NZ622719B2 - Iron-fiber composition, preparation and uses thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are compositions comprising ferrous and/or ferric iron compounds and fiber in a complex, methods for preparing such compositions, and the use thereof for treatment of adsorbing certain accessible targets in the gastrointestinal tract and in an extracorporeal system with minimal iron release that does not affect serum iron levels. ? release that does not affect serum iron levels. ?

Description

IRON-FIBER COMPOSITION, PREPARATION AND USES THEREOF FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present application relates generally to medicinal compositions useful in adsorbing certain accessible targets in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in an extracorporeal system.

BACKGROUND Iron polymer complexes that have favorable properties for therapeutic use are of great interest. Iron complexes with dextran, dextrose, maltose, sucrose, and fructose have been the focus of several patents and publications.

The textile industry uses particulates of iron oxides as pigments to dye fabrics. In addition, iron oxide is applied to textile fibers in an attempt to increase the conductivity of the synthetic fiber.

Biomass, either in its native state, or chemically modified, can be used to capture water pollutants and nutrients.

Studies have shown that iron adsorbed on synthetic filtration media or biomass can remove phosphates from water (Unnithan et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002, 84, 2541– 2553; Han et al., 6th Inter-Regional Conference on Environment-Water, ‘‘Land and Water Use Planning and Management,’’ Albacete, Spain, 2003, pp. 1–11). Treating refined aspen wood fiber with iron-salt solutions demonstrated limited capacities to remove (ortho)phosphate from test solutions, but pre-treating fiber with carboxymethyl cellulose followed by ferrous chloride treatment improved the phosphate-binding capacity (Eberhardt et al. Bioresource Technology 2006, 97, 2371–2376).

Spengler et al. in 1994 (Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 1994, 32:733) describes a method for preparing an insoluble iron(III) oxide hydroxide porous support by linking FeCl .6H O to dextran using NaOH as the catalyst.

U.S. Patent 5624668 describes ferric oxyhydroxide-dextran compositions for treating iron deficiency having ellipsoidal particles with a preferred molecular weight range of about 250,000 to 300,000 Daltons.

U.S. Patent 6022619 describes a method of forming textile composites comprising coatings of iron oxides deposited on textile substrates, a method for the deposition of iron(III) oxides in status nascendi from an aqueous solution so as to form a coherent coating on a textile substrate.

U.S. Patent 7674780 describes a process for preparing an iron-sucrose complex, substantially free of excipients, for providing an iron-sucrose complex co-precipitated with sucrose, and for providing iron-sucrose complexes in aqueous solution.

U.S. Publication 2008/0234226 mentions the use of iron(III) complex compounds with carbohydrates or derivatives thereof for the preparation of a medicament for oral treatment of iron deficiency states in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease, in particular Crohn's disease and colitis ulcerosa.

U.S. Publication 2010/0035830 describes iron-carbohydrate complex compounds which contain iron(II) in addition to iron( III), processes for their preparation, medicaments containing them, and the use thereof for treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

U.S. Publication 2011/0086097 describes a manufacture process for producing an iron-containing phosphate adsorbent based on starch and soluble carbohydrates, in particular, a process for manufacturing and isolating an iron(III)-based phosphate adsorbent which purportedly exhibits pharmacological properties. describes a process for manufacture of iron sucrose complex to treat anemia.

Preparation of complexes of carbohydrates with iron compounds have been disclosed in many patents and publications, and typically concern an absorbable composition in human gastrointestinal tract used to increase systemic iron delivery to treat iron deficiency anemia.

A diet high in fiber benefits health. Fiber adds bulk to the stool to alleviate constipation. It increases food volume without increasing caloric content. Fiber adsorbs water and forms a gel-like composition during digestion, slowing the emptying of the stomach and intestinal transit, shielding carbohydrates from enzymes, and delaying absorption of glucose by the gastrointestinal tract. Fiber consumption can lower total and LDL cholesterol.

The US Department of Agriculture lists functional fibers as isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet (Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients), 2005, Chapter 7: Dietary, Functional and Total fiber. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library and National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board).

In general, fiber does not bind to minerals and vitamins and therefore does not restrict their absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. Rather, evidence exists that fiber sources improve absorption of minerals by the gastrointestinal tract although the subject is still under active research. Several reports indicate that fibers, especially the inulin-type, are promising substances that could help to improve the absorption of available minerals in human nutrition and by this contribute to bone health.

According to published papers (Behall et al. 1989, Diabetes Care 12: 357–364; Spencer et al. 1991, J Nutr 121:1976–1983; Greger JL, J Nutr. 1999, 129: 1434S–5S; Coudray et al. J Nutr. 2003, 133:1–4; Raschka et al. Bone 2005, 37 (5): 728–35; Scholz- Ahrens et al. J Nutr. 2007, 137 (11 Suppl): 2513S–2523S), nondigestible oligosaccharides have been shown to increase the absorption of several minerals (calcium, magnesium, in some cases phosphorus) and trace elements (mainly copper, iron, zinc). The stimulation of absorption was more pronounced when the demand for minerals was high. How fibers mediate this effect include different mechanisms such as acidification of the intestinal lumen by short-chain fatty acids increasing solubility of minerals in the gut, enlargement of the absorption surface, increased expression of calcium-binding proteins mainly in the large intestine, etc. Meanwhile the study by Shah et al. (2009, Diabetes Care, 32: 990-5) showed that fiber didn’t significantly affect the intake of calcium and other minerals.

It would be of value to create novel compositions using fiber and iron that have favorable properties for therapeutic and nutritional use.

SUMMARY Described herein are novel compositions that retain the beneficial characteristics of fiber and at the same time change the nature of fiber to a composition of matter that adsorbs certain accessible targets in the gastrointestinal tract and in an extracorporeal system.

In particular, iron compounds are attached to fiber to alter or add further benefit to the nature of fiber. [20A] Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention relates to a composition comprising an iron compound and a dietary fiber in iron-fiber complex or a salt thereof, wherein said complex or salt thereof comprising an iron compound has iron(II) and iron(III) bound in the complex with no significant iron release under physiological conditions so that the serum iron levels are not affected [20B] In another aspect the invention relates to an iron-fiber complex prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) mixing one or more fibers and an iron compound, at a pH <3; (b) maintaining a temperature of reaction mixture of step (a) between ambient and 100 ºC; (c) cooling the reaction mixture of step (b) to ambient temperature and washing until pH is neutral; and (d) isolating the iron-fiber complex formed, wherein the iron content is in an amount of from 2 to 50 wt%. [20C] In another aspect the invention relates to an elemental medical food comprising at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition according to the invention in a physiological carrier [20D] In another aspect the invention relates to a food supplement suitable for mammals comprising at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition according to the invention. [20E] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from toxins from hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, or toxins from infectious agents. [20F] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from toxins from fluid and salt overload. [20G] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for adsorbing excess calcium, cholesterol, phosphate, potassium, sodium, or toxins. [20H] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, or sodium in blood outside the normal range, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20I] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from hyperlipidemia, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20J] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from toxins from infectious agents in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein the medicament comprises at least mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20K] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from abnormal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels, wherein the medicament comprises at least mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20L] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, sodium in blood outside the normal range, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20M] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining bone health, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20N] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining a normal lipid profile and cardiovascular health, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20O] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining a normal weight, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20P] In another aspect the invention relates to the use of a composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining normal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition. [20Q] Certain statements that appear below are broader than what appears in the statements of the invention above. These statements are provided in the interests of providing the reader with a better understanding of the invention and its practice. The reader is directed to the accompanying claim set which defines the scope of the invention.

Described herein are iron-fiber complex compositions having a high content of iron(II) and iron(III).

Exemplary fibers include natural fibers, man-made fibers, and combinations thereof. These fibers include multiple fiber types i.e., co- tri-polymers or random polymers containing various fiber compositions or they can be composed of blends and composites of fibers that optionally contain iron compounds.

Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans, cellulose, and many other plant components such as resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides.

Exemplary iron compounds useful herein include, but are not limited to iron(II) acetate, iron(II) citrate, iron(II) ascorbate, iron(II) oxalate, iron(II) oxide, iron(II) carbonate, iron(II) carbonate saccharate, iron(II) formate, iron(II) sulfate, iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, iron(II) bromide, iron(II) iodide, iron(III) fluoride, iron(II) acetylacetonate, iron(III) phosphate, iron(III) pyrophosphate, and combinations thereof.

The iron-fiber compositions according to the application are oligo- or polynuclear iron compositions in which the iron atoms are bonded to one another via oxygen atoms and/or hydroxyl groups, and wherein the iron is bonded to the fiber in a complex and/or via carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen bridge bonds. The hydroxyl bridges also have a high binding affinity for Fe(II) and/or Fe(III). The iron-fiber compositions can also contain water bonded as a complex or via hydrogen bridge bonds.

The iron-fiber compositions according to the application are characterized by their content of iron(II) and iron(III). This means that some of the iron is present in the oxidation level of 2 and some in the oxidation level of 3 . These are therefore so-called "mixed valence" compositions, in which the metal is present in several oxidation levels side by side.

