OA17880A - Attractants and bait stations comprising date-derived syrup products for attracting flies and methods therein. - Google Patents
Attractants and bait stations comprising date-derived syrup products for attracting flies and methods therein. Download PDFInfo
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- OA17880A OA17880A OA1201600309 OA17880A OA 17880 A OA17880 A OA 17880A OA 1201600309 OA1201600309 OA 1201600309 OA 17880 A OA17880 A OA 17880A
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- derived
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Abstract
The present invention discloses attractants
and bait stations comprising date-derived syrup
products for attracting biting flies and methods
therein. The methods including the steps of:
providing a bait station including: a date-derived
syrup product for attracting at least one type of
biting fly selected from the group consisting of:
mosquitoes, sand flies, stable flies, biting midges,
and stomoxys; and a substrate material for
supporting the date-derived syrup product; and
locating the bait station in a designated
geographic area in order to attract said at least
one type of biting fly. Preferably, the date-derived
syrup product is derived from at least one date
material selected from the group consisting of :
dates, date paste, date syrup obtained from
pressed dates, and commercially-available date
syrup.
Description
ATTRACTANTS AND ΒΑΓΓ STATIONS COMPRISING DATE-DERTVED SYRUP PRODUCTS FOR ATTRACTING FLIES AND METHODS THEREIN
FIELD AND BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The présent invention relates to attractants and bait stations comprising date-derived syrup products (defined herein as being made of and/or derived from dates, date paste, and/or date syrup contained therein) for attracting flies (particularly biting Aies, fruit flies, filth flies, andhouseflies) and methods therein.
Biting flies (including mosquitoes, sand flies, stable flies, and biting midges) are known for their blood-feeding behavior, which makes them vectors of pathogens. However, while female biting flies predominantly need blood for egg production, and sugar as their main source of energy, male biting flies (apart from Stomoxys) do not feed on blood, and are completely dépendent on sugar (Killick-Kendrick, 1999; Foster, 1995, see foll reference in Literature section).
Therefore, the requirement for sugar-feeding influences longevity, fecundity, dispersai, host-seeking behavior, and ultimately blood-feeding that facilitâtes disease transmission (Foster, 1995; Dye, 1987; Gibb et al., 1988; Millier & Schlein, 2004). According to the literature, biting flies obtain sugar meals from flowers and honeydew excreted by aphids and coccids, fruit, and to a smaller extent from green plant tissue of leaves and stems (MacVicker et aL, 1990; Wallbanks étal., 1991; Schlein & Muller, 1995).
Biting flies do not find sugar sources randomly; they rather search for sugar sources actively by following olfactory eues (Foster, 1995; Muller et al., 2010: Schlein & Muller, 2010). Some observations indicate that biting flies are sélective and visit different flowers and fruit according to an order of preference (Muller & Schlein, 2006; Schlein & MUiler, 2008).
Despite the obvious importance, there is only anecdotal information on spécifie sugar-meal sources, and little is known about preferences of sugar sources in the field (Foster, 1995).
This dependence on sugar of biting Aies was only recently exploited for control measurements. In recent times, attractive, toxic, sugar baits were developed to attract and kill biting Aies in the Aeld. These baits basically include an attractive component, sugar as a feeding stimulant, and an oral toxin. Currently, bait stations are one of the most interesting and promising insect control techniques.
In such prior-art studies, in the absence of a suitable attractant. a non—attracting, toxic sugar solution was initially sprayed on Aoweling plants. Mosquitoes were attracted by the scent of the Aowers, and fed on the sug,ir solution, consequently resulting in death. -while effective in controlling mosquitoes, this method required bait application to be dépendent on locating suitable Aowering plants. Fmthermore, the impact on non-target Aower-visiting insects such as bees and other pollinators was very high.
In subséquent studies, extracts of numerous attractive Aowers and fruits were used to attract blood-sucking Diptera to the toxic sugar bait. Candidates of Aowering plants and fruit were screened for their attracting propelties to biting Aies. Attractants for control experiments were made from identifred attractive fruits including guava, plum, honeydew melon, cactus fruit, and carob seedpods. Though the performance of such attractants was initially satisfactory, it was determined that Aies were only attracted to such fruit if very ripe or even over-ripe fruit (prior to the onset of rot) was used.
Fermenting the fmit with wine or beer for a few days mitigated this limitation. The resulting attractants proved to be highly effective for the control of Aies; however, the same attractants exhibited poor long-teml stability in field studies, as well as poor shelf life for a comrnercializable product. Furthermore, the availability of over—ripe fruit in industrial 25 quantities with a persistent quality, and the standardization of the fennentation process posed additional problems. In addition, fermented fruit and their extracted products attracted not only biting Aies, but also non-t.irget insects in some areas such as non-biting Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera.
Furthermore, since typical prior—ait bait is a viscous substance or aqueous-gel mixture, a major drawback of prior-art bait technologies is the sensitivity to outdoor environments, such as sunlight, dust rain, dew, and cold flow due to gravity. Cold flow of bait causes loss of material and uneven distribution along the dimensions of the bait. Baits having no outer, protective film tend to accumulate dust that sticks to the bait, while the sunlight's radiation (particularly in the UV range) can cause severe dégradation over a period of time of outdoor exposure.
It would be désirable to hâve attractants and bait stations comprising date-derived syrup products for attracting flies. Such attractants and methods would, inter alia, overcome the limitations mentioned above.
SUMMARY
It is the purpose of the présent invention to provide attractants and bait stations comprising date-derived symp products for attracting flies (particularly biting flies, fruit flies, filth flies, and houseflies) and methods therein.
In the interest of clarity, several terms which follow are specifîcally defined for use herein. The term date-derived syrup products is used herein to refer to syrup products that are made of and/or derived from dates, date paste, and/or date symp contained therein. The terms fresh and freshly-prepared are used herein to refer to attractants that were exposed to a test enviromnent shortly after the attractants were prepared.
The term dates is used herein to refer to the Genus Phoenix L. - date palm, Family Arecaceae, die main species Phoenix dactyltfera L., and others: P. atlcmtica A. Chev. , P.
canariensis Chabeaud., P. reclinata Jacq., P. sylvestrîs Roxb., P. humilis Royle., P. hancectna Naudin., P. robelinic O'Brein., P. farinijl?ra Roxb., P. rupicola T. Anders., P. acaidis Roxb., and P. pctludosa Roxb.
