OA17296A - Treatment of alkaline bauxite residue. - Google Patents

Abstract

A process is disclosed for treating a Bayer process waste comprising a slurry containing bauxite residue and dissolved aluminium. The process comprises supplying the waste to a settling area to cause the bauxite residue to settle out of the slurry, thereby producing a supernatant liquor. The process further comprises neutralizing the supernatant liquor with a solution containing magnesium and calcium to produce a neutralized slurry containing precipitated hydrotalcites and thickening the neutralized slurry to produce a clarified effluent and a compacted slurry containing the precipitated hydrotalcites, part of said compacted slurry being recirculated to the supernatant liquor to be neutralized and/or directly to the neutralizing step. The clarified effluent and the compacted slurry are disposed of separately. Also disclosed is a plant for treating a Bayer process waste.

Description

The invention disclosed relates to the production of alumina from bauxite. In particuiar, it 5 relates to waste produced by the Bayer process in the course of extracting alumina from bauxite. More particularly, a process is disclosed for treating a Bayer process waste comprising bauxite residue and dissolved alumina.

BACKGROUND ART

Subjecting bauxite to the Bayer process produces a prégnant caustic liquor containing dissolved alumina and a bauxite residue slurry. In order to extract alumina from the prégnant liquor, it is first subjected to solid liquid séparation steps to separate the bauxite residue. The alumina-bearing liquor is then treated to precipitate aluminium trihydroxide that is subsequently refined to produce alumina, which is in tum processed into aluminium 15 métal.

The separated bauxite residue is often in the form of a slurry that contains a signifîcant volume of caustic liquor. The slurry is delivered to storage ponds where the bauxite residue solids settle out of the liquor to provide a “red mud” and a supematant liquor. Environmentally safe disposai of the red mud is problematic because it contains naturally 20 occurring contaminants, such as heavy metals, in concentrations greater than naturally occurring concentrations. The same applies to an extent to the supematant liquor, but it also has the added problem of being caustic.

While options are available for recyding part of the supematant liquor back to the refinery process, this capacity may be constrained by other process limitations within the refinery. 25 This excess supematant liquor combined with unfavourable climatic conditions that may exist, resuit in an ever increasing requirement for the storage of supematant liquor. In the absence of suitable treatment processes, many bauxite treatment plants simply store Bayer process waste in ponds without treatment to reduce its environmental impact.

There is a need, therefore, to provide a process that is capable of treating considérable 30 quantifies of Bayer process waste and, in particuiar, the supematant liquor.

It is préférable for the process to be able to reduce current reserves of supematant liquor held in storage ponds and/or to treat the Bayer process waste at about the same rate that it is produced.

U

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE ln one aspect there is disclosed a process for treating a Bayer process waste comprising a slurry containing bauxite residue and dissolved aluminium, the process comprising the steps of:

(a) supplying the waste to a settling area to cause the bauxite residue to settle out of the slurry, thereby producing a supematant liquor;

(b) neutralizing the supematant liquor with a solution containing magnésium and calcium to produce a neutralized slurry containing precipitated hydrotalcites;

(c) thickening the neutralized slurry to produce a clarified effluent and a compacted slurry containing the precipitated hydrotalcites; recirculating a stream of compacted slurry to the supematant liquor fed to the neutralization step (b) and/or directly to the neutralization step (b); and (d) disposing of the clarified effluent and the compacted slurry separately.

This process enables anionic species to be captured by the precipitated hydrotalcite and subsequently removed from the supematant liquor. This means that the liquid portion of waste from a Bayer process can be treated to remove heavy metals and other materials that make the untreated liquid portion unsuitable for disposai.

Moreover, treatment of liquid portion in the manner described above provides an alternative to current évaporation processes that are not suitable for areas that are subject to high rainfall. Accordingly, Bayer process waste from plants in such areas can be treated and be disposed of, rather than simply stored in large ponds. The applicant anticipâtes that the process is scalable to industrial application so that it can process the entire output of an industrial plant that opérâtes a Bayer process. The volume of waste liquor will differ from plant to plant depending on the production capacity of a plant, but processing around 5 GL/yr of supematant liquor is considered to be achievable.

