PL239079B1 - A method of bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry and the use of a feed mixture for the bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry by breeding / breeding insects from the order of Coleoptera and / or Blattodea - Google Patents

Abstract

A feed mixture for breeding/rearing insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the species Tenebrio molitor and/or insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and/or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and/or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), characterized in that it enables the bioutilization of by-products of the agro-food industry by feeding them to insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the species Tenebrio molitor and/or insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and/or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and/or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), wherein the feed mixture contains up to three types of components: 0 - 100% by mass, and/or plant components 0 - 100% by mass, preferably silage and/or meal and supplementary components 0.01 - 100% by mass, which are by-products of the agri-food industry, wherein the materials included therein are comminuted to include a fraction from about 0.001 to about 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction from 0.01 to 10 mm in particle diameter, wherein the feed mixture does not contain sawdust, DDGS, chicken manure, alfalfa silage, material derived from GMO plants, additional mineral and/or vitamin supplements. The subject of the application is also a feed supplement for breeding/rearing insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the species Tenebrio molitor and/or the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and/or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and/or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia); a method of bioutilizing by-products of the agri-food industry and the use of the feed mixture for breeding/rearing insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the species Tenebrio molitor and/or the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and/or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and/or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia).

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to a method of biutilizing agro-food industry by-products, and the use of a feed mix for biolutting agro-food industry by-products by breeding Coleoptera and / or Blattodea insects.

STATE OF THE ART

Insects are more and more often seen as farm animals, constituting a valuable alternative as a source of protein for fodder and nutritional purposes.

For several years, the possibility of using proteins of insect origin has been indicated, including in livestock nutrition, although the scarcity of information regarding the reproducible and efficient production of such proteins, the appropriate insect species and their development stages is still considered problematic. (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2012 Assessing the potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Summary report. Technical consultation meeting 23-25 January, FAO, Rome, Italy).

A theoretical analysis of the potential utility of various commercially available insects for use in feed production has also been published (Sanchez-Muros, M.-J., Barroso, FG, Manzano-Agugliaro (2014) Insect meal as renewable source of food for animal feeding: a review. Journal of Cleaner Production 65: 16-27). However, there is still no state of the art sufficient data on, inter alia, methods of efficiently breeding insects useful for such applications.

Breeding insects on a mass scale, in industrial conditions, in addition to developing technical and technological solutions for breeding, requires the development of balanced feed mixtures and complementary feed mixtures ensuring the maximization of insect breeding efficiency, acceleration of their growth and development. In mass breeding, it is also important to standardize the feed, which enables partial or complete automation of the feeding process.

Currently, there are no specialized feed mixtures or complementary feeds dedicated to the breeding / breeding of insects on the market. In the amateur and semi-industrial production of insects, mixtures with an unbalanced / non-optimized composition are used, including ready-made premixes for feeding poultry (laying hens, broilers), pigs, including pigs, and domestic animals (dogs, cats). These mixtures, intended for vertebrate animals, are not balanced in terms of the specific nutritional needs of Coleoptera or Blattodea insects, due to the high content of fat and mineral and vitamin supplements inadequate for insect breeding. Moreover, they contain ingredients that can slow down growth and increase the value of the FCR (feed conversion ratio) (e.g. alfalfa silage, rye bran). The available scientific literature lacks reports of insect nutrition standards that are widely available to most farm, amateur and companion animals. The current state of knowledge is mainly related to the lack of research work on the optimization of insect nutrition.

As part of their own preliminary research, the present inventors conducted tests on the feeding of mealworms (Tenebrio molitor, family Tenebrionidae, order: Coleoptera) as well as tests on the feeding of Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa, Blaberidae family, order: Blattodea), Argentinean (Blaptica dubia, family Blaberidae, row: Blattodea) and Turkish (Shellfordella lateralis, family Blatellidae, row: Blattodea) dry mixtures intended for broilers and pigs. Apart from cereal and vegetable ingredients (soybean meal, sunflower meal, rapeseed meal, corn meal, wheat bran, rye bran, vegetable oils, alfalfa silage, maize silage, dried fruit, dried vegetables), these mixtures have a high proportion of minerals, up to several% DM. (chalk and trace elements) adversely affecting insects. The feed for poultry and farm animals available on the market is delivered in a dry form, in the form of hard granules - in the case of insect breeding, this forces the feed to be mechanically ground before feeding, and the feed is supplemented with a water source, which significantly increases the costs of preparing a complete mixture and its administration. The feed mixtures available on the market are based on GMO plant ingredients (e.g. soybeans, corn, rapeseed). The purpose of introducing genetic changes in GMO varieties is to make plants resistant to pests, including insect pests. Such plant material often contains substances either produced by plants (e.g. Bt toxin) or

Trace amounts of chemicals (e.g., the herbicide glyphosate), harmless to vertebrates and humans, but inherently toxic to invertebrates, including insects (Bt toxin).

The use of the above feed mixtures resulted in high insect mortality or low BWG (Body Weight Gain) gains. The use of these mixtures, due to their composition optimized for vertebrate animals, in the breeding of insects is economically ineffective.

Taking into account the above factors, there is a need to create a complete and / or complementary feed mixture with a composition limited to the ingredients necessary (and sufficient) for the breeding of insects, with the use of non-GMO material.

Today, by-products of the agricultural and processing industries, such as chicken manure, mushroom substrates, fruit and vegetable juice pulp, and potato peelings, are used as low-value feedstock in biogas plants, composted or used directly as fertilizer. Such solutions are associated with considerable environmental costs (groundwater contamination, soil acidification, greenhouse gas emissions), and are often burdensome from the point of view of the inhabitants of agricultural areas (odors). Therefore, there is a constant need for new methods of utilization of production and agricultural waste as well as agricultural industry waste.

In the natural environment, many species of insects act as decomposers involved in the circulation of matter in nature. Organic matter is broken down by insects or their larvae and then assimilated. Insects absorb nutrients from organic matter in an extremely efficient way, which makes it possible to use them in the process of utilization of biomass, which is a by-product of the agri-food industry.

In Zhu, F.-X., Yao, Y.-L, Wang, S.-J., Du, R.-G., Wang, W.-P., Chen, X.-Y., Hong , C.- L, Qi, B, Xue, ZY., Yang, H.-Q., 2015 Housefly maggot-treated composting as sustainable option for pig manure management. Waste Management 35: 62-67 describes the use of housefly larvae in the composting of pig slurry, making it possible to dispense with the use of filler additives.

The innovative research carried out by the creators unexpectedly showed that agricultural and food waste such as mushroom substrates, mushroom waste and potato pulp, potato starch (a by-product of potato processing), fruit and vegetable marc (a by-product of processing, juice production) and / or fermentation biomass from Biogas plants can be efficiently and quickly disposed of, under strictly controlled and environmentally safe conditions by insects, while at the same time creating added value in the form of high-quality insect protein.