In some embodiments, the content of iron(II) and iron(III) in the total iron content is at least 2 wt %. For example, the content of iron(II) and iron(III) in the total iron content can be 2 to 50 wt %, or 3 to 50 wt %, or 3 to 25 wt %, 10 to 50 wt%, or 10 to 40 wt%, or 15 to 30 w or 20 to 50 wt %, , or about 10 wt%, or about 15 wt %, or about 20 wt%, or about 30 wt%, or about 40 wt%, or any other range or value within those ranges.

The content of fiber by weight of the compositions is 10 to 98 wt %, for example, about 10 to 80 wt. %, about 50 to 90 wt % , about 60 to 90 wt %, about 70 to 85 wt % , about 35 to 65 wt %, about 40 to 60 wt. %, about 45 to 55 wt. %, or about 20 wt%, or about 30 wt%, or about 40 wt%, or about 50 wt% by weight, or any other range or value within those ranges.

The content of water in the iron-fiber compositions can be up to 10 wt. %, depending on the drying conditions. Illustratively, the water content is about 2 to 8 wt. %, about 3 to 7 wt. %, about 2 to 5 wt. %, or about 5 to 10 wt. %, or any other range within those ranges.

In some embodiments, the iron-fiber compositions comprise ferrous (Fe ) and/or ferric (Fe ) compounds and a dietary fiber in a complex or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. These compositions are useful for adsorbing undesirable agents including, but not limited to excess calcium, cholesterol, phosphate, potassium, sodium, as well as, toxins from infectious agents via in vivo, extracorporeal, ex vivo, or in vitro administration to a subject in need thereof.

Iron (II/III), which is present in the complex allows access to the analytes. In one embodiment, the iron-fiber complex compositions comprise 2 to 50 wt % of iron and 50 to 98 wt % of one or more fibers In one embodiment, the iron-fiber complex compositions comprise 10 to 50 wt % of iron and 50 to 90 wt % of one or more fibers.

In one embodiment, the iron-fiber complex compositions comprise 10 to 40 wt % of iron and 60 to 90 wt % of one or more fibers.

In one embodiment, the iron-fiber complex compositions comprise 15 to 30 wt % of iron and 70 to 85 wt % of one or more fibers.

In one embodiment, the iron-fiber complex composition is formulated as a medicament.

In another embodiment, the iron-fiber complex composition is suitable for oral administration.

In another embodiment, the effective amount for treating a subject is about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 20 g/kg/day.

In another embodiment, the iron-fiber complex is capable of binding to minerals, ions, toxins, metabolites at a wide pH range.

In another embodiment, the iron-fiber complex is stable at pH 1-12, and remains efficacious at a pH range between 1 to 12.

In another embodiment, the action of the iron-fiber composition is not affected by the iron based on its location in the iron-fiber complex.

In one embodiment, an elemental medical food suitable for mammals is provided comprising at least 400 mg of the iron-fiber composition described herein. The medical food can be in the form of a liquid solution; powder, bar, wafer, a suspension in an appropriate liquid or in a suitable emulsion, as detailed below. In some embodiments, the medical food may further comprise one or more additional ingredients selected from the group including, but not limited to natural flavors, artificial flavors, major trace and ultra-trace minerals, minerals, vitamins, oats, nuts, spices, milk, egg, salt, flour, lecithin, xanthan gum and/or sweetening agents.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, sodium in blood outside the normal range, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the medical food is provided.

In yet another embodiment, method for treating a patient suffering from hyperlipidemia, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the elemental medical food is provided.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient suffering from toxins from infectious agents in the gastrointestinal tract comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the elemental medical food is provided.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient suffering from abnormal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels, comprising administering an effective amount of the elemental medical food is provided.

In some aspects, the elemental medical food is administered in an amount of a total serving of at least 0.01 g/kg/day and up to about 20 g/kg/day of the elemental medical food to the patient daily.

In one embodiment, the total amount of iron-fiber complex compositions given daily to a subject in need thereof in one dose or multiple doses.

In another aspect, a food supplement suitable for mammals comprising at least 400 mg of the iron-fiber composition is provided. The food supplement can be in the form of a liquid solution, powder, bar, wafer, a suspension in an appropriate liquid or in a suitable emulsion, as detailed below. In some embodiments, the food supplement may further comprise one or more additional ingredients selected from the group including, but not limited to natural flavors, artificial flavors, major trace and ultra-trace minerals, minerals, vitamins, oats, nuts, spices, milk, egg, salt, flour, lecithin, xanthan gum and/or sweetening agents.

In another embodiment, a method for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, sodium in blood outside the normal range, and to maintain bone health comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the food supplement is provided.

In yet another embodiment, a method for maintaining bone health comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the food supplement is provided.

In another embodiment, a method for maintaining a normal lipid profile and cardiovascular health comprising providing an effective amount of the food supplement to a subject is provided.

The disclosure provides a method for maintaining normal weight comprising providing an effective amount of the food supplement to a subject.

In a further embodiment, a method is provided for maintaining normal metabolic parameters such as glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels, said method comprising providing an effective amount of the food supplement to a subject.

In certain aspects, the food supplement is administered in an amount of at least 0.75 g per day and up to 1500 g per day of the food supplement to the subject daily.

In another aspect, a method for preparing the disclosed compositions is provided.

Generally, in one embodiment an iron salt, or a mixture of iron salts, is mixed together with a fiber carrier under acidic conditions at a pH in the range from about 1.0 to about 6.0 (for example, from about 1 to about 4, or from about 1 to about 3). To the mixture an alkali salt is optionally added. The resulting solution is purified of excess debris, salts, impurities, etc., by any suitable method to produce an iron-fiber complex with an elemental iron concentration between about 2% to about 50%.

In yet another aspect, the iron-fiber complex is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) mixing one or more fibers and an iron compound, at a pH <3; (b) maintaining a temperature of reaction mixture of step (a) between ambient and 100 ºC; (c) cooling the reaction mixture of step (b) to ambient temperature and washing until pH is neutral; and (d) isolating the iron-fiber complex compound formed, wherein the iron content is in an amount of from 2 to 50 wt%.

In yet another aspect, the selected weight ratio of fiber to iron compounds is from about 1:0.1 to about 1:100. For example, about 1:0.2, or about 1:1, or about 1:5, or about 1:10, or about 1:20, or about 1:50, or about 1:80, or about 1:100, or any other ratio or value within these ranges.

In yet another aspect, an optional acid is used to achieve a pH in a range of about 1 to about 3, wherein the acid is selected from the group of hydrogen halides and their aqueous solutions including, but not limited to: hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), halogen oxoacids such as hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO ), chloric acid (HClO ), perchloric acid (HClO ), and corresponding compounds 2 3 4 for bromine and iodine, sulfuric acid (H SO ), fluorosulfuric acid (HSO F), nitric acid 2 4 3 (HNO ), phosphoric acid (H PO ), fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF ), fluoroboric acid (HBF ), 3 3 4 6 4 hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF ), chromic acid (H CrO ), boric acid (H BO ). Other acids 6 2 4 3 3 are contemplated herein and are easily identifiable by one of skill in the art.

In yet another aspect, an optional base or an alkali salt is added to the fiber/iron mixture, after being mixed under acidic conditions. In some aspects, the alkali salt is added to the fiber/iron mixture to achieve a pH of at least 3. In some aspects, the alkali salt is added to the fiber/iron mixture to achieve a pH of the solution in a range of greater than about 3 to no greater than about 12. Alkali carbonates and alkali metal hydroxides are illustrative alkali substances or bases useful herein, though others are contemplated. The base can be selected from the group including, but not limited to LiOH, KOH, NaOH, NaHCO , Na CO , 3 2 3 Ca(OH) , Mg(OH) , Li CO , K CO , CaCO , MgCO , and Na CO . The base can comprise 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 any wt. % of the total weight of the iron-fiber mixture, sufficient to alter the pH of the mixture to the desired range.

The temperature of the reaction mixture is in the range from about 20°C to about 100°C, for example, about 30°C, about 40°C, about 50°C, about 60°C, about 70°C, about 80°C, about 90°C, or about 100°C. The time interval is in the range from about 60 minutes to about 48 hours, for example, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 30 hours, about 36 hours, about 42 hours, or about 48 hours.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a graph illustrating the composition: fiber without iron compounds (Fiber ), FeCl -fiber preparation after 1 hour (Fe-Fiber-1 hr, ) and 24 hrs (Fe-Fiber-24 hr, ·) of mixing during preparation, and their phosphate-binding capacity.

Figure 2 shows the physical appearance of the fiber alone (without iron compounds) (Fiber: Tube 4) and the FeCl -Fiber-24 hr sample (Tube 6).

Figure 3 is a graph illustrating the composition: fiber alone treated with KOH (Fiber-KOH, ), FeCl -fiber preparation after 24 hours (Fe-Fiber-24 hr, ) and 48 hr (Fe- Fiber-48 hr, ) of mixing before addition of KOH, and their phosphate-binding capacity.

Figure 4 shows the physical appearance of fiber alone treated with KOH (Tube 1), FeCl -fiber preparation after 24 hours (Tube 2) and 48 hr (Tube 5) of mixing before addition of KOH.