The hydrotalcite forms by précipitation when the supematant liquor is neutralized with the calcium and magnésium contents in the neutralizing solution. Through an extensive campaign of research work, the applicant has found that, although the hydrotalcite has a poorly crystallized form it is susceptible to settling at acceptable rates.

The applicant has also found that the process provides improved settling when the solids loading of the neutralized slurry is increased by recycling compacted slurry containing hydrotalcite to the neutralized slurry, to neutralization step (b) or to thickening step (c). ln the case of the former two options, the applicant observes increased hydrotalcite précipitation and increased crystal growth. Both effects cause the solids loading of the neutralized slurry to increase and, therefore, improve settling properties of the precipitated hydrotalcite. Improved hydrotalcite précipitation also causes a greater quantity of anionic contaminants contained in the supematant liquor to be captured in the hydrotalcite. This means that the contaminant loading of the clarified effluent is less than contaminant loading produced without recycling of compacted slurry.

As an example, the clarified effluent produced in step (c) may hâve an aluminum content of less than 1000 ppb, preferably less than 500 ppb and a pH of less than 9, preferably less than 8.8. Such low métal content may enable disposai of the clarified effluent directly to the environment.

The applicant has also found that adding a flocculant, selected to cause hydrotalcite interaction, to the neutralization step (b), to the neutralized slurry or to the thickening step(c) results in improved settling behaviour of hydrotalcite during the thickening step (c). The applicant observes that the hydrotalcite product of thickening step (c) is denser when compared to hydrotalcite product produced by the process when no flocculant is added. Higher settling rates accompany the denser hydrotalcite product. This means that higher treatment rates of Bayer process waste can be achieved and, therefore, higher volumes of Bayer process waste can be treated by the process according to this aspect when appropriate flocculant is added. lt is believed by the applicant that the flocculant adjusts the surface chemistry of precipitated hydrotalcite and therefore causes the particles to stick together when they corne into contact. The term “interaction”, as used throughout the spécification in respect of hydrotalcite interaction, will be taken to hâve this meaning.

Accordingly, the process according to this aspect comprises a further step of recirculating a stream of compacted slurry to the supematant liquor fed to the neutralization step (b) and/or directly to the neutralized slurry. The quantity of compacted slurry that is recirculated may be selected to achieve a solids loading of at least 10 g/L in neutralized slurry sent to thickening step (c). The solids loading may be in the range of 10 to 30 g/L, preferably in the range of 10 to 20 g/L. Optionally, the compacted slurry is recirculated in quantifies selected to provide a solids loading of 14 to 16 g/L.

Recirculating the compacted slurry may further comprise recirculating a stream of compacted slurry to the thickening step (c).

According to another aspect of the invention, the waste is supplied in step (a) to a plurality of ponds of the settling area, and the process further includes selecting supematant liquors from different ponds having different chemical compositions and blending the selected supernatant liquors for producing the supernatant liquor to be neutralized in step (b) .

In addition or altematively, the process further includes selecting a Bayer process liquor stream having a different chemical composition than the supernatant liquor produced in step (a) or the selected supernatant liquors, and blending the selected Bayer process liquor stream with said supernatant liquor(s) produced in step (a) for producing the supernatant liquor to be neutralized in step (b).

Different chemical composition means that the components are different and/or the concentration of said components are different The selected supernatant liquors from different ponds hâve different chemical compositions as a resuit of transfers of liquor between such ponds, rainfall collection, natural and forced évaporation processes, and biological and physio-chemical processes occurring naturally in these ponds.

Preferably, the step of selecting supernatant liquors from different ponds and/or a Bayer process liquor stream, and the step of blending together the supernatant liquor produced in step (a), the selected supernatant liquors from different ponds and/or the selected Bayer process liquor stream, are both achieved so that the supernatant liquor to be neutralized in step (b) has a molar ratio of carbonate to aluminium of at most 30:1, and optionally less than 15:1.