Under controlled conditions, it is possible to efficiently convert the biomass to high-quality protein. At the same time, the process is not associated with high greenhouse gas emissions (composting or fermentation). With the use of appropriate infrastructure, it can be conducted in situ on an ongoing basis.

The present inventors have therefore found that it is possible to use in the process of rearing insects various types of by-products of the agri-food industry, e.g. potato processing products, fruit, vegetable and / or fruit and vegetable pulp etc., which may be a valuable feed material in insect nutrition. . An additional advantage of the solution according to the invention is the fact that, at the same time, feeding the above-mentioned components leads to their bio-utilization, consisting in the conversion of low-value components into high-quality protein and insect fat. Improving the use of waste products by feeding them to insects reduces their occurrence in the environment, reduces the emission of biogenic elements and enables the extension of known methods of trading in secondary raw materials.

The innovative research carried out by the creators made it possible to develop innovative, balanced, high-efficiency feed mixtures dedicated to the breeding of insects from the Tenebrionidae family (row: Coleoptera) and insects from the Blattellidae and Blaberidae families (order: Blattodea), based on the use of economical raw materials of plant origin, including by-products agri-food industry. Additional benefits of the use of this solution include the bio-utilization of various types of by-products from the agri-food industry, production and farming waste and / or industrial waste, as well as the use of low-value feed materials.

PL 239 079 B1

The essence of the invention

The subject of the invention is a method of bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry by breeding / rearing Coleoptera and / or Blattodea insects, which comprises a step in which Coleoptera insects, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or insects from the order Blattodea, in particular the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or the Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or the Argentine cockroach (Blaptica dubia), by-products of the agri-food industry in the form of a compound feed consisting of component C and one to two components selected from components A and / or B, wherein

- component A - are cereal components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where the cereal components are selected from wheat mix, wheat grains, wheat flour, wheat mill by-product, wheat bran, their mixtures, and / or

- component B - plant components constituting up to 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where plant components are selected from fodder silage obtained from maize, fresh plant biomass from maize, or maize meal or post-extraction meal from maize seeds, potatoes, fodder beet or mixtures thereof, and

- component C - supplementary components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, with the supplementary components selected from agri-food industry by-products selected from potatoes, fodder beet, potato pulp, potato pulp, potato starch, fruit pulp from apples, fodder beet vegetable pulp, apple and fodder beet fruit and vegetable pulp, apple and potato fruit and vegetable pulp, mushroom waste, raw wet marc of fodder beet, apples or their mixtures, with the final total percentage of the components C and A and / or B represent 100% by weight of the final feed, the materials of the feed mixture being finely divided into a fraction of 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction of 0.01 to 10 mm in particle diameter.

In a preferred method of biutilizing the by-products of the agri-food industry, the feed mixture contains materials with a dry matter content in the range of about 30-80% by weight, and no additional sources of drinking water are provided to the insects in the feeding step.

In a preferred method of bio-utilization of the by-products of the agri-food industry, the compound feed is fed to insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), with respectively for A - wheat bran, B - maize silage, and for C - by-products of the agri-food industry are added up to about 40% by weight.

In a preferred method of bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry, the compound feed is fed to insects of the order of Coleoptera, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), where for A - wheat bran in an amount of about 10% by weight and B - corn silage in an amount of about 50% by weight.

In a preferred method of biutilizing the by-products of the agri-food industry, the compound feed is fed to insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubiaby) and contains for A - otraby wheat, B - maize silage and C - agri-food industry by-products selected from mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp.

In a preferred method of bio-utilization of the agri-food industry by-products, the compound feed is fed to Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and contains, for A, an amount of wheat bran in the range of about 25-75 wt.%, Preferably about 25 wt.%, And C fruit pulp in an amount in the range of about 25-50% by weight.

In a preferred method of biutilizing agro-food industry by-products, compound-fed insects are raised at a temperature ranging from about 24 ° C to about 28 ° C.

The invention also relates to the use of a feed mixture consisting of component C and one to two components selected from components A and / or B for the bio-utilization of products.

By by-products of the agri-food industry by breeding insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or of the order Blattodea, in particular the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or the Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or the Argentine cockroach (Blaptica dubia) whereby

- component A - are cereal components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where the cereal components are selected from wheat mix, wheat grains, wheat flour, wheat mill by-product, wheat bran, their mixtures, and / or

- component B - plant components constituting up to 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where plant components are selected from fodder silage obtained from maize, fresh plant biomass from maize, or corn meal or extraction meal from corn seeds, potatoes , fodder beet or mixtures thereof, and

- component C - supplementary components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, with the supplementary components selected from agri-food industry by-products selected from potatoes, fodder beet, potato pulp, potato pulp, potato starch, fruit pulp from apples, fodder beet vegetable pulp, apple and fodder beet fruit and vegetable pulp, apple and potato fruit and vegetable pulp, mushroom waste, raw wet marc from fodder beet, apples or mixtures thereof, with the final total percentage of C components and A and / or B represents 100% by weight of the final feed mixture, the materials of the feed mixture being finely divided into a fraction of 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction of 0.01 to 10 mm in particle diameter.

In a preferred use of a feed mixture consisting of component C and one to two components selected from components A and / or B for the bio-utilization of agri-food industry by-products for insects of the order Blattodea, in particular the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or the Turkish cockroach ( Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroach (Blaptica dubia) agro-food industry by-products are selected from the group consisting of mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp.

Also described is a compound feed for rearing / rearing insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) and / ( Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), the compound feed containing up to three types of components:

A - grain components 0-100% by weight and / or

B - vegetable components 0-100% by mass, preferably silage and / or middlings and

C - supplementary components of 0.01-100% by weight, which are by-products of the agri-food industry, the materials included in it are comminuted, including a fraction from 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction from 0.01 to 10 mm in diameter particles;

the feed mixture does not contain sawdust, DDGS, chicken manure, alfalfa silage, material derived from GMO plants, additional mineral and / or vitamin supplements.

By-products of the agri-food industry within the meaning of the present invention include by-products from agri-food processing, agricultural production and farming waste, low-value feed materials and / or industrial waste such as fermentation biomass from biogas plants. Preferably, the by-products of the agro-food industry are only products of vegetable origin. In a preferred embodiment, the by-products of the agro-food industry are selected from the group consisting of: fodder vegetables (such as potatoes, fodder beet),

Potato pulp, fruit, vegetable or fruit and vegetable pulp, potato starch, mushroom waste and / or biogas fermentation biomass.

Within the meaning of the present invention, a cereal component is grain of cereals such as wheat, oats, barley, flour obtained from the milling of grains of these cereals, bran and milling by-products.