Figure 5 is a graph illustrating the properties of fiber:FeCl at the ratio of 1:10 ( ) vs. fiber:FeCl at the ratio of 1:5 ( ) on adsorbing phosphate.

Figure 6 shows the physical appearance of the two preparations. Tube 1, the fiber:FeCl at a ratio of 1:10 composition. Tube 2: the fiber:FeCl at a ratio of 1:5 composition.

Figure 7 is a graph illustrating the properties of the fiber:FeCl at the ratio of 2:5 ( ) composition vs. the fiber:FeCl = 3:5 ( ) composition on adsorbing phosphate.

Figure 8 shows the physical appearance of the two preparations. Tube 3: The fiber:FeCl = 2:5 composition. Tube 4: The fiber:FeCl = 3:5 composition.

Figure 9 is a graph illustrating the properties of the fiber: FeCl = 4:5 ( ) composition vs. the fiber:FeCl = 1:1 ( ) composition on adsorbing phosphate.

Figure 10 is a graph illustrating the phosphate-binding properties of the fiber:FeCl = 1:1 composition at different pH. : no pH adjustment (pH = 7 at each supernatant). : adding NaOH. X: adding acetic acid. : adding HCl.

Figure 11 is a graph illustrating the fiber alone (without iron compounds, ) vs. fiber:FeCl3 at 1:10 ( ) preparation on phosphate-binding using a column and fraction collection.

Figure 12 is a graph illustrating a larger scale preparation of the fiber:FeCl at 1:10 ( ) composition on phosphate-binding (vs. fiber alone, ) using a column and fraction collection.

Figure 13 is a graph illustrating a larger scale preparation of the fiber:FeCl at 1:1 composition on phosphate-binding (vs. Metamucil as control).

Figure 14 is a graph illustrating (A) serum and (B) urinary (per 24-hr collecting period) phosphorus/phosphate (Pi) levels in rats fed a phosphate-enriched diet containing fiber alone or the iron-fiber composition. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 vs. pre-dosing.

Figure 15 shows the physical appearance of feces samples collected from rats treated with fiber alone vs. iron-fiber.

Figure 16 is a graph illustrating a preparation of the iron-fiber (prepared from Fe O P ) at 1:10 composition on phosphate binding. 4 2 6 Figure 17 is a graph illustrating the SEM pictures at different magnifications of the fiber:FeCl at 1:1 composition. A: X2k, 20 mm. B: X1.5k, 20 mm. C: X700, 50 mm Figure 18 is a graph illustrating the final swell volume for the fiber-FeCl preparation with 1 g fiber and 0, 0.2, 0.6, 2 and 5 g FeCl Figure 19 is a graph illustrating the phosphate-binding property of the composition in Figure 18 normalized by (A) per gram of dry composition, or (B) per ml of the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume). Pi: phosphate.

Figure 20 is a graph illustrating the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber at different concentrations of phosphate. Pi: phosphate.

Figure 21 illustrates the effect of different pH during the iron-fiber preparation on the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition in the dry state and after the incubation with the phosphate buffer. Tube 1, pH =1.44; Tube 2, pH =1.72; Tube 3, pH =2.14; Tube 4, pH =3.1; Tube 5, pH =7; Tube 6, pH =9.43.

Figure 22A illustrates the effect of adjusting pH during the preparation of the iron- fiber on the volume of the dry composition (initial volume, ) and the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume, ). Figure 22B illustrates the effect of adjusting pH during the preparation of the iron-fiber on phosphate binding. : normalized by per g of dry material. : normalized by per ml of the initial volume of the dry composition. , normalized by per ml of the final swell volume.

Figure 23 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition (left) vs. sevelamer (sevelamer hydrochloride, right) at different time points after the addition of a phosphate (5 mM) buffer.

Figure 24 is a graph illustrating the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition ( ) vs. sevelamer ( ) normalized by (A) per gram of dry material or (B) per ml of the final swell volume at different concentrations of phosphate.

Figure 25 is a graph illustrating the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber at different pH in the phosphate solution.

Figure 26 illustrates the serum phosphate (Pi) levels in the rats fed the phosphate- enriched food containing iron-fiber or sevelamer. *p<0.05 vs. pre-dosing. #p<0.05, ##p<0.01 vs. High Pi food alone (no addition).

Figure 27 illustrates the serum calcium levels in the rats fed the phosphate- enriched food containing iron-fiber or Sevelamer.

Figure 28 illustrates the urinary phosphate levels (per 24-hr collecting period) in the rats fed the phosphate-enriched food containing iron-fiber or sevelamer. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. High Pi food alone (no addition).

Figure 29 illustrates the urinary calcium levels (per 24-hr collecting period) in the rats fed the phosphate-enriched food containing iron-fiber or Sevelamer. ***p<0.001 vs.

High Pi food alone (no addition).

Figure 30 shows the serum iron levels in the rats before treatment and after the iron-fiber treatment.

Figure 31A&B illustrate the serum and urine (per 24-hr collecting period) phosphate levels in the rats fed normal food, or food containing iron-fiber or sevelamer. *p<0.05, **p<0.01 (vs. pre-dosing).

Figure 32 illustrate the serum calcium, urinary calcium and PTH levels in the rats fed normal food, or food containing iron-fiber or sevelamer. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001 vs. pre- dosing. #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 vs. no addition. +p<0.05, ++p<0.01 vs. iron-fiber.

Figure 33A&B illustrate the feces weight and urine volume (per 24-hr period) in the rats fed normal food, food containing iron-fiber or sevelamer. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001 vs. pre-dosing. #p<0.05 vs. no addition Figure 34A&B illustrate the water and food consumption in the rats fed normal food, food containing iron-fiber or sevelamer. **p<0.01 vs. "No Addition". The water and food consumption was measured daily for 6 days and normalized by the rat body weight.

Figure 35 illustrates the phosphate level in the fecal ash. **p<0.01 vs. pre-dosing. #p<0.05 vs. No addition (plain food) Figure 36 is a graph illustrating the cholesterol-binding property of the iron-fiber composition vs. sevelamer normalized by per gram of dry material.

Figure 37 illustrates the effect of incubation temperature during the iron-fiber preparation on (A) the final swell volume (after the incubation with the phosphate buffer), (B) phosphate-binding normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber, and (C) phosphate-binding normalized by per ml of the final swell volume.

Figure 38 illustrates the effect of incubation temperature and different amounts of FeCl during the preparation of the composition on (A) the final swell volume (after the incubation with the phosphate buffer), (B) phosphate-binding normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber, and (C) phosphate-binding normalized by per ml of the final swell volume. : room temperature. : 37 C. : 55 C.

Figure 39 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition (left) vs. sevelamer (right) at different time points after incubating with water or simulated gastric fluid at 37 C.

Figure 40 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition (left) vs. unprocessed fiber (right) at different time points after incubating with simulated gastric fluid at 37 C.

Figure 41 shows (A) the survey, (B) C 1s and (C) Fe 2p spectrum from XPS analysis of an iron-fiber composition prepared from dietary fiber and FeCl .

Figure 42 shows the results from Raman Spectroscopy with 785 nm laser for an iron-fiber composition prepared from dietary fiber and FeCl3 under (A) normal condition and (B) high laser intensity.

Figure 43 shows (A) the survey, (B) C 1s and (C) Fe 2p spectrum from XPS analysis of an iron-fiber composition prepared from dietary fiber and FeCl .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to representative embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not intended to be limited to those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims. Thus, there are a variety of suitable formulations of the compositions described herein. These formulations are exemplary and are in no way limiting. Furthermore, one skilled in the art will appreciate that routes of administering the compositions and/or salts thereof include, but are not limited to, oral or alimentary administration. Although more than one route can be used, a particular route can provide a more immediate and more effective response than another route in a given situation.

One skilled in the art will recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein, which could be used in and are within the scope of the practice of the present invention. The present invention is in no way limited to the methods and materials described.

Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devices, and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the preferred methods, devices and materials are now described.

All publications, published patent documents, and patent applications cited in this application are indicative of the level of skill in the art(s) to which the application pertains.

All publications, published patent documents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as though each individual publication, published patent document, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference. [107A] In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.

As used in this application, including the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural references, unless the content clearly dictates otherwise, and are used interchangeably with "at least one" and "one or more." Thus, reference to "a dietary fiber" includes mixtures of dietary fibers, reference to "an iron complex" includes mixtures of iron complexes, and the like.

As used herein, "about" will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art and will vary to some extent on the context in which it is used. If there are uses of the term which are not clear to persons of ordinary skill in the art given the context in which it is used, "about" will mean up to plus or minus 10% of the particular term.

Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.

As used herein, the terms "comprises," "comprising," "includes," "including," "contains," "containing," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, product-by-process, or composition of matter that comprises, includes, or contains an element or list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, product-by-process, or composition of matter.

Disclosed herein are iron compounds complexed to fiber which alter or add further benefit to the nature of dietary fiber. As such, provided herein are iron-fiber compositions having a high content of iron(II) and/or iron (III). Exemplary fibers include natural fibers, man-made fibers, and combinations thereof. The polymer complex can be amorphous, crystalline and contain microdomains of both amorphous and crystalline regions ranging from 10% to 90% amorphous and 10% to 90% crystalline. The location of the iron(II) and iron(III) can be in either the amorphous or crystalline regions or both.