The blending of the selected supernatant liquors from different ponds, the supernatant liquor produced in step (a) and/or the selected Bayer process liquor stream, prior to the neutralization step (b) or through separate addition to the neutralization step (b), hereafter referred to as the blending operation, makes sure that there is sufficient removal of carbonate during hydrotalcites précipitation, and that there is not excess carbonate dissolved in the effluent. An excess carbonate dissolved in the effluent would continue reacting after discharge, resulting in ongoing précipitation of calcium carbonate in the settling step or discharge environment, making the effluent suspended solids not suitable to be discharge to the environment.

This blending operation may be carried out in a pre- mixing step, prior to the neutralization step (b), or through separate addition to the neutralization step (b).

The process may further comprise a step of adding flocculant, selected to cause hydrotalcite interaction, to steps (b) and/or (c) or to one or more inputs to steps (b) and/or (c) .

According to one option, the flocculant may be diluted to 0.5 to 2.0 g/L by adding flocculant directly to the neutralizing solution input to the neutralization step (b).

According to another option, the flocculant may be diluted initially at a location remote from to a plant for carrying out the process according to this aspect, transferred to the plant and then diluted further to the required concentration prior to supply to the process. The initial dilution may be to 1.0 to 3.0 g/L by addition of fresh water and the further dilution may be to 0.5 to 1.0 g/L. In this case, the further dilution may be carried out by adding the same type of solution that is used as an input to neutralization step (b).

The two-stage dilution process reduces fresh water consumption and minimizes shear breakdown of the prepared flocculant during transfer.

The flocculant may be polymeric flocculant. The flocculant may be, for example, a low anionic polyacrylamide flocculant, preferably having less than 50% anionicity, more preferably having less than 20% anionicity, such as products in the FLOPAM group of flocculant sold by SNF.

Neutralization step (b) involves supplying the supematant liquor and the magnésium containing neutralizing solution to a mixing vessel. The process may involve controlling conditions in the mixing vessel to produce neutralized slurry that enables a settling rate in a thickening step of at least 5 m/h and, optionally, at least 7 m/h. However, the applicant expects that a settling rate of more than 10 m/h may be achievable. The conditions in the mixing vessel may be controlled by adjusting the résidence time of supematant liquor in the mixing vessel and/or by adjusting the mixing intensity. It is believed that both play an important rôle in causing précipitation of hydrotalcite in a form and in quantifies that enable settling rates as disclosed above to be achieved. On the basis of these settling rates, the applicant anticipâtes that the process can be scaled to treat waste streams from an industrial Bayer process at roughly the same rate that the waste stream is produced.

The process may involve controlling the supply of supematant liquor and the magnésium containing solution such that the input supematant liquor and the magnésium containing solution hâve a molar ratio of magnésium to aluminium in the range of at least 4:1.

The magnésium containing solution may be seawater and the supplied volume ratio of seawater to supematant liquor may be in excess of the required volume ratio to achieve substantially full hydrotalcite précipitation. The supplied volume ratio of seawater to supematant liquor may be at least 2.5:1. The volume ratio of seawater to supematant liquor may be as much as 10:1. The excess seawater provides a diluting effect that acts as a buffer against the risk of poor quality effluent as a resuit of less than substantially full hydrotalcite précipitation.

The thickening step (c) may be controlled to produce the compacted slurry with a hydrotalcite loading of >100g/L. Optionally, the thickening step (c) may be controlled to produce the compacted slurry with a hydrotalcite loading of 110 to 130 g/L. This may involve recirculating a stream of compacted slurry to a decanter that receives neutralized slurry from neutralization step (b) such that the hydrotalcite loading of the combined neutralized slurry and the compacted slurry fed to the decanter is >15 g/L.

The thickening step (c) may be further controlled to produce a clarified effluent having a hydrotalcite loading of <10 mg/L.

The process may further comprise operating steps (b) and (c) on a continuous basis. Operating steps (b) and (c) on a continuous basis may include continuous recirculation of compacted slurry to steps (b) and/or (c). The stability and performance of thickening in step (c) may be optimized by operating (b) and (c) with continuous slurry recirculation over a period of at least 24 hours.