In particular, the term dates includes species that bear edible fruit for humans or animais (P. atlantica Chev., P. reclinata Jacq., P.farin fera Roxb., P. humilis Royle., and P. acaulis Roxb). The définition of dates further includes the direct descendent species: P. canariensis Chabeaud - Canary Island date palrn; P. dactylifera L. - date palm; P. loureiroi Kunth — Loureir's date palm; P. reclinata Jacq. — Sénégal date palm, reclining date palm; P. roebelenii O'Brien — pygmy date palm; and P. sylvestrîs (L.) Roxb. — wild date palm.
Obviously, différent types of fruit with different nomenclature and an , lrray of different cultivars with their local names are also included in the présent définition of dates.
The term flies is used herein to refer to biting Aies, species of fruit Aies, filth Aies, and houseAies. Examples of biting Aies include mosquitoes, sand Aies, stable Aies, and biting midges. The term non-target insect is used herein to refer to any insect not included in the term Aies for which it is deerned undesirable and/or unintended for an attractant to attract. The term bait station is used herein to refer to a device that is installed in a way that the targeted insects can feed on the bait, either outdoors or indoors.
Furthermore, it is noted that the term exemplary is used herein to refer to examples of embodiments and/or implémentations, and is not meant to necessarily convey a moredesirable use—case. Similarly, the terms preferred and preferably are used herein to refer to an example out of an assortaient of contemplated embodiments and/or implémentations, and is not meant to necessarily convey a more-desirable use-case. Therefore, it is understood from the above that exemplary and preferred may be applied herein to multiple embodiments and/or implémentations.
Currently, there is no evidence that Aies are attracted or feed upon date-derived syrup products. Embodiments of the présent invention provide attractants, bait stations, and associated methods comprising date-derived syrup products for which Aies are preferentially attracted to.
Many insect baits hâve characteristic liquid properties; thus, such baits are subject to sagging and gravity-driven loss from a réservoir or bait surface. Furthermore, the bait needs to rnake thefood source (e.g., sugar) available to the insects; thus, atacky exposed surface is often employed, which can quickly build up débris from dust and dead insects adsorbed/attached to the surface. Such débris can resuit in blocking a large portion of the bait surface, thereby reducing its effectiveness. Exposure to rain can ajso dégradé bait performance by causing loss or détérioration of the bait itself.
Preferred embodiments of the présent invention provide bait stations characterized, inter alia, by: improved rain érosion résistance, lower surface tack, and reduced sagging and tendency to cold Aow due to gravity.
Furthennore, preferred embodiments of the présent invention provide date-derived attractants, which exhibit sustained, long-teml effectiveness. Such date-derived attractants are readily available in bulk, need no spécial préservation, and can be stored for long periods of time. Such date-derived attractants can also be combined with simple traps and trapping mechanisms. Sugar as an additional food source can be added to the date-derived attractants as ,vell without interfering with attraction performance.
Moreover, preferred embodiments of the présent invention provide such date-derived attractants which overcome, inter alia, the disadvantages associated with other fruit-based attractants which: (1) require the fruit to bein anarrowly-defined state of ripeness, (2) limit the availability of industrial quantities of product due to seasonal variation in régional harvests, (3) hâve complicated préservation and storage options, and (4) limit the length of product usability due to a short shelf-life.
Therefore, according to the présent invention, there is provided for the first time a method for attracting Aies, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a bait station including: (i) a date-derived syrup product for attracting the flies; and (ii) a substrate material for supporting the date-derived syrup product; and (b) locating the bait station in a designated géographie area in order to attract the flies.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date material selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained from pressed dates, and commercially-available date symp.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as afood source for the Aies.
Preferably, the substrate material is at least one matelial selected from the group consisting of: mechanically-roughened material, reinforced cardboard, plastic, high surfacearea material, woven functional fabric, functional mesh, open-pore foam, fibrous mat, corrugated material, honeycomb fabricated material, green végétation, and foliage.
Preferably, the substrate material is a fibrous material for adsorbing and/or absorbing the date-derived syrnp product to cause slow release of the date-derived syrup product into the environment.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product is suffused into the substrate material.
Preferably, the bait station fmiher includes: (iii) a protective film for providing the flies access to the date-derived syrup product.
Most preferably, the protective film is adapted to be permeable to volatile components.
Most preferably, the protective film is configured to be piercable by the Aies.
Most preferably, the protective film is configured to be résistant to dégradation caused by outdoor environrnental conditions and/or harsh indoor environmental conditions.
According to the présent invention, there is provided for the first time a method for attracting Aies in a designated location, the method comprising the steps of: (a) setting a location based on the presence of green végétation or foliage; and (b) applying a date-derived syrup product onto the green végétation or foliage for attracting the flies in the designated location.
Preferably, the applying is at least one technique selected from the group consisting of: spraying, immersing, smearing, misting, pouring, and dripping.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date matel:ial selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained frorn pressed dates, and commercially-available date syrup.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as afood source for the flies.
According to the présent invention, there is provided for the first time a bait station for attracting Aies, the bait station comprising: (a) a date-derived syrup product for attracting the flies; and (b) a substrate material for supporting the date-delived syrup product.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date matel :ial selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained frorn pressed dates, and commercially-available date syrup.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as afood source for the Aies.
Preferably, the substrate material is at least one material selected from the group consisting of: mechanically—roughened material, reinforced cardboard, plastic, high surface— area material, woven functional fabric, functional mesh, open-pore foam, fibrous mat, cmrngated material, honeycomb fabricated material, green végétation, and foliage.
Preferably, the substrate material is a fibrous material for adsorbing and/or absorbing the date—derived syrnp product to cause slow release of the date-derived syrup product into the environment.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product is suffused into the substrate material.
Preferably, the bait station further comprising: (c) a protective film for providing the Aies access to the date-derived syrnp product.
Most preferably, the protective film is adapted to be permeable to volatile components.
Most preferably, the protective film is configured to be piercable by the flies.
Most preferably, the protective film is configured to be résistant to dégradation caused by outdoor environmental conditions and/or harsh indoor environmental conditions.
