OA18887A - Device for securing a leak, premises equipped with such a device and associated leaksecuring method. - Google Patents
Device for securing a leak, premises equipped with such a device and associated leaksecuring method. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- OA18887A OA18887A OA1201600108 OA18887A OA 18887 A OA18887 A OA 18887A OA 1201600108 OA1201600108 OA 1201600108 OA 18887 A OA18887 A OA 18887A
- Authority
- OA
- OAPI
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- leak
- securing
- orifice
- jet
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000036633 rest Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000784 Nomex Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004763 nomex Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003068 static Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000000739 chaotic Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting Effects 0.000 description 1
Abstract
The invention relates to a device for securing a leak of fluid from equipment (1) comprising the pressurised fluid, said device comprising : a gastight containment device (3) disposed around the equipment and defining a volume, Vconf. between the inner surface of the sealed containment device and the outer surface of the equipment; a vent (4) formed by one or more ports in the sealed containment device, each port being defined by its cross-section and shape. According to the invention, the volume , Vconf, the cross-section and the shape of each port are configured such that, in the event of a leak of flow rate Qf, the fluid is discharged through each port in the form of a turbulent jet.
Description
TOTAL SA
Device for securing a leak, premises equipped with such a device and associated leak-securing method
The présent invention relates to a device for securing a leak; it is also aimed at premises equipped with such a device and at an associated method for securing a leak.
Such a leak securing device is designed to secure (make safe) equipment containing a pressurized fluid.
Equipment containing a pressurized fluid is also known as “pressure equipment’1.
The term “pressure equipment” covers a piece of equipment or collection of pièces of equipment intended for producing, manufacturing, storing or using compressed, liquefied or dissolved vapors or gases at pressures higher than atmospheric pressure.
By way of example of pressure equipment, mention may be made of the following equipment: a turbine, a pump, a diesel engine, an exchanger, a pipe, a valve, a column, a drum, a tank. The piping and safety accessories also form part of the pressure equipment.
This pressure equipment may présent a significant risk in the event of failure, notably in the event of a leak. The danger stems notably from the quantity of energy stored in pneumatic form, and increases if the pressurized fluid itself is dangerous (flammable, toxic, explosive, etc.). If a component ruptures, a shockwave, intense thermal effects, or very high speed blasting of débris may occur,
It is therefore appropriate to secure such pressure equipment.
In order to improve known leak securing devices, the invention is aimed at a device for securing a leak of a fluid that may occur in pressure equipment containing that fluid, in which the securing device is configured to secure a leak having a given leakage flow rate of said fluid, Qf, said securing device comprising:
- a gastight containment device, arranged around the pressure equipment and defining a volume Vcont between the internai surface of said fluidtight containment device and the external surface of the pressure equipment;
Device for securing a leak, premises equipped with such a device and associated leak-securing method
The présent invention relates to a device for securing a leak; it is also aimed at premises equipped with such a device and at an associated method for securing a leak.
Such a leak securing device is designed to secure (make safe) equipment containing a pressurized fluid.
Equipment containing a pressurized fluid is also known as “pressure equipment”.
The term “pressure equipment covers a piece of equipment or collection of pièces of equipment intended for producing, manufacturing, storing or using compressed, liquefied or dissolved vapors or gases at pressures higher than atmospheric pressure.
By way of example of pressure equipment, mention may be made of the following equipment: a turbine, a pump, a diesel engine, an exchanger, a pipe, a valve, a column, a drum, a tank. The piping and safety accessories also form part ofthe pressure equipment.
This pressure equipment may présent a significant risk in the event of failure, notably in the event of a leak. The danger stems notably from the quantity of energy stored in pneumatic form, and increases if the pressurized fluid itself is dangerous (fîammable, toxic, explosive, etc.). If a component ruptures, a shockwave, intense thermal effects, or very high speed blasting of débris may occur.
It is therefore appropriate to secure such pressure equipment.