Step (d) may involve removing hydrotalcite from the compacted slurry by dewatering a stream of the compacted slurry produced in thickening step (c). Altematively, the disposai step (d) may involve mixing the compacted slurry directly with the residue stream of the refinery, eliminating the need for the dewatering step.

In another aspect of the invention, there is disclosed a plant for treating a Bayer process waste comprising a slurry containing bauxite residue and dissolved aluminium, the plant comprising:

(a) a settling area for receiving the Bayer process waste, wherein the settling area is adapted to cause the bauxite residue to settle out of the slurry, thereby producing a supematant liquor;

(b) a mixing vessel for receiving the supematant liquor and solution containing magnésium and calcium, the vessel being adapted to mix the supematant liquor and the solution such that a neutralized slurry is formed with precipitated hydrotalcites in a form and in quantifies suîtable for separatîng the hydrotalcites from the neutralized slurry by a thickening process;

(c) a thickener for receiving the neutralized slurry and for producing a clarified effluent and a compacted slurry containing the precipitated hydrotalcites, and supply Unes for recirculating compacted slurry from the thickener to one or more of the mixing vessel, the thickener or a supplying line for conveying the neutralized slurry from the mixing vessel to the thickener.

The settling area may comprise a plurality of ponds, and the plant may further comprise means for selecting supematant liquors from different ponds having different chemical

Vz/L compositions and means for blending the selected supematant liquors for producing the supematant liquor received by the mixing vessel.

Aitematively or additionally, the plant may further comprise means for selecting a Bayer process liquor stream having a different chemical composition than the supematant liquor produced in the settling area or the selected supematant liquors, and means for blending the selected Bayer process liquor stream with said supematant liquor(s) produced in the settling area for producing the supematant liquor received by the mixing vessel (b).

Preferably, the means for selecting supematant liquors from different ponds and/or a Bayer process liquor stream, and the means for blending together the supematant liquor produced in the settling area, the selected supematant liquors from different ponds and/or the selected Bayer process liquor stream, are both controlled so that the supematant liquor received by the mixing vessel has a molar ratio of carbonate to aluminium of at most 30:1.

The plant may further comprise feed lines for delivering flocculant to one or more of the mixing vessel, a supply line for delivering the magnésium containing solution to the mixing vessel, the thickener or a supplying line for conveying the neutralized slurry from the mixing vessel to the thickener.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the process and plant as set forth in the Summary, spécifie embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a flow chart of a Bayer process, downstream alumina production steps and a downstream waste treatment process according to the process set forth in the Summary; and

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of part of a plant that treats supematant liquor and that produces clarified effluent from the treated supematant liquor.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENT

With regard to Figure 1, the Bayer process involves contacting bauxite with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in a digester 10 to dissolve the alumina in the bauxite as aluminium hydroxide ([AI(OH)4]), whilst other solid impurities from the bauxite remain largely undissolved.

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The digester 10 opérâtes at a température in the range of 140 to 280°C, depending upon the phase of aluminium oxide contained in the bauxite feed.

The hot solution, which is now loaded with aluminium trihydroxide, is then clarified in a settling and filtering stage 12 to remove solid impurities as waste. The products from this process are prégnant liquor and a Bayer process slurry waste stream containing gangue material suspended in a liquor stream containing caustic soda and dissolved aluminium.

The clarified prégnant liquor is then transferred to a précipitation stage 14, where the clarified liquor is cooled to cause aluminium trihydroxide (AI(OH)3) to precipitate.

The aluminium trihydroxide is then separated from the liquor via gravity séparation or vacuum filtration. The liquor is passed via line 15 to a caustic concentration stage 16 where water is evaporated from the residual clarified liquor. Residual liquor is retumed back to the digester 10 to again contact fresh bauxite and to dissolve the alumina in the bauxite.

The aluminium trihydroxide from the précipitation stage 14 is washed via vacuum filters in a washing stage 18 to remove residual clarified liquor, thereby producing a washed aluminium trihydroxide filter cake.

