PL240339B1 - Mixture of biodegradable waste for making a substrate for plant adaptation in areas with poor soil and in degraded areas - Google Patents

Description

The mixture is used:

- for the cultivation of urban vegetation in countries with a warm climate and with a soil deficit,

- as a good material for the rehabilitation of degraded areas,

- as a soil improving agent,

- as a growth stimulator.

From the Polish patent application No. P.389087, an agent for biological reclamation of desert, sandy and dusty substrates is known, consisting mainly of waste fibrous materials with the addition of activators, seeds, characterized by the fact that it consists of layers placed on top of the other, the bottom layer applied directly on a desert, sandy or dusty substrate consisting of a semi-liquid cellulose mass made of waste comminuted cellulose products in an amount of up to 80% by volume and water, to a thickness of several to several dozen centimeters, and a top layer applied dry after the first layer has concentrated, to the thickness of from a few to several dozen centimeters, consisting of up to 80% by volume of waste shredded fibrous materials obtained from fabrics and natural and / or artificial fibers, waste shredded cellulose materials, including waste packaging products in the amount of up to 80% by volume, containing a hydrogel in the amount of 50-200 g per 1 m ² of substrate evenly distributed in the mass distributed, adsorbents in the amount of up to 20% by volume, agents supporting plant vegetation in a given climate, and plant seeds and / or plant seeds and plants protected with mycelial strains Effective Active microorganisms "EMa", irrigated after unfolding and sowing plant seeds and planting already formed plants, depending on weather conditions.

Polish patent description No. 182379 describes a mass for covering municipal waste deposited in landfills in order to insulate the substrate and absorb unpleasant odors and at the same time recultivate the substrate, consisting of waste fibrous materials, containing in its composition from 20 to 80% by weight of shredded waste paper , from 10 to 70% by weight of natural and / or artificial fabrics and fibers, from 4 to 40% by weight of water, from 1 to 5% by weight of disinfectants, from 5 to 30% by weight of adsorptive agents, and optionally additionally contains grass plant seeds from admixture of fertilizers in the amount necessary for their growth, and optionally additionally comprises a hardener, preferably polyvinyl alcohol - aqueous acrylic polymer, in an amount of 5 to 30% by weight.

Polish patent specification No. 186343 describes a method of biological activation of a pulp from waste fibrous materials, according to which the mass consisting of shredded waste paper, shredded fabrics and natural fibers and water, additionally contains a colloidal adsorber, preferably kaolin in an amount from 1 to 0% by weight. by weight, moderator preferably alkaline and / or acidic sodium phosphate and sodium bicarbonate in an amount of 1 to 2% by weight of the weight, artificial or organic fertilizer in an amount of 1 to 5% by weight of the weight, and bacterial strains and / or protozoan colonies in trace amounts, whereby seeds of plants, especially grasses, are added in an amount of 5 to 8% by weight of the mass, selected depending on its intended use. Such a mass is intended for covering landfills, especially municipal waste, including the reclamation of sand and gravel wastelands, where plant seeds are added to the mass: gray brush (Corynopharus canescens), sedum (sedum acre), yellow seed (Melilotus officinalis) , morning glory (Convolvulus avvensis), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), mullein (Werbascum olirapicum), European blower (Elymus arenarius).

Another Polish patent description No. 162 849 describes a method of reclamation of barren surfaces with sediments from municipal sewage treatment plants, which are covered with an insulating layer, preferably made of native material, where reclamation is carried out in two stages on the entire formed reclaimed surface, consisting of a fertile infectious and non-fertile subsurface layer. aseptic surface treatment, whereby seedlings of tall vegetation are planted first by introducing their root system into the subsurface layer of sediments from municipal sewage treatment plants, and then, after the period when the growing foliage discharges from tall vegetation are enriched with an aseptic insulating layer with humus substances, low vegetation on this layer.

PL 240 339 B1

From the Polish patent application no. P.311614, a mortar for land reclamation is known, used in the reclamation of damaged areas, e.g. built-up, trampled lawns, built roadside slopes. The mortar consists of 3-6 parts by weight of crushed recycled fibers, 1-2 parts by weight of mineral supplements, 2-3 parts by weight of humus and 1-3 parts by weight of water. Clays with mineral fertilizers mixed with each other in proportions from 10: 1 to 3: 1 are used as fillers. The mortar is mixed in a known device and sprayed onto the reclaimed surface also using a known device.