For the purposes of the present invention, the vegetable component is a fodder silage obtained from maize, grass, fresh plant biomass from maize, grass or alfalfa, or meal or meal extracted from corn, sunflower and rape seeds.

In a preferred embodiment the feed mixture comprises A - cereal components which include wheat mix and / or wheat bran, preferably wheat bran.

In a preferred embodiment the feed mixture comprises B - corn silage and / or fodder vegetables, in particular potatoes and / or fodder beet.

In an embodiment of compound feed C - the by-products of the agri-food industry are selected from the group consisting of: fodder vegetables (such as potatoes, fodder beets), potato pulp, fruit, vegetable or fruit and vegetable pulp, potato starch, mushroom waste and / or fermentation biomass from biogas plants.

A compound feed is described for the rearing of Coleoptera, in particular mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and / or Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches. (Blaptica dubia), which contains (in% by mass):

A - grain component 0-100%

B - vegetable component (silage, middlings) 0-100%

C - supplementary component (by-products of agri-food processing, agricultural production and breeding waste, industrial waste) 0.01-100%.

A preferred compound feed is fed to coleopteran insects, in particular for the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), where A preferably denotes wheat bran, B denotes maize silage, wherein C - agri-food industry by-products are present in an amount up to 40% by mass.

A preferred compound feed is fed to Coleoptera insects, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), wherein A - grain components, preferably wheat bran, are present in an amount of about 10% by weight and B - corn silage is present in an amount of about 50% by mass.

An equally advantageous compound feed is fed to insects of the order Blattodea, in particular mad agas cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), and contains A - grain components, preferably bran wheat, B - maize silage and C - agri-food industry by-products selected from mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp.

More preferably the compound feed is fed to Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and comprises A - cereal components, preferably wheat bran in an amount of about 50 wt.% And B - maize silage and / or potatoes in an amount of about 50 wt.%.

A preferred compound feed is fed to Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and contains A-grain components, preferably wheat bran in an amount in the range of about 25-75 wt.%, Preferably about 25 wt.%, And C-fruit pulp in an amount in the range of about 25- 50% by mass.

A preferred feed mix comprises materials with a dry matter content in the range of about 30-80% by weight.

The use of feed materials with a dry matter content in the range of 30-80% by mass allows for the rearing and breeding of insects without the need to use additional sources of drinking water, i.e. endogenous water contained in the raw materials is sufficient. The share of bran in compound feed in the share of 0-50% by mass improves the results of insects rearing. A particularly preferred feed mixture contains about 50% by weight of wheat bran and about 50% by weight of maize silage. However, many feed materials have also been shown to include wheatmix (a by-product of iso-glucose production in the processing of wheat), maize silage (whole plants), raw potatoes, potato pulp and pulp (by-products of the potato industry); fruit and fruit and vegetable pulp, fruit and vegetables (by-products of the food industry, i.e. wet raw pomace obtained from carrots, beets, apples, currants, pears); replies

Production from biogas plants, i.e. raw wet biomass from biogas plants after methane production under industrial conditions; raw fodder beet; Wheat bran can be used in the production of feed and complementary feed in the rearing and breeding of insects of the Tenebrionidae family (order: Coleoptera). For feed and complementary feed in the rearing and breeding of insects of the order Blattodea, including particularly preferably mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp. Therefore, the inventors found that it is possible to use the breeding / breeding of insects for the bio-utilization of various wastes and / or by-products of the agri-food industry, while maintaining the beneficial growth and development of insects, and the feed mixtures composed in this way do not require the use of additional ingredients, for example mineral supplements.

For example, it has been confirmed that the addition of a mixture of agricultural by-products in the form of mushroom waste and fruit pulp allows for efficient growth of Turkish cockroaches while maintaining an FCR of 5.8-7.2.

The present inventors have additionally found that the presence of cereal components and maize silage means that the by-products of the agri-food industry may constitute even up to about 40% by weight of the feed mixture. Thus, the described solution allows for the bio-utilization of various by-products of the agri-food industry in the form of components of feed mixtures enabling the breeding / breeding of insects while ensuring conversion at the level of 4.8-8.2 and relatively fast weight gain of insects. The use of such mixtures ensures a weight gain of insects about 30-40% lower than in the case of optimal feeds (described in Example 2), but it is economically and ecologically justified as a method of utilization of by-products and waste. Accordingly, the described feed mixture preferably comprises cereal components, more preferably wheat bran, maize silage, and up to about 40% by weight of agro-food industry by-products. More preferably, the described feed mixture comprises cereal components, preferably wheat bran in an amount of about 10 wt.% And corn silage in an amount of about 50 wt.%. The inventors have shown that the proportion of wheat bran in the feed mixture can be reduced to about 10% by weight. This is important because in large-scale farming, the use of bran is not profitable, both due to the cost of feed and the slow growth of biomass.

The described feed mixture comprises particulate materials having a fraction of 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction of 0.01 to 10 mm in particle diameter so as to allow adequate bioavailability to insects. Also described is a feed supplement for rearing / rearing insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or argentinian cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), which enables the bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry by feeding them to insects of the Coleoptera order, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or of the order Blattodea, in particular mad ag as karach cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa ) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), where the feed supplement contains up to three types of components:

A - grain components 0-100% by weight and / or

B - vegetable components, preferably 0-100% by weight silage and / or middlings and

C - supplementary components of 0.01-100% by weight, which are by-products of the agri-food industry, the materials included in it are comminuted, including a fraction from 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction from 0.01 to 10 mm in diameter particles;

the feed supplement does not contain sawdust, DDGS, chicken manure, alfalfa silage, material derived from GMO plants, additional mineral and / or vitamin supplements.

the feed supplement is min. 15% by mass of the compound feed fed to insects.

"Feed supplement" or "complementary feed" or "feed additive" within the meaning of the invention means an insect feed additive which is used to supplement a feed mixture fed to insects. The described feed supplement is min. 15% by mass of the compound feed fed to insects.

In a preferred embodiment, the feed supplement comprises A - cereal components which include wheat mix and / or wheat bran, preferably wheat bran.

PL 239 079 B1

In another embodiment, the feed supplement comprises B-corn silage and / or fodder vegetables, in particular potatoes and / or fodder beet.

In an embodiment of the feed supplements C - the agri-food industry by-products are selected from the group consisting of: fodder vegetables (such as potatoes, fodder beet), potato pulp, fruit, vegetable or fruit and vegetable pulp, potato starch, mushroom waste and / or fermentation biomass from biogas plants.

In a preferred embodiment of the feed supplement it is administered to Coleoptera insects, in particular for the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor), where A preferably is wheat bran, B is maize silage and C - agro-food industry by-products are present. in an amount up to 40% by mass.

