PL9760B1 - Method of hardening steel against the action of hot gases and vapors. - Google Patents
Method of hardening steel against the action of hot gases and vapors. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- PL9760B1 PL9760B1 PL9760A PL976026A PL9760B1 PL 9760 B1 PL9760 B1 PL 9760B1 PL 9760 A PL9760 A PL 9760A PL 976026 A PL976026 A PL 976026A PL 9760 B1 PL9760 B1 PL 9760B1
- Authority
- PL
- Poland
- Prior art keywords
- vapors
- hot gases
- steel
- action
- grains
- Prior art date
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010011416 Croup infectious Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Description
Dzialanie goracych gazów i par na stal czyni te ostatnia wogóle krucha, co ze swej strony, np. przy kotlach parowych lub zbiornikach wysokopreznych, prowadzi do tworzenia sie rys. Sklonnosc do tworzenia sie rys jest tem wieksza, im wyzsze jest ci¬ snienie robocze. Zmiany w budowie krysta¬ licznej wywolane dzialaniem goracych ga¬ zów i par polegaja na rozszerzeniu sie znaj¬ dujacych sie w stanie napietym granic miedzy ziarnami, jak równiez na niezbada¬ nych jeszcze procesach, zachodzacych w rzeczonych miejscach rozgraniczaj acych ziarna. Procesy te przebiegaja prawdopo¬ dobnie w ten sposób, iz w miejscach, roz¬ graniczajacych ziarna, skladniki stali wste¬ puja w reakcje z gazami (np. w" kotlach pa¬ rowych z produktami rozkladu wody wo¬ dorem i tlenem), z których ten ostatni in statu nascendi szczególnie latwo rozszerza granice miedzy ziarnami. Te ostatnie, któ¬ re nalezy uwazac jako siedlisko tlenków pokrywajacych poszczególne ziarna w po¬ staci zwartej blony, tworza mianowicie w stanie elastycznego napiecia droge, która przenikaja gazy i pary; przenikajace gazy i pary ze swej strony sprowadzaja szkodli¬ we zmiany w spoistosci poszczególnych ziarn krystalicznych i w ten sposób wywo¬ luja stopniowo wzrastajaca kruchosc, któ¬ ra mozna nazwac starzeniem sia materjala.Wynalazek ma na celu wytworzyc spo¬ sób, po zastosowaniu którego gorace gazy i pary nie moga juz dzialac szkodliwie na stal lub przedmioty z niej wykonane. Cel ten w mysl wynalazku osiaga si^f poddajacstal lub przedmioty z niej wykonane ob¬ róbce uszlachetniajacej, zapomoca której czastki tlenków, znaj dujace sie miedzy ziar¬ nami, zostana tak dalece rozdrobnione, iz granice miedzy ziarnami nie beda mogly byc juz zauwazone.Przy przeprowadzaniu sposobu stano¬ wiacego przedmiot niniejszego wynalazku, stosuje sie najkorzystniej stal (np. zawie¬ rajaca okolo V<2 do A% niklu, V2 do 2% chromu i 0,1 do 0,4% wegla), w której za¬ pomoca szybkiego ochlodzenia wystepuje powyzej punktu kalescencji tworzenie sie martensytu i w której po nastepuj acem po¬ tem wygrzewaniu (w podanym powyzej przykladzie do temperatury okolo 600 do 650°) osiaga sie zadana wytrzymalosc, bez tworzenia sie jedriak granic miedzy ziarna¬ mi i bez wystepowania jakichkolwiek zmian w rozmieszczeniu tlenków. Skoro stal podobna ulepszyc w sposób wskaza¬ ny natenczas po wytrawieniu nie mozna juz obserwowac granic miedzy ziarnami, co wskazuje na to, ze stal zostala doprowa¬ dzona do stanu najwyzszej zwartosci, przy którym przenikanie wglab goracych gazów i par jest wykluczone, a wiec stal juz sie nie zmienia.Oprócz chromu i niklu jako domieszki wchodza w gre krzem, wanad i wolfram; ilosc domieszek dobiera sie w zaleznosci od przekroju przedmiotów, jakie ze stali maja byc wykonane. PL PLThe action of hot gases and vapors on the steel makes the latter generally brittle, which for its part, for example in steam boilers or high-pressure tanks, leads to crack formation. The tendency to crack formation is greater the higher the operating pressure. The changes in the crystalline structure caused by the action of hot gases and vapors consist in the expansion of the boundaries between the grains in the state of tension, as well as in the still unexplored processes occurring at the points separating the grains. These processes are likely to take place in such a way that in the places where the grains border, the steel components react with gases (e.g. in steam boilers with products of decomposition of water with hydrogen and oxygen), from which the latter in stat nascendi particularly easily extends the boundaries between the grains. on their part, vapors bring about harmful changes in the cohesiveness of individual crystalline grains and thus induce a gradual increase in brittleness, which can be called aging of the material. The invention aims to produce a method whereby hot gases and vapors do not may already have a detrimental effect on steel or objects made from it. a joint, whereby the oxide particles between the grains will be so fragmented that the grain boundaries will no longer be noticed. In carrying out the method of the present invention, steel (e.g. containing about V <2 to A% nickel, V2 to 2% chromium and 0.1 to 0.4% carbon), in which the formation of martensite occurs by rapid cooling above the calcination point and which is then followed by the desired strength is achieved (in the example above, to a temperature of about 600 to 650 °), without the formation of grain boundaries and without any changes in the distribution of the oxides. Since similar steel is improved in the manner indicated, then after etching it is no longer possible to observe the grain boundaries, which indicates that the steel has been brought to the state of the highest compactness, at which the penetration of hot gases and vapors into the cavities is excluded, and thus the steel it does not change anymore. Apart from chromium and nickel, the additives include silicon, vanadium and tungsten; the number of admixtures is selected depending on the cross-section of the objects to be made of steel. PL PL
Claims (2)
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| PL9760B1 true PL9760B1 (en) | 1929-01-31 |
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