicates presability

With this engine, hydrogen can be obtained from water, which in the presence of electric sparks burns violently and leads to its operation.

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This engine transforms the chemical energy of water into thermal energy which is then transformed into mechanical energy. The engine consists of the following components (generally) shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 1 (general diagram of the engine):

- wheels of the distribution mechanism (1)

- crank mechanism (2)

- piston (4)

- cylinder (3)

- cylinder head (8)

- exhaust valve (7)

- exhaust manifold (6)

- injector (9)

- inlet valve (10)

- intake manifold (11)

- coke recuperator (5)

- coke tank (12)

- injection pump (14)

- gear pump (13)

- glow plug (16)

Figure 2 (cylinder head):

- spark plugs (2 and 5)

- injector (3)

- exhaust valve (4)

- inlet valve (6)

- cylinder head (1)

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The piston 4 moves alternately between the inner dead center PM1 and the outer dead center PME in the cylinder 3. The piston is connected to the connecting rod-crank assembly by means of which the alternative linear motion is transformed into rotational motion. The front of the cylinder is closed by the cylinder head in which are mounted the injector 9 which has the role of injecting water into the cylinder and the spark plugs 2 and 5 which have the role of producing the electric spark. Also on the cylinder head are mounted the two exhaust valves 7 and the inlet 10. The cylinder head has two more recesses that form the intake manifold 11 and the exhaust manifold ¢. On the side with the exhaust valve is the exhaust gallery 6 which connects to the particle recuperator 5. This may be a cyclone-type recuperator which has the role of fully recovering the coke powder which acted as a catalyst and which is discharged by to the engine after helping to operate it.

My invention aims to eliminate CO and CO2 which are two very strong pollutants for the environment. The elimination of the two compounds (CO and CO2) can be obtained by using an electric spark and using the property of coke which is much less reactive than charcoal.

Following the above, the chemical reaction takes the following form:

C + 2H2 O + O2 = C + 2H

This reaction can take place in the cylinder of a four-stroke heat engine and is valid for a very short time. Mixed hydrogen and oxygen form the so-called detonating gas. Water is introduced into the cylinder by injection when the coke has reached a temperature of 1300 ^e C.

Immediately after the end of the water injection in the cylinder, an electric spark occurs which will ignite the detonating gas which will burn violently with the release of energy. The amount of energy is higher than that used to decompose the water and the reaction takes the following form:

+ 2H2 + O2 = 2H2 O + COX COX

From the above described it results that we are dealing with an engine that consumes a very cheap fuel and is not polluting, eliminating only water vapor in the air. The coke used as a catalyst in the development of the water decomposition reaction is recovered according to my invention by a cyclone type recuperator.

The four-stroke internal combustion engine has the following component parts which are shown in figure 3. Distribution pinion 1 which is located on the crankshaft of the engine and from which starts the movement which is transmitted to the other moving parts by means of transmission chains 9 , 43 and 47. The crankshaft 2 is connected to the crankshaft arm 3, the crankshaft 4, the connecting rod 5, the piston pin 6, or 2 Ο 1 5 - - 0 0 6 7 2 1 8 -08- 2015

Jî 'piston 14. All this forms the connecting rod-crank assembly which has the role of transforming the reciprocating motion into a rotating motion. In this transformation also participates the segment 8 which has the role of lubricating the moving surfaces and the sealing segments 12 which have the role of not allowing the passage of hydrogen and oxygen from the cylinder 39 in the oil bath. There are four sealing segments. The engine supply system includes the supply valve 25 with the sealing sleeve 26 and the valve seat 24 and the push rod with the lugs 38, the rockers 28 and 21, the axles of the rockers 29 and 22 and the intake manifold of the intake valve 37.

For the actuation of the intake valve is the distribution shaft 41 with the cam 40 which is driven by the chain 43 and which also drives the wheel 10. Through the evacuation of coke and water vapor the exhaust valve 17 is used which together with the seat 16, the bushing seal 19, pusher rod 13, rocker arm 21, rocker arm shaft 22, valve return spring 20, exhaust manifold 18 form the exhaust system which is connected to the cyclone type recuperator which ensures the recovery of coke in the tank. In the front part, ie in the cylinder head, there is an injector 23 mounted with which the water that constitutes the fuel for this engine is injected as fine particles as possible.