More preferably, the feed supplement is administered to Coleoptera insects, in particular to the species Tenebrio molitor, which comprises A - cereal components, preferably wheat bran in an amount of about 10% by weight and B - maize silage in an amount of about 50%. mass.

A preferred feed supplement is administered to Blattodea insects, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) and contains A - components, preferably wheat bran, B - silage from corn and C - agri-food industry by-products selected from mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp.

A preferred feed supplement is administered to Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and comprises A - grain components, preferably wheat bran at about 50 wt.% And B - maize silage and / or potatoes at about 50 wt.%.

A preferred supplement is given to Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and contains A-grain components, preferably wheat bran in an amount in the range of about 25-75 wt%, preferably about 25 wt%, and C-fruit pulp in an amount in the range of about 25-50 % by mass

Preferably the feed supplement comprises materials with a dry matter content in the range of about 30-80% by weight. Also described is a method of bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry, in which the said by-products of the agri-food industry are fed to insects of the Coleopteran order, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), as an additive to a compound feed containing cereal components and / or plant components, preferably maize silage, or as an additive to a feed supplement containing cereal components and / or plant components, preferably corn silage.

Preferably, in the method of bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry, the by-products of the agri-food industry are selected from the group consisting of: fodder vegetables (such as potatoes, fodder beet), potato pulp, fruit, vegetable or fruit and vegetable pulp, potato starch, mushroom waste and / or biogas fermentation biomass.

In a preferred embodiment of the bio-utilization method, the compound feed or feed supplement is fed to insects of the order of Coleoptera, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), which comprises A - cereal components, preferably wheat bran, B - corn silage, and C - by-products of the agri-food industry are added up to about 40% by weight.

More preferably, the compound feed or feed supplement is fed to insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), which contains A - grain components, preferably wheat bran in an amount of about 10% by weight and B - corn silage in an amount about 50% by weight. In a preferred method of biutilising the by-products of the agri-food industry, the compound feed or feed supplement is fed to insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), it comprises A - cereal components, preferably wheat bran, B - maize silage and C - agri-food industry by-products selected from mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp.

In a preferred method of bio-utilization of agro-food industry by-products, the compound feed or feed supplement is fed to Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina

Portentosa) and contain A - cereal components, preferably wheat bran in an amount of about 50 wt.% And B - corn silage and / or potatoes in an amount of about 50 wt.%.

In a preferred method of biutilizing the by-products of the agro-food industry, the compound feed or feed supplement is fed to Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and contains A-grain components, preferably wheat bran in an amount in the range of about 25-75 wt.%, Preferably about 25 wt.%, and C - fruit pulp in an amount in the range of about 25-50% by weight.

In an embodiment of the bio-utilization method, the feed mixture is used as a complete mixture and / or a feed supplement used in a proportion of min. about 15% by weight in complete formula and / or complementary feed for insect rearing and / or rearing.

In an embodiment of the bio-utilization method, the compound-fed or feed supplement-fed insects are reared at a temperature ranging from about 24 to about 28 ° C. The inventors' experience has also shown that a more efficient feed conversion (higher FCR) occurs at 24 ° C. This observation is important due to the economic aspect. In the case of large-scale breeding, breeding at a lower temperature is associated with much lower financial outlays.

A method of breeding / rearing insects from the order Coleoptera, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or from the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches ( Blaptica dubia), in which insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or insects of the order Blattodea, in particular mad agas cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), are bred on compound feed or receive a feed supplement in the amount of min. 15% by weight of the compound feed, which enables the bio-utilization of various wastes and by-products of the agri-food industry.

In a preferred embodiment of the insect breeding method, the insects are raised at a temperature ranging from about 24 to about 28 ° C.

In an embodiment, the compound feed or feed supplement is administered in a loose form.

Preferably, the compound feed or the feed supplement is administered 3-7 times a week in ad libitum amounts.

In a preferred embodiment, the compound feed or feed supplement comprises materials with a dry matter content in the range of about 30-80% by weight, and the insects are not given additional sources of drinking water.

The use of a compound feed and / or a feed supplement for breeding / rearing insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches ( Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), for the bio-utilization of agro-food industry by-products.

Preferably, the by-products of the agri-food industry are selected from the group consisting of: fodder vegetables (such as potatoes, fodder beet), potato pulp, fruit, vegetable or fruit and vegetable pulp, potato starch, mushroom waste and / or fermentation biomass. from a biogas plant.

Preferably the compound feed and / or feed supplements for breeding / rearing insects are used for insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), whereby by-products of the agri-food industry are selected from the group consisting of mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp.

The invention therefore uses the process of decomposing organic matter by insects for the purpose of optimal bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry. The authors have developed a number of feed mixtures, also possible to be used as feed supplements, beneficial for the development of insects from the Coleoptera order, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor), and for the development of insects from the order Blattodea, in particular Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia), which at the same time offer the possibility of using by-products of the agri-food industry. Compound feed or feed supplements can be

They are used for breeding insects for any purpose, including preferably obtaining high-quality insect proteins and fats, including human and animal nutrition. The creators showed that the use of feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the participation of min. 15% by weight in the complete and complementary feed allows for the rearing of insects without the need to use drinking water, also in the form of a hydrogel, especially in mealworm rearing / breeding. The creators showed that the use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the share of min. 15% by weight in the complete and complementary feed allows for cockroach rearing while maintaining the feed conversion ratio with a maximum value of 10 kg of feed / kg of body weight gain.

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the share of min. 15% by weight in the complete mixture as well as the complementary feed / feed supplement allows the mealworm to be reared by the miller while maintaining the feed conversion ratio of a maximum value of 15 kg of feed / kg of body weight gain.

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the share of min. 15% by weight in the complete mixture as well as the complementary feed / feed supplement allows to obtain, in the low-temperature drying process, full fat cockroach meals with a content of at least 50% of total protein and min. 4% crude fat and 3% crude ash.

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the share of min. 15% by weight in the complete mixture as well as the complementary feed / feed supplement allows to obtain, in the low-temperature drying process, full fat meal from mealworm with a content of min. 40% of total protein and min. 4% crude fat and 3% crude ash.

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the share of min. 15% by mass in the complete mixture as well as the complementary feed / feed supplement allows to obtain, in the low-temperature drying process, full fat cockroach meals with a content of min. 50% of total protein and min. 4% crude fat and 3% crude ash.

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in a complete mixture as well as complementary feed / feed supplement allows to obtain in the process of low-temperature drying (40-65 ° C) full-fat meals with a content of min. 40% of total protein and min. 4% crude fat.

