NZ715579B2 - Anti-fibrogenic compounds, methods and uses thereof - Google Patents
Anti-fibrogenic compounds, methods and uses thereof Download PDFInfo
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- NZ715579B2 NZ715579B2 NZ715579A NZ71557914A NZ715579B2 NZ 715579 B2 NZ715579 B2 NZ 715579B2 NZ 715579 A NZ715579 A NZ 715579A NZ 71557914 A NZ71557914 A NZ 71557914A NZ 715579 B2 NZ715579 B2 NZ 715579B2
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- kynurenine
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Abstract
Use of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid in the treatment of fibrotic disease mediated by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP). The diseases and conditions include keloid and hypertrophic scarring. The active compounds may be in pharmaceutical compositions for various routes of delivery.
Description
ANTI-FIBROGENIC COMPOUNDS, METHODS AND USES THEREOF
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 61/831,404,
entitled “ANTI-FIBROGENIC COMPOUNDS AND METHODS” filed 5 June 2013.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to novel methods for the treatment of fibrosis. More specifically,
the description provided herein relates to the use of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic
acid, and/or related compounds for the treatment of fibrotic disease, in particular diseases or
conditions of the skin such as keloids and hypertrophic scarring.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Fibrosis, a disorder belonging to a group of fibroproliferative conditions, is seen in different
organs such skin, liver, lung, kidney and arteries. It is estimated that approximately 40% of all
deaths in the United States are caused, in part, by fibroproliferative disorders. Excessive
accumulation of extracellular matrix due to either over production of matrix such as fibronectin,
type I and III collagens, low levels of matrix degrading enzymes such as matrix
metalloproteinases (MMPs) or both are the common features of all of these fibrotic conditions.
As in all other organs, wound healing in the skin is a dynamic process involving tissue response
to different types of insults. This process involves a continuous sequence of signals and
responses in which platelets, fibroblasts, epithelial, endothelial and immune cells come together
outside of their usual domain in order to orchestrate the very complex process of tissue repair.
These signals, which are mainly growth factors (GFs) and cytokines, orchestrate the initiation,
continuation and termination of wound healing (Scott et al. 1994). An imbalance in the
synthesis and release of cytokines and GFs at the wound site may result in either retarded
wound healing (e.g. in diabetic and elderly populations) or over-healing (e.g. fibroproliferative
disorders, complication following surgical incision, traumatic wounds, and severe thermal
injury). Thus, an important component of wound healing is its timely cessation and without
such a timely cessation there may be a buildup of excess matrix, a deleterious fibrotic condition
seen in millions of patients worldwide.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) represent a group of diverse proteolytic enzymes involved in
ECM turnover and connective tissue remodeling during physiological conditions such as
embryonic growth and development, uterine involution, bone growth, bone resorption and
wound healing. The level of MMP expression in normal cells is low and that allows healthy
connective tissue remodeling. However, an imbalance in expression of MMPs has been
implicated in a number of pathological conditions such as dermal fibrosis, rheumatoid arthritis,
atherosclerosis, and tumor invasion and metastasis.
Current treatment modalities for any fibrotic condition including dermal fibro-proliferating
disorders such as hypertrophic scarring (HSc) and keloid remain unsatisfactory. Accordingly, it
would be desirable to have therapeutic strategies for the treatment of various fibrotic diseases
and conditions.
SUMMARY
The present invention is based, in part, on the surprising discovery that certain compounds –
kynurenine and its analogues/isoforms, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid – are capable of
stimulating MMP1 and MMP3 expression, while inhibiting collagen and fibronectin expression.
Furthermore, as described herein these compounds, when applied in vivo, are capable of
inhibiting, preventing or reducing the formation of keloid scar.
In one aspect, the present invention provides a use of a compound, the compound having the
structure of Formula I:
wherein E is H, OH, NH , R, OR, SH, F, Cl, Br, or I; E is H, OH, NH , R, OR, SH, F, Cl, Br, or I;
1 2 2 2
E is H, OH, NH , R, OR, SH, F, Cl, Br, or I; E is H, OH, NH , R, OR, SH, F, Cl, Br, or I; R is a 1
3 2 4 2
to 6 carbon group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, or cyclic; A
is H, or NH ; D is or ; or A and D form a 6 membered ring selected
from the following:
; ; or ;
wherein G is CH or N; L is OH, NH , or SH; M is H, OH, NH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I; M is OH,
1 2 1 2 4
NH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I; and X is H, OH, NH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I; for the manufacture of a
2 1 2
medicament to treat fibrotic disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the fibrotic disease is
selected from keloid; hypertrophic scarring; pulmonary fibrosis; kidney fibrosis; liver cirrhosis;
endomyocardial fibrosis; mediastinal fibrosis; myelofibrosis; retroperitoneal fibrosis;
progressive massive fibrosis; nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; old myocardial infarction;
scleroderma; systemic sclerosis; and uterine fibroids.
In one embodiment, there is provided a use of a compound, the compound having the structure
of Formula I:
I, wherein, E may be H, OH, NH , R, OR, NHR, NR , SH, SR, F, Cl, Br, or I; E
1 2 2 2
may be H, OH, NH , R, O, NHR, NR , SH, SR, F, Cl, Br, or I; E may be H, OH, NH , R, OR,
2 2 3 2
NHR, NR , SH, SR, F, Cl, Br, or I; E may be H, OH, NH , R, OR, NHR, NR , SH, SR, F, Cl, Br,
2 4 2 2
or I; R may be a 1 to 20 carbon group that may be optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear,
branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic, where
each carbon may be optionally replaced by O, S, SO, SO , NH, or NR’, and each carbon may be
optionally substituted with one or more of: OH, OR’, R’, F, Cl, Br, I, =O, SH, SR’, NH , NHR’,
N(R’) , OSO H, OPO H , CO H, CON(R’) and CO R’; R’ may be independently selected from
2 3 3 3 2 2 2
the group consisting of: a one to ten carbon group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated,
linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic; A
may be H, or NH ; D may be or ; or A and D may form a six
membered ring, selected from the following: ; ; ;
; ; ; ; ; or ; G
may be CH or N; J may be S or O; L may be OH, OQ, NH , NHQ, NQ , SH, or SQ; L may be O,
1 2 2 2
SQ’, or NQ’; L may be OH, OQ, NH , NHQ, NQ , SH, or SQ; Q may be a 1 to 20 carbon group
3 2 2
that may be optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic,
aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic, where each carbon may be optionally replaced by
O, S, SO, SO , NH, or NQ’, and each carbon may be optionally substituted with one or more of:
OH, OQ’, Q’, F, Cl, Br, I, =O, SH, SQ’, NH , NHQ’, N(Q’) , OSO H, OPO H , CO H, CON(Q’)
2 2 3 3 3 2 2
and CO Q’; Q’ may be independently selected from the group consisting of: a one to ten carbon
group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic,
aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic; M may be H, OH, NH , T, OT, NHT, NT , SH, ST,
1 2 2
F, Cl, Br, or I; M may be H, OH, NH , T, OT, NHT, NT , SH, ST, F, Cl, Br, or I; M may be H,
2 2 2 3
OH, NH , T, OT, NHT, NT , SH, ST, F, Cl, Br, or I; M4 may be OH, NH , T, OT, NHT, NT , SH,
2 2 2 2
ST, F, Cl, Br, or I; T may be H, or a 1 to 20 carbon group that may be optionally saturated,
unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non
aromatic, where each carbon may be optionally replaced by O, S, SO, SO , NH, or NT’, and each
carbon may be optionally substituted with one or more of: OH, OT’, T’, F, Cl, Br, I, =O, SH, ST’,
NH , NHT’, N(T’) , OSO H, OPO H , CO H, CON(T’) and CO T’; T’ may be independently
2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2
selected from the group consisting of: a one to ten carbon group that may be optionally
saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially
aromatic or non aromatic; X may be H, OH, NH , Z, OZ, NHZ, NZ , SH, SZ, F, Cl, Br, or I; X
1 2 2 2
may be H, OH, NH , Z, OZ, NHZ, NZ , SH, SZ, F, Cl, Br, or I; X is H, OH, NH , Z, OZ, NHZ,
2 2 3 2
NZ , SH, SZ, F, Cl, Br, or I; and Z may be a 1 to 20 carbon group that is optionally saturated,
unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non
aromatic, where each carbon may be optionally replaced by O, S, SO, SO , NH, or NZ’, and each
carbon may be optionally substituted with one or more of: OH, OZ’, Z’, F, Cl, Br, I, =O, SH, SZ’,
NH , NHZ’, N(Z’) , OSO H, OPO H , CO H, CON(Z’) and CO Z’; and Z’ may be independently
2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2
selected from the group consisting of: a one to ten carbon group that may be optionally
saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially
aromatic or non aromatic; for either the treatment of fibrotic disease or for the manufacture of a
medicament to treat fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a method of treating fibrotic disease, the method