According to the présent invention, there is provided for the first time an attractant for attracting flies, the attractant comprising: (a) a date-derived syrup product for attracting the flies, the date-derived syrup product adapted to selectively attract Hies while discriminately not attracting non—target insects.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date material selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained from pressed dates, and commercially-available date syrup.
Preferably, the date-derived syrnp product includes an added sugar as a food source for the flies.
Preferably, the date-derived syrup product includes an added water-based solvent.
These and further embodiments will be apparent from the detailed description and examples that follow.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The présent invention relates to attractants and bait stations comprising date-derived syrup products for attracting Aies and methods therein. The principles and operation for providing such attractants, bait stations, and methods, according to the présent invention, may 5 be better understood with reference to the accompanying description. Exemplary embodiments of the présent invention are detai]ed below in the following experimental studies and results.
EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Field study site
Field studies were conducted in Neot Hakiklr, in Southern Israël, the largest natural oasis along the Western shore of the Dead Sea. The area is an extreme deselt with occasional natural oases consisting of marshland, and artificial oases formed by agricultural irrigation: the conditions in these sites are tropical. The Eastern part of the study oasis is mainly used for agriculture. In the Western part, there is a large, non-irrigated, date plantation. This plantation covers an area of approximately 10 hectares and is surrounded mainly by reed thickets, Chenopodiaceae shrubs, and Tamarix bushes. The végétation betWeen the date trees is regularly cleared. At the time of the experiments, there were no potential, attractive, sugar sources within a distance of at least 100 m from the experimental set-up.
0 Laboratory experiments
Laboratory experiments were conducted in experimental cages or release-chambers in the insectary of the laboratory of Westham Ltd. The environmental conditions were: a température of 27°C, arelative hmnidity of 80%, and aphotoperiod of 16:8 hours (light: dark).
Experimental cages
Rectangular cages (120 x 60 x 60 cm, 0.432 m.j were made from métal frarnes covered with gauze, with two sleeved openings.
Release-chambers
A room (4 x 7 x 3 rn) having attractant and control bait located in two opposing corners, situated 1 meter frorn the abutting walls and at a height of 1 meter from the floor was used as a release chamber.
Traps used for évaluation of attraction in laboratory studies
The attractant was placed in a 200ml cup that was covered at its opening with yellow adhesive material (20 x 20 cm, Tangle Foot, Rimi, Petah Tiqwa, Israël) with the adhesive side exposed, facing outward. A hole in the center of the adhesive matelial allowed for évaporation and effusion of the attractant into the room. Flies (male and female) were released in the room 15 in the afternoon hours after being starved for 24 hrs. Attractive performance of the attractant was based on the number of flies stuck to the adhesive material after an elapsed amount of time in the release chamber.
Flies used for testing in laboratory studies
0 Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens) and sand flies (Phlebotomus pcipatasi) were raised under common insectary conditions (i.e., 27°C, relative humidity 80%, and photoperiod of 16:8 hours 1 ightdark) in the insectary ofWestham Ltd. The flies used for the experiments were males and females between five and ten days old. The flies had access to a 10% sucrose-in-water solution that was changed daily, but received no blood meals before the tests. Prior to the experiments, flies were starved for 12 hrs. Ail Aies were discarded after being used in a single experiment (i.e., no repeated use of experimental flies).
Date-derived syrup products used for the experiments
The dates, date paste, and/or date syrup used for the date-derived syrup products in the experiments were obtained from commercial suppliers; the commercial materials contained multiple varieties of dates. Initial experiments were conducted which showed no variability in attractive performance based on the source of the date-derived syrup products (i.e., dates vs. date paste vs. homemade date syrup vs. commercial date syrup).
The date-derived syrup products were mixed in water to create suitable solutions for soaking sponges used in the experiments. A 10% sucrose solution prepared from white, refined sugar was used as a control. While the date-derived syrup products inherently contain natural sugars, and thus, can serve as fly bait by providing the flies with an energy source, the experiments focused primarily on the attractive performance of the date-derived syrup products.
Traps used for évaluation of attraction in field studies
The attraction of date-derived syrup products was determined usmg a speciallydesigned glue trap, constructed as follows. Stiff (0.2-cm thick), dark green, plastic mesh (70 x 70 cm.), having 0.8-cm. square holes, was rolled into cylinders that were tied with plastic strips to retain their shape. End covers for the cylinders were made from circular pièces of the same mesh. A sponge smlked with either attractant or control was fixed with two wooden stakes inside the center of each mesh cylinder. The cylinders were then closed with their covers, fixed to the ground with 20-cm. long, ,vooden stakes, and coated with an adhesive (Tangle Foot,
Rimi, Petah Tiqwa, Israël) capable of capturing Aies and non-target insects that were attracted to the attractants (for description in detail, see Mu 11er et al., 2010).
General set-up of field studies
Ail field studies were conducted over several consecutive days and nights. The attractant-treated traps were placed 10 m. apart along an unpaved road that crossed the abovedescribed plantation. In total, 10 samples of each type of attractant were tested for attraction in comparison to 10 controls.
Flies and other non-target insects caught on the glue traps were recovered daily after 24 hrs. ai 15:00 andcounted. Usedattractants/controls wereremoved andfresh attractants/controls were inserted in the mesh cylinders following every col lection, with fresh glue being applied to the cylinders as well. The order of the traps on the road ,vas retained, but every day the entire line of attractant-treated traps was moved three steps in the same direction to avoid local bias.
General set-up of laboratory experiments
100 male and 100 female flies of the same species were released into a cage/release chamber in the evening (at 20:00), and allowed to settlefor 30 min. The flies were then exposed tosponges smlked with attractants and controls.
Attractants were made from date-derived syrup products mixed with water in proportions of 100 g of products to 900 ml of water. Solution of 10% sucrose (from white, refined sugar) was used as the control. Food dyes were added as feeding markers; 1% WiV red dye and 1% W/V blue dye were added to experimental and control solutions, respectively. For the duration of the experiments, the experimental cages were kept inside the insectary.
After exposing the flies to attractant for a certain amount of time, the flies were recovered, and their abdomens were observed under a dissection microscope for the presence of imbibed, colored solutions. Attractant/control solutions were changed daily. For each fly species, there were ten répétitions per experiment.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was carried out using the GraphPad Prism 5.0 statistical package.