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in a complete mixture as well as complementary feed / feed supplement allows to obtain in the drying process and cold pressing of cockroach meals with a content of min. 50% of total protein and min. 4% crude fat;

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in a complete mixture as well as a complementary feed mixture / feed supplement allows to obtain, in the supercritical extraction process, cockroach meals with a content of min. 70% of total protein and max. 5% crude fat.

The invention will now be described by way of specific embodiments which, however, do not limit its scope.

Examples

Materials and methods

The aim of the experiments was to determine the suitability of selected feed materials such as waste (e.g. chicken manure) in the process of rearing insects.

Initial growth experiments were performed on model animals, i.e. mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, family Tenebrionidae, order: Coleoptera) (Example 2). The insects used in the experiments came from our own breeding.

Then, specific experiments were performed on the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, family Tenebrionidae, row: Coleoptera) (Example 3) and the chemical composition analysis for the insects bred in this way (Example 4) was performed, and specific experiments were performed on Madagascar cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa, family Blaberidae, row: : Blattodea,) and on Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis, family Blatellidae, order: Blattodea). The insects used in the experiments were self-breeding (Example 5).

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After completion of the preliminary tests (Tables 2-5), the feed materials (Tables 6 and 8) were selected, which are characterized by the best degree of utilization (FCR-feed conversion ratio) and body weight gain (BWG) of model insects. The BWG index expressed in grams was determined as the mean increase in total insect body weight in a given variant over the duration of the experiment for the number of replicates = n. The FCR index was determined as the ratio of the body weight gain to the feed weight consumed during the experiment.

The mixtures were prepared on the basis of three A + B + C components, in the following proportions:

A - grain component 0-100% by weight

B - vegetable component 0-100% by mass (silage, meal) C - supplementary component 0-100% by mass (by-products of the agri-food industry).

The mixtures were prepared on the basis of ingredients obtained from the BioPower company from Międzyrzec Podlaski.

The components were not heat treated. The feed preparation consisted of mechanical mixing of the components and grinding them mechanically with a knife homogenizer in order to obtain a fraction from 0.001 to 20 mm, more preferably grinding into a fraction of 0.01 to 10 mm particle diameter. This fragmentation improves the feed utilization of the insects.

After preparing the mixes, they were portioned into airtight bags and stored at -20 ° C. The whole mixture was fed in a loose form, the feed was given 3-7 times a week in ad libitum amounts.

Initial experiments lasted from 2 to 6 weeks, while the actual experiments lasted 6 weeks and were carried out in 5 replications. The aim of the experiments was to determine the suitability of other feed materials (DDGS) and waste (chicken manure) in the production of mealworm of insect proteins on a laboratory scale. The mealworm experiments lasted 6 weeks and were carried out in 5 replications (Example 3). The cockroach specific experiments lasted 4 weeks and were carried out in 3 replications (Example 5).

All the components used were subjected to chemical analyzes to determine the nutritional value (Example 1, Table 1). The experiments also determined the parameters (basic composition, according to the procedures specified in the AOAC standards, 2000 Official Methods of Analysis (17th edition) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA), full-fat insect meal obtained by freezing, drying at low temperature (convection dryer, drying 24 hours at 40-65 ° C) and grinding, obtained as a result of feeding insects and thus bio-utilization of components and waste from the agri-food industry listed in Table 1 (Example 4) .

P r z k ł a d 1

Analysis of the ingredients of feed materials

The components used were chemically analyzed according to the procedures specified in the AOAC, 2000 Official Methods of Analysis (17th Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA, in order to establish nutritional value. The results of the analyzes are presented below (Table 1).

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Table 1

Analyzed chemical composition of components used in experimental feeds for insects

Dry weight (%) Total protein (%) Crude fiber (%) Chicken droppings 90.93 26.93 18.44 Scobs 90.78 - 73.48 Wheat bran 88.03 15.51 9.83 DDGS 90.74 33.84 15.28 Wheatmix 92 18.14 10.83 Apple expeller 12.51 0.85 3.19 Maize silage I. 37.52 3.01 6.48 Maize silage II 41.86 3.69 8.52 Potato 18.25 1.6 0.54 Fodder beet 12.18 1.34 1.06 Fruit pulp 30.6 2.46 - Biogas plant waste 36.05 13.42 - Potato pulp 17.83 6.2 - Potato starch 45.12 1.1 - Alfalfa silage 56.58 13.05 - Waste mushrooms 15.60 8.50 2.30

Example 2

Initial experiments (I-IV) on the selection of fodder components in the rearing of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor)

For the purpose of the mealworm experiment, the flour mill (Tenebrio molitor) was grown using different feed mixture components and alternatively different temperature variants. A 30 g weight of insects in the 3rd and 4th larval stage (size 10-14 mm) was used as a breeding group, the insects were bred in flat containers with a bottom area of 300 cm ² made of polypropylene, at an air humidity of 40-50% and a temperature of 24 ° C or 28 ° C, in the dark. The weight of insects was determined after sieving them from faeces and feed residues. The weight of the feed residues was determined after its separation from the faeces on a sieve with a mesh density of 0.5 mm. The feed mixtures were prepared on the basis of the components described in Example 1. The obtained values of the growth parameters were statistically processed according to the standards of SAS Institute, 1994. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. shown in Table 2-5. The tables show the mean values of the groups. BWG (Body Weight Gain) - weight gain, FI - Food Intake (amount of food consumed); FCR - Food Conversion Ratio (conversion factor); values of BWG and FI coefficients in [g],% values in [% by mass].

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Table 2

Breeding results - growing experiment no. 1 on a mealworm (n = 2).

Composition of the substrate BWG FI FCR T1 wheatmix 100% 21.54 123.60 5.74 T2 chicken manure 100% -12.60 57.12 -4.53 T3 DDGS 100% 2.83 77.20 27.60 T4 wheatmix 50% + chicken manure 50% 8.78 94.80 10.80 T5 DDGS 50% + chicken manure 50% 4.97 80.20 16.15

Table 3

Breeding results - growing experiment No. 2 on a mealworm (n = 5). The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Composition of the substrate BWG FI FCR T1 wheatmix 100% 8.94 27.75 3.10 T2 sawdust 100% -3.92 0.45 -0.13 T3 wheat mix 50% + sawdust 50% 4.32 18.39 4.31 T4 wheat mix 75% + maize silage 25% 29.41 30.00 1.02 T5 Wheat mix 50% + maize silage 50% 48.11 63.73 1.33 T6 sawdust 75% + maize silage 25% -1.28 9.16 -7.34 T7 50% sawdust + 50% maize silage 3.83 21.16 5.59 T8 sawdust 75% + DDGS 25% -1.90 4.35 -3.02 T9 sawdust 50% + DDGS 50% -0.31 8.00 4.39 T10 sawdust 25% + DDGS 75% -0.33 8.39 5.13