Dietary fiber refers to indigestible portion of plant foods. As used herein "dietary fiber" includes, but is not limited to non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans, cellulose, and many other plant components such as resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides. The dietary fiber may be naturally occurring, synthetic or a mixture thereof.

Exemplary iron compounds include, but are not limited to iron(II) acetate, iron(II) citrate, iron(II) ascorbate, iron(II) oxalate, iron(II) oxide, iron(II) carbonate, iron(II) carbonate saccharate, iron(II) formate, iron(II) sulfate, iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, iron (II) bromide, iron (II) iodide, iron (III) fluoride, iron(II) acetylacetonate, iron (III) phosphate, iron (III) pyrophosphate, and combinations thereof.

The iron-fiber compositions or complexes according one embodiment are oligo- or polynuclear iron compositions in which the iron atoms are bonded to one another via oxygen atoms and/or hydroxyl groups, and wherein the iron is bonded to the fiber as a complex and/or via carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen bridge bonds. The hydroxyl bridges also have a high binding affinity for Fe(II) and/or Fe(III). The iron-fiber compositions can also contain water bonded as a complex or via hydrogen bridge bonds.

The iron-fiber compositions according to the invention are characterized by their content of iron(II) and iron(III). This means that some of the iron is present in the oxidation level of 2 and some in the oxidation level of 3 . These are therefore so-called "mixed valence" compounds, in which the metal is present in several oxidation levels side by side.

In some embodiments, the content of iron(II) and iron(III) in the total iron content of the iron-fiber composition is at least 2 wt. %. For example, the content of iron(II) and iron(III) in the total iron content can be 2 to 50 wt %, or 3 to 50 wt. % or 3 to 25 wt. %, or 20 to 50 wt. %, or 10 to 50 wt % , or 10 to 40 wt. % or 15 to 30 wt % ,, or about 10 wt%, or about 15 wt%, or about 20 wt%, or about 30 wt%, or about 40 wt%, or any other range or value within those ranges. The content of fiber by weight of the composition is 10 to 98 wt. %, for example, about 10 to 80 wt. %, about 50 to 90 wt % , about 60 to 90 wt %, about 70 to 85 wt % , about 35 to 65 wt. %, about 40 to 60 wt. %, about 45 to 55 wt. %, or about 20%, or about 30%, or about 40%, or about 50% by weight, or any other range or value within those ranges. The iron(II) and iron(III) are on the surface of the fiber and in the bulk fiber; the selected weight ratio of surface vs. bulk iron content can be 10 to 90 wt % or 90 to 10 wt. % and in between. The action of the iron-fiber composition is not affected by the iron at one location compared to another. In some embodiments, the iron-fiber compositions comprise 2+ 3+ ferrous (Fe ) and/or ferric (Fe ) compounds and a dietary fiber in a complex or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof in a physiologically or pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The compositions that make up a therapeutic formulation can be mixtures of non-iron containing fibers and iron(II) and iron(III)-containing fibers. As used herein, “iron” compound, salt, iron-fiber complex or composition thereof, the term “iron” includes both Iron (II) or Ferrous and Iron (III) or Ferric compounds or combinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “liquid” includes, but is not limited to water, bodily fluids, aqueous and organic solvents, aqueous and organic solutions.

In one embodiment, a medical food suitable for mammals is provided comprising at least 400 mg of the iron-fiber composition described herein. The medical food can be in the form of a liquid solution; powder, bar, wafer, a suspension in an appropriate liquid or in a suitable emulsion, as detailed below. In some embodiments, the medical food may further comprise one or more additional ingredients selected from the group including, but not limited to natural flavors, artificial flavors, major trace and ultra-trace minerals, minerals, vitamins, oats, nuts, spices, milk, egg, salt, flour, lecithin, xanthan gum and/or sweetening agents.

As used herein the term "medical food, " as defined in section 5(b) of the Orphan Drug Act (21 U.S.C. 360ee (b) (3)) is "a food which is formulated to be consumed or administered enterally under the supervision of a physician and which is intended for the specific dietary management of a disease or condition for which distinctive nutritional requirements, based on recognized scientific principles, are established by medical evaluation." Formulations suitable for oral administration are described herein for purposes of illustration. Oral formulations can include of (a) liquid solutions, such as an effective amount of the composition thereof dissolved in diluents, such as water, saline, or orange juice; (b) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, and troches, each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient, as solids or granules; (c) powders; (d) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; (e) nano or micro particles; and (f) suitable emulsions. Liquid formulations may include diluents, such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, and the polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. Capsule forms can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers, such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch. Tablet forms can include one or more of lactose, sucrose, mannitol, corn starch, potato starch, alginic acid, microcrystalline cellulose, acacia, gelatin, guar gum, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, zinc stearate, stearic acid, and other excipients, colorants, diluents, buffering agents, disintegrating agents, moistening agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and pharmacologically compatible excipients. Lozenge forms can comprise the active ingredient in a flavor, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth, as well as pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia, emulsions, gels, and the like containing, in addition to the active ingredient, such excipients as are known in the art.

The composition can be consumed at any time during the day, e.g. as a meal, before, during, or after a meal, etc.

The compositions of the invention described herein can be administered to an extracorporeal system to adsorb certain accessible targets in the extracorporeal system in vitro. Furthermore, the compositions of the invention can be administered to a subject in vivo or ex vivo.

The compositions of the invention can be administered to a cell, for example, to a cell of a subject. Subjects include, for example, bacteria, yeast, fungi, plants, and mammals.

In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. Mammals include, but are not limited to, the order Rodentia, such as mice, and the order Logomorpha, such as rabbits, the order Carnivora, including Felines (cats) and Canines (dogs), the order Artiodactyla, including Bovines (cows) and Swines (pigs), the order Perssodactyla, including Equines (horses), the order Primates, Ceboids, or Simioids (monkeys), the order Anthropoids (humans and apes).

Illustratively the mammal is the human. Furthermore, the subject can be the unborn offspring of any of the forgoing subjects, including mammals (e.g., humans), in which case any screening of the subject or cells of the subject, or administration of compositions to the subject or cells of the subject, can be performed in utero.

The amount or dose of a composition should be sufficient to affect a therapeutic or prophylactic response in the subject over a reasonable time frame. The appropriate dose will depend upon the nature and severity of the disease or affliction to be treated or prevented, as well as by other factors. For instance, the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature and extent of any adverse side effects that might accompany the administration of the particular composition. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the dosage of the composition of the present invention with which to treat each individual patient, taking into consideration a variety of factors, such as age, body weight, general health, diet, sex, composition to be administered, route of administration, and the severity of the condition being treated. An exemplary dose of a composition is the maximum that a patient can tolerate without incurring serious side effects. Typical doses might be, for example, about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 20 g/kg/day.

The compositions can be used for any purpose including, without limitation, the treatment, prevention, or diagnosis of a disease or condition, the screening of compounds that can be used to treat, prevent, or diagnose a disease or condition, or the research of the underlying mechanisms or causes of a disease or condition, which research can be used, for example, in the development of methods to treat, prevent, or diagnose the disease or condition. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the compositions of the invention are particularly useful with respect to diseases and conditions involving the adsorption of certain accessible targets in gastrointestinal tract or in the extracorporeal system.

Diagnose", "diagnosing", "diagnosis", and variations thereof refer to the detection, determination, or recognition of a health status or condition of an individual based on one or more signs, symptoms, data, or other information pertaining to that individual. The health status of an individual can be diagnosed as healthy/normal (i.e., a diagnosis of the absence of a disease or condition) or diagnosed as ill/abnormal (i.e., a diagnosis of the presence, or an assessment of the characteristics, of a disease or condition). The terms "diagnose", "diagnosing", "diagnosis", etc., encompass, with respect to a particular disease or condition, the initial detection of the disease; the characterization or classification of the disease; the detection of the progression, remission, or recurrence or reactivation of the disease; and the detection of disease response after the administration of a treatment or therapy to the individual. The diagnosis of a disease or condition includes distinguishing individuals who have said disease or condition from individuals who do not.

"Prognose", "prognosing", "prognosis", and variations thereof refer to the prediction of a future course of a disease or condition in an individual who has the disease or condition (e.g., predicting patient survival), and such terms encompass the evaluation of disease response to the administration of a treatment or therapy to the individual.

"Prognosing" and variants thereof can also mean predicting evidence of disease (EVD) or no evidence of disease (NED) in the individual at a future preselected time point. The date of prognosing can be referred to as time point 1 (TP1), and the preselected future time point may be referred to as time point 2 (TP2) and can include a specific future date or range of dates, for example post-treatment follow-up.

"Evaluate", "evaluating", "evaluation", and variations thereof encompass "diagnosing," "treating," "prognosing" and monitoring of recurrence in a treated individual.

"Evaluating" can include any of the following: 1) diagnosing, i.e., initially detecting the presence or absence of a disease or condition,; 2) prognosing at time point 1 (TP1), the future outcome of treatment at time point 2 (TP2), i.e., where TP2 may follow therapy; 3) detecting or monitoring disease progression or recurrence after apparent cure of said disease or condition i.e., wherein "monitoring after apparent cure" means testing an individual a time point after he or she has received successful treatment, and/or 4) detecting progression from latent infection to active disease.