Student's t-tests were used to compare the number of Aies caught by each fruit-species attractant compared to the sucrose control. Significance was taken at p < 0.05. Date-derived symp products were ranked by being assigned an attraction index which was calculated by taking the average catch with the fmit-based attractant (AF) divided by the average catch with the sucrose solution-soaked sponge control (AC): AF/AC= Attraction Index or AJ.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Experiment I: Degree of attraction of flies on different, freshly-prepared, attractants in experimental cages
Cohorts of 100 fernale and 100 male Culexpipiens were exposed in experimental cages to an attractant made from date symp (either commercial products or symp derived from dates or date paste), guava-based juice attractant (see Muller et al., 2010b), and 10% sucrose solution. Results after an exposure time of 30 minutes are presented in Table 1.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 35 | 29 | 41 | 62 | 51 | 48 | 73 | 39 | 56 | 45 | 479 | 47.90 | 2.83 |
| Guavabased | 21 | 30 | 24 | 35 | 19 | 40 | 28 | 14 | 34 | 42 | 287 | 28.70 | 1.7 |
| Sucrose 10% | 12 | 19 | 11 | 8 | 23 | 15 | 9 | 28 | 30 | 14 | 169 | 16.90 | //// |
| Males | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 37 | 35 | 55 | 69 | 50 | 57 | 75 | 36 | 63 | 51 | 528 | 52.80 | 2.8 |
| Guavabased | 25 | 30 | 29 | 42 | 21 | 45 | 24 | 20 | 35 | 48 | 319 | 31.90 | 1.67 |
| Sucrose 10% | 15 | 18 | 14 | 13 | 20 | 24 | 16 | 25 | 27 | 19 | 191 | 19.10 | //// |
Table 1: Degree of attraction of Cnlexpipiens after an exposure time of 30 minutes on different, fresh attractants in experimental cages (* AI is based on comparison to 10% sucrose solution).
Results for Cnlex pipiens in experimental cages after an exposure time of 10 hours are presented in Table2.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 98 | 95 | 91 | 97 | 89 | 97 | 95 | 100 | 93 | 95 | 950 | 95.00 | 1.23 |
| Guavabased | 85 | 82 | 93 | 85 | 90 | 92 | 97 | 89 | 91 | 97 | 901 | 90.10 | 1.17 |
| Sucrose 10% | 67 | 90 | 76 | 81 | 77 | 86 | 85 | 73 | 64 | 72 | 771 | 77.10 | 111/ |
| Males | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 96 | 93 | 98 | 100 | 95 | 92 | 99 | 97 | 89 | 90 | 949 | 94.90 | 1.21 |
| Guavabased | 88 | 85 | 79 | 81 | 85 | 78 | 92 | 95 | 87 | 91 | 861 | 86.10 | 1.09 |
| Sucrose 10% | 65 | 73 | 91 | 85 | 72 | 90 | 88 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 784 | 78.40 | //// |
Table 2: Degree of attraction of Cnlexpipiens after anexposure time of 10 hours on different, fresh attractants in experimental cages (* AI is based on comparison to 10% sucrose solution).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE 26)
Results for Ph. papatasi in experimental cages after an exposure time of 30 minutes are presented in Table 3.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | S | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 19 | 23 | 34 | 17 | 32 | 25 | 31 | 40 | 27 | 45 | 293 | 29.30 | 3.61 |
| Guavabased | 10 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 16 | 9 | 26 | 18 | 30 | 17 | 179 | 17.90 | 2.21 |
| Sucrose 10% | 5 | 9 | 12 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 11 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 81 | 10.30 | 111/ |
| Males | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 14 | 26 | 31 | 18 | 40 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 49 | 312 | 31.20 | 3.28 |
| Guavabased | 8 | 17 | 20 | 15 | 19 | 12 | 25 | 23 | 29 | 21 | 189 | 18.90 | 1.99 |
| Sucrose 10% | 7 | 10 | 15 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 3 | 15 | 7 | 95 | 12.40 | /111 |
Table3: Degree of attraction of Ph. papatasi after an exposure time of30 minutes on different, fresh attractants in experimental cages (* AI is based on comparison to 10% 5 sucrose solution).
Results for Ph. papatasi in experimental cages after an exposure time of 10 hours are presented in Table 4.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 78 | 71 | 69 | 63 | 72 | 91 | 84 | 88 | 95 | 70 | 781 | 78.10 | 1.11 |
| Guavabased | 80 | 62 | 65 | 71 | 81 | 59 | 75 | 67 | 71 | 91 | 722 | 72.20 | 1.03 |
| Sucrose 10% | 57 | 85 | 72 | 60 | 64 | 74 | 81 | 55 | 80 | 73 | 701 | 70.10 | 111/ |
| Males | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 74 | 78 | 62 | 70 | 80 | 85 | 96 | 92 | 87 | 81 | 805 | 80.50 | 1.18 |
| Guavabased | 68 | 81 | 83 | 65 | 72 | 75 | 84 | 71 | 90 | 83 | 772 | 77.20 | 1.13 |
| Sucrose 10% | 59 | 63 | 75 | 66 | 57 | 80 | 72 | 60 | 71 | 78 | 681 | 68.10 | 111/ |
Table 4: Degree of attraction of Ph. papatasi after an exposure time of 10 hours on o different, fresh attractants in experimental cages (* AI is based on comparison to 10% . sucrose solution).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
Summary of results: In experimental cages, both female and male mosquitoes and sand flies exhibitcd signifîcantly higher attraction on date-based attractant than on guava-based attractant after a time exposure of 30 min. Compared to the control (sucrose) attraction for both attractant formulations was signifîcantly higher. After 10 hrs., the attraction rate on date-based attractant was still consistently higher than on guava-based attractant, although the results were not statistically significant. The date-based attractant is characterized by signifîcantly higher attraction rates than guava-based attractant within short time intervals of exposure based on Al.