A review of world magazines did not show a single work with the use of waste used by us and their proportions in order to create an artificial substrate for the adaptation of plants in areas with a warm climate and poor in soil.

Disadvantages and disadvantages of current solutions

- the use of unselected contaminated waste fractions,

- use of artificial fibers,

- lack of information on the specific proportions and the impact of the components used on plants,

- no information about the possibility of applying solutions in countries with a warm climate and soil deficit.

A mixture of biodegradable waste for the production of a substrate for the adaptation of plants in areas with poor soil and degraded areas, containing waste paper, minerals and textiles according to the invention, is characterized by the fact that natural textiles constitute at least 20% by volume, but not more than 50%, colored newspaper is 10-20% of the volume, gray newspaper is 5 to 15% of the volume, cardboard is 5-15% of the volume, printed office paper 5% of the volume, compost 15% of the volume, sand 10% of the volume. The size of the shredded waste fractions in the form of colored newspaper, gray newspaper, cardboard, office paper and natural textiles is 8-10 mm.

The compost is green.

The waste used provides plants with nutrients, meets the minimum quality requirements, does not contain pollutants in amounts exceeding their permissible values.

The results of pot tests, carried out in specially stimulated conditions, show the ability of the substrate to maintain adequate humidity in extreme temperature conditions.

Pot vegetation studies show that the produced substrate meets the criteria for natural use, for spatial development of urban green areas, meets the criteria as a substrate for non-agricultural cultivation and for the reclamation of degraded areas.

The field tests on the mixture showed that the grass (Reed fescue) developed vegetative shoots, inflorescence shoots, developed a correct root system. The development of the grass between the part with the optimal mixture and the part with garden soil did not show large differences, the growth of the whole plant in both parts was similar and ranged from 80 to 90 cm. Leaves and shoots properly developed, no physiological disturbances.

The fraction of natural textiles plays an important role, it acts as an insulator against weather conditions, maintains humidity at the optimal level for seeds, and promotes rapid germination. In addition, natural textiles are rich in nutrients - plants grow faster, so it is important that the minimum fraction volume is 20% of the total. Together with compost and other fractions, they create a good-quality substrate and the basis for the reconstruction of degraded areas, for the creation of green areas in areas with a soil deficit. The properties of the substrate have a direct impact on the size and quality of the obtained crops. The material used to create the substrate is capillary and hygroscopic, it absorbs moisture from water vapor in the air, from moisture in the ground or from dew deposited on the surface. Thanks to these properties, the substrate is able to maintain humidity, and the material used protects the plants (seeds) against drying out. This is another important reason for the legitimacy of using selected groups of biodegradable waste to create a substrate for plant adaptation in regions with a warm climate and poor in soil.

In countries with warm climates, it is recommended to apply the substrate at the end of summer or mid-winter; winter in these countries is short and characterized by moderate temperatures in the range of 7-21 ° C. There are no obstacles to sowing in the summer season, because the composition of the substrate protects the grass seeds from drying out due to its hygroscopic properties.

PL 240 339 B1

The conducted research on the selection of a mixture from selected groups of municipal waste such as textiles, cardboard and paper products, on the one hand, provide new possibilities for their management, which contributes to the minimization of the amount of waste sent to landfills, and on the other hand, these mixtures can be used for plant adaptation in soil-poor regions.

The use of these wastes as an element of the substrate for plant adaptation will minimize the amount of waste sent to landfills, help to reduce the amount of water used for continuous irrigation of sandy soils.

Substrate made of biodegradable waste may have benefits for waste management.

Waste paper products can be recycled several times, eventually the material loses its properties and paper waste has to be disposed of using various methods. In addition, not all paper waste can be processed into waste paper, for example due to dirt or excessive humidity. Textile waste is a forgotten waste, and heavy and difficult to recycle and manageable waste is given a lot of attention. These wastes are characterized by the speed of decomposition, it is decisive for the proper course of this process; the presence of appropriate populations of microorganisms and environmental parameters influencing their activity and rate of change. Therefore, the use of this waste as a component of the soil mixture for plant adaptation can be considered justified.