"Treatment," as used herein refers to an intervention performed with the intention of preventing the development or altering the pathology of a disorder. Accordingly, "treatment" refers to both therapeutic and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disorder as well as those in which the disorder is to be prevented.

"Therapy" as used herein refers to an intervention performed with the intention of preventing the development or altering the pathology of a disorder. "Therapy" refers to various methods that target particular diseases with particular disease fighting agents. For example, a targeted therapy might involve providing to a subject in need thereof the iron- fiber composition in a physiologically acceptable carrier for adsorbing undesirable agents including, but not limited to excessive amounts of calcium, cholesterol, phosphate, potassium, sodium, as well as, toxins from infectious agents via in vivo, extracorporeal, ex vivo, or in vitro administration As used utilized herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" means approved by a regulatory agency of a federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals and, more particularly, in humans. The term "carrier" refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered and includes, but is not limited to such sterile liquids as water and oils.

As used herein, the term "physiologically acceptable carrier" refers to any carrier or excipient commonly used with pharmaceuticals. Such carriers or excipients include, but are not limited to, oils, starch, sucrose and lactose.

A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" or "salt" of an iron-fiber composition is a product of the disclosed composition that contains an ionic bond, and is typically produced by reacting the disclosed compositions with either an acid or a base, suitable for administering to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt can include, but is not limited to, acid addition salts including hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, sulphates, hydrogen sulphates, alkylsulphonates, arylsulphonates, arylalkylsulfonates, acetates, benzoates, citrates, maleates, fumarates, succinates, lactates, and tartrates; alkali metal cations such as Li, Na, K, alkali earth metal salts such as Mg or Ca, or organic amine salts.

A "pharmaceutical composition" is a formulation comprising the disclosed compositions in a form suitable for administration to a subject. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is preferably formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration.

As used herein the term "therapeutically effective amount" generally means the amount necessary to ameliorate at least one symptom of a disorder to be prevented, reduced, or treated as described herein. The phrase "therapeutically effective amount" as it relates to the compositions described herein shall mean the dosage that provides the specific pharmacological response for which the composition is administered in a significant number of subjects in need of such treatment. It is emphasized that a therapeutically effective amount that is administered to a particular subject in a particular instance will not always be effective in treating the conditions/diseases described herein, even though such dosage is deemed to be a therapeutically effective amount by those of skill in the art.

Thus, in one aspect a method of treating a disease which benefits from adsorption of certain accessible targets in gastrointestinal tract or in an extracorporeal system is provided. The method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the composition of the instant disclosure. The foregoing method is suitable for use in a subject or patient that is afflicted with a disease or at risk for developing a disease, such as a disease that benefits from adsorption of certain accessible targets in gastrointestinal tract or in an extracorporeal system. Such diseases include, for example, a bone disorder, cardiovascular disease, a cardiovascular complication associated with renal disease, endothelial dysfunction, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, an immune disorder, left ventricular hypertrophy, a proliferative disease, proteinuria, renal disease, viral infection, bacterial infection, musculoskeletal disorders, high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, lipid disorders, hyperlipoproteinemia, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, multiple sclerosis, myelodysplastic syndrome, proximal myopathy, premature aging, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, obesity. One or more symptoms of the disease is prevented, reduced, or eliminated subsequent to administration of the composition, thereby effectively treating or preventing the disease to at least some degree.

The patient or subject can be any animal, domestic, livestock or wild, including, but not limited to cats, dogs, horses, pigs and cattle, and preferably human patients. As used herein, the terms patient and subject may be used interchangeably.

In another aspect a method for preparing the disclosed compositions is provided.

Generally, in one embodiment an iron salt, or a mixture of iron salts, is mixed together with a fiber carrier under acidic conditions at a pH in the range from about 1.0 to about 6.0 (e.g. from about 1 to about 4, or from about 1 to about 3). To the mixture an alkali salt is added.

The resulting solution is purified of excess debris, salts, impurities, etc., by any suitable method to produce an iron-fiber complex with an elemental iron concentration between about 2% to about 50%.

In yet another aspect, the iron-fiber complex is prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) mixing one or more fibers and an iron compound, at a pH <3; (b) maintaining a temperature of reaction mixture of step (a) between ambient and 100 ºC; (c) cooling the reaction mixture of step (b) to ambient temperature and washing until pH is neutral; and (d) isolating the iron-fiber complex compound formed, wherein the iron content is in an amount of from 2 to 50 wt%.

An acid is used optionally to achieve a pH in a range of about 1 to about 3, said acid is selected from the group of hydrogen halides and their solutions including, but not limited to: hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), halogen oxoacids such as hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO ), chloric acid (HClO ), perchloric acid (HClO ), and corresponding compounds for bromine and iodine, sulfuric acid (H SO), fluorosulfuric acid (HSOF), nitric acid (HNO), phosphoric acid (H PO ), 2 4 3 3 3 4 fluoroantimonic acid (HSbF ), fluoroboric acid (HBF ), hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF ), 6 4 6 chromic acid (H CrO ), boric acid (H BO ). Other acids are contemplated herein and are 2 4 3 3 easily identifiable by one skilled in the art.

After fiber and iron compounds are mixed under acidic conditions, a base or an alkali salt can be optionally added to the fiber/iron mixture to alter the pH to be at least 3. In various embodiments, the pH is adjusted to be in the range of greater than about 3 and less than about 12. Alkali carbonates and alkali metal hydroxides are illustrative bases or alkali substances useful herein, though others are contemplated. The base can be selected from the group including, but not limited to LiOH, KOH, NaOH, NaHCO , Na CO , Ca(OH) , 3 2 3 2 Mg(OH) , Li CO , K CO , CaCO , MgCO , and Na CO . The base can comprise any wt. % 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 of the total weight of the iron-fiber mixture, sufficient to alter the pH of the mixture.

The temperature of the reaction mixture is in the range from about 20°C to about 100°C, for example, about 30°C, about 40°C, about 50°C, about 60°C, about 70°C, about 80°C, about 90°C, or about 100°C. The time interval is in the range from about 60 minutes to about 48 hours, for example, about 2 hours, about 3 hours, about 4 hours, about 6 hours, about 8 hours, about 12 hours, about 18 hours, about 24 hours, about 30 hours, about 36 hours, about 42 hours, or about 48 hours.

The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the application as defined by the appended claims. All examples described herein were carried out using standard techniques, which are well known and routine to those of skill in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Prepared an aqueous solution of FeCl (FeCl 6H O, Sigma 087K0204) in water 3 3. 2 at 0.5 g/ml, at a pH in the range of 1-3.

Mixed 0.5 g dietary fiber (for example, Ultimate Fiber or equivalent) with 12.5 ml of the FeCl solution (pH < 3) and allowed the mixture to shake in a shaker for 1 hour (hr) or 24 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

As a control, mixed 0.5 g fiber with 10 ml water. Gently shook the mixture for 24 hrs at room temperature.

Dried the materials using a food dehydrator for 24 hours.

With 0.08 gram of the dried composition, added 1 ml of D-PBS (Invitrogen) containing 10 mM phosphate to each sample and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant. Repeated the above process for 5 times.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 1 shows the comparison between fiber without iron compounds and the iron-fiber preparation after 1 hr or 24 hrs of incubation on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. In the FeCl -fiber -1hr composition, phosphate adsorbed in the 6 supernatants was 184 mmol/g of dry material. In the FeCl -fiber-24hr composition, phosphate adsorbed in the 6 supernatants was 218 mmol/g of dry material. The fiber without FeCl composition adsorbed 0 mmol of phosphate. Figure 2 shows a picture of the fiber without iron compounds (Tube 4) and FeCl -fiber-24 hr (Tube 6).

Example 2 Prepared an aqueous solution of FeCl in water at 0.5 g/ml, preferably at pH in the range of 1-3.

Mixed 0.5 g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 10 ml water. Shook the mixture gently for 24 hrs or 48 hrs at room temperature. Added 0.1 g KOH. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear (using centrifugation or by filtering through a filter paper).

As a control, mixed 0.5 g fiber with 10 ml water. Incubated the mixture for 48 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Added 0.1 g KOH. Washed with water until the supernatant was at pH =7.

Dried the materials using a food dehydrator for 24 hours.

With 0.08 gram of the dried composition, added 1ml of D-PBS (Invitrogen) containing 10 mM phosphate to each sample and incubate at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant. Repeated the above process for 5 times.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 3 shows the comparison between fiber without iron compounds and the iron-fiber preparation after 24 hrs or 48 hrs of incubation on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. In the FeCl -fiber-48 hr composition, phosphate adsorbed in the 6 supernatants was 118 mmol/g dry composition phosphate. In the FeCl -fiber-48hr composition, phosphate adsorbed in the 6 supernatants was 118 mmol/g of dry material. In the FeCl3-fiber-24hr composition, phosphate adsorbed in the 6 supernatants was 212 mmol/g of dry material. The fiber alone treated with KOH adsorbed phosphate at 28 mmol/g of dry material in the 6 supernatants. Figure 4 shows the physical appearance of the fiber alone (Tube 1) vs. the FeCl -fiber-48hr sample (Tube 2) and the FeCl -fiber-24hr sample (Tube 6).