Table 4

Breeding results - growing experiment no. 3 on a mealworm (n = 3) in two temperature variants. The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Composition of the substrate 24 ° C 28 ° C BWG FI FCR BWG FI FCR T1 100% maize silage 19.32 117.14 6.33 21.03 158.19 7.57 T2 50% maize silage + 50% wheat bran 37.33 95.96 2.58 30.16 107.35 3.58 T3 wheat bran 100% 29.91 80.18 2.68 30.95 85.75 2.81 T4 50% maize silage + 50% potato 12.33 119.60 11.37 13.94 173.18 13.62

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Table 5

Breeding results - growing experiment no. 4 on a mealworm (n = 3). The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Composition of the substrate BWG FI FCR T1 wheat bran 100% 30.76 62.72 2.04 T2 wheat bran 50% + potato 50% 44.48 87.03 1.96 T3 wheat bran 50% + fodder beet 50% 39.86 85.44 2.15 T4 bran 50% wheat + corn silage 50% 33.45 71.33 2.13 T5 wheat bran 25% + potato 25% + fodder beet 25% + maize silage 25% 37.29 101.61 2.72

On the basis of preliminary experiments, the important role of cereal components in the feed for mealworms as the basic feed component was confirmed, which is consistent with the observations on the natural environment of the occurrence of mealworm. The optimal composition of the feed is a combination of the grain component (wheat mix or wheat bran) with maize silage or fodder vegetables (fodder beet, potato). At the same time, it was found that the addition of sawdust or chicken manure to the feed mix significantly slowed the growth or the effect of negative growth (caused by the mortality of the test insects). Experiments have also shown that a more efficient feed conversion (higher FCR) occurs at 24 ° C. This observation is important due to the economic aspect. In the case of large-scale breeding, breeding at a lower temperature is associated with much lower financial outlays.

For further experiments, mixtures based on wheat bran and silage were selected.

Example 3

Final experiments on the use of various feed components in the rearing of mealworms, feed determined on the basis of preliminary tests (I-IV)

Further experiments were carried out on the use of various feed components in the cultivation of the mealworm of the flour mill. The feed mixtures were prepared as in the previous Examples. The feed was based on a mixture of wheat bran and silage with the addition of various types of by-products of the agri-food industry. At the same time, the experiments were aimed at determining the minimum proportion of cereal products necessary for effective feed conversion. This is purely economic, as wheat bran or wheat mix as complete feed raw materials have the highest price among the components used in the tests. For the same reason, tests were carried out to replace maize silage with alfalfa silage. 100% wheat bran was used as the control feed. The conditions for growing the insects were identical to those in Example 2. The insects were grown at 24 ° C. The tables show the mean values of the groups. BWG (Body Weight Gain) - weight gain, FI - Food Intake (amount of food consumed); FCR - Food Conversion Ratio (conversion factor); values of BWG and FI coefficients in [g],% values in [% by mass]

The insects were divided into 5 groups and bred on compound feed according to Table 6. The control group consisted of insects bred on wheat bran (group T1).

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Table 6

Feed composition - growing experiment No. 5 in the mealworm of the flour mill

T1 wheat bran 100% T2 maize silage 50% + wheat bran 25% + biogas waste 25% T3 maize silage 50% + wheat bran 25% + potato pulp 25% T4 maize silage 50% + wheat bran 25% + fruit pulp 25% T5 maize silage 50% + wheat bran 25% + potato starch 25%

The obtained results for the growth parameters of insects are presented below (Tab. 7)

Table 7

Breeding results - growing experiment no. 5 on a mealworm (n = 5). The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Means with different indexes differ statistically significantly.

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 P. BWG 21.32 ^b 29.38 ^a 30.57 ^a 29.37 ^a 30.29 ^a <.0001 FI 64.49® 170.56 ^d 186.52 ^a 180.55 ^b 175.24 ° <.0001 FOR 3.03 ^b 5.99 ^a 6.1043 ^a 6.14 ^a 5.75 ^a <.0001

Then, on the next 10 groups of insects, the influence of feed mixtures with the composition according to Table 8 was tested

Table 8

Composition of fodder - growing experiment No. 6 on mealworm mill

T1 fruit pulp 40% + wheat bran 10% + maize silage 50% T2 potato starch 40% + wheat bran 10% + maize silage 50% T3 potato pulp 40% + wheat bran 10% + maize silage 50% T4 fruit pulp 40% + wheat bran 10% + alfalfa silage 50% T5 potato starch 40% + wheat bran 10% + alfalfa silage 50% T6 potato puree 40% + wheat bran 10% + alfalfa silage 50% T7 potato puree 40% + sunflower meal 5% extraction + corn silage 50% T8 potato pulp 40% + post-extraction sunflower meal 15% + alfalfa silage 50% T9 potato pulp 25% + wheat bran 25% + maize silage 50% T10 biogas plant waste 25% + wheat bran 25% + maize silage 50%

The obtained results for the growth parameters of insects are presented below (Tab. 9)

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Table 9

The rearing results - growing experiment no. 6 on the mealworm of a flour mill (n = 5). The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Means with different indexes differ statistically significantly.

BWG FI FCR T1 23.6942 ^b 154.171 ^b 6.52 T2 24.7426 ^b 163.539 ^and 6.61 T3 20.2350 ° 164.213 ^and 8.15 T4 9,2010 ^e 130.717 ^d 14.3 T5 7.7080 ^e 112,289 ^e 14.79 T6 7.9330 ^e 139.784 ' 18.62 T7 16.5706 ^d 131.81 ^d 8.04 T8 1.2056 ¹ 107.562 ^e 41.39 T9 27.9166 ^a 136,526 ^dc 4.89 T10 28.1712 ^a 135.137 ^dc 4.82 P. <.0001 <.0001 0.0913

The most effective feed in terms of FCR is wheat bran. Their use ensures the highest degree of feed conversion. At the same time, however, the weight gain of BMG insects is the slowest. Taking into account economic factors, the use of bran is not profitable in large-scale farming, both due to the cost of feed and the slow growth of biomass. The experiment showed that the share of wheat bran in the feed mixture can be limited to 10% by weight. It has also been shown that the use of a feed containing 50% by weight of maize silage (but not alfalfa silage, the use of which worsens the growth) and 10% by weight of wheat bran allows the use of up to 40% by weight of agri-food industry by-products (potato pulp, fruit pulp, starch potato), or post-fermentation biomass from a biogas plant as a feed component, ensuring a conversion of 4.8-8.2 and a relatively fast weight gain of insects. The use of such mixtures ensures a weight gain of insects about 30-40% lower than in the case of the optimal feed described in Example 2, but it is economically and ecologically justified as a method of utilization of by-products and waste.