The deficit of water resources is one of the most serious problems of countries with a warm climate, it is a major obstacle to the development of these countries. From an economic point of view, irrigation in countries with a dry, warm climate does not benefit the state budget. The water costs of growing crops exceed the value of the goods.

Regions with warm climates struggle with water and soil deficit. The tested substrate for plant adaptation may help to solve the problem of soil and water deficit to a minimum extent. The water capacity and hygroscopicity of the produced substrate will mean that water consumption will be much lower - especially in rapidly developing cities, where huge financial resources are spent on greening urban areas. These programs involve the transport of soil from other countries or intensive irrigation.

The use of selected groups of biodegradable waste for this purpose, on the one hand, leads to the creation of an artificial substrate for use in the adaptation of plants in areas with poor soil, and on the other hand, it is a method of waste disposal, of great importance for the management of municipal waste and the natural environment under economically and ecologically.

The solution is shown in the drawings, where:

Fig. 1 shows the test stand, Fig. 2 shows the germination rate of grass in a vase with a mixture and compost, Fig. 3 shows the average height of the grass in the mixture with the addition of all waste fractions, compost and sand, Fig. 4 shows the mixture 50 days after mixing , after completion of the pot tests, Fig. 5 shows Table 1 properties of the soil used for the tests as a control sample, Fig. 6 average day and night temperatures in September 2018, Fig. 7 shows a photograph of a plot with a part with a mixture on the left side , on the right with the ground, Fig. 8 is a photograph of the growth of grass on a substrate with waste fractions, Fig. 9 is a photograph of a) and b) with a developed root system in the part with a mixture on the left and garden soil on the right, Fig. 10 is a photograph of the growth grass in the plot, A - part of the plot with the optimal mixture; B - part with garden soil.

Implementation example

For the embodiment, 80 liters of mix were used.

For the production of the adaptive mix, the shredded material was used on a sieve with a mesh diameter of 8 mm from the biodegradable waste fraction collected selectively (natural textiles, cardboard, gray and colored newspaper and printed office paper), the material was shredded in a mill manufactured by Trimeter type T4-5.5 SW with a power of 5.5 kW. Each component of the mixture was ground separately, after grinding, the following results were obtained:

• 7.7 kg of shredded cardboard, • 5.55 kg of shredded office paper, • 9.7 kg of shredded colored newspaper, • 3.8 kg of shredded gray newspaper, • 5 kg of shredded textiles.

PL 240 339 B1

Before grinding natural textiles, all additions in the form of buttons, zippers, labels and patches are removed from them.

10% of the volume of sand and 15% of the volume of compost are added to all the ingredients.

The mixture consists of textiles which constitute 20%, colored newspaper - 20%, gray newspaper - 15%, cardboard 15%, office paper 5% and compost - 15% and sand 10% (as a source of the native substrate), which gives us 16 liters of textiles, 16 liters of colored newspaper, 12 liters of gray newspaper, 4 liters of office paper and 12 liters of compost and 8 liters of sand. The components of the mixture were measured with a measuring cup.

The mixture used a total of 75% of the tested fractions of waste, 15% of compost and 10% of sand. The composition of the substrate was selected on the basis of the analysis, which took into account the content of heavy metals [mg / kg], phytotoxicity tests carried out on peppercorn and wheat. A control test was also performed with only 25 liters of compost.

The composition of the substrate was selected on the basis of:

- physicochemical analyzes,

- heavy metal content analysis,

- phytotoxicity tests (carried out on peppercorn and wheat). The prepared substrate was placed in a biotherm with water outflow through a perforated bottom.

The parameters were selected in accordance with the conditions in the selected region - the Arabian Peninsula.