The aluminium trihydroxide exiting the washing stage 18 is at a température of approximately 60°C. It then passes to pre-heating and calcination stages 20 for contact with hot air and combustion gases to reduce the moisture content of the aluminium trihydroxide filter cake from approximately 6wt% to 0wt% and to cause décomposition of the aluminium trihydroxide to smelter grade alumina.

The Bayer process waste stream from the settling and filtering stage 12 is sent to a settling area, in the form of a settling pond 22. Over time, the bauxite residue in the Bayer process waste stream settles under gravity to form a bed of “red mud” 30 in the settling pond 22 and, in doing so, leaves a supematant liquor, carrying aluminium and other impurities, as a liquid layer above the “red mud” 30 pond bed. A stream 32 of supematant liquor is recovered from the settling pond 22 and is sent to a neutralization stage which is carried out in a mixing vessel 24.

Practically, the settling pond may contain separate storage ponds containing supematant liquors of different chemical compositions and concentration due to the operation of these ponds and natural processes. In this case, the supematant liquor to be neutralized in the mixing vessel 24 can be produced from a blend of selected supematant liquors from different ponds having different chemical compositions. In the embodiment represented in figure 1, the blending operation is carried out through separate addition to the mixing vessel 24 of two separate streams of supematant liquor 32 and 33. Altematively, the blending operation may be carried out in a pre- mixing vessel, before to the mixing vessel

24.

Additionally, the supematant liquors 32 and 33 may require further blending with an additional Bayer process liquor stream, which may be a supematant liquor from another settling pond stream within the settling area, and/or a liquor stream from another part of the Bayer process. In the embodiment represented in figure 1, the supematant liquor to be neutralized in the mixing vessel 24 is produced from a blend of two separate streams 32 and 33 of supematant liquor and another stream 35 recovered from the filtration of aluminium trihydrate in step 14. The sélection of supematant liquors streams 32 and 33 from different ponds and of the Bayer process liquor stream 35, and the blending of these streams are both achieved so that the resulting supematant liquor to be neutralized in the mixing vessel 24 has a molar ratio of carbonate to aluminium of at most 30:1, preferably less than 15:1. In the embodiment represented in figure 1, the blending operation is carried out through separate addition to the mixing vessel 24 of three separate streams of 32, 33 and 35. Altematively, the blending operation may be carried out in a pre-mixing vessel, before the mixing vessel 24.

A solution containing dissolved magnésium and calcium, in this case seawater 34 is supplied to the mixing vessel 24, together with a flocculant 50. The seawater 34 acts to neutralize the supematant liquor. This causes hydrotalcite to precipitate with a chemical structure that captures aluminium and other impurities in the supematant liquor 32, thereby removing them from the liquid phase.

The flocculant 50 is selected to cause an interaction between the hydrotalcite crystals to cause them to bind together. This produces clusters of hydrotalcite crystals. The clusters hâve a density that is greater than the density of loose hydrotalcite crystals and, as the applicant has found, results in the clusters having improved settling properties compared with loose hydrotalcite crystals. This is important in the context of treating large quantifies of Bayer process wastes at rates that are the same as or similar to rates that the waste is generated by an industrial plant producing alumina.

To ensure that the supematant liquors from streams 32 and 33 including the liquor from stream 35, are neutralized and that full hydrotalcite précipitation occurs, seawater is supplied to the mixing vessel 24 in quantifies that are at least double the quantity of supematant liquor 32 supplied to the mixing vessel 24. However, in practice, the ratio of seawater 34 to supematant liquor supplied to the mixing vessel 24 that is made of supematant liquors stream 32 and 33 and includes the liquor from stream 35, is in the ratio of 2.5:1 to 10:1. The excess seawater 34 provides a diluting effect and, therefore, does not impact upon neutralization and précipitation of hydrotalcite. The excess seawater also provides a buffer against the risk of poor quality effluent in the event that less than substantially full hydrotalcite précipitation occurs.