Example 4

Analysis of the chemical composition of insects

The nutrient content of the insects obtained in the previous Examples was determined according to the procedures specified in the AOAC, 2000 Official Methods of Analysis (17th Ed.) Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Results processed statistically according to SAS Institute, 1994 standards. SAS User's Gueide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. shown in Table 10 below.

The results of analyzes carried out on samples of insects fed with various feed mixtures show that the composition of the feed may influence the protein content in the dry matter of the meal.

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Table 10

The content of dry matter and total protein in full-fat meals obtained with T. molitor fed with various feeds

no experiences Composition of the substrate Dry weight (%) Protein general (%) 1 DDGS 100% 93.69 52.79 1 wheatmix 50% + chicken manure 50% 92.72 50.85 1 DDGS 50% + chicken manure 50% 93.26 52.38 1 wheatmix 100% 96.56 49.09 2 50% maize silage + wheat mix 50% 92.8 43.6 2 maize silage 25% + wheat mix 75% 92.5 45.7 3 wheat bran 50% + maize silage 50% 92.62 55.69 3 wheat bran 50% + potato 50% 91.85 56.47 3 wheat bran 100% 97.02 53.95 3 100% maize silage 96.06 53.55

Summary of examples for the mealworm

In preliminary (Example 2, Tab. 1-5) and proper growth experiments (Example 3, Tab. 6-9) with mealworm, significant differences were found in the feed conversion and the growth of the above-mentioned insects. Research shows that it is not possible to use some waste components, e.g. dried chicken manure or DDGS, even as a partial share in the feed for mealworms. The use of feed materials with a dry matter content in the range of 30-80% by mass allows for the rearing and breeding of insects without the need to use additional sources of drinking water, i.e. endogenous water contained in the raw materials is sufficient. Wheat bran used by many mealworm producers as the main substrate-feed showed high digestibility, which indicates the need for their use in further research as the so-called control group. The share of bran in compound feed in the share of 0-50% by mass improves the results of insects rearing. However, many feed materials have also been shown to include wheatmix (a by-product of iso-glucose production in the processing of wheat), maize silage (whole plants), raw potatoes, potato pulp and pulp (by-products of the potato industry); fruit and fruit and vegetable pulp, fruit and vegetables (by-products of the food industry, i.e. raw wet pomace obtained from carrots, beets, apples, currants, pears); biogas plant waste, i.e. raw wet biomass from biogas plants after methane production in industrial conditions; raw fodder beet; Wheat bran can be used in the production of feed and complementary feed in the rearing and breeding of insects of the Tenebrionidae family (order: Coleoptera).

The obtained results of growth experiments as well as chemical analyzes of full-fat meals (Tab. 10) indicate the possibility of bio-utilization of various types of by-products of the agri-food industry, including: wheatmix (a by-product of iso-glucose production in the wheat processing process), raw potatoes, pulp and potato pulp (by-products of the potato industry); fruit and fruit and vegetable pulp, fruit and vegetables (by-products of the food industry, i.e. wet raw pomace obtained from carrots, beets, apples, currants, pears); biogas plant waste; Mushroom waste in order to obtain high-quality insect meal, especially mealworm.

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A high utilization of various types of maize silage was also found, which, in contrast to alfalfa silage, resulted in better forage utilization and increased insects growth.

The above experiences on the selection of feed components on the mealworm model (Tenebrio molitor) served as the starting conditions for research on the use of various feed components in cockroach rearing.

Example 5

Final experiment on the use of various feed components in cockroach rearing

The analysis of the influence of different feed mixtures was then performed for two species of cockroaches - the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa), the Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis).

The feed mixtures were prepared as described in Example 1. The insects were grown in IKEA SAMLA cuvettes with a volume of 11 I (catalog number 398.856.45) with lids with perforation allowing air circulation, at a temperature of 28 ° C, with a relative air humidity of 40-50 %. The compound feed was administered ad libitum. As a breeding group, 100 g of insects in the 4th and 5th larval stage were used: Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis). The experiment was carried out at 26 ° C for 4 weeks.

The insects were divided into 4 (Madagascar cockroach) or 6 groups (Turkish cockroach) in 3 repetitions. The composition of feed mixtures for individual groups is presented in Tab. 6 and 7. The tables show the mean values of the groups. BWG (Body Weight Gain) - weight gain, FI - Food Intake (amount of food consumed); FCR - Food Conversion Ratio (conversion factor); values of BWG and FI coefficients in [g],% values in [% by mass].

Due to the biology of the species used in the experiment, fodder containing by-products of the agri-food industry, such as fruit pulp and mushroom waste, was used.

The obtained values of the growth parameters of insects from individual groups, subjected to statistical processing in accordance with the standards of SAS Institute, 1994. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA. shown in Table 11-12 below.

Table 11

Breeding results - growing experience on a Madagascar cockroach (n = 3). The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa)

Composition of the substrate BWG FI FCR T1 100% maize silage 129.07 751.33 5.83 T2 50% maize silage + 50% wheat bran 154.32 440.30 2.87 T3 maize silage 50% + wheat bran 25% + sawdust 15% + potato 10% 133.40 568.03 4.26 T4 wheat bran 50% + potato 50% 143.33 526.27 3.69

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Table 12

Breeding results - Turkish cockroach growing experience (n = 3). The table shows the mean values of the groups.

Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis)

Composition of the substrate BWG FI FCR T1 100% maize silage -50.70 120.00 - T2 50% maize silage + 50% wheat bran 28.00 196.00 7.01 T3 maize silage 25% + wheat bran 25% + fruit pulp 50% 87.50 447.00 5.12 T4 50% maize silage + 50% mushroom waste 26.66 680.00 25.50 T5 maize silage 25% + mushroom waste 50% + fruit pulp 25% 132.00 945.00 7.12 T6 wheat bran 75% + fruit pulp 25% 165.33 960.00 5.81

The research allowed for the development of an optimal feed for Madagascar cockroaches based on maize silage and bran in terms of the body mass gain index (BWG) and the conversion factor (FCR). The feed for Turkish cockroaches based on these ingredients was also developed on a similar principle, and it was also shown that the feed based on pure silage does not allow for the efficient growth of Turkish cockroaches. At the same time, it was confirmed that the addition of a mixture of agricultural by-products in the form of mushroom waste and fruit pulp allows for efficient growth of Turkish cockroaches while maintaining FCR at the level of 5.8-7.2. Due to the similar nutritional requirements, these feeds are suitable for Argentine cockroaches.