The injector is mounted in the center of the circle that has the same circumference as the cylinder inside which the piston moves 14. Also in the cylinder head but not visible, are mounted the two spark plugs that are on a diameter perpendicular to the two valves, intake and exhaust. On the distribution shaft that actuates the exhaust valve is mounted the injection pump that feeds the injector 23. Actuated by the distribution shaft of the intake valve is mounted the feed pump type with gear that brings the coke in the valve intake gallery of admission. The distribution system also includes the intermediate wheel 44 which ensures the transmission ratio ½ (between pinion 1 and the intermediate wheel 44). Also on the axis 46 of the intermediate wheel is the wheel 45 which through the chain 43 transmits the movement to the wheel 42. The rotational movement from pinion 1 to the intermediate wheel 44 is done with the chain 47. During operation, the piston moves between PMI (point dead center), PME (outer dead center). The engine I proposed is a hybrid between a MAS spark ignition engine and a MAC compression ignition engine.

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working

The four-stroke internal combustion engine that uses water as fuel works according to the following diagram which is a theoretical diagram.

Time 1

Admission (portion AB)

Time 2

Compression, injection, spark, explosion (part BC1)

Time 3

Expansion (portion C1D)

Time 4

Evacuation (portion DA)

Time 1 -Admission (portion AB)

This time takes place in the interval in which the piston is positioned between the inner dead center PM1 and the outer dead center PME, during which time the intake valve is open. In the gallery of the intake valve is the coke brought by the volumetric supply pump. The pump is with a gear that has split teeth after the engine operating cycle (see drawing shown in figure 5).

- during time 1 the wheel is smooth with the maximum outer diameter so that it cannot bring coke into the intake gallery

- during time 2 the wheel has one or two teeth that bring the coke into the intake manifold

- during times 3 and 4 the wheel is smooth; during this time the coke existing in the intake manifold is heated by means of the incandescent spark plug existing in the intake manifold. Once time 4 is over, the existing coke in the intake manifold and heated is admitted into the cylinder.

When the piston has reached the PME time 1 ends and time 2 begins.

Time 2-Compression, injection, spark, explosion (portion BC1) ^ -2015-- 006721 I -Μ- 2015

This time begins when the piston is at PME and begins to move towards PML From this moment begins the compression of the coke from the cylinder which is in the form of powder. By compressing the coke, the pressure in cylinder 39 increases. This is due to the fact that the compression process takes place in a closed enclosure (the two inlet and outlet valves 25,17 being closed)

As the pressure in the cylinder increases, the temperature of the coke particles also increases, the temperature rises to around 1300 ^e C, at which point the water is injected into the cylinder using the injector 23. The water injected into the cylinder in the form of very fine particles is transformed. in vapors due to the high temperature in the cylinder. The vapors formed collide with the coke particles and the following chemical reaction takes place:

+ 2H2O = 2H2 + O2 + COX COX

This reaction takes place with an energy consumption of only 21.6 kcal / mol. The reaction takes place in point S on the operation diagram and is valid only for a very, very short time. The oxygen formed does not have time to combine with coke which is much less reactive than charcoal.

In order to prevent the formation of CO and CO2 in the S point of the operating diagram, an electric spark is produced by the two spark plugs, which ignites the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen, which explodes and releases a large amount of energy. The amount of energy is equal to 57.8 kcal / mol, this being equal to the energy of water formation.

2H2 + O2 = 2H2O + 57.8 kcal / mol

Point S is very close to point E and can be adjusted from the distributor breaker that supplies the two spark plugs and which is driven by the distribution valve of the exhaust valve 11. Once the spark occurs, the mixture of hydrogen and oxygen and the piston explode. of the inertia it has, it traverses the SCI space reaching PM1.

From this moment time 3 begins.

Time 3- Relaxation (portion C1D)

This time occurs in the interval when the piston is located between PMI and PME on the operating diagram between CI and D. During this time the piston is pushed by water vapor and coke particles which are at maximum pressure and temperature. In SMEs, water vapor and coke particles are at minimum temperatures and temperatures. Through this movement the thermal energy of water vapor and coke particles is transformed into mechanical energy, this being done through the connecting rod-crank mechanism that transforms the linear reciprocating motion of the piston into motion ¢ (- 2 0 1 5 - - 0 0 6 7 2 ι a -oa- 2οβ

rotation. Due to the fact that the piston exerts an action of water vapor and coke particles, time 3 is also called engine time. An energy equal to the difference between the two reactions acts on the piston:

2H2O + COCS + A H = 2H2 + O2 Δ H = 21.6 kcal / mol

2Η2 + θ2 = 2Η2θ + Δ Δ H = -57.8 kcal / mol

Δ H = - 36.2 kcal / mol

The difference between the two reactions is appreciable and can be transformed into mechanical energy that can be used for different purposes. Once the piston reaches the PME time 3 and time 4 begins.