The flocculant 50 added to the mixing vessel 24 comprises low anionic polyacrylamide flocculant. However, flocculants that cause the same hydrotalcite interaction properties or similar properties may be substituted in place of this flocculant.

The applicant has found that settling rates of at least 7m/h can be achieved with flocculant dosing to the mixing vessel 24 of 500g/t of solids in feed to a decanter 26, including recirculated solids fed by a recirculation line 46. However, the actual dose rate of flocculant is adjusted depending upon the solids loading in the feed to the decanter 26. Specifically, flocculant doses are increased for higher solids loading in the neutralized slurry 44 to ensure that sufficient flocculant is available to cause hydrotalcite interaction that resuit in sufficiently dense hydrotalcite clustering.

While the flocculant 50 may be added directly to the process, dose rates of flocculant may be controlled by diluting the flocculant prior to supply to the process. For example, the flocculant may be initially diluted with fresh water at a location remote from the mixing vessel 24 and then further diluted to the required concentration (i.e. around 500g/t) at a location near the mixing vessel 24. The initial dilution may be with fresh water to achieve flocculant in the range of 1.0 to 3.0g/l and the further dilution may be to 0.5 to 1 .Og/I. The further dilution, in accordance with the embodiment shown in Figures 1 and 2, comprises adding seawater to the initially diluted flocculant solution. Altematively, the flocculant may be diluted to the dosage rate required in the process in a single dilution step.

Neutralized slurry 44 is sent to a thickening stage in the form of a decanter 26. The conditions within the decanter 26 are relatively quiescent so that the hydrotalcite settles in a relatively compacted form at the base ofthe decanter26. The liquid phase near the top of the decanter 26 contains very low levels of hydrotalcite, for example less than 10mg/L, and contains very low levels of dissolved aluminium and heavy metals. This liquid phase is allowed to flow from the decanter 26 as a clarified effluent 38. While some further processing may be necessary, the contaminant loading of the clarified effluent 38 is at levels that allow considération for the clarified effluent 38 to be discharged to the environment.

The compacted hydrotalcite at the base of the decanter 26 is extracted as an underflow as a compacted slurry 36. Controlling conditions in the mixing vessel 24 and the decanter 26 produces a solids loading in the compacted slurry 36 of at least 120g/L, and up to 200 g/L.

A portion of the compacted slurry 36 is sent to a dewatering plant 40 to dewater the compacted slurry 36 in préparation for subséquent disposai of the hydrotalcite, or may be recycled and injected into the residue mud stream for co-disposal without dewatering.

Another portion of the compacted slurry 36 is retumed to the mixing vessel 24 via recirculation line 46. The purpose of this is to provide hydrotalcite particles to the mixing vessel 24 as seeds to promote hydrotalcite précipitation and as part of the neutralization reaction. The purpose is also to increase the solids loading of the neutralized slurry 44 to around 15g/L. Specifically, the applicant believes that achieving sufficient settling rates and achieving a suitably compacted slurry of hydrotalcite in the decanter 26 requires the solids loading in feed to the decanter 26, according to this embodiment, to be around 15g/L. It is anticipated, however, that this target solids loading of feed to the decanter 26 may vary depending upon plant equipment and process chemistry. Nevertheless, the applicant recognises the importance of maintaining a sufficiently high solids loading in the neutralized slurry 44 as a factor that affects settling and compaction of hydrotalcite particles in the decanter 26.

Referring to Figure 2, the applicant recognises that the compacted slurry 36 may be sent via recirculation line 52 to a feed line carrying neutralized slurry 44 to the decanter 26.

Compacted slurry 36 is also recycled to the decanter 26 via recirculation line 54. The purpose of this recycling is to shear the settled hydrotalcite so that it remains in a compacted form as a slurry without significantly affecting the solids loading of the underflow extracted from the decanter 26. The recirculation would normally be maintained continuously in order to maintain the hydrotalcites in slurry form.