Summary of examples for cockroaches

In preliminary (Example 2, Tab. 1-5) and proper growth experiments with cockroaches (Example 5, Tab. 11-12) significant differences were found in the feed conversion and the growth of the aforementioned insects. The use of feed materials with a dry matter content in the range of 30-80% by mass allows for the rearing and breeding of insects without the need to use additional sources of drinking water, i.e. endogenous water contained in the raw materials is sufficient. Wheat bran used by many mealworm producers as the main substrate-feed showed high digestibility, which indicates the need for their use in further research as the so-called control group. The share of bran in compound feed in the share of 0-50% by mass improves the results of rearing insects, especially cockroaches. However, many feed materials have also been shown to include wheatmix (a by-product of iso-glucose production in the processing of wheat), maize silage (whole plants), raw potatoes, potato pulp and pulp (by-products of the potato industry); fruit and fruit and vegetable pulp, fruit and vegetables (by-products of the food industry, i.e. wet raw pomace obtained from carrots, beets, apples, currants, pears); biogas plant waste, i.e. raw wet biomass from biogas plants after methane production in industrial conditions; raw fodder beet; Wheat bran can be used in the production of feed and complementary feed in the rearing and breeding of insects from the Blatellidae and Blaberidae families (order: Blattodea).

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The obtained results of the growing experiments indicate the possibility of bio-utilization of various types of waste from the agri-food industry, including: wheat mix (a by-product from iso-glucose production in the wheat processing process), raw potatoes, potato pulp and pulp (by-products of the potato industry); fruit and fruit and vegetable pulp, fruit and vegetables (by-products of the food industry, i.e. wet raw pomace obtained from carrots, beets, apples, currants, pears); biogas plant waste; Mushroom waste in order to obtain high-quality meals from these insects.

A preferred compound feed for cockroach breeding has been found to contain:

a.0-50% maize silage (whole plants),

b. 0-50% wheat bran;

c. 0-50% fruit and vegetable fruit and vegetable pulp (by-products of the food industry, ie raw wet pomace obtained from carrots, beets, apples, currants, pears);

d. 0-50% waste from mushroom production;

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the share of min. 15% in the complete and complementary feed allows for cockroach rearing while maintaining a feed conversion ratio of up to 10 kg of feed / kg of body weight gain;

The use of the above-mentioned feed materials and by-products of the agri-food industry in the complete mixture as well as the complementary feed allows to obtain in the low-temperature drying process (40-65 ° C) full-fat meals with a content of min. 50% of total protein and min. 4% crude fat.

Claims (9)

A method of bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry by breeding / rearing Coleoptera and / or Blattodea insects, characterized in that it comprises a step in which Coleoptera insects, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor), are fed and / or insects of the order Blattodea, in particular the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or the Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or the Argentine cockroach (Blaptica dubia), by-products of the agri-food industry in the form of a compound feed consisting of component C and one to two components selected from components A and / or B, wherein - component A - are cereal components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where the cereal components are selected from wheat mix, wheat grains, wheat flour, wheat mill by-product, wheat bran, their mixtures, and / or - component B - plant components constituting up to 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where plant components are selected from fodder silage obtained from maize, fresh plant biomass from maize, or maize meal or post-extraction meal from maize seeds, potatoes, fodder beet or mixtures thereof, and - component C - supplementary components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, with the supplementary components selected from agri-food industry by-products selected from potatoes, fodder beet, potato pulp, potato pulp, potato starch, fruit pulp from apples, fodder beet vegetable pulp, apple and fodder beet fruit and vegetable pulp, apple and potato fruit and vegetable pulp, mushroom waste, raw wet marc from fodder beet, apples or their mixtures, with the final total percentage of the components C and A and / or B represent 100% by weight of the final feed, The materials in the compound feed are comminuted to include a fraction of 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction of 0.01 to 10 mm in particle diameter. 2. A method for the biouplication of by-products of the agri-food industry according to claim A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the feed mixture comprises materials with a dry matter content in the range of about 30-80% by weight, and wherein no additional sources of drinking water are provided to the insects in the feeding step. 3. A method for the biouplication of by-products of the agri-food industry according to claim 1-2, characterized in that the compound feed is fed to insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), and contains respectively for A - wheat bran, B - maize silage, and for C - by-products of the agri-food industry are added in amounts up to about 40% by weight. 4. A method for the biouplication of by-products of the agri-food industry according to claim 1, 3. A method according to claim 3, characterized in that the feed mixture is fed to insects of the order Coleoptera, in particular to the species of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), where for A - wheat bran in an amount of about 10% by weight and B - maize silage in an amount of about 50 % by mass. 5. A method for bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry according to claim 1, A method according to any of the claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the compound feed is fed to insects of the order Blattodea, in particular Madagas cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or Argentine cockroaches (Blaptica dubia) and contains for A - wheat bran, B - maize silage and C - agri-food industry by-products selected from mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp. 6. A method for bio-utilization of by-products of the agri-food industry according to claim 1-2 and 5, characterized in that the compound feed is fed to Turkish cockroaches (Shellfordella lateralis) and contains for A - wheat bran in an amount in the range of about 25-75% by weight, preferably about 25% by weight, and C - fruit pulp in amounts in the range of about 25-50% by weight. 7. A method for the biouplication of by-products of the agri-food industry according to claim The method according to any of the claims 1-6, characterized in that the compound-fed insects are raised at a temperature ranging from about 24 ° C to about 28 ° C. 8. The use of a compound feed consisting of component C and one to two components selected from components A and / or B for the bio-utilization of agri-food industry by-products by breeding / rearing Coleoptera insects, in particular the mealworm species (Tenebrio molitor) and / or from the order of the Blattodea, in particular the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or the Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or the Argentine cockroach (Blaptica dubia), where - component A - are cereal components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where the cereal components are selected from wheat mix, wheat grains, wheat flour, wheat mill by-product, wheat bran, their mixtures, and / or - component B - plant components constituting up to 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, where plant components are selected from fodder silage obtained from maize, fresh plant biomass from maize, or corn meal or extraction meal from corn seeds, potatoes , fodder beet or mixtures thereof, and - component C - supplementary components constituting from 25% to 75% by weight of the feed mixture, with the supplementary components selected from agri-food industry by-products selected from potatoes, fodder beet, potato pulp, potato pulp, potato starch, fruit pulp from apples, vegetable pulp from fodder beet, fruit and vegetable pulp from apples and fodder beets, fruit and vegetable pulp from apples and potatoes, mushroom waste, raw wet marc from fodder beet, apples or their mixtures, The final total percentage of the components C and A and / or B is 100% by weight of the final feed, the materials of the compound feed are comminuted to a fraction from 0.001 to 20 mm in particle diameter, more preferably a fraction from 0 .01 to 10 mm in particle diameter. Use according to claim 1 8. A method according to claim 8, characterized in that for insects of the order Blattodea, in particular the Madagascar cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and / or the Turkish cockroach (Shellfordella lateralis) and / or the Argentine cockroach (Blaptica dubia), the by-products of the agri-food industry are selected from the group consisting of Mushroom waste and / or fruit pulp enter.