In order to improve known leak securing devices, the invention is aimed at a device for securing a leak of a fluid that may occur in pressure equipment containing that fluid, in which the securing device is configured to secure a leak having a given leakage flow rate of said fluid, Qf, said securing device comprising:
- a gastight containment device, arranged around the pressure equipment and defining a volume Vcont between the internai surface of said fluidtight containment device and the extemal surface of the pressure equipment;
- a vent made up of one or more orifice(s) in the fluidtight containment device, each orifice being defined by its cross section and by its shape;
according to the présent invention, the volume Vconf the cross section and the shape of each orifice are configured so that in the event of a leak with a flow rate Qf, the fluid is discharged through each orifice in the form of a turbulent jet.
The presence, thus defined, of a gastight containment device arranged around the pressure equipment, and of a vent made up of one or more orifice(s) in said fluidtight containment device allows the pressurized fluid to expand in the event of leakage into the volume ν^, then discharge from the gastight containment device in the form of one or more turbulent jet(s). This then allows the fluid to concentrate toward each orifice and this is particularly advantageous in the case of a fluid that présents risks of explosion with the gas(es) surrounding the gastight containment device.
In the usual way, a “jet” means the movement of a fluid exiting with force, bursting forth from the place in which it is contained, generally via a small opening; a jet extends in a direction substantially perpendicular to the cross section of the opening from which it bursts forth. In the case of a circular opening, a jet has more or less the shape of a cône frustum with a cône angle less than or equal to 20° or even 10°.
In the usual way, “turbulent means a fluid flow mode in which a chaotic agitation movement is superposed on the mean movement of the fluid. Turbulence is characterized by the existence of transfers of material that take place in directions other than the mean direction of flow. In turbulent flow, the inertia forces predominate over the viscosity forces; this phenomenon arises in flow conditions above a threshold value. The “Reynolds number Re of a fluid in a given configuration is one of the indicators that allow the turbulence of a fluid to be characterized.
The Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity which represents the ratio between the inertia forces and the viscous forces.
It is defined as follows:
where • V: is the characteristic velocity of the fluid;
• L: is the characteristic dimension;
• u: is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.
In the case of a pipe with a circular cross section, in which the diameter is the characteristic dimension, it is found that the flow is turbulent when the Reynolds number is higherthan a threshold value of between 2000 and 3000.
It should be noted that a person skilled in the art easily knows how to recognize whether a fluid is exhibiting turbulent flow; he may notably make observations of the flow of the fluid and détermine whether this flow exhibits swirling, this being one of the easily recognizable features of turbulent flow.
The présent invention is also aimed at a leak securing device comprising the features listed in the following embodiments, which can be combined with one another in any technically conceivable configuration:
- the fluid is a gas, notably selected from one or more gases from the list consisting of methane, propane; according to another embodiment, the fluid is a liquid, notably selected from one or more liquids from the list consisting of a liquefied gas;
- the fluid is at a pressure of between 100 and 1000 bar in the equipment when the equipment is in operation;
- the equipment is chosen from a rotary machine or a static device, notably chosen from one or more pièces of equipment from the list consisting of a turbine, a pump, a diesel engine, an exchanger, a pipe, a valve, a column, a drum, a tank;
- the given leakage flow rate Qf is between 1 and 10 kilograms per second (kg/s);
- the fluidtight containment device is formed essentially of a wall placed on a plinth on which the pressure equipment rests; according to one embodiment, this wall is made of a déformable material, for example a composite material containing carbon fiber and/or aramid fiber, notably Kevlar® or Nomex®; according to one embodiment, the déformable material is supported by a metallic structure;
- the Reynolds number of the fluid discharging through each orifice in the form of a turbulent jet is between 105 and 106;
- the shape of an (or of the) orifice(s) in the fluidtight containment device is multilobed;
- at least one orifice in the fluidtight containment device is extended in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by a dilution device able to dilute the fluid of the jet using a gas situated beyond the externat surface of the fluidtight containment device; according to one embodiment, the dilution device is a Venturi-effect mixer; according to one embodiment, the dilution device is a succession of Venturi-effect mixers; according to one embodiment, the cross section of the Venturi-effect mixer(s) is multilobed; according to one embodiment, the surface of the Venturi-effect mixer(s) is rough; according to one embodiment, one or more component(s) of the dilution device is extended in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by a grating designed to generate turbulence in the fluid of the jet
The present invention is also aimed at a promises equipped with at least one leak securing device according to any one of the embodiments of the present invention as listed hereinabove.