Example 3 Mixed 0.5 g or 1 g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 10 ml water. Incubated the mixture for 24 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Added 0.67 g NaOH in 1 ml of water. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Adjusted the pH with more NaOH until pH = 7. Then washed with water for two more times (by centrifugation).

Took ~1 g of the wet material. Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS and incubated for 30 min, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant. Repeated the above process 3 times.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, incubated for 10 min, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, incubated for 30 min, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 5 shows the comparison between the fiber:FeCl at 1:10 vs. the fiber:FeCl at 1:5 on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. The fiber:FeCl = 1:10 composition adsorbed 27 mmol of phosphate per gram of the wet composition. The fiber:FeCl = 1:5 composition adsorbed 14 mmol of phosphate. Figure 6 shows the physical appearance of the two preparations (Tube 1: The fiber:FeCl3 at 1:10 composition. Tube 2: The fiber:FeCl3 at 1:5 composition).

Example 4 Mixed 2 g or 3 g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 30 ml water. Incubated the mixture for 2 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Added 0.3 g KOH (pH ~4.5). Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Adjusted the pH with NaOH until pH = 7. Then washed with water for two more times (by centrifugation).

Took ~1 g of the wet material. Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS and incubated for 30 min, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant. Repeated the above process for 3 times.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, incubated for 10 min, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, incubated for 30 min, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 7 shows the comparison between the fiber:FeCl = 2:5 composition vs. the fiber:FeCl = 3:5 composition on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. The fiber:FeCl = 2:5 composition adsorbed 9 mmol of phosphate per gram of the wet material. The fiber:FeCl3 = 3:5 composition adsorbed 10 mmol of phosphate. Figure 8 shows the physical appearance of the two preparations (Tube 3: The fiber:FeCl = 2:5 composition. Tube 4: The fiber:FeCl = 3:5 composition).

Example 5 Mixed 4 g or 5 g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 110 ml water. Incubated the mixture for 2 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Added NaOH to pH =9. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear (pH = 7.0).

Took ~1 g of the wet material. Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS and incubated for 30 min, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant. Repeated the above process for 4 times.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, incubated for 30 min, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 9 shows the comparison between the fiber:FeCl = 4:5 composition vs. the fiber:FeCl = 1:1 composition on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. The fiber:FeCl = 4:5 composition adsorbed 25 mmol of phosphate per gram of the wet material. The fiber:FeCl = 1:1 composition adsorbed 25 mmol of phosphate.

Example 6 Took ~1 g of the fiber:FeCl = 1:1 composition from Example 5. Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS. In one tube, added 2 ml of NaOH at 12.5 N. In another tube, added 2 ml of concentrated HCl. In another tube, added 2 ml of concentrated acetic acid. Incubated for 30 min at room temperature, mixed well, measured pH, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate. Adjusted the pH by adding NaOH (12.5 N) or concentrated HCl or concentrated acetic acid as described above to the corresponding tubes. Mixed well, determined pH, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant immediately. Repeated 3 times.

Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS to the precipitate, incubated for 30 min, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision). Figure 10 shows the phosphate- binding properties of the fiber:FeCl = 1:1 composition at different pH. Table 1 summarizes the data.

Iron:fiber Iron:fiber Iron:fiber Iron:fiber at 1:1 + at 1:1 + at 1:1 + at 1:1 pH NaOH pH HCl pH acetic acid pH Weight of wet composition used in assay 0.88 g 0.89 g 0.93 g 1.02 g Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Phosphate Bound, Bound, Bound, Bound, Supernatant mmoles mmoles mmoles mmoles 1 4.89 7 4.66 8 4.71 5 4.90 6 4.27 7 3.05 10 4.73 3 4.74 3 3.44 7 1.65 10 3.61 6 4.45 7 2.92 7 1.65 10 2.80 6.5 2.42 3.02 7 0.96 9 1.57 7 2.32 3.30 7 1.49 9 3.47 7 3.89 Sum of 21.84 13.45 20.90 22.72 phosphate bound, mmoles mmoles 24.8 15.1 22.5 22.3 phosphate bound/g of wet material Example 7 Mixed 0.5 g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 10 ml water. Incubated the mixture overnight at room temperature. Added 0.1 g KOH. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

As a control, mixed 0.5 g fiber with 10 ml water. Incubated the mixture overnight at room temperature. Added 0.1 g KOH. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Removed 1 g of the wet fiber mixture from each sample to a column; added D- PBS (Invitrogen) containing 10 mM phosphate. Incubated for at least 1 hr at room temperature. Collect fractions at 1 ml/fraction.

Determined the phosphate level in the fractions using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 11 shows the comparison between fiber without iron compounds and the iron-fiber preparation on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. The graph shows the unbound (rather than bound) phosphate. Phosphate adsorbed in the fractions was 49 mmol/g of wet material. The fiber alone composition didn’t adsorb phosphate.

Example 8 Mixed 100 g dietary fiber (e.g. Organic Triple Fiber or equivalent) with 500 g of FeCl in 1.5 liter of water. Incubated the mixture overnight at room temperature. Added 10 g KOH. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

As a control, mixed 100 g fiber with 1.5 liter water. Incubated the mixture overnight at room temperature. Added 0.1 g KOH. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Removed 1 g of the wet material (1 g wet fiber = 0.12 g dry fiber) from each sample to a column, added D-PBS (Invitrogen) containing 10 mM phosphate. Incubated for at least 1 hr at room temperature. Collected fractions at 1 ml/fraction.

Determined the phosphate level in the fractions using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 12 shows the comparison between fiber without iron compounds and the iron-fiber preparation on their effects in adsorbing phosphate. The graph shows the unbound (rather than bound) phosphate. Phosphate adsorbed in the fractions was 47 mmol/g of wet material.

Example 9 Mixed 100 g dietary fiber with 100 g of FeCl in 2.2 liter of water. Incubated the mixture for 24 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Added 46 g NaOH. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Dried the materials for 24 hours using a food dehydrator.

With 1 gram of the dried composition, added 4 ml of a phosphate solution containing 20.4 mM KH PO and 23.9 mM K HPO and incubated at room temperature for at 2 4 2 4 least 1 hr. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

As a control, mixed 1 g of dietary fiber Metamucil with 4 ml of a phosphate solution containing 20.4 mM KH PO and 23.9 mM K HPO and incubated at room 2 4 2 4 temperature for at least 1 hr. The liquid portion was completely soaked up by Metamucil.

Therefore, added 2 more ml of the phosphate solution containing 20.4 mM KH PO and 23.9 mM K HPO . Centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision). Figure 13 shows the comparison between the iron-fiber composition and metamucil on adsorbing phosphate.

Example 10 Took 49 g of the dried fiber:FeCl = 1:1 composition from Example 9. Mixed the composition with 490 g normal rat chow and 3.23 g KH PO +1.67 g K HPO . Ground the 2 4 2 4 mixture until powdery.

As a control, took 49 g of the dried fiber alone composition (no iron during treatment). Mixed the composition with 490 g normal rat chow and 3.23 g KH PO +1.67 g K HPO . Ground the mixture until powdery.

Male, Sprague Dawley, rats were placed in metabolic cages with 1 rat per cage.

Urine samples were collected for 24 hrs. Blood samples were collected from each rat for serum preparation. The rats were then placed in normal cages. Some rats were provided with the powder rat chow containing fiber alone and KH PO + K HPO . The other rats were 2 4 2 4 provided with the powder rat chow containing the iron-fiber composition and KH PO 2 4 + K HPO 2 4.

After four days, the rats were placed in metabolic cages with 1 rat per cage. Urine samples were collected for 24 hrs. Blood samples were collected from each rat to prepare serum. The phosphorus/phosphate level was determined in each urine and serum samples.

Each group had at least 5 rats.

The serum phosphate was elevated in the rats treated with fiber alone, but not in the rats treated with iron-fiber (Figure 14A). Figure 14B shows the urinary phosphate concentration per 24-hr period in the rats fed the fiber alone composition vs. that in the rats fed the iron-fiber composition. Figure 15 shows the physical appearance of the feces samples collected from rats treated with fiber alone vs. iron-fiber.

There was no significant difference in the amount of food consumed by the two groups of rats during the treatment.

Example 11 Mixed 5 g Fe O P (Sigma p6526) in 30 ml water. Adjusted pH by adding HCl 4 2 6 (concentrated) until pH at 1. Added 0.5 g fiber. Incubated the mixture for 2 hrs at room temperature with shaking. Added NaOH to neutralize. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Took 0.94 g of the wet material. Added 0.5 ml of D-PBS and incubated briefly, mixed well, centrifuged and collected the supernatant.

Repeated the above process for 5 more times.

Determined the phosphate level in the supernatants using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 16 shows the effect of the iron:fiber composition on adsorbing phosphate; phosphate adsorbed in the 6 supernatants was 9 mmol/g of wet material.

Example 12 The Fiber:FeCl composition from Example 9 was sputter coated with Platinum/Palladium and mounted on Aluminum stubs, and examined under Hitachi S3000N Variable Pressure SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).