comprising administering to a mammalian cell a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, the compound having the structure of Formula I.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a method of treating fibrotic disease, the method
comprising administering to a mammalian cell a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, the compound having the structure of Formula II.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a method of treating fibrotic disease, the method
comprising administering to a mammalian cell a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, the compound having the structure of Formula III.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a method of treating fibrotic disease, the method
comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, the compound having the structure of Formula I.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a method of treating fibrotic disease, the method
comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, the compound having the structure of Formula II.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a method of treating fibrotic disease, the method
comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof, the compound having the structure of Formula III.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating fibrotic
disease, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the compound has
the structure of Formula I.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating fibrotic
disease, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the compound has
the structure of Formula II.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition for treating fibrotic
disease, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the compound has
the structure of Formula III.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula I.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula II.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a pharmaceutical composition, the pharmaceutical
composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a
pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula III.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a commercial package comprising (a) a
pharmaceutical composition described herein; and (b) instructions for the use thereof for
treating fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a commercial package comprising (a) a compound of
Formula I; and (b) instructions for the use thereof for treating fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a commercial package comprising (a) a compound of
Formula II; and (b) instructions for the use thereof for treating fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a commercial package comprising (a) a compound of
Formula III; and (b) instructions for the use thereof for treating fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a compound of Formula I for the treatment of
fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a compound of Formula II for the treatment of
fibrotic disease.
In a further embodiment, there is provided a compound of Formula III for the treatment of
fibrotic disease.
The fibrotic disease may be selected from one or more of the following: keloid; hypertrophic
scaring; pulmonary fibrosis; kidney fibrosis; liver cirrhosis; chronic inflammation of tunica
albugenia (CITA); endomyocardial fibrosis; mediastinal fibrosis; myelofibrosis; retroperitoneal
fibrosis; progressive massive fibrosis; nephrogenic systemic fibrosis; Crohn's disease; old
myocardial infarction; scleroderma; systemic sclerosis; uterine fibroids; and restenosis.
Q may be a 1 to 6 carbon group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear,
cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic. R may be a 1 to 6 carbon
group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic,
aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic. T may be a 1 to 6 carbon group that is optionally
saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially
aromatic or non aromatic. Z may be a 1 to 6 carbon group that is optionally saturated,
unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non
aromatic.
Q’ may be a 1 to 6 carbon group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched
linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic. R’ may be a 1 to 6
carbon group that is optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched
cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non aromatic. T’ may be a 1 to 6 carbon group that is
optionally saturated, unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic,
partially aromatic or non aromatic. Z’ may be a 1 to 6 carbon group that is optionally saturated,
unsaturated, linear, branched linear, cyclic, branched cyclic, aromatic, partially aromatic or non
aromatic.
E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , CH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I. E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , CH , SH,
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 3
F, Cl, Br, or I. E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , CH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I. E may be H, OH, NH ,
3 2 3 3 4 2
OCH , CH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I. A may be H or NH . D may be or .
3 3 2
Alternatively, A and D may form a 6 membered ring selected from the following: ;
; or . G may be CH or N. L is OH, NH , or SH. M may be H, OH,
1 2 1
NH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I. M4 may be OH, NH , SH, F, Cl, Br, or I. X may be H, OH, NH , SH, F,
2 2 1 2
Cl, Br, or I.
E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , or CH . E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , or CH . E may be H, OH,
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3
NH , OCH , or CH . E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , or CH . A may be H or NH . D may be
2 3 3 4 2 3 3 2
. Alternatively, A and D may form a 6 membered ring selected from the following:
; or . G may be CH or N. L may be OH or NH . M is H, OH, or
1 2 1
NH .
E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , or CH . E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , or CH . E may be H, OH,
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 3
NH , OCH , or CH . E may be H, OH, NH , OCH , or CH . A may be H, or NH . D may be
2 3 3 4 2 3 3 2
. Alternatively, A and D may form a 6 membered ring having the following
structure: .
E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H,
1 2 2 2 3 2 4
OH, or NH . A may be H, or NH . D may be . Alternatively, A and D may form a 6
membered ring having the following structure: .
The compound may have the structure of Formula II: II.
The compound may have the structure of Formula III: III.
L may be OH or NH . L may be OH. E may be H or OH. E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be
1 2 1 1 2 2 3
H, OH, or NH . E may be H, OH, or NH .
2 4 2
E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H or OH. E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H, OH, or
1 2 2 3 2 4
NH .
E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H or OH. E may be H, OH, or
1 2 2 2 3 4
NH .
E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H, OH, or NH . E may be H or OH. E may be H or NH .
1 2 2 2 3 4 2
E may be H or OH. E may be H or OH. E may be H or OH. E may be H or NH .
1 2 3 4 2
The compound may be selected from one or more of the following: ;
; ; ; ; ;
; and
The compound may be selected from one or more of the following: ;
; ; ; ; ; and
. The compound may be . The compound may be
. The compound may be . The compound may be
. The compound may be . The compound may be
. The compound may be .
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1: Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase (IDO) up-regulation of MMP-1 expression
in human dermal fibroblasts. Panel A shows fibroblasts that were transduced with either
nothing (C), adenoviral vector (V) or a vector bearing the IDO recombinant gene (IDO) for 48
hrs, where IDO and its activity was detected by Western blotting (left Panel) and measurement
of the kynurenine levels (right panel), respectively (N.D indicates the level of kynurenine was
not detectable). Panel B shows both untreated, adenoviral vector, and IDO-transduced
fibroblasts, that were lysed after being cultured for 48 hours, and the expression of MMP-1 was
detected by Western blotting. Panel C shows fibroblasts that were incubated with the
conditioned media taken from either control, empty vector or IDO adenoviral vector-transduced
fibroblasts for 48 hours, where the expression of MMP-1 was analyzed by Western blotting. -
actin was used as a loading control in panels A, B and C. * indicates p <0.001.
Figure 2: Effects of Kynurenine and tryptophan on MMP-1 expression in human
dermal fibroblasts. Panels A and B show dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in the
presence of various concentrations of kynurenine for 48 hours, when the cells were harvested
and lysed, before Western blotting was performed, showing the ratio of MMP-1 to β-actin is
presented in panel B. Panel C shows dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in the presence or
absence of tryptophan (25 mg/ml) for 48 hrs, when cells were harvested and lysed, and MMP-1
expression was evaluated by Western blotting. Panel D shows fibroblasts that were cultured in
the presence of different concentrations of tryptophan for 48 hours, when the expression of
MMP-1 was evaluated by Western blotting. -actin was used for a loading control in all panels.