The present invention is also aimed at an above promises further comprising a plurality of walls and, in at least one wall, an opening device that can be actuated by the thrust exerted by the turbulent jet of fluid during the leak; according to one embodiment, the actuatabie opening device is a valve placed in a wall in line with an orifice, in the direction of the turbulent jet of fluid leaving said orifice.
The present invention is also aimed at a method for securing pressure equipment in the event of a leak of a pressurized fluid therefrom, implementing at least one leak securing device according to any one of the embodiments of the present invention as listed hereinabove, and comprising the following successive steps:
- the fluid is left to spread out in the gastight containment device;
- the fluid is allowed to discharge in the form of a turbulent jet through each orifice of the vent.
Depending on the embodiment of said securing method, the latter comprises the following additional step:
- the fluid is allowed to become diluted beyond an orifice in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by virtue of a dilution device so as to dilute the fluid of the jet with a gas situated beyond the external surface of the fluidtight containment device.
The present invention is also aimed at a method for calculating the characteristics of a leak securing device according to any one of the embodiments of the present invention as listed hereinabove, implemented by computer processing means in which:
- a fluid leakage flow rate Qf is input;
- the géométrie characteristics of the pressure equipment are input;
- the géométrie characteristics of the gastight containment device and of the vent such that the fluid is discharged through each orifice of the vent in the form of a turbulent jet are calculated by itération and/or by optimization.
The present invention is also aimed at the use of at least one leak securing device as claimed in any one of the embodiments of the present invention as listed hereinabove or of a premises according to the present invention as listed hereinabove, under very cold weather conditions. What is meant by “very cold weather conditions are conditions in which the outdoor températures are below or equal to -40°C, notably below or equal to -50°C. These conditions are notably encountered in an arctic environment.
The following examples illustrate the present invention.
The invention will be better understood if reference is made to the attached drawings in which:
- figures 1 to 6 schematically depict one embodiment of a leak securing device according to the invention protecting pressure equipment, these being respectively a side view, a plan view, a view in section on lll-lll, a view in section on IV-IV, a front élévation and an isométrie view;
- figure 7 schematically depicts part of an embodiment of a leak securing device according to the invention, in plan view.
It should be noted that the components of the device depicted hâve not necessarily been drawn to scale and that the sole purpose of the figure is to make the present invention easier to understand.
In the example depicted in figures 1 to 6 pressure equipment 1 is illustrated, protected by a securing device according to the present invention, in which said securing device comprises a gastight containment device 3 arranged around the equipment 1 on a plinth 2.
This fluidtight containment device 3 comprises a vent 4 situated in its upper part.
For the purposes of the present description, the line corresponding to the bottom of the plinth 2 on which the pressure equipment 1 rests is defined as a horizontal reference line; this line may notably correspond to the ground on which the plinth 2 rests. An up-and-down direction is defined along a line perpendicular to said horizontal line, where the top is situated above the vent 4 and the bottom under the plinth 2.
A first component is considered to be situated above or higher up than a second component if the first component is positioned doser to the top than the second component; likewise, a first component is considered to be below or lower down than a second component if the first component is positioned doser to the bottom than the second component.
In order to dimension the securing device according to the present invention, considération is given to a given leakage flow rate Qf of pressurized fluid. This leakage flow rate Qf is defined as a function of the characteristics of the equipment that is to be protected and is generally defined by services responsible for the safety of pressure equipment. Some of the parameters taken into considération in defining the leakage flow rate Qf include, for example: the type of fluid, the dimensions of the equipment that is to be protected, the pressure of the fluid when the equipment is in operation, the température of the fluid when the equipment is in operation.
The volume V^nf is defined between the internai surface of said fluidtight containment device 3 and the extemal surface of the pressure equipment 1 containing that fluid.