Time 4 - Evacuation (portion DA)

It takes place in the interval as the piston moves in PME and PMI. During this time, the drain valve opens and begins the evacuation of coke and water vapor formed in the cylinder during 2. The evacuation is done progressively through the drain valve whose opening is controlled by a cam. Exhaust is done until the piston reaches PMI, at which point the exhaust valve closes and the engine cycle resumes. Water vapor and coke particles will pass through the cyclone-type particle recuperator which has the role of recovering the coke used in the water decomposition process carried out in the cylinder. From the above it results that the coke used by the engine is not consumed, it being used only as a catalyst that makes the water decomposition reaction H2O = H2 + l / 2 02 to take place with a lower energy consumption. than the energy obtained by the violent combustion of hydrogen into oxygen. From the presented results that we are talking about a clean engine that uses a very cheap fuel that is found in large quantities on the surface of the earth. The coke being recovered can be used an infinite number of times, depending on the performance of the recuperator.

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Appendix

By choosing a compression ratio between 20-22 the existing coke in the intake chamber (in powder form) is heated by the glow plug (position 16, figure 1) to your temperature oteSOO ² C, after which time 1 is allowed in the cylinder. During time 2, the coke is compressed by approx. 20 times so that the coke temperature will reach a value of approx. 1300 ² C when the piston is at point E of the operating diagram. This heating process during the compression of the coke puberty is an adiabatic process that makes the temperature T ₂ can reach 1300 ² C (equivalent to 1573 K). Heating occurs according to the formula:

^T '= ^T ' @ '' ¹

Ti = coke temperature at the inlet to the cylinder

T ₂ = coke temperature when the piston is at point E

Vi = cylinder volume when P is PME

V ₂ = cylinder volume when P is PMI

Q γ = adiabatic coefficient γ = - C „= molar heat at constant pressure c _v

C _v = molar heat at constant volume γ = 1.438

At this point, water is injected in the form of very fine drops that begin to decompose into hydrogen and oxygen, the process of decomposing the water taking place with the cooling of the coke powder. The amount of hydrogen increases with the decrease of the coke temperature to around the temperature of 600 ² C.

Coke does not manage to combine with oxygen because coke is much less reactive than charcoal. When the temperature reaches 600 ² C the spark that detonates the hydrogen-oxygen mixture occurs.

Claims (2)

claims 1. The four-stroke internal combustion engine that uses water as fuel is an engine that can be built on a MAC engine block. For its operation we must decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen with an amount of energy less than 57.8 kcal / mol. This can be done using coke as a catalyst at a grain size of 40 microns. It is brought into the intake manifold of the intake valve 37 from the engine tank with a volume pump. From here, once the inlet valves 34 and 35 are opened, it is sucked into the cylinder 48. Due to the compression to which the coke is subjected, its temperature reaches a value of 1300 ⁹ C, at which point water is injected into the cylinder by the injector 23 in the form of very fine drops, the injection is made with a sprayer that has four very small holes. After the injection, the electric spark produced by the two spark plugs that ignite the detonating gas takes place, after which the detonation takes place and the piston goes to the PME, now taking place the only engine time. After that the exhaust valve 17 opens and the water vapor together with the coke existing in the cylinder 48 are eliminated in the exhaust gallery 18 and from here to the cyclone type separator where the coke is recovered in the tank and the water vapor is eliminated in the atmosphere, this engine being a non-polluting engine. 2. In the case of a four-stroke internal combustion engine, coke is used only as a catalyst. This allows water to be broken down into hydrogen and oxygen by only 21.6 kcal / mol instead of 57.8 \ l <Z3 \ I mol, leaving available 35.2 kcal / mol that can be transformed! in mechanical work, it can be used for various purposes, a transformation that happens without any emission of toxic gases (CO and CO2).