Figure 3: Effects of kynurenine on MMP-2 and -3 expression in human dermal
fibroblasts - shows dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in the presence of various
concentrations of kynurenine for 48 hours, before cells were harvested and lysed, and Western
blotting was performed using either a rabbit monoclonal anti-human MMP-2 antibody (Panel
A) or a mouse monoclonal anti-MMP-3 antibody (Panel B). Panel C shows the ratio of MMP-
3 expression to b-actin for three independent experiments. -actin was used for a loading
control in all experiments.
Figure 4: Detect the activity of MMPs in conditioned media of human dermal
fibroblasts using SensoLyte 520 generic MMP assay fluorimetric kit - shows
fibroblasts that were cultured in the presence of (Kyn) or absence (CTL) of 50 g/ml of
kynurenine for 48 hours, when cell conditioned media was collected, then after centrifugation at
1000 g for 10 minutes, supernatant was used to detect the activity of MMPs according to
manufacture’s instructions (media were incubated with 1mM APMA at 37 C for 3 hrs. 50 l/well
of MMP containing sample was then mixed with 50 l of MMP substrate solution and medium
from before cell culture was mixed with 50 l of MMP substrate solution and used as a substrate
control and after incubation 1 hour, the fluorescence intensity at EX/EM=490 nm/520 nm were
measured). The activity of MMPs are represented as relative fluorescence unit (RFU). Data was
expressed as mean SD (n=3). * indicates P< 0.05.
Figure 5: Effects of kynurenine on MMP-1 expression in different types of
mesenchymal cells -shows cells that were cultured and treated with kynurenine at
concentrations of 12.5 to 150 g/ml for 48 hours and MMP-1 expression was analysed by
Western blotting and -actin was used as a loading control in all experiments. Panel A shows
MMP-1 expression in synoviocytes. Panel B shows MMP-1 expression in lung fibroblast cell
line IMR-90.
Figure 6: Effects of kynurenine on MMP-1 expression in different types of
epithelial cells –shows cells were cultured and treated with kynurenine at concentrations of
12.5 to 150 g/ml for 48 hours and MMP-1 expression was analysed by western blotting and -
actin was used as a loading control in all experiments, where the top panels and bottom left
panel, show fibroblast lysates from either untreated or kynurenine treated that were used as
negative and positive controls, respectively.
Figure 7: Kynurenine stimulates ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human dermal
fibroblasts - shows dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in the absence or presence of 100
g/ml of kynurenine for 60 minutes, then cells were harvested and lysed with cell lysis buffer,
before an antibody array was performed using a human phospho-kinase array kit (R & D
System™), with spot 1, positive control; spot 2, phospho-P38 ; spot 3, phosphor-ERK1/2; spot
4, phosphor-GSK-3 / ; spot 5, phosphor-P53; spot 6, positive control.
Figure 8: Kynurenine stimulation of MEK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in human
dermal fibroblasts – shows dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in the presence of 100
g/ml of kynurenine at indicated time points, when cells were harvested and lysed, before
Western blotting was performed by using either phosphorylated-MEK or phosphorylated-
ERK1/2 antibody (β-actin was used as a loading control).
Figure 9 - Addition of MEK or ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitors negates the
effect of kynurenine-stimulating MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts. Panel A:
shows dermal fibroblasts were cultured in the absence or presence of 100 g/ml kynurenine
with or without various concentration of PD98059. Panel B: shows dermal fibroblasts were
cultured in the absence or presence of 100 g/ml kynurenine with or without 30 M of
PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor), 30 M of U0126 (MEK inhibitor) or 10 M of U0126. MMP-1
expression was detected by Western blot (β-actin was used as a loading control for all
experiments).
Figure 10 – Effect of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and xanthurenic acid on
procollagen type 1 expression in dermal fibroblasts – shows human dermal fibroblasts
were treated with indicated concentrations of kynurenine for 48 hours (top), where cells were
harvested and lysed with cell lysis buffer and a total 50 g of protein was fractionated by 8%
SDS-PAGE, before Western blotting was performed by using antibody against pro-collagen. -
actin was used a loading control, with kynurenic acid (KA) and xanthurenic acid (XA) also tested
(bottom).
Figure 11 – Effect of kynurenine on fibroblast proliferation – shows human dermal
fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of indicated concentrations of kynurenine for 48 hours.
MTT cell proliferation assay was performed as described herein, with cell proliferation indicated
as cell index (OD570nm) in the MTT assay.
Figure 12 – Clinical appearance and histology of wound and scars – shows rabbit ear
wounds that were treated daily with either nothing (CTL), CMC gel alone (Gel), or 50 g of
kynurenine (Kyn) in 0.1 ml of CMC gel started from day 8 for a total of 3 weeks. Panel A: shows
the microscopic histology of wounds receiving either nothing (CTL), CMC gel (Gel) or
kynurenine in CMC gel (Kyn) on Day 28 at magnification ×25. Panel B: shows the scar
elevation index (SEI) as measured (Mean SD of SEI for untreated, CMC gel, and kynurenine in
CMC gel-treated wounds) * shows a significant difference between kynurenine-treated and
untreated controls (P<0.001); ** shows a significant difference between kynurenine and CMC
gel control groups (P<0.01). Panel C: shows Massons’ trichrome stained full-thickness skin
sections from either untreated skin wound (left panels), cream treated skin wound (middle
panels), or kynurenine treated wound (right panels) at both at magnification ×25 and ×100.
Panel D: shows the total hydroxyproline content of skins from either untreated wounds (total 4
wounds), cream treated wounds (total 4 wounds), or kynurenine treated wounds (total 8
wounds) - * indicates p<0.01.
Figure 13 – Topical application of kynurenine decreases type-1 1 collagen and
increases MMP-1 expression in rabbit ear skin – shows wounds in rabbit ear that were
treated with either nothing (CTL) or gel alone (Gel) or kynurenine plus gel (Kyn) as described
above, where skin wounds were used to extract total RNA by Trizol™ and 1 g of RNA was used
to synthesize cDNA for quantitative RT-PCR for type-1 1 collagen, MMP-1 and -actin. Panel
A: shows the relative expression level of type-1 1 collagen in rabbit ear skin tissue. Panel B:
shows the relative expression level of MMP-1 in rabbit ear skin tissue - * indicates p< 0.05.
Figure 14 – Effect of kynurenine isoform on MMP-1 expression in human dermal
fibroblasts - shows dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in the absence (CTL) or presence of
50 μg/ml either DL-kynurenine (DL-Kyn) or D-kynurenine (D-Kyn) or L-kynurenine (L-Kyn)
for 48 hours, at which time cells were harvested and lysed in protein lysis buffer (50 g total
protein was loaded on 10% SDS acrylamide gel) before Western blotting was performed with
anti-human MMP-1 antibody, with -actin as a loading control, which shows that all kynurenine
isoforms tested increase MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts, however, L-kynureine seems
have more activity compared to other two isoforms.
Figure 15 – Effects of kynurenine (FS1) analogues on collagen expression in
human dermal fibroblasts – shows dermal fibroblasts that were treated with various
concentration of either DL-kynurenine (FS1), L-kynurenine, D-kynurenine or kynurenic acid
(FS2) and the corresponding collagen expression in mRNA levels as detected by real-time PCR,
with -actin as a loading control.
Figure 16 – Effects of kynurenine (FS1) analogues on fibronectin expression in
human dermal fibroblasts – shows dermal fibroblasts were treated with various
concentration of either DL-kynurenine (FS1), L-kynurenine, D-kynurenine or kynurenic acid
(FS2) and the corresponding fibronectin expression in mRNA levels as detected by real-time
PCR, with -actin as a loading control.