The vent 4 is made up of one or more orifice(s) in the fluidtight containment device, each orifice being defined by its cross section and by its shape. In the case depicted, there is one single circular orifice in the fluidtight containment device and the vent and the orifice are therefore the same thing. However, numerous other forms of embodiment may be envisioned, notably in which the vent 4 is made up of several orifices and/or in which the orifices are not circular but may hâve other shapes, such as notably the shape of an ellipse, a square, a parallelepipedal slot. More complex shapes may also be chosen,
The volume νωηί the cross section and the shape of the orifice of the vent 4 are configured so that in the event of a leak with a flow rate Qf, the fluid discharges through the orifice in the form of a turbulent jet. In the event of there being a plurality of vent orifices, the volume Vœnf, the cross section and the shape of the orifices of the vent are configured so that in the event of a leak with a flow rate Qf, the fluid discharges through each orifice in the form of a turbulent jet.
In the event of a leak of a fluid from a component of the pressure equipment 1 implementing the leak securing device described hereinabove:
the pressurized fluid extends into the gastight containment device 3;
then the pressurized fluid discharges in the form of a turbulent jet through the orifice of the vent 4.
The volume Vconf allows the pressurized fluid first of ail to expand into the volume; the pressurized fluid is therefore not in the presence of the environment surrounding the gastight containment device; it very rapidly fills the volume and is confined in the first few moments after a leak; as soon as the volume Vconf is fuil, the pressurized fluid discharges in the form of a turbulent jet through each orifice of the vent 4.
According to one exemplary embodiment, the fluid is a gas, notably selected from one or more gases of the list consisting of methane, propane.
According to another exemplary embodiment, the fluid is a liquid, notably selected from one or more liquide of the list consisting of a liquefîed gas.
By way of example, the fluid is at a pressure of between 100 and 1000 bar in the equipment when the equipment is in operation.
By way of example, the given leakage flow rate Qf is between 1 and 10 kilograms per second (kg/s).
By way of example, the Reynolds number of the fluid discharging through the orifice in the form of a turbulent jet is between 105 and 106
According to one embodiment of the example depicted in figures 1 to 6, the fluidtight containment device is formed essentially of a wall placed on a plinth 2 on which the pressure equipment rests, in which the wall is made of a déformable material, for example a composite material containing carbon fiber and/or aramid fiber, notably Kevlar® or Nomex®. Choosing a déformable material allows controlled deformation of the fluidtight containment device when the pressurized fluid is released; choosing a composite material containing carbon fiber and/or aramid fiber means that the high loadings to which the containment device may be subjected can be withstood. This is because these materîals are capable of deforming to a large extent without tearing. The déformable material is, for example, supported by a metallic structure.
Furthermore, the orifice in the fluidtight containment device is extended in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by a dilution device able to dilute the fluid of the jet using a gas situated beyond the external surface of the fluidtight containment device. The dilution device is a succession of two Venturi-effect mixers 51, 52. The surface ofthe Venturi-effect mixer(s) may be rough.
These various means make it possible to increase the turbulence of the fluid in the jet and to increase the dilution of the pressurized fluid with the environment surrounding the gastight containment device.
It is possible to increase the turbulence still further by adding to the dilution device a grating that is placed in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid.
In one embodiment depicted in figure 7, the shape of the orifice 4 in the flurdtight containment device is multilobed. The cross section of the two Venturieffect mixers 51, 52 is also multilobed. These multilobed shapes make it possible to increase still further the turbulence and the dilution of the pressurized fluid with the environment.
According to one embodiment that has not been depicted, the leak securing device according to the présent invention and described hereinabove is installed in a premises, for example in the form of a shed, which comprises a plurality of walls. An opening device that can be actuated by the thrust exerted by the turbulent jet of fluid during the leak, for example a valve, is arranged in the wall situated in the direction of the turbulent jet of fluid leaving the orifice. This opening device is arranged in a wall in line with the orifice; the turbulent jet of fluid leaving the orifice actuates it by thrust when a leak occurs, thus allowing the pressurized fluid to be discharged from the premises.
The présent device is particulariy well suited to cases in which the pressurized fluid is an explosive gas (for example methane or propane) because it first of ail allows the gas to become concentrated, thereby avoiding the risks of explosion, and then allows the gas to be diluted with the environment surrounding the fluidtight containment device; this environment is generally made up of air. In this way it is possible to prevent the pressurized fluid from remaining in a critical concentration range within which the risks of explosion are at a maximum.