Experiment II: Degree of attraction of flies todifferent, freshly prepared and aged attractants in release chambers
Cohorts of 100 female and 100 male flies were exposed in release chambers to a datederived syrup product, guava-based juice attractant, and 10% sucrose solution. Results after an exposure time of 30 minutes to different, freshly-prepared attractants are presented in Table 5.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | S | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 14 | 27 | 11 | 19 | 13 | 25 | 22 | 15 | 19 | 32 | 197 | 19.70 | 13.13 |
| Guavabased | 5 | 12 | 5 | 6 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 9 | 4 | 66 | 6.60 | 4.4 |
| Sucrose 10% | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 7 | 15 | 1.50 | //// |
| Males | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 17 | 25 | 16 | 26 | 15 | 19 | 16 | 17 | 27 | 38 | 216 | 21.60 | 12.71 |
| Guavabased | 6 | 10 | 3 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 83 | 8.30 | 4.88 |
| Sucrose 10% | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 17 | 1.70 | //// |
Table 5: Degree of attraction of Culexpipiens after an exposure time of 30 minutes on different, freshly-prepared attractants in release chambers (* AI is based on comparison to 10% sucrose solution).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
Results for Culex pipiens in release chambers after an exposure time of 10 hours to different, freshly-prepared attractants are presented in Table 6.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 98 | 95 | 91 | 97 | 89 | 97 | 95 | 100 | 93 | 95 | 950 | 95.00 | 2.83 |
| Guavabased | 85 | 82 | 93 | 85 | 90 | 92 | 97 | 89 | 91 | 97 | 901 | 90.10 | 1.7 |
| Sucrose 10% | 67 | 90 | 76 | 81 | 77 | 86 | 85 | 73 | 64 | 72 | 771 | 77.10 | 111/ |
| Males | |||||||||||||
| Date-based | 96 | 93 | 98 | ## | 95 | 92 | 99 | 97 | 89 | 90 | 949 | 94.90 | 2.8 |
| Guavabased | 88 | 85 | 79 | 81 | 85 | 78 | 92 | 95 | 87 | 91 | 861 | 86.10 | 1.67 |
| Sucrose 10% | 65 | 73 | 91 | 85 | 72 | 90 | 88 | 75 | 75 | 70 | 784 | 78.40 | Jlii |
Table6: Degree of attraction of Culex pipiens after an exposure time of 10 hours on different, freshly-prepared attractants in release chambers (* AI is based on comparison to
10% sucrose solution).
Results for female Culexpipiens in release chambers after an exposure time of 30 minutes to different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants are presented in Table 7.
SUBST1TUTE SHEET (RULE26)
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Avg. % | Attraction Index* |
| Females | |||||||||||||
| Date-based: fresh | 10 | 8 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 13 | 29 | 34 | 21 | 11 | 173 | 17.30 | 14.41 |
| Date-based: 2wks | 5 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 24 | 19 | 27 | 13 | 20 | 16 | 160 | 16.00 | 13.33 |
| Date-based: 4wks | 12 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 18 | 11 | 14 | 19 | 25 | 32 | 186 | 18.60 | 15.5 |
| Date-based: lOwks | 33 | 14 | 5 | 3 | 14 | 18 | 22 | 13 | 21 | 12 | 155 | 15.50 | 12.92 |
| Date-based: 16wks | 20 | 17 | 12 | 6 | 9 | 24 | 37 | 31 | 15 | 29 | 200 | 20.00 | 16.67 |
| Guava-based: fresh | 11 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 72 | 7.20 | 6 |
| Guava-based: 2wks | 5 | 15 | 19 | 21 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 89 | 8.90 | 7.42 |
| Guava-based: 4wks | 5 | 4 | 3 | 10 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 65 | 6.50 | 5.42 |
| Guava-based: lOwks | 2 | 0 | o û | 1 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 18 | 1.80 | 1.5 |
| Guava- based: 16wks | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0.80 | 0.67 |
| Sucrose 10%: fresh | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 1.00 | 0.83 |
| Sucrose 10%: 2wks | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 26 | 2.60 | 3 |
| Sucrose 10%: 4wks | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 11 | 1.10 | 0.92 |
| Sucrose 10%: lOwks | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 0.80 | 0.67 |
| Sucrose 10%: 16wks | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 1.30 | 1.08 |
| Plain water | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 12 | 1.20 | 111/ |
Table 7: Degree of attraction of female Culex pipiens after an exposure time of 30 minutes on different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants in release chambers (* AI is based on comparison to plain water).
Summary of results: In release chambers, both female and male mosquitoes and sand S flies exhibited significantly higher attraction on date-based attractants than on guava-based attractants after a time exposure of 30 min. for both freshly-prepared and aged attractants. Compared to tire control (sucrose) attraction on both attractant formulations was significantly higher. After 10 hrs., the attraction rate on date-based was still consistently higher than on
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26) guava-based attractant, although the results were not statistically significant. The date-based attractant is characterized by a significantly higher attraction rates than guava-based attractant within short time intervals of exposure based on Al.
Field studies: Degree of attraction offlies on different,freshly-prepared and aged attractants in a study oasis c
Field studies were conducted in the study oasis described above. Results for Anopheles sergentii (female and male mosquitoes pooled) in the study oasis after an overnight exposure to different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants are presented in Table 8.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Attraction Index* |
| Intact Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava | 29 | 35 | 47 | 28 | 56 | 41 | 57 | 69 | 26 | 17 | 405 | 6.86 |
| Dates | 2 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 5 | 11 | 17 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 71 | 1.2 |
| Blended Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 45 | 57 | 36 | 39 | 55 | 70 | 27 | 85 | 48 | 76 | 538 | 9.12 |
| Dates: fresh | 10 | 3 | 1 | 19 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 78 | 1.32 |
| Fruit Attractants | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 87 | 104 | 66 | 73 | 128 | 111 | 76 | 190 | 142 | 90 | 1067 | 18.01 |
| Dates: fresh | 210 | 125 | 237 | 345 | 192 | 286 | 99 | 439 | 442 | 251 | 2626 | 44.51 |
| Guava: 10wk field exp. | 10 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 8 | 5 | 19 | 10 | 15 | 7 | 108 | 1.83 |
| Dates: 10-wk field exp. | 255 | 149 | 93 | 317 | 180 | 125 | 269 | 336 | 164 | 350 | 2238 | 37.93 |
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Sucrose 10% fresh | 10 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 63 | 0.83 |
| Plain water | 6 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 4 | 2 | 13 | 9 | 11 | 3 | 59 | 111/ |
o Table 8: Degree of attraction of Anopheles sergentii (female and male mosquitoes pooled) after an overnight exposure on different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants in a study oasis (* AI is based on comparison to plain water).