Figure 17 shows the SEM picture of the iron-fiber composition at different magnifications.

Example 13 Mixed 1g fiber with 0, 0.2, 0.6, 2 and 5 g FeCl3 in 20 ml water (pH ranging from 1 to 2.05 with FeCl and pH = 7.38 without FeCl ). Incubated the mixture at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear. Dried using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 8 ml of water and 2 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, adjusted pH to 7.0 with acetic acid).

Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination by the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 18 shows the final swell volume for each sample.

Figure 19 shows the phosphate-binding property of the composition normalized by either per gram of dry composition, or per ml of the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume).

Example 14 Mixed 0.1 g of the Fiber: FeCl composition from Example 13 Tube#4 (fiber:iron at 1:2 ratio) with 2 ml, 4 ml, 6 ml, and 8 ml of the phosphate solution described in Example 13 (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Each tube was added the diluting buffer (the same buffer without phosphoric acid) to a final volume of 8 ml/tube to result in 5 mM, 10 mM, 15 mM and 20 mM of final phosphate concentration. Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs.

Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination by the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 20 shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber material at different concentrations of phosphate.

Example 15 Mixed 1g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 40 ml water (pH = 1.44) per tube. Incubated the mixture at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Added different amounts of NaOH (12.5 N) so that the pH values changed to the following: Tube 1, pH =1.44; Tube 2, pH =1.72; Tube 3, pH =2.14; Tube 4, pH =3.1; Tube 5, pH =7; Tube 6, pH =9.43. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear. Dried using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 8 ml of water and 2 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 21 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition at 0.1 gram in the dry state and after the incubation with the phosphate buffer.

Figure 22A shows the volume of the dry composition (initial volume) in its loose form and the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume).

Figure 22B shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by either per gram of dry iron-fiber, or per ml of the dry iron-fiber (initial volume), or per ml of the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume).

Adding 25 mM (final concentration) Tris buffer during the preparation of the iron- fiber composition made no significant differences in the results.

Example 16 Mixed 100 g dietary fiber with 100 g of FeCl in 2.2 liter of water. Incubated the mixture at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Added 45.4 g NaOH (final pH = ). Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear.

Dried the materials using a food dehydrator.

By inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), the iron content in this dry iron-fiber composition was determined to be 15.3%.

Mixed 0.1 gram of the dried iron-fiber composition with the phosphate solution and the diluting buffer as described in Example 14 to a final volume of 20 ml/tube to result in 0 mM, 1 mM, 2.5 mM and 5 mM of final phosphate concentration. Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination by the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

As a control, samples containing 0.1 g of sevelamer in powder form in the place of the dried iron-fiber were prepared simultaneously.

Figure 23 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition vs. sevelamer at different time points after the addition of the phosphate buffer at 5 mM.

Figure 24 shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition vs. that of sevelamer normalized by per gram of dry material or per ml of the final swell volume at different concentrations of phosphate.

Example 17 Prepared the phosphate solution and the diluting buffer as described in Example 14 to a final volume of 10 ml/tube at 10 mM of final phosphate concentration. Adjusted the pH to 1.59, 4.39, 7.1, 8.97, and 12.25.

Added 0.1 gram of the dried iron-fiber composition from Example 16. Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination by the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 25 shows the phosphate-binding property at different pH of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber.

Example 18 Took dried iron-fiber from Example 16. Mixed the composition with normal rat chow and KH PO + K HPO as in Example 10 except that the amount of the iron-fiber was 2 4 2 4 at 0.2 - 10% by weight of the total mixture. Ground the mixture until powdery.

As a control, prepared a mixture with sevelamer powder and normal rat chow and KH PO + K HPO with the amount of sevelamer at 0.2 - 10% by weight of the total mixture. 2 4 2 4 Ground the mixture until powdery.

Male, Sprague Dawley, rats were placed in metabolic cages with 1 rat per cage.

Urine samples were collected for 24 hrs. Blood samples were collected from each rat for serum preparation.

Rats were fed with the diet containing high phosphates and different preparations as mentioned above.

After four days, the rats were placed in metabolic cages with 1 rat per cage. Urine samples were collected for 24 hrs. Blood samples were collected from each rat to prepare serum. The phosphorus/phosphate and calcium levels were determined in each urine and serum samples. The serum iron levels were also determined in some serum samples (QuantiChrom™ Iron Assay Kit by BioAssay System; catalog # DIFE-250).

Figure 26 shows that the serum phosphate was significantly higher in the rats without treatment. Iron-fiber at 0.2 - 10% reduced serum phosphate in a dose dependent manner. Sevelamer at 10% also reduced serum phosphate.

No significant difference was observed in the serum calcium concentrations in the rats (Figure 27).

Figure 28 shows the urinary phosphate concentration per 24-hr collection period in the rats fed the food containing iron-fiber and sevelamer.

Figure 29 shows the urinary calcium concentration per 24-hr collection period in the rats fed the food containing iron-fiber and sevelamer.

Figure 30 shows the serum iron levels in the rats before treatment and after the iron-fiber (10%) treatment. There was no significant difference in the serum iron levels.

Example 19 Took dried iron-fiber from Example 16. Mixed the composition with normal rat chow (containing 1% calcium and 0.7% phosphate) so that the iron-fiber was at 1 and 3% by weight of the total mixture. Ground the mixture until powdery.

As a control, prepared a mixture with sevelamer powder and normal rat chow with the amount of sevelamer at 1 and 3% by weight of the total mixture. Ground the mixture until powdery.

Male, Sprague Dawley, rats were placed in metabolic cages with 1 rat per cage.

Urine samples were collected for 24 hrs. Blood samples were collected from each rat for serum preparation. Rats were fed with normal diet (containing 1% calcium and 0.7% phosphorus in powder form) and the iron-fiber material or sevelamer. After five days, the rats were placed in metabolic cages with 1 rat per cage. Urine samples were collected for 24 hrs.

Blood samples were collected from each rat to prepare serum. The phosphorus/phosphate and calcium levels were determined in each urine and serum samples. Each group had at least 6 rats.

Figure 31A shows that the serum phosphate (Pi) was similar across the different groups. Figure 31B shows the urinary phosphate level per 24-hr collection period in the rats.

Iron-fiber and sevelamer at 1 and 3% significantly decreased the urine phosphate level.

Figure 32A, B and C shows the serum calcium, the urinary calcium and PTH levels in the rats fed the food containing iron-fiber and sevelamer. Iron-fiber had no significant effect on serum calcium and PTH, but sevelamer significantly increased serum and urinary calcium and decreased serum PTH.

Figure 33A&B shows the feces weight and urine volume per 24-hr period in the different treatment groups. Figure 34A&B shows the water and food consumption in the different treatment groups.

Feces samples collected per 24-hr period were ashed at 800 C for 45 minutes.

Weighed 0.1 g of ash from each sample, extracted with 1 ml water by vortexing and shaking at room temperature for at least 60 min. Centrifuged and collected supernatant for phosphate determination. Figure 35 shows the total phosphate level in the feces collected during the 24- hr period. More phosphate was present in the feces from the sevelamer group (vs. no addition). However, the phosphate detected in the iron-fiber treated group was significantly lower than that in the control group (pre-dosing or no addition), indicating that the phosphate remained bound tightly to iron-fiber in the fecal ash and could not be extracted by water.

Example 20 Took 0.1 gram of sevelamer or 0.1 gram of the dried iron-fiber composition from Example 16 and mixed with 10 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0).

Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and removed 8.6 ml of the supernatant.

Prepared a stock solution of 6 mg cholesterol (water-soluble cholesterol, Sigma C4951) in 1 ml water. Added 0.5 ml (3 mg) to the tubes containing sevelamer or the iron- fiber composition. Incubated at room temperature for at least 30 min with gentle shaking.

Removed the supernatant for determining cholesterol using the Stanbio Liquicolor cholesterol assay kit (Catalog # 1010-430) Figure 36 shows the cholesterol-binding property normalized by per gram of dry material. The iron-fiber composition and sevelamer exhibited similar cholesterol binding property.

Example 21 Mixed 1 g fiber with 5 g FeCl in 40 ml water (pH = 1.44) per tube. Incubated the mixture at room temperature, or 37 C, or 55 C for at least 1 hr. Added NaOH (12.5 N) to neutralize. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and pH was 7. Dried using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 37A shows the final volume of the composition after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume). Figure 37B shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber. Figure 37C shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per ml of the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume). The data show that higher temperature during the preparation of the composition results in a smaller swell volume of the composition.

Example 22 Mixed 1 g fiber with 0, 0.2, 0.6, 2 and 5 g FeCl in 40 ml water. Incubated the mixture at room temperature, or 37 C, or 55 C for at least 1 hr. Added NaOH (12.5 N) to neutralize. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and pH was 7. Dried using a food dehydrator.

By inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), the iron content in the dry iron-fiber composition prepared from incubating 1 g fiber with 5 g FeCl at 55 C was determined to be 29.3%.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

Figure 38A shows the final volume of the composition after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume). Figure 38B shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber. Figure 38C shows the phosphate-binding property of the iron-fiber composition normalized by per ml of the final volume after the incubation with the phosphate buffer (final swell volume). The data show that the phosphate binding capacity was depending on the iron-fiber ratio.