Figure 17 – Comparing the suppressive effect of 50, 100, 150 µg/mL Tryptophan
metabolites (FS1, LK, FS2, DK) on ConA-simulating splenocyte proliferation -
shows that there was almost a 5-fold reduction in splenocyte proliferation following treatment
with 100 and 150µg/ml of D-Kyn, L-Kyn, DL-Kyn (FS-1) and Kynurenic acid (FS2) after 96
hours (P<0.05), although splenocytes proliferation significantly reduced about 2-fold by D-Kyn,
L-Kyn and DL-Kyn at 100 and 150µg/ml after 48hours, but FS2 showed less of an effect on
proliferation.
Figure 18 – Immune factor protein microarray in FS1 (DL-kynurenine) treated and
untreated mouse splenocytes – shows that FS1 has immune suppressive effect on some
proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, like IL-1, IL-2, CXCL9, and CXCL10 and
FS1 shows a significant decrease in IL-17 production, which is thought to have an important role
in inflammation. Panel A: shows activated splenocytes that were left untreated (ConA) or
treated with 100µg/mL of Kyn (ConA+Kyn) for 48 hrs, at which time the conditioned media
(CM) was collected from untreated and treated cells and was then exposed to a Proteome
Profiler Antibody Array™ membrane with density value percentages are shown for both the
untreated and treated cells for each reference spot as shown in Pane B. Panel B: shows signals
identified by Proteome Profiler Antibody Array membrane. Panel C: shows spot number
shown in panel B represents reference protein.
Figure 19 – Lasting effect of FS1 and FS2 on MMP1 expression in human dermal
fibroblasts. Panel A: shows the lasting effect of kynurenine (FS1) and kynurenic acid (FS2) on
MMP1 expression, where fibroblasts were treated with FS1 or FS2 (100 µg/ml) for 48 hours and
the medium was replaced and cells were harvested immediately, and at 12, 24, and 48 hours
after treatment removal, followed evaluation of MMP1 expression in dermal fibroblasts using
Western blotting. Panel B: shows the MMP1/β-actin expression ratio as calculated in treated
fibroblasts. Data is mean ± SEM of 4 independent experiments (*P-value<0.05 and **P-
value<0.01, n=4).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Any terms not directly defined herein shall be understood to have the meanings commonly
associated with them as understood within the art of the invention. As employed throughout the
specification, the following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be understood to have the
following meanings.
As used herein a ‘subject’ refers to an animal, such as a bird or a mammal. Specific animals
include rat, mouse, dog, cat, cow, sheep, horse, pig or primate. A subject may further be a
human, alternatively referred to as a patient. A subject may further be a transgenic animal. A
subject may further be a rodent, such as a beaver, mouse or a rat.
As used herein, an ‘inhibitor’ refers to a drug, compound or an agent that restrains or retards a
physiological, chemical or enzymatic action or function. An inhibitor may cause at least 5%
decrease in enzyme activity. An inhibitor may also refer to a drug, compound or agent that
prevents or reduces the expression, transcription or translation of a gene or protein.
‘Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase’, or ‘IDO’, is a heme-containing rate limiting enzyme that
catalyzes tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine and then to kynurenine (Kyn), and is found in non-
hepatic cells mainly in macrophages and trophoblasts. Recent findings have implicated
catabolism of tryptophan, an essential amino acid, by IDO as being involved in immune
tolerance (Kahari and Saarialho-Kere 1997). As demonstrated herein, kynurenine, as well as its
breakdown products kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid, induce MMP-1 and MMP-3, as well
as showing a reductionof fibrosis in vitro and in vivo.
The ‘matrix metalloprotease’, or ‘MMP’ family consist of 25 zinc- and calcium-dependent
proteinases in the mammalian system. According to their substrate specificity, primary
structure and cellular localization, 5 different subfamilies of closely related members known as
collagenases, gelatinases, stromelysins, matrilysins, and membrane-type MMPs have been
identified (Murphy et al. 2002). From all of these MMPs, MMP1 is the major enzyme involved
in the collagenolytic process, breaking down the interstitial collagens such as types I, II, and III,
while MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) is a protease known to degrade mainly the noncollagenous portion
of the ECM such as fibronectin, proteoglycans, and laminin (Kahari and Saarialho-Kere 1997).
Increases in both MMP1 and MMP-3 expressions and released by fibroblasts can initiate
degradation of almost all major components of the ECM (Saus et al. 1988). It is now accepted
that MMPs produced by keratinocytes facilitate epithelial migration, while MMPs expressed by
fibroblasts promote tissue remodeling (Salo et al. 1991).
‘Fibrosis’ is a general terms that involves the formation or development of excess fibrous
connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to a
formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue. Scarring is confluent
fibrosis that obliterates the architecture of the underlying organ or tissue. There are many
diseases and/or conditions that are characterized by or associated with fibrosis, including, but
not limited to: keloid, hypertrophic scar, pulmonary fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, liver cirrhosis,
chronic inflammation of tunica albugenia (CITA), endomyocardial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis,
myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic
fibrosis, Crohn's disease, old myocardial infarction, scleroderma, and systemic sclerosis.
There are provided herein a number of compounds for use in the treatment of diseases or
conditions characterized by or related to fibrosis. In the context of the current description, the
term ‘treatment’ may refer to treatment of existing fibrosis or fibrotic disease, or alternately may
refer to treatment which occurs before or during the fibrotic process in order to prevent the
development or progression of fibrosis. The compounds described herein may be in isolation, or
may be linked to or in combination with tracer compounds, liposomes, carbohydrate carriers,
polymeric carriers or other agents or excipients as will be apparent to one of skill in the art. In
an alternate embodiment, such compounds may comprise a medicament, wherein such
compounds may be present in a pharmacologically effective amount. The compounds may be
suitable for administration to a subject in need thereof, by virtue of the fact that the subject may
benefit from prophylaxis or treatment of fibrosis or fibrotic disease. The compounds may also
include tautomers or stereoisomers.
As used herein “FS” refers to FibroStops (for example, FS1 is used as an abbreviation for
kynurenine (or DL-kynurenine or DL-Kyn) and FS2 or KA may be used as an abbreviation for
kynurenic acid). L-kynurenine may be represented herein as L-Kyn and D-kynurenine may be
represented herein as D-Kyn. Similarly, xanthurenic acid may be represented herein as XA.
The term ‘medicament’ as used herein refers to a composition that may be administered to a
patient or test subject and is capable of producing an effect in the patient or test subject. The
effect may be chemical, biological or physical, and the patient or test subject may be human, or a
non-human animal, such as a rodent or transgenic mouse, or a dog, cat, cow, sheep, horse,
hamster, guinea pig, rabbit or pig. The medicament may be comprised of the effective chemical
entity alone or in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
The term ‘pharmaceutically acceptable excipient’ may include any and all solvents, dispersion
media, coatings, antibacterial, antimicrobial or antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption
delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. An excipient may be suitable
for intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, topical or oral
administration. An excipient may include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions for
extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. Use of such media for
preparation of medicaments is known in the art.
Compositions or compounds according to some embodiments may be administered in any of a
variety of known routes. Examples of methods that may be suitable for the administration of a
compound include orally, intravenous, inhalation, intramuscular, subcutaneous, topical,
intraperitoneal, intra-rectal or intra-vaginal suppository, sublingual, and the like. The
compounds described herein may be administered as a sterile aqueous solution, or may be
administered in a fat-soluble excipient, or in another solution, suspension, patch, tablet or paste
format as is appropriate. A composition comprising the compounds described herein may be
formulated for administration by inhalation. For instance, a compound may be combined with
an excipient to allow dispersion in an aerosol. Examples of inhalation formulations will be
known to those skilled in the art. Other agents may be included in combination with the
compounds described herein to aid uptake or metabolism, or delay dispersion within the host,
such as in a controlled-release formulation. Examples of controlled release formulations will be
known to those of skill in the art, and may include microencapsulation, embolism within a
carbohydrate or polymer matrix, and the like. Other methods known in the art for making
formulations are found in, for example, “Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences”, (19th edition),
ed. A. Gennaro, 1995, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.