The temperature in the test stand was kept at the same level every day and amounted to 36-37 ° C. The temperature and humidity were measured using the NINOO model TR-3 microclimate controller. The target temperature and humidity data have been entered into the controller. After exceeding the set temperature, the controller activated two fans (for hatching devices), one forced fresh air from the outside of the station, the other carried it outside. During the study, it was assumed that the humidity in the biotherm may vary from 50 to 60%; in the event that its level dropped below this limit, the controller started the air humidifier which operated until the assumed level was reached. The observations were made continuously every day for a period of 50 days.

During the experiment in a vase with a mixture, no negative effect of waste on the growth of grass was noted. Seed germination began as early as on the 4th day, after 10 days the test area was completely covered with grass ascents.

The observations showed that the growth of the blade of grass in the case of the mixture with waste was higher than in the vase with compost. Additionally, no discoloration was noticed on the surface of the leaves, and the number of sprouts and the height of the grasses indicate a greater assimilation area in both vases.

After the pot experiment was completed, the mixture was biodegradable. Microorganisms and natural factors such as sunlight, oxygen from air and water are responsible for biodegradation. A sample of the mixture was prepared for the vegetation test in a plot. In the plot test, the proportion of sand was increased compared to the pot test. For growth on the soil mixture, a sample of garden soil was prepared without any additives and two plots were planted: one with the mixture, the other with garden soil.

An example of a plot implementation was carried out in Poland in September 2018, in field conditions. The test substrate consisting of a mixture of biodegradable fractions, compost and an admixture of sand was placed in one part with dimensions of 600 mm x 970 mm x 1160 mm, the other part with the same dimensions was filled with soil (Fig. 7). Both parts were sown with pure reed fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) Seeds. The seeds were sown crosswise - along the diagonals of the plot. During the experiment, no fertilization was applied.

PL 240 339 Β1

Parameter Unit Result Humidity % 28.40 Organic carbon % dw RSO = 22.69, Corg = 10.664 Organic substances % dw 1.2 organic substances, 98.8 minerals Nitrogen (N) % dw 1.40

Fig. 5: Table 1

Throughout the experiment, the plot was watered every 2-3 days, in the amount of 7 liters per plot area, which allowed to maintain the optimal substrate moisture. The air temperature during the entire experiment was between 9-24 ° C, during the 30 days of the study, 7 days were completely cloudy, the rest were sunny. The sowing period was characterized by a moderate climate and optimal conditions in terms of soil moisture, sunshine and rainfall. The grass has never been cut / mowed. The grass growth is shown in the photograph in Fig. 8, and the developed root system in the mixture part and the garden soil is shown in Figs. 9 a) and b).

In the grass left over for the autumn and winter period, in the spring of 2019, there was a re-growth in both parts of the plot - with the mixture according to the invention and with garden soil. This proves that the grass is cold-resistant. The grass in the plot was not mowed, in the part with the mixture, the blades of grass reached a height of about 90 cm, in the part with garden soil - 85 cm. In both parts, the plant has developed vegetative shoots and inflorescence shoots, large, dark green leaves Fig. 9 a) shows the crops from the beginning of June 2019, Fig. 9 b) shows the flowering bloom - August 2019.

The results showed:

no visible toxic effect of waste, grass roots are properly developed with the above-ground part (Fig. 3 and Fig. 8), leaf surface is normal, no yellow discoloration that could indicate water stress or lack of nutrients.

Therefore, it is concluded that the selected groups of biodegradable waste with compost and sand as a substrate used do not have a negative impact on the yields. The obtained results show that despite the presence of heavy metals in the waste used in the mixture, they were not a factor limiting the crop yield.

Claims (3)

1. A mixture of biodegradable waste to create a substrate for the adaptation of plants in areas with poor soil and in degraded areas, containing waste paper, minerals and textiles, characterized in that natural textiles account for at least 20% of the volume, but not more than 50%, colored newspaper is 10-20% of the volume, gray newspaper is 5 to 15% of the volume, cardboard is 5-15% of the volume, printed office paper 5% of the volume, compost 15% of the volume, sand 10% of the volume. 2. The mixture according to claim The method of claim 1, characterized in that the size of the shredded waste fractions in the form of colored newspaper, gray newspaper, cardboard, office paper and natural textiles is 8-10 mm. 3. A mixture according to claim A composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the compost is green.