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
Results for Aedes caspius (female and male mosquitoes pooled) in the study oasis after an ovemight exposure to different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants are presented in Table
9.
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Attraction Index* |
| Intact Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava | 9 | 14 | 13 | 20 | 11 | 27 | 36 | 28 | 31 | 15 | 204 | 5.37 |
| Dates | 3 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 37 | 0.94 |
| Blended Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 15 | 36 | 67 | 51 | 26 | 40 | 31 | 75 | 21 | 53 | 415 | 10.92 |
| Dates: fresh | 6 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 12 | 7 | 53 | 1.4 |
| Fruit Attractants | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 17 | 25 | 52 | 40 | 30 | 71 | 59 | 44 | 97 | 86 | 521 | 13.71 |
| Dates: fresh | 115 | 240 | 95 | 158 | 192 | 64 | 95 | 150 | 175 | 203 | 1487 | 39.14 |
| Guava: 10wk field exp. | 20 | 11 | 7 | 13 | 5 | 21 | 4 | 15 | 6 | 10 | 112 | 2.95 |
| Dates: 10-wk field exp. | 142 | 112 | 74 | 260 | 128 | 87 | 52 | 161 | 248 | 105 | 1369 | 36.03 |
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Sucrose 10% fresh | 3 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 41 | 1.08 |
| Plain water | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 38 | /111 |
Table 9: Degree of attraction of Aedes caspius (female and male mosquitoes pooled) after an ovemight exposure on different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants in a study oasis (* AI is based on comparison to plain water).
Results for Ph. papatasi (female and male sand flies pooled) in the study oasis after an ovemight exposure to different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants are presented in Table 10 10.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Attraction Index* |
| Intact Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava | 35 | 45 | 17 | 9 | 21 | 10 | 13 | 24 | 19 | 23 | 216 | 10.8 |
| Dates | 8 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 26 | 1.3 |
| Blended Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 21 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 25 | 18 | 32 | 17 | 9 | 13 | 168 | 8.4 |
| Dates: fresh | 5 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 23 | 1.15 |
| Fruit Attractants | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 82 | 33 | 57 | 31 | 70 | 63 | 42 | 69 | 23 | 88 | 558 | 27.9 |
| Dates: fresh | 75 | 120 | 157 | 93 | 105 | 76 | 33 | 135 | 187 | 145 | 1126 | 56.3 |
| Guava: 10wk field exp. | o □ | 5 | 10 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 7 | o O | 0 | 5 | 50 | 2.5 |
| Dates: 10-wk field exp. | 150 | 96 | 45 | 184 | 135 | 70 | 167 | 68 | 81 | 57 | 1053 | 52.65 |
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Sucrose 10% fresh | 7 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 27 | 1.35 |
| Plain water | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 111/ |
Table 10: Degree of attraction of Ph. papatasi (female and male sandflies pooled) after an overnight exposure on different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants in a study oasis (* AI is based on comparison to plain water).
Non-target insects: Results for Lepidopterci (female and male moths pooled) in the study oasis after an overnight exposure to different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants are presented in Table 11.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Attraction Index* |
| Intact Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava | 25 | 14 | 31 | 9 | 17 | 12 | 39 | 45 | 56 | 21 | 269 | 22.42 |
| Dates | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 19 | 1.58 |
| Blended Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 19 | 37 | 35 | 49 | 64 | 32 | 77 | 85 | 61 | 50 | 509 | 42.42 |
| Dates: fresh | 7 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 7 | 28 | 2.33 |
| Fruit Attractants | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 227 | 245 | 64 | 90 | 73 | 102 | 185 | 206 | 145 | 110 | 1447 | 120.58 |
| Dates: fresh | 5 | 0 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 47 | 3.92 |
| Guava: 10wk field exp. | 5 | 34 | 51 | 69 | 18 | 73 | 25 | 11 | 30 | 8 | 324 | 27 |
| Dates: 10-wk field exp. | 2 | 7 | 3 | 0 | I | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 19 | 1.58 |
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Sucrose 10% fresh | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 15 | 1.25 |
| Emotvplate | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 14 | 1.17 |
| Plain water | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 12 | I/II |
Table 11: Degree of attraction of Lepidoptera (female and male moths pooled) after an ovemight exposure on different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants in a study oasis (*AI is based on comparison to plain water).
Non-target insects: Results for Hymenoptera (female and male wasps/bees pooled) in the study oasis after daytime exposure to different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants are presented in Table 12.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
| Attractants /Répétitions | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Total | Attraction Index* |
| Intact Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava | 19 | 27 | 15 | 30 | 52 | 18 | 5 | 21 | 40 | 38 | 265 | 53 |
| Dates | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 2 |
| Blended Ripe Fruits | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 44 | 25 | 10 | 48 | 75 | 29 | 36 | 64 | 50 | 92 | 473 | 94.6 |
| Dates: fresh | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11 | 2.2 |
| Fruit Attractants | ||||||||||||
| Guava: fresh | 51 | 93 | 113 | 73 | 37 | 46 | 55 | 105 | 71 | 42 | 686 | 137.2 |
| Dates: fresh | 3 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | n 3 | 19 | 5 | 1 | 38 | 7.6 |
| Guava: 10wk field exp. | 12 | 8 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 19 | 7 | 3 | 14 | 10 | 90 | 18 |
| Dates: 10-wk field exp. | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | ô | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 14 | 2.8 |
| Controls | ||||||||||||
| Sucrose 10% fresh | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 1.4 |
| Empty plate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | O | 1 | 5 | 8 | 1.6 |
| Plain water | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 111/ |
Table 12: Degree of attraction oîHymenoptera (female and male wasps/bees pooled) after daytime exposure on different, freshly-prepared and aged attractants in a study oasis (*AI is based on comparison to plain water).