The dosage of the compositions or compounds of some embodiments described herein may vary
depending on the route of administration (oral, intravenous, inhalation, or the like) and the
form in which the composition or compound is administered (solution, controlled release or the
like). Determination of appropriate dosages is within the ability of one of skill in the art. As
used herein, an ‘effective amount’, a ‘therapeutically effective amount’, or a ‘pharmacologically
effective amount’ of a medicament refers to an amount of a medicament present in such a
concentration to result in a therapeutic level of drug delivered over the term that the drug is
used. This may be dependent on mode of delivery, time period of the dosage, age, weight,
general health, sex and diet of the subject receiving the medicament. Methods of determining
effective amounts are known in the art.
In one embodiment, there is provided a method for treatment of a subject having or suspected of
having a fibrotic disease, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound having a structure corresponding to Formula I, II, or III. The
fibrotic disease may be one of the following: keloid, hypertrophic scar, pulmonary fibrosis,
kidney fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, chronic inflammation of tunica albugenia (CITA),
endomyocardial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis,
progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, old myocardial
infarction, scleroderma, systemic sclerosis, uterine fibroids, restenosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cell Cultures
Neonatal foreskin and joints used as the sources of fibroblasts, keratinocytes and synoviocytes.
The procedures were done based on the approval of Human Ethics Committee of the University
of British Columbia. Cultures of human foreskin fibroblasts were established as described
previously (Li et al., 2006). Briefly, foreskin was collected and washed three times with
Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM; GIBCO™, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with
antibiotic-antimycotic preparation (100 u/ml penicillin, 100 g /ml streptomycin, 0.25 g/ml
amphotericin B) (Invitrogen Life Technologies™, Gaithersburg, MD). Specimens were dissected
free of fat and minced into small pieces less than 2.0 mm in diameter, washed six times with
DMEM, distributed into 60 15-mm Petri dishes and incubated at 37 C in a water-jacked
humidified incubator in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. The medium was replaced twice weekly.
Upon reaching confluence, the cells were released by trypsinization (0.1% trypsin, Invitrogen
Life Technologies™) and (0.02% EDTA, Sigma™, St. Louis, MO), split for subculture at a ratio
of 1:6, and reseeded onto 75-cm flasks. Fibroblasts from passages 3–7 were used for this study.
Human foreskin keratinocytes were established as previously described (Ghahary et al., 1998).
Cells were cultured in serum-free keratinocyte medium (KSFM; Invitrogen Life Technologies™)
supplemented with bovine pituitary extract (50 μg/ml) and EGF (0.2 ng/ml). These cells were
used at passages 2–5.
Synoviocytes were obtained by enzymatic digestion of synovial membrane from patients with
rheumatoid arthritis during joint replacement with 1 mg/ml collagenase (Sigma™) in
RPMI1640 (Invitrogen Life Technologies™) for 4 hours at 37 C. Dissociated cells were plated
in synoviocyte growth medium (Cell Applications Inc.™, San Diego, CA) supplemented with
penicillin G sodium (100 U/mL), streptomycin sulfate (100 g/mL), and amphotericin B
(0.25 g/mL). Synoviocytes were found to be morphologically homogenous fibroblast-like cells
and were used at passages 2-5.
The squamous cell carcinoma (UMSCC) cell line derived from patients with head and neck
cancer (ATCC™, Manassas, VA) were maintained in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% FBS. The
Human keratinocyte cell line HACAT (ATCC) and the carcinomic human alveolar basal
epithelial cell line A549 (ATCC™) were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS. The diploid lung
fibroblasts IMR-90 (ATCC™) were maintained in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM,
Invitrogen™) with 10% FBS.
Gene Transfection by Adenoviral Vector
The construction of Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase (IDO) expressing adenoviral vector has been
previously described (Li et al., 2004). Recombinant adenoviruses were used to infect human
skin fibroblasts at the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100. Free viral particles were removed
from culture medium 30 hours after infection. The success of infection was determined by
fluorescent microscopy using a Motic™ inverted microscope equipped with a fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC) filter (Motic Instruments™, Richmond, BC, Canada) to view the reporter
gene GFP. The expression of IDO was assessed by western blot using anti-human IDO antibody
as described previously (Li et al., 2004). The biologic activity of IDO was evaluated by
measuring the levels of tryptophan degrading product, kynurenine, present in conditioned
medium.
Kynurenine Measurement in Conditioned Media
The levels of kynurenine were measured by a method previously described (Tokikawa et al.,
1988). In brief, about 2 ml of conditioned media was collected from the same cell number
initiated culture 3 days post transfection. Proteins from conditioned media were precipitated by
trichloroacetic acid. After centrifugation to remove precipitated proteins, about 0.5 ml of
supernatant was transferred into a new 1.5 ml tube and incubated with equal volume Ehrich’s
reagent (Sigma™) for 10 minutes at room temperature. The absorption of resultant solution
was measured at 490 nm by spectrophotometer within 2 hours. The values of kynurenine in
conditioned media were calculated by a standard curve with defined kynurenine concentration
(0-20 g/ml).
Cell treatments
For collection of conditioned media, fibroblasts were transduced by either none or control mock
vector or IDO adenovirus for 30 hours. Viruses were removed by washing with PBS. Fresh
DMEM containing 10% FBS and antibiotics were added and cells were continued to be cultured
for another 48 hours. Conditioned media from either untreated, mock vector, or IDO
adenovirus transduced fibroblasts were then collected. Fibroblasts at 80% confluence were
treated with media containing 90% of conditioned media plus 10% fresh media in the presence
of 10% FBS. Cells were then harvested after 48 hours and western blot analysis was performed.
In another set of experiments, fibroblasts at 80% confluence were treated with either
kynurenine or tryptophan at the indicated concentrations as mentioned in the result section in
DMEM containing 2% FBS and antibiotics for 48 hours. Cells were then harvested by
trypsinization and western blot analysis was performed.
Similarly, other cells such as synoviocytes, IMR-90, keratinocytes, UMSCC and A549 were
treated with kynurenine at concentrations of 12.5 to150 g/ml in appropriate media for each cell
type as described above for 48 hours. Cells were then harvested for western blot analysis.
Western Blot Analysis
Cells were harvested by Trypsin/EDTA and lysed with cell lysis buffer containing 50 mM Tris-
HCl (pH7.40), 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, 1% TritonX-100™, 0.5% Igepal CA-
630, 0.025% NaN3 and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma™). Cell debris was removed by
centrifugation at 20,000 g for 10 minutes. The protein concentration in supernatant was
determined using the MicroBCA™ method (Pierce™, Rockford, IL). Proteins in supernatant
were mixed with protein sample loading buffer (final concentration: 60 mM Tris-HCl (pH 6.80),
2% SDS, 10% glycerol, 1.5% -mercaptoethanol, 0.002% bromophenol blue) and size fractioned
by 10% of SDS-polyacrylamide gel. After proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose
membrane by iBlot™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies™), non-specific binding were blocked with
phosphate buffer saline twenty20 (PBS-T) containing 5% skim milk for 1 hour. The membrane
was then incubated with primary antibody overnight. After incubation with a secondary
antibody for 1 hour, protein bands were visualized by an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL™)
detection system (Santa Cruz Biotechnology™, Santa Cruz, CA). The primary antibodies used in
this study were: mouse monoclonal anti- human MMP-1 (R&D Systems™, Minneapolis, MN),
mouse monoclonal anti- human MMP-3 (R&D System™), rabbit monoclonal anti-human MMP-
2 (Epitomics™, Burlingame, CA), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-MEK1/2 (Ser217/221™) (Cell
Signaling Technology™, Danvers, MA), rabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-p44/42 MAPK
(Thr202/Tyr204) (Cell Signaling Technology™), monoclonal anti-β-actin (Sigma™), and mouse
anti-type-1 procollagen (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank™, Iowa City, IA). The
secondary antibodies were either goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) HPR conjugate or goat anti-rabbit
IgG (H+L) HPR conjugate (Bio-rad Laboratory™ (Mississauga, ON, Canada). Secondary
antibodies were used at a concentration of 1:3000.