Although Figure 1 shows flocculant 50 added to the mixing vessel 24 dîrectly, it is possible to operate the process by additionally or altematively adding the flocculant via a feed line 60 to the seawater 34 input to the mixing vessel 24, via a feed line 56 to the neutralized slurry 44 sent to the decanter 26 or via a feed line 58 dîrectly into the decanter 26. Flocculant addition via feed line 60 may be part of a two-step flocculant dilution process with the second step being carried out by the addition of flocculant 50 to the seawater 34. Addition of flocculant 50 dîrectly to the mixing vessel 24 via the feed line 56 or via the feed line 58 are représentative of single-stage flocculant dilution to the final flocculant dosing level and supply to the process by the mentioned feed lines.

The applicant anticipâtes that the embodiment of the process shown in Figures 1 and 2 is capable of producing hydrotalcite settling rates of greater than 5m/h and possibly greater than 10m/h. This enables the process to be operated on an industrial scale to treat more than 5GL/y of supematant liquor obtained as waste from a Bayer process. This means .

that the process described in this embodiment is able to treat Bayer process waste at a rate roughly équivalent to the rate at which the waste is produced.

Whilst a number of spécifie apparatus and method embodiments hâve been described, it should be appreciated that the apparatus and method may be embodied in many other forms.

For example, the process described here and shown in Figure 1 and 2 is a continuous process, at least in respect of the treatment of supernatant liquor 32. In other words, supematant liquor 32 is continuously extracted from settling pond 22 and a continuous stream of the liquor 32 is supplied to the mixing vessel 24, together with a continuous supply of seawater 34, redrculated compacted slurry 36 and flocculant 50. Optionally, supematant liquor 33 is also continuously extracted from settling pond 22, and two continuous streams of supematant liquors 32 and 33 as well as another Bayer process liquor stream 35 are supplied to the mixing vessel 24, together with a continuous supply of seawater 34, redrculated compacted slurry 36 and flocculant 50. The sélection and the blend of streams 32, 33 and 35 are controlled so that the resulting composition of the streams 32, 33 and 35 continuously supplied to the mixing vessel 24 has a molar ratio of sodium carbonate to aluminium of at most 30:1, preferably less than 15:1. A continuous stream of neutralized slurry 44 leaves the mixing vessel 24 and is supplied on a continuous basis to the decanter 26. Compacted slurry 36 is continuously recycled to the decanted 26 via line 54. Clarified effluent 38 and compacted slurry 36 leave the decanter 26 as overflow and underflow respectively. However, it is not necessary that the process is operated on a fully continuous basis and the scope of the process is not limited to fully continuous operation. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the one or more of the steps of process described here may be operated on a batch-wise basis.

In the daims which follow, and in the preceding description, except where the context requires otherwise due to express language or necessary implication, the word “comprise” and variations such as “comprises” or “comprising” are used in an inclusive sense, i.e. to specifÿ the presence of the stated features but not to preclude the presence or addition of further features in various embodiments of the apparatus and method as disclosed herein.

o AVR. 2015

Cabinet

Pro BP 500 Yaoprid Tél.:(237)22 E-mail :

«<^tcezenave@hotmdll.fr

Claims (20)

1. A process for treating a Bayer process waste comprising a slurry containing bauxite residue and dissolved aluminium, the process comprising the steps of:

(a) supplying the waste to a settling area to cause the bauxite residue to settle out of the slurry, thereby producing a supernatant liquor;

(b) neutralizing the supernatant liquor with a solution containing magnésium and calcium to produce a neutralized slurry containing precipitated hydrotalcites;

(c) thickening the neutralized slurry to produce a clarified effluent and a compacted slurry containing the precipitated hydrotalcites; recirculating a stream of compacted slurry to the supernatant liquor fed to the neutralization step (b) and/or directly to the neutralization step (b); and (d) disposing of the clarified effluent and the compacted slurry separately.

2. The process according to claim 1, characterized in that the quantity of compacted slurry that is recirculated is seiected to achieve a solids loading of at least 10 g/L in the neutralized slurry sent to the thickening step (c).

3. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the process further comprises recirculating a stream of the compacted slurry to the thickening step (c).

4. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the waste is supplied in step (a) to a plurality of ponds of the settling area, and characterized in that the process further includes selecting supernatant liquors from different ponds having different chemical compositions and blending the seiected supernatant liquors for producing the supernatant liquor to be neutralized in step (b).

5. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the process further includes:

- selecting a Bayer process liquor stream having a different chemical composition than the supernatant liquor produced in step (a) or the seiected supernatant liquors, and

- blending the seiected Bayer process liquor stream with said supernatant liquor(s) produced in step (a) for producing the supernatant liquor to be neutralized in step (b).

6. The process according to any one of claims 4 and 5, characterized in that the step of selecting supematant liquors from different ponds and/or a Bayer process liquor · stream, and the step of blending together the supematant liquor produced in step (a), the selected supematant liquors from different ponds and/or the selected Bayer process liquor stream, are both achieved so that the supematant liquor to be neutralized in step (b) has a molar ratio of carbonate to aluminium of at most 30:1.

7. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the process further comprises a step of adding flocculant, selected to cause hydrotalcite interaction, to steps (b) and/or (c) or to one or more inputs to steps (b) and/or (c).

8. The process according to claim 7, characterized in that the flocculant is diluted to 0.5 to 2.0 g/L by adding flocculant directly to the solution input to neutralization step (b).

9. The process according to claim 7, characterized in that the process further comprises initially diluting flocculant at a location remote from to a plant for carrying out the process, transferring the diluted flocculant to the plant and then diluting the flocculant further to the required concentration prior to supply to the process.

10. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that neutralization step (b) involves supplying the supematant liquor and the solution to a mixing vessel and involves controlling conditions in the mixing vessel to produce a neutralized slurry that enables a settling rate at least 5 m/h in a thickening step.

11. The process according to claim 10 characterized in that the conditions in the mixing vessel are controlled by adjusting the résidence time of supematant liquor in the mixing vessel and/or by adjusting the mixing intensity.

12. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that neutralizing step (b) further comprises controlling the supply of supematant liquor and solution such that the inputs of supematant liquor and the solution provide a molar ratio of magnésium to aluminium in the range of at least 4:1.

13. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the solution is seawater and the seawater and the supematant liquor are supplied in a volume ratio in excess of the required volume ratio to achieve substantially full hydrotalcite précipitation.

14. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thickening step (c) is controlled to produce the compacted slurry with a hydrotalcite loading of >1OOg/L.

15. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that thickening step (c) is controlled to produce the compacted slurry with a hydrotalcite loading of 110 to

130 g/L.

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16. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the process further comprises recirculating a stream of compacted slurry to a decanter that receives neutralized slurry from neutralization step (b) such that the hydrotalcite loading of the combined neutralized slurry and the compacted slurry fed to the decanter is >15 g/L

17. -The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the

10 thickening step (c) is further controlled to produce a clarified effluent having a hydrotalcite loading of <10 mg/L.

18. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the process further comprises operating steps (b) and (c) on a continuous basis.

19. The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that

15 disposai step (d) involves removing hydrotalcite from the compacted slurry by dewatering a stream ofthe compacted slurry produced in thickening step (c).

20. A plant for treating a Bayer process waste comprising a slurry containing bauxite residue and dissolved aluminium, the plant comprising:

(a) a settling area for receiving the Bayer process waste, wherein the settling area is 20' adapted to cause the bauxite residue to settle out of the liquor, thereby producing a supematant liquor;

(b) a mixing vessel for receiving the supematant liquor and solution containing magnésium and calcium, the vessel being adapted to mix the supematant liquor and the solution such that a neutralized slurry is formed with precipitated hydrotalcites in 25 a form and in quantifies suitable for separating the hydrotalcites from the neutralized slurry by a thickening process;

(c) a thickener for receiving the neutralized slurry and for producing a clarified effluent and a compacted slurry containing the precipitated hydrotalcites; and supply lines for recirculating compacted slurry from the thickener to one or more of the mixing 30 vessel, the thickener or a supplying line for conveying the neutralized slurry from the mixing vessel to the thickener.