Summary of results: In field studies in the study oasis, both mosquitoes and sand Aies exhibited significantly higher attraction on fruit-based guava attractants (i.e., intact ripe fruit and blended ripe fruit) than on fruit-based date attractants after an overnight exposure, while date-based syrup attractants (as compared to guava-based juice attractants) yielded a significantly higher AI for freshly-prepared and aged attractants. With regard to attraction discrimination of non-target insects (e.g., moths, wasps, and bees), date-based attractants performed significantly better as compared to guava-based attractants by yielding substantially lower Als for non-target insects in the Aeld-study data.
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
The results from the experimental and field studies described above indicate, inter a lia, attractants prepared from date-derived syrup products are significantly better for attracting
Aies, while selectively discriminating non-target insects by exhibiting poor attraction to such unintended targets.
BAIT STATIONS COMPRISING DATE-DERNED SYRUP PRODUCTS
Bait stations can be made from a substrate material that is used to support the datederived syrup products and optionally, a protective, semi-permeable, piercable film, which encloses the date-derived syrup products. Suitable substrate materials and protective films IO assist in preventing érosion, sagging, and cold flow of the date-derived syrup products as well as lowering surface tack.
Substrate materials can be mcchanically-roughened materials (e.g., reinforced cardboard and plastic) as well as materials constructed to hâve high surface area (e.g., woven functional fabrics and meshes, open-pore foams, fibrous mats, corrugated materials, and 15 honeycomb fabricated materials).
Furthermore, natural substrates can be found in the environments of the area in which one wants to utilize the attractants. For example, green végétation and similar foliage that are non-flowering, or are utilized when they are not in their flowering phase (in order not to attract bees), are excellent substrates. Typically, such natural substrates hâve roughened or textured 20 surfaces that are idéal for supporting such date-derived syrup products. In addition, such natural substrates eliminate any concern of generating any environmental waste by-product in the environment.
Protective films can be suitable polymeric materials (e.g., thermoplastics, thermosetting polymers, carbon black-filled butyl rubber, acrylic polymer, plasticized PVC, polyuréthanes, 25 neoprene, natural rubber, and butadiene rubber). Such materials may contain elastomers (e.g.,
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26) polydimethyl siloxanes (PDMS), silicone rubbers, silicone elastomers, silicone gels, ethvlenevinyl acetate, ethylene-acrylic ester copolymers and terpolymers, ethylene-propylene rubber, plastomers such as ethylene-hexene and ethylene-octene copolymers, thermoplastic vulcanized rubber (TPV); hydrogenated block styrene-ethylene butylènes (SEBS); and block styrene isoprene (SIBS).
Such materials may further contain plasticizers (e.g., aliphatic polyesters) and light stabilizers (e.g., UV stabilizers), as well as other additives such as carbon black, pigments and dyes, fillers,andbactericides, fongicides, andothermicrobial-activitysuppressants.
Such protective films assist in physically supporting the date-derived syrup products in order to prevent sagging and cold flow, while allowing for effusion of the date-derived attractants.
While the présent invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, it will be appreciated that many variations, modifications, and other applications of the présent invention may be made.
____________________________
SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RULE26)
LITERATURE
Dye, C.M., Guy, W., Elkins, D.B., Wilkes, & TJ. Killick-Kendrick, R., 1987. The life expectancy of phlebotomine sand flies: first field estimâtes from southern France. Med. Vet. Entomol. 1:417—425.
Foster, WA., 1995. Mosquito sugar feeding and reproductive energetics. Annu. Rev. Entornol. 40: 443-474.
Gibb, P.A., Anderson, J.C. & Dye, C., 1988. Are nulliparous flies light shy? Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82: 342—343.
Killick-Kendrick, R., 1999. The biology and control of phlebotomine sand flies. Clinics in Dermatology, 17:279-289.
MacVicker, J.A.K., Moore, J.S., Molyneux, DJ-I., & Maroli, M., 1990. Honeydew sugars in wild caught Italian phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) as detected by high perfoml ance liquid chromatography. Bull. Entomol. Res. 80:339—344.
Muller, G.C. & Schlein, Y., 2004. Nectar and honeydew feeding ofPhlebotom.us papaiasi inafocusof Leishmania major in Neat Hakikar oasis. J. Vector Ecol. 29: 154-158.
Mtiller, G.C. & Schlein, Y., 2006. Sugar questing mosquitoes in arid areas gather on scarce blossoms that can be used for control. Int. J. Parasitol. 36: 1077-1080.
MiiUer, G.C., Junnila, A., & Schlein, Y., 2010. Effective control of adult Cnlexpipiens by spraying an attractive toxic sugar bait solution in the végétation near larval developmental sites. J. Med. Entornol. 47: 63-66.
Muller, G.C., Beier, J.C., Traoré, S.F., Toure, M.B., Traoré, M.M., Bah, S., Doumbia,
S., & Schlein, Y., 2010a. Field experiments of Anopheles gambiae attraction to local fruits/seedpods and flowering plants in Mali to optimize strategies for malaria vector control in Africa using attractive toxic sugar bait methods. Malar. J., 9:262.
Muller, G.C., Beier, J.C., Traoré, S.F., Toure, M.B., Traoré, M.M., Bah, S., Doumbia,
S., & Schlein, Y., 2010b. Successful fiejd trial of attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) plantspraying rnethods against malaria vectors in the Anopheles gambiae complex in Mali, West Africa. Malar. J., 9:210.
Schlein, Y. & Muller, G.C., 1995. Assessment of plant tissue feeding by sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and mosquitoes (Diptera: Cidicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 32:882-88.
Schlein, Y. & tvliiller, G.C., 2008. An approach to mosquito control: Using the dominant attraction of flowering Tamarix jordanis trees against Culex pipiens. J. Med. EntomoL 45: 384-390.
Schlein, Y & MUUer, G.C., 2010. Experimental control of Phlebotomus papatasi by spraying attractive toxic sugar bait (ATSB) on végétation. Trans. Trop. Med. and Hyg. Accepted.
Wallbanks, K.R., Moore, LS., Bennet, L.R., Soren, R., Molyneux, D.H., Carlin, J.M., & Perez, J.E., 1991. Aphid derived sugars in the neotropical sandfly Lutzomyia peruensis.
Trop. Med. Parasitol. 42: 60-62.