MMP activity assay
The activity of MMPs was assessed using a F-FAM/QXL 520 fluorescence resonance energy
transfer (FRET) peptide as the MMP substrate (SensoLyte 520™ generic MMP assay kit,
AnaSpec, Inc.™, Fremont, CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, cells were
treated with or without 50 g/ml of kynurenine for 48 hours. Conditioned media were collected
and incubated with 1mM of APMA (4-aminophenyl-mercuric acetate, in component C,
AnaSpect™) at 37 C for 3 hrs. After activation MMPs with APMA, 50 l/well in 96-well plate of
conditioned media was mixed with 50 l of MMP substrate solution. After incubated at room
temperature for 60 minutes, the fluorescence intensity at EX/EM=490 nm/520 nm in each
sample including the substrate control were measured using Infinite F500™ fluorescence
microplate reader (Tecan Group Ltd™, Morrisville, NC).
Phosphorylation Protein Array
Human fibroblasts at 90% confluence were starved in DMEM without FBS overnight followed
by the treatment with or without 100 g/ml of kynurenine for 2 hours. Protein phosphorylation
was evaluated using the Human Phospho-Kinase Array™ (R&D System™) according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, capture and control antibodies were spotted in duplicate
on nitrocellulose membranes (total 46 kinase phosphorylation sites). Cell lysates (300 g of
total protein per array) were incubated with array overnight. The array was washed to remove
unbound proteins, followed by incubation with the cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies.
After incubation with streptavidin-HPR for 30 minutes, signals were visualized by ECL
detection system (Santa Cruz™). Blots were analyzed by densitometry, and protein
phosphorylation was normalized to a positive control which was represented in each membrane.
Rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model and topical application of kynurenine
Female rabbits (New Zealand white) weighing 4.5-5 kg were used for this study. The protocol
was reviewed and approved by the University of British Columbia animal care committees. The
rabbit ear model of hypertrophic scar was created as described previously (Rahmani-
Neishaboor, et al., 2010). Briefly, 2 rabbits were anesthetized by intramuscular injection of
ketamine (22.5 mg/kg) and xylazine (2.5 mg/kg) followed by isoflurane gas through tracheal
intubation. Four wounds were created down to bare cartilage on the ventral side of each ear
using an 8-mm dermal biopsy punch to remove full-thickness sections of skin. Antibiotics were
applied on wounds daily until kynurenine treatment was started.
Kynureine in CMC gel (Rahmani-Neishaboor et al., 2010) with a concentration of 500 g/ml
was applied topically to the wounds of the experimental group (0.1 ml per wound) daily for 3
weeks starting at 1 week post wounding. The wounds of the control group were received the
treatment with an equal amount of cream alone daily.
Animals were sacrificed on weeks 3 after treatments. Scars (10 mm punch biopsies) were
harvested. Each scar was sectioned in two along its longitudinal axis and half of which was
processed for routine histological analysis and another half was kept at -80 C for future use.
Scar elevation was quantified by measuring Scar Elevation Index (SEI) from the H & E stained
tissue section. The SEI is a ratio of total height in the wound tissue to the normal tissue below
the hypertrophic scar. A SEI of 1 indicates that the scar height is equal to the surrounding
unwounded dermis; an SEI > 1 indicates a raised hypertrophic scar.
MTT assay
The effect of kynurenine on human dermal fibroblast proliferation was detected by MTT [3-(4,
-Dimethylthiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. In brief, 10,000 cells were
seeded on a 24 well-plate and incubated with different concentrations of kynurenine for 48
hours. Media were removed and 0.2 ml of MTT (5 mg/ml in DMEM containing 2% FBS) was
added. Cells were incubated with MTT for 4 hours. After washing 3 times with PBS, 0.2 ml of
DMSO was added to dissolve the crystals. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm.
Measurement of hydroxyproline content from skin sample: According to a method
previously reported (Gawronskao-Kozak B. et al. 2006), half of 8 mm diameter skin punches
were weighed and frozen in -80 C. Skins were homogenized in 2 ml of PBS and stored at 4 C
overnight. The next day, 1 ml of 6N HCl was added and the mixture was heated at 120 C for 5
hours. 20 l of cooled samples and 50 l of chloramine T solution were added to the 96-well
plate and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. 50 l of Erlich solution was then
added and the mixture was incubated at 65 C for 15 minutes. Absorbance was read at 570 nm.
Hydroxyproline concentration was calculated by a standard curve.
RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and quantitative RT-PCR
RNA was extracted by Trizol™ (Invitrogen Life Technologies™). Briefly, 1 ml of Trizol™ was
added to the homogenized skin tissue. 250 l of chloroform was added after the mixture was
standed at room temperature for 5 minutes. Top aqueous phase was transferred into a new
eppendorf tube after centrifugation for 10 minute at 20,000 g. Equal volume isopropanol was
added to the aqueous phase and mixed gently. The pellet was washed with 1 ml of 75% ethanol
after centrifugation for 20 minutes. RNA was dissolved in DEPC treated H O and its
concentration was measured by Nanodrop2000™. cDNA was synthesized by cDNA synthesis
kit from Roche according to manufacture's introduction using1 g of total RNA in each sample.
Quantitative real-time PCR for rabbit type-1 1 collagen, MMP-1 and housekeeper gene -actin
were performed in ViiA7 (Invitrogen™). cDNA samples were added to a PCR reaction master
mix containing STBR Green Master Mix™ (Rox) (Roche™, Indianapolis, IN). All reactions were
performed in duplicate using the following cycle conditions: 1 cycle of 95 C for 10 minutes, 40
cycles of 95 C for 15 seconds and 60 C for 1 minute. The expression level of type-1 1 collagen
and MMP-1 in each sample was normalised to -actin. RT-PCR primers: rabbit type-1 1
collagen: 5’-ACAAGGGTGAGACAGGCGAAC-3’ (Forward), 5’-GCCGTTGAGTCCATCTTTCCC-3’
(Reverse); MMP-1, 5’-TCTGGCCACATCTGCCAATGG-3’ (Forward), 5’-
AGGGAAGCCAAAGGAGCTGTG-3’ (Reverse); -actin, 5’-AACGAGCGCTTCCGTTGGCCC-3’
(Forward), 5’-CTTCTGCATGCGGTCCGCGA-3’(Reverse).
EXAMPLES
Example 1 – Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase (IDO) expression up-regulates MMP-1
expression in human dermal fibroblasts
To assess the effect of IDO on MMP-1 expression, a human IDO recombinant adenoviral vector
was used for gene transduction in human dermal fibroblasts by a procedure previously reported
(Li et al., 2004). Transfection efficiency was evaluated by detecting IDO protein expression and
its activity through Western blot analysis and the kynurenine measurement in conditioned
media, respectively. As shown in Figure 1A left panel, the IDO protein was expressed in IDO
adenovirus-transduced fibroblasts, but undetectable in control and mock adenovirus-
transduced fibroblasts. The level of kynurenine, an index for IDO activity, was significantly
higher in IDO adenovirus-transduced fibroblasts (14.3 0.46 μg/ml, n=3) compared to those in
untransduced or mock- transduced controls (Figure 1A, right panel).