However, the invention is not restricted to equipment containing a pressurized explosive gas but may find applications in equipment containing some other pressurized fluid.
Claims (15)
1. A device for securing a leak of a fluid that may occur in pressure equipment (1) containing that fluid, in which the securing device is configured to secure a leak having a given leakage flow rate of said fluid Qf said securing device comprising:
- a gastight containment device (3), arranged around the pressure equipment and defining a volume V^nf between the internai surface of said fluidtight containment device and the extemal surface of the pressure equipment;
- a vent (4) made up of one or more orifice(s) in the fluidtight containment device, each orifice being defined by its cross section and by its shape;
and in which the volume Vconf, the cross section and the shape of each orifice are configured so that in the event of a leak with a flow rate Qf, the fluid is discharged through each orifice in the form of a turbulent jet.
2. The leak securing device as claimed in claim 1, in which the fluid is a gas, notably selected from one or more gases from the list consisting of methane, propane.
3. The leak securing device as claimed in claim 1, in which the fluid is a liquid, notably selected from one or more liquids from the list consisting of a liquefied gas.
4. The leak securing device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the equipment is chosen from a rotary machine or a static device, notably chosen from one or more pièces of equipment from the list consisting of a turbine, a pump, a diesel engine, an exchanger, a pipe, a valve, a column, a drum, a tank.
5. The leak securing device as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, in which the fluidtight containment device is formed essentially of a wall placed on a plinth (2) on which the pressure equipment rests, and in which the wall is made of a déformable material, for example a composite material containing carbon fiber and/or aramid fiber, notably Kevlar® or Nomex®.
6. The leak securing device as claimed in any one of the preceding daims, in which the shape of an (or of the) orifice(s) in the fluidtight containment device is multilobed.
7. The leak securing device as claimed in any one of the preceding daims, in which at least one orifice in the fluidtight containment device is extended in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by a dilution device (51, 52) able to dilute the fluid of the jet using a gas situated beyond the external surface of the fluidtight containment device.
8. The leak securing device as claimed in the preceding daim, in which the dilution device is a Venturi-effect mixer or a succession of Venturieffect mixers (51, 52).
9. The leak securing device as claimed in either of daims 7 and 8, in which one or more component(s) of the dilution device is/are extended in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by a grating designed to generate turbulence in the fluid of the jet.
10. A premises equipped with at least one leak securing device as claimed in any one of daims 1 to 9.
11. The premises equipped with at least one leak securing device as claimed in the preceding daim, comprising a plurality of walls and, in at least one wall, an opening device that can be actuated by the thrust exerted by the turbulent jet of fluid during the leak.
12. A method for securing pressure equipment (1) in the event of a leak of a pressurîzed fluid therefrom, implementing a leak securing device as claimed in any one of daims 1 to 9, comprising the following successive steps:
- the fluid is left to spread out in the gastight containment device (3);
- the fluid is allowed to discharge in the form of a turbulent jet through each orifice of the vent (4).
13. The securing method as claimed in the preceding claim, comprising the following additional step:
- the fluid is allowed to become diluted beyond an orifice in the direction of discharge of the jet of fluid by virtue of a dilution device (51, 52) so as to dilute the fluid of the jet with a gas situated beyond the extemal surface of the fluidtight containment device.
14. A method for calculating the characteristics of a securing device as claimed in any one of daims 1 to 9, implemented by computer Processing means in which:
- a fluid leakage flow rate Qf is input;
- the géométrie characteristics of the pressure equipment are input;
- the géométrie characteristics of the gastight containment device (3) and of the vent (4) such that the fluid is discharged through each orifice of the vent in the form of a turbulent jet are calculated by itération and/or by optimization.
15. The use of at least one leak securing device as claimed in any one of daims 1 to 9 or of a premises as claimed in one of daims 10 and 11 under very cold weather conditions.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR13306377.6 | 2013-10-03 | ||
| FR1360312 | 2013-10-23 | ||
| FR1452939 | 2014-04-03 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| OA18887A true OA18887A (en) | 2019-09-30 |
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