Claims (38)
- WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:1. A rnethod for attracting biting Aies, the method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a hait station including:(i) a date-derived syrup product for attracting at least one type of biting Ay selected from the group consisting of: mosquitoes, sand Aies, stable Aies, biting midges, and stomoxys; and (ii) a substrate material for supporting said date-derived syrup product; and (b ) locating said hait station in a designated géographie area in order to attract said at ]east one type of biting Ay.
- 2. The method of claim L wherein said date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date material selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained from pressed dates, and commercially-available date syrup.
- 3. The method of claim L wherein said date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as a food source for said at least one type of biting Ay.
- 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate material is at least one material selected from the group consisting of: mechanically—roughened material, reinforced ca.rdbomd, plastic, high smface-area material, woven functional fabric, functional mesh, open-pore foam, fibrous mat, comlgated material, honeycornb fabricated material, green végétation, and foliage.
- 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate material is afibrous material for adsorbing and/or absorbing said date-derived syrup product to cause s]ow release of said datederived syrup product into the environment.
- 6. The method of claim 1, wherein said date-derived syrup product is suffused into said substrate material.
- 7. The method of claim 1, ,vherein said hait station further includes:(iii) a protective film for providing said at least one type of biting fly access to said date-derived syrup product.
- 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said protective film is adapted to be permeable to volatile components.
- 9. The method of claim 7, wherein said protective film ls configured to be piercable by said at least one type of biting fly.
- 10. The method of claim 7, wherein said protective film is configured to be résistant to dégradation caused by outdoor environmental conditions and/or harsh indoor environmental conditions.
- 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said hait station has afield-effectivity lifetime based on an attraction index of greater than about 2 weeks.
- 12. The method of claim 1, wherein said date-derived syrup product is adapted to selectively attract said at least one type of biting fly while discrirninately not attracting nontargetinsects.
- 13. The method of claim 12, wherein said non-target insects include at least one type of insect selected from the group consisting of: bees, wasps, and moths.
- 14. A method for attracting biting flies m a designated location, the method comprising the steps of:(a) setting a location based on the presence of green végétation or foliage; and (b) applying a date-derived syrup product onto said green végétation or foliagefor attracting at least one type of biting fly selected from the group consisting of: mosquitoes, sand flies, stable flies, biting midges, and stomoxys, in the designated location.
- 15. The method of claim 14, wherein said applying is at least one technique selected from the group consisting of: spraying, immersing, smearing, misting, poming, and dripping.
- 16. The method of claim 14, wherein said date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date material selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained from pressed dates, and commercially-available date syrup.
- 17. The method of claim 14, wherein said date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as afood source for said at least one type of biting fly.3]
- 18. The method of claim 14. wherein said bait station has a field-effectivity lifetime based on an attraction index of greater than about 2 weeks.
- 19. The method of claim 14, wherein said date-derived syrup product is adapted to selectively attract said at least one type of biting fly while discriminately not attracting nontarget insects.
- 20. The method of claim 19, wherein said non-target insects include at least one type of insect selected from the group consisting of: bees, wasps, and moths.
- 21. A bait station for attracting biting flies, the bait station comprising:(a) a date-derived syrup product for attracting at least one type of biting fly selected from the group consisting of: mosquitoes, sand Aies, stable flies, biting midges, and stornoxys; and (b) a substrate material for supporting said date-derived syrup product.
- 22. The bait station of claim 21, wherein said date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date material selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date syrup obtained from pressed dates, and commercially-available date syrup.
- 23. The bait station of claim 21, wherein said date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as a food source for said at least one type of biting fly.
- 24. The bait station of claim 21, wherein said substrate material is at least one material selected from the group consisting of: mechanically-roughened material, reinforced cardboard, plastic, high surface-area material, woven functional fabiic, functional mesh, openpore foam, fibrous mat, cmrngated material, honeycomb fabricated material, green végétation, andfoliage.
- 25. The bait station of claim 21, wherein said substrate material is afibrous material for adsorbing and/or absorbing said date-derived syrnp product to cause slow release of said date-derived syrup product into the environment.
- 26. The bait station of claim 21, wherein said date-derived syrup product is suffused into said substrate material.
- 27. The bait station of claim 21, the bait station fmther comprising:(c) a protective film for providing said at least one type of biting fly access to said date-derived syrup product.
- 28. The bait station of claim 27, wherein said protective film is adapted to be permeable to volatile components.
- 29. The bait station of claim 27, wherein said protective film is configured to be piercable by said at least one type of biting fly.
- 30. The bait station of claim 27, wherein said protective film is configured to be résistant to dégradation caused by outdoor environmental conditions and/or harsh indoor environmental conditions.
- 31. The bait station of claim 21, wherein said date-derived symp product has a fieldeffectivity lifetime based on an attraction index of greater than about 2 weeks.3l... The bait station of claim 21, wherein said date-derived syrup product is adapted to selectively attract said at least one type of biting fly while discriminately not attracting nontargetinsects.
- 33. The bait station of claim 32, wherein said non-tmget insects include at least one type of insect selected from the group consisting of: bees, wasps, and moths.
- 34. An attractant for attracting biting Aies, the attractant comprising:(a) a date-derived syrup product for attracting at least one type of biting Ay selected from the group consisting of: mosquitoes, sand Aies, stable Aies, biting midges, and stomoxys, said date-derived syrup product adapted to selectively attract said at least one type of biting Ay while discriminately not attracting non-target insects.
- 35. The attractant of claim 34, wherein said date-derived syrup product is derived from at least one date material selected from the group consisting of: dates, date paste, date symp obtained frompressed dates, and commercially—available date syrup.
- 36. The attractant of claim 34, wherein said date-derived syrup product includes an added sugar as a food source for said at least one type of biting Ay.
- 37. The attractant of claim 34, wherein said date-derived syrup product includes an added water-based solvent.
- 38. The attractant of claim 34, wherein said date-derived syrup product has afield— effectivity lifetime based on an attraction index of greater than about 2 weeks.
- 39. The attractant of clairn 34, wherein said non-target insects include at least one type of insect selected from the group consisting of: bees, ,vasps, and moths.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL230774 | 2014-02-02 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| OA17880A true OA17880A (en) | 2018-02-16 |
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