The expression of MMP-1 in control, mock- transduced and IDO-expressing fibroblasts was
examined by using Western blot analysis. As shown in Figure 1B, there was a more than nine
fold increase in MMP-1 expression in IDO-expressing fibroblasts (12.56 2.37, n=3) as
compared to those in mock-transduced (1.37 0.59, n=3) and untreated control fibroblasts (1
0, n=3). This finding suggests that up-regulation of MMP-1 expression in IDO-expressing
fibroblasts is not due to adenovirus infection, since the mock-transduced fibroblasts showed no
significant difference in MMP-1 expression from the untreated fibroblasts.
IDO is an intracellular enzyme that converts tryptophan into kynurenine. Therefore, it must be
clarified whether the effect of MMP-1 stimulation in IDO-expressing fibroblasts is due to the
IDO protein itself or to tryptophan metabolites. To address this, conditioned media from both
IDO-expressing fibroblasts and controls were collected after 48 hours. A combination of 90%
collected conditioned media and 10% fresh media was then used to treat dermal fibroblasts.
Cells were harvested 48 hours after treatment. As shown in Figure 1C, a significant increase in
MMP-1 expression was observed in cells treated with conditioned media from IDO-transduced
fibroblasts (2.06 0.62, n=3) as compared to those in either mock-transduced (1.16 0.31, n=3)
or untreated control fibroblasts (1 0, n=3). This result suggests that a factor or factors in
conditioned media from IDO adenovirus infected fibroblast rather than intracellular IDO
protein is responsible for an increased level of MMP-1 expression in fibroblasts.
Example 2 – Kynurenine but not depletion of tryptophan induces MMP-1
expression in human dermal fibroblasts
IDO is an enzyme converting tryptophan into kynurenine. To examine what factor (either
depletion of tryptophan or increase of kynurenine) is responsible for IDO up-regulation of
MMP-1 expression. To examine what factor is responsible for IDO up-regulation of MMP-1
expression, fibroblasts were grown in either tryptophan-depleted cultured media or regular
media with various concentrations of kynurenine. Cells were then evaluated for MMP-1
expression by western blotting. As shown in Figure 2C, there was no significant difference in
the expression of MMP-1 between fibroblasts grown in the presence of 25 g/ml tryptophan or
in the tryptophan-depleted cultured media. However, the MMP-1 expression was significantly
increased in response to different doses (25-150 g/ml) of kynurenine (Figure 2A and Figure
2B). These findings suggest that the presence of kynurenine, but not tryptophan depletion,
contributes to the up-regulation of MMP-1 in IDO-expressing cells. Furthermore, we found that
as little as 12.5 g/ml of kynurenine could stimulate MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts
(data not shown). This concentration of kynurenine is similar to that detected in conditioned
media from IDO expressing fibroblasts (Figure 1A right panel). The stimulation of MMP-1 in
fibroblasts is thus clearly specific to kynurenine as the addition of various concentration of
tryptophan with a similar structure failed to increase the expression of MMP-1 in dermal
fibroblasts (Figure 2D).
Example 3 – Effects of kynurenine on MMP-2 and -3 expression in dermal
fibroblasts
To investigate whether kynurenine also affects the expression of other MMPs, we treated dermal
fibroblasts with kynurenine at similar concentrations to those used in Figure 2. Western
blotting was used to detect MMP-2 and -3 expression using untreated cells as controls. As
shown in Figure 3A, there was no significant difference in MMP-2 expression between
kynurenine-treated and untreated fibroblasts. However, under similar conditions, kynurenine
treatment significantly increased MMP-3 expression in dermal fibroblasts in a dose-dependent
manner (Figure 3B/3C). Furthermore, to test whether the increased levels of MMPs in
kynurenine-treated fibroblasts were followed by increased MMP activity, conditioned media
from fibroblasts in the presence or absence of 50 μg/ml of kynurenine were collected 48 hours
after treatment. The MMP activity in the conditioned media was detected by a SensoLyte 520™
generic MMP assay kit using a 5-FAM/QXL 520 fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET) peptide as a MMP substrate. As shown in Figure 4, the mean activity of MMPs in
conditioned media from the kynurenine treated fibroblast was significantly higher than in the
control media. This indicates that the increased MMPS in fibroblasts treated by kynurenine
have enzymatic activity.
Example 4 - Mesenchymal and epithelial cells respond differently to kynurenine
treatment
To determine what types of cells are sensitive to kynurenine-induced MMP-1 expression, both
mesenchymal cells (such as an immobilized lung fibroblast cell line IMR-90 and fibroblast-like
synoviocytes) and epithelial cells (such as lung epithelial carcinoma cell line A549, primary
dermal keratinocytes, human immobilized keratinocyte cell line HACAT, and head and neck
squamous cell carcinoma cell line UMSCC) were used. As with the dermal fibroblasts, MMP-1
expression in synoviocytes and IMR-90 were up-regulated by kynurenine treatments at
concentrations of 12.5 g/ml to 150 g/ml, as shown in Figure 5. However, the expression of
MMP-1 in all epithelial cells tested, including dermal keratinocytes, HACAT, A549 and UMSCC,
did not significantly differ from the untreated controls in response to the various concentration
of kynurenine (Figure 6). These results suggest that there is a difference between
mesenchymal and epithelial cells in response to kynurenine-stimulating MMP-1 expression.
Example 5 – Identification of the phosphorylated signal molecules by phospho-
kinase array in cells treated with kynurenine
To determine the possible mechanism of kynurenine up-regulated MMP-1 expression in dermal
fibroblasts, we analyzed the activation of multiple serine, threonine or tyrosine kinases, using a
phosphor-kinase array. This array gives the possibility of simultaneously detecting the
activation status of 46 different protein kinases and their downstream transcript factors. As
shown in Figure 7, after 1 hour of treatment in dermal fibroblasts with kynurenine,
extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) was activated.
To confirm these results from the phospho-kinase array, dermal fibroblasts were treated with
100 g/ml of kynurenine at different times. Immunoblotting analysis, using a different
antibody from those placed on the array, was then used to detect the phosphorylation of ERK1/2
and its upstream molecule mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase
kinase (MEK). As shown in Figure 8, ERK1/2 was phosphorylated in cells treated with
kynurenine. The result was further confirmed by detection of the ERK1/2 upstream signal
molecule MEK phosphorylation in cells treated with kynurenine (Figure 8). Both ERK1/2 and
MEK showed similar patterns of activation, with a peak at 8 hours following kynurenine
treatments (Figure 8).
Example 6 – Addition of inhibitors for MEK-ERK1/2 phosphorylation negates the
effects of kynurenine stimulated MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts
In another set of experiments, we tested whether the activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 MAPK
pathway by kynurenine is associated with kynurenine-stimulating MMP-1 expression in dermal
fibroblasts. To do this, we examined the effects of inhibitors of either MEK or ERK1/2
phosphorylation on kynurenine-stimulating MMP-1 expression. As shown in Figure 9A, the
addition of PD98059, a specific inhibitor for ERK1/2 activation effectively prevented the
stimulatory effect of kynurenine on MMP-1 expression, in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly,
treatment of cells with 10 M and 30 M of U0126, a specific inhibitor for MEK activation, also
significantly reduced the up-regulation of MMP-1 expression by kynurenine (Figure 9B).
These results demonstrate that the activation of the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway
contributes to the up-regulation of MMP-1 expression induced by kynurenine in dermal
fibroblasts.
Example 7 – Effects of kynurenine on collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts
and fibroblast proliferation
Before studying its anti-fibrotic role in vivo, kynurenine was tested for its effect on collagen
expression and cell proliferation. As shown in Figure 10 (top), the addition of kynurenine 25-
150 g/ml remarkably decreases the expression of type 1 procollagen. However, it had no
significant effect on fibroblast proliferation, even when the cells were cultured at concentrations
up to 150 g/ml of kynurenine (Figure 11). Also, testing of the kynurenine
analogues/metabolites, kynurenic acid and xanthurenic acid, demonstrate that these
compounds are also effective at inhibiting expression of type 1 procollagen (Figure 10
(bottom)).
Example 8 – Topical application of kynurenine on rabbit ear wounds reduces
scarring
Since treatment of dermal fibroblasts with kynurenine showed an increase in both the MMP-1
and -3 expression as well as a decrease in type-1 procollagen expression, we were interested to
know whether kynurenine can be used as an anti-fibrotic agent for the treatment or prevention
of hypertrophic scarring. To achieve this, as described previously (Rahmani-Neishaboor et al.,
2010; Kloeters et al., 2007; Xie et al., 2008), a rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model was used.
Wounds were treated daily with 0.1 ml of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) gel containing 50 g of
kynurenine for three weeks starting at day 8 post-wounding. The dose of 50 mg kynurenine per
wound was matched with that used in an in vitro system with an optimum outcome. The result
showed no significant difference to wound closure in kynurenine-treated wounds as compared
to that of either untreated or CMC gel treated controls (data not shown). However, as shown in
Figure 12A, significantly less scarring was seen in wounds treated with kynurenine than either
non-treated wounds or the vehicle-only control wounds after three weeks. The average scar
elevation index (SEI) was significantly reduced in the kynurenine-treated group (1.172 0.156,
n=8) as compared to the vehicle-only control group (1.978 0.442, n=4, p<0.01) and the
untreated group (2.098 0.324, n=4, p<0.001) (Figure 12B). Massons’ trichrome staining for
collagen revealed a significant reduction in collagen content in wounds treated with kynurenine,
compared to those wounds receiving either no treatment or gel alone (Figure 12C). Consistent
with this finding, the hydroxyproline content (used as an index for tissue collagen content) was
significant lower in wounds treated with kynurenine compared to those wounds receiving either
no treatment or gel alone (Figure 12D).
Finally, we demonstrated that topical application of kynurenine in a rabbit ear fibrotic model
decreased the expression of type-1 1 collagen and increased the expression of MMP-1, as
compared to those in wounds received either no treatment or gel alone (Figure 13). These
results further support the supposition that kynurenine could potentially be used as an anti-
fibrotic factor for treating hypertrophic scarring and even keloid, as frequently seen in patients
with burn injuries or surgical incisions.
Example 9 – Effect of kynurenine isoforms on MMP-1 expression in human dermal
fibroblasts
Different isoforms of kynurenine were tested for their ability to affect MMP-1 expression.
Isoforms tested were DL-kynurenine (DL-Kyn) or D-kynurenine (D-Kyn) and L-kynurenine (L-
Kyn). The result showed that all isoforms increase the MMP-1 expression in dermal fibroblasts,
however, L-kynurenine seems to have more activity compared to other two isoforms – see
Figure 14.
Example 10 – Effects of different kynurenine isoforms/analogues on collagen
expression in human dermal fibroblasts
Dermal fibroblasts were treated with either FS-1 (DL-kynurenine) or D-kynurenine or L-
kynurenine or FS-2 (kynurenic acid) as shown in Figure 15. Type-1, α1-collagen expression
was detected by real-time PCR. Results indicate that these isoforms/analogues have similar
efficacy in reducing collagen expression.
Example 11 – Kynurenine and its metabolites down-regulate fibronectin
expression in cultured fibroblasts
Dermal fibroblasts were treated with various concentration of either DL-kynurenine (FS1), L-
kynurenine, D-kynurenine or kynurenic acid (FS2) as shown in Figure 16. The expression of
fibronectin was detected by real-time PCR. Results demonstrate that kynurenine, DL-
kynurenine, and L-kynurenine are all capable of down-regulating fibronectin expression,
indicating that kynurenine metabolites may be also suitable for prevention or treatment of
fibroproliferative disorders.
Example 12 – Kynurenine and metabolites/analogues have significant effects on
splenocytes
The findings in Figure 17 showed that, there was almost 5-fold reduction in conA-induced
splenocyte proliferation following treatment with 100 and 150µg/ml D-Kynurenine, L-
Kynurenine or DL-Kynurenine after 96 hours (P<0.05), although splenocyte proliferation
significantly reduced about 2-fold by D-Kynurenine, L-Kynurenine and DL-Kynurenine at 100
and 150µg/ml after 48hours. FS2 has less effect on proliferation than other metabolites. The
findings in Figure 18 showed that FS1 has immune suppressive effect on some of the
proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, like IL-1, IL-2, CXCL9, and CXCL10.
Besides it can significantly decrease IL-17 production which is thought to have an important role
in inflammation.
Example 13 – Lasting effect of kynurenic acid and kynurenine on MMP1 expression
in fibroblasts
To determine the lasting effect of kynurenic acid (KynA) and kynurenine (Kyn) on MMP1
expression in fibroblasts, cells were treated with 100 µg/ml of the drug. Following 48 hours of
treatment, the medium was changed with fresh medium and cells were then harvested at 0, 12,
24 or 48 hours post treatment removal. There was a marked increase in MMP1 expression in
fibroblasts in response to either KynA or Kyn treatment at 48 hours after treatment. Following
the removal of Kyn and KynA, the MMP1 expression remained significantly higher than the
untreated cells for another 24 hours (Figure 19A). Interestingly, while the MMP1 protein
expression gradually reduced to normal levels within 48 hours after Kyn removal, the MMP1
expression in response to KynA remained higher than controls (Figure 19A). Figure 19B
represents the quantitative analysis of data in Figure 19A (* P-value<0.05, ** P-value<0.01,
n=4). From these results it appears that KynA has a longer lasting effect on expression of MMP-
1 relative to Kyn in treated fibroblasts.
Although various embodiments are disclosed herein, many adaptations and modifications may
be made within the scope of the invention in accordance with the common general knowledge of
those skilled in this art. Such modifications include the substitution of known equivalents for
any aspect of the invention in order to achieve the same result in substantially the same way.
Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. The word "comprising" is used
herein as an open ended term, substantially equivalent to the phrase "including, but not limited
to", and the word "comprises" has a corresponding meaning. As used herein, the singular forms
"a", "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus,
for example, reference to "a thing" includes more than one such thing. Citation of references
herein is not an admission that such references are prior art to an embodiment of the present
invention. The invention includes all embodiments and variations substantially as hereinbefore
described and with reference to the examples and drawings.
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THE
Claims (6)
1. Use of a compound, the compound selected from one or more of the following: ; ; ; and for the manufacture of a medicament to treat fibrotic disease in a subject in need thereof, wherein the fibrotic disease is selected from keloid; hypertrophic scaring; pulmonary fibrosis; liver cirrhosis; endomyocardial fibrosis; scleroderma; and kidney fibrosis. 10
2. The use of claim 1, wherein the fibrotic disease is selected from: keloid; and hypertrophic scarring.
3. The use of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the fibrotic disease is hypertrophic scarring.
4. The use of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the fibrotic disease is keloid.
5. The use of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the compound is selected from the following: 15 ; and .
6. The use of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the compound is
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US201361831404P | 2013-06-05 | 2013-06-05 | |
US61/831,404 | 2013-06-05 | ||
PCT/CA2014/000484 WO2014194407A1 (en) | 2013-06-05 | 2014-06-04 | Anti-fibrogenic compounds, methods and uses thereof |
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