Example 23 Took 0.1 gram the dry iron-fiber composition from Example 22 where the composition was prepared from incubating 1 g fiber with 5 g FeCl at 55 C. Added 5 ml of water. Incubated at 37 C.

As a control, 0.1 g of sevelamer in powder form in the place of the dried iron-fiber was prepared simultaneously.

Figure 39 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition vs. sevelamer at different time points during the incubation at 37 C.

Similar results were observed when simulated gastric fluid (0.2% (w/v) NaCl , 0.7% (v/v) HCl, without pepsin) instead of water was used.

The volume (cm ) of the iron-fiber composition vs. sevelamer at different time points (20 min -180 min): 0.2 vs. 2.0 cm . Large swelling volume is associated with GI discomfort. To show the volume at Time 0 more clearly, the volume of iron-fiber or sevelamer at 3 g/sample was also determined (2.7 vs. 4.4 cm ).

Took 0.1 gram sevelamer or the dry iron-fiber composition from Example 22 where the composition was prepared from incubating 1 g fiber with 5 g FeCl at 55 C. Added ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs. Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

The phosphate-binding property of each sample normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber was: 0.39 mmol/g of sevelamer vs. 0.35 mmol/g of iron-fiber. The phosphate- binding property of each sample normalized by per ml of final swell volume was: 0.016 mmol/ml of sevelamer vs. 0.172 mmol/ml of iron-fiber.

Example 24 Mixed 5 g fiber with 10 g FeCl in 40 ml water. Incubated the mixture at 55 C for at least 1 hr. Added NaOH (12.5 N) to neutralize (pH =7). Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and pH was 7. Dried using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for at least 24 hrs.

Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision). The phosphate-binding property of normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber was 0.59 mmol/g.

By inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), the iron content in the dry iron-fiber composition was determined to be 24.5%.

Took 0.1 gram the dry iron-fiber composition. Added 5 ml of simulated gastric fluid (0.2% (w/v) NaCl , 0.7% (v/v) HCl, without pepsin). Incubated at 37 C.

As a control, 0.1 g of unprocessed fiber was treated simultaneously.

Figure 40 shows the physical appearance of the iron-fiber composition vs. unprocessed fiber at different time points during the incubation at 37 C.

The volume (cm ) of the iron-fiber composition vs. unprocessed fiber at different 3 3; 3 time points were: 20 min, 0.2 vs. 1.0 cm ; 60 min, 0.2 vs. 1.1 cm , 120 min, 0.2 vs. 1.2 cm ; 180 min, 0.2 vs. 1.9 cm , 240 min, 0.2 vs. 1.9 cm .

Example 25 The iron-fiber sample from Example 24 was analyzed further by the XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). XPS experiments were performed using the Kratos Axis-165 instrument. Samples were irradiated by a monochromatic Al-K α X-ray source (15kV, 10mA) at an angle of 30 degrees from the sample surface. Photoelectrons were detected by 8 channeltrons of the concentric hemispherical analyzer over an area of 700x300microns, with a spectrometer take-off angle of zero. The detection was achieved using the constant analyzer energy (CAE) mode.

Survey scans were acquired with a pass-energy of 160eV, 1.0eV step-size and 100msec dwell time; while narrow scans were acquired with a pass-energy of 20eV, 0.1eV step-size and 200msec. All scans were performed with the charge-neutralization system running. Charge-referencing were done with the adventitious carbon peak position of 284.8eV. The XPS analysis chamber base-Pressure was better than 2E-10 Torr, while working-Pressure was better than 3E-9 Torr.

Figure 41A shows the survey spectrum from the XPS analysis. The semi- quantitation data are listed in the table.

Peak Position FWHM Raw Area RSF Atomic Atomic Mass BE (eV) (eV) (CPS) Mass Conc, % Conc, % Fe 2p 710.000 6.100 77697.5 2.957 55.846 6.70 22.67 Cl 2p 197.000 3.481 5920.0 0.891 35.460 1.64 3.52 N 1s 398.000 2.969 2530.0 0.477 14.007 1.31 1.12 C 1s 283.000 4.089 69275.0 0.278 12.011 61.67 44.89 O 1s 530.000 4.179 89832.5 0.780 15.999 28.68 27.80 There is a significantly reduced presence of Cl in proportion to Fe in the material, suggesting that Cl was released and washed away during the process.

Figure 41B shows the C 1s spectrum. The peak positions and their corresponding areas are listed in the following table.

Peak Position (eV) FWHM (eV) Area 0 284.820 1.218 1751.420 1 286.242 1.757 1512.195 2.162 498.409 2 288.276 Peak 0 is likely associated with Adventitious Carbon or C-C bond. Peak 1 likely contains C- N, or C-O-H, or C-O-C bonds, which are present in cellulose, arabinoxylan, inulin, beta- glucans and other fiber components. Peak 2 likely contains N-C=O or C=O bonds, which are present in chitin, pectins and other components in natural fiber.

Figure 41C shows the Fe 2p spectrum. The peak positions and their corresponding areas are listed in the following table.

Peak Position (eV) FWHM (eV) Area 0 710.585 2.483 992.150 1 712.493 4.138 1346.580 7.824 2 717.910 907.881 Note: The area was calculated from combining 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 for both Fe(3+) and Fe (2+).

The presence of Fe(2+) was calculated to be 42.4% of total Fe (based on the area). The preparation of this material only used FeCl .

A search in the patent and literature was conducted on XPS and processed fiber.

Examples from the search are shown below.

References Process XPS results Gustafsson et al., Spruce kraft pulps cooked for different O 1s, C 1s 2003, Polymer 44: 661 times and further OD E D E D - 0 1 1 2 2 bleached Bilba and Arsene, Silane coating of fiber O 1s, C 1s, Si 2s, Si 2p 2008, Composites Part A 39: 1488 Wang et al., 2010, Pine chemithermo-mechanical pulp C 1s (C1, C2, C3), O1s BioResources 5: 1799 treated with peracetic acid Example 26 The iron-fiber sample from Example 24 with the iron-fiber prepared from fiber and FeCl was analyzed further by the Raman Spectroscopy. Samples were dispersed directly onto Silicon substrates for analysis. The Raman spectra were collected using Renishaw inVia Raman instrument equipped with 785 nm laser. The samples were located using a Leica microscope with a 50X objective. The spectrum for the iron-fiber complex under normal condition is shown in Figure 42A; the bands indicate the presence of a six-coordinated complex with iron complexed with C, N, O and/or H. Figure 42B shows the spectrum of the same sample under oxidized condition after the sample was treated with increased temperature and intensity of the laser. The peaks at 224.6, 288.7 and 399.8 correspond with the profile of hematite (iron(III) oxide, Fe O ). The broad peak at 1131 corresponds with the C-C and C-O stretches in fiber.

Example 27 Took 0.5 g FeCl (Sigma F2877), FeCl (Sigma 372870), or iron acetate (Sigma 339199), or FeSO (Sigma 215422), or iron(II) ascorbate (Sigma A0207), or iron (III) citrate (Sigma F6129) and mixed with 10 ml water. Adjusted pH if necessary by adding HCl (concentrated) until pH at <3. Added 0.5 g dietary fiber per sample. Incubated the mixture for at least 1 hr at room temperature with shaking. Added NaOH (pH =10). Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and the pH was at ~7. Dried for 24 hours using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for ~3 hrs.

Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

The phosphate-binding property of each sample normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber was: fiber containing FeCl (0.38 mmol/g), fiber containing FeCl (0.57 mmol/g), fiber containing iron acetate (0.48 mmol/g), fiber containing FeSO (0.20 mmol/g), fiber containing iron(II) ascorbate (0.42 mmol/g), fiber containing iron (III) citrate (0.43 mmol/g).

Example 28 Took 0.5 g FeCl , or 0.5 g iron acetate, or the mixture of 0.25 g FeCl plus 0.25 g iron acetate and mixed with 10 ml water. Checked pH and adjusted pH if necessary by adding HCl (concentrated) until pH at <3. Added 0.5 g dietary fiber per sample. Incubated the mixture for at least 1 hr at room temperature with shaking. Added NaOH to neutralize. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and the pH was at ~7. Dried for 24 hours using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for ~24 hrs.

Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

The phosphate-binding property of each sample normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber was: fiber containing FeCl alone (0.50 mmol/g), fiber containing iron acetate alone 0(.54 mmol/g), fiber containing the mixture of FeCl and iron acetate (0.52 mmol/g).

Example 29 Took 0.5 g FeCl , or 0.5 g FeSO , or the mixture of 0.25 g FeCl and 0.25 g 2 4 2 FeSO , or the mixture of 0.25 g FeCl and 0.25 g iron acetate and mixed with 10 ml water.

Checked pH and adjusted pH if necessary by adding HCl (concentrated) until pH at <3.

Added 0.5 g dietary fiber per sample. Incubated the mixture for at least 1 hr at room temperature with shaking. Added NaOH to neutralize. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and the pH was at ~7. Dried for 24 hours using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for ~3 hrs.

Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

The phosphate-binding property of each sample normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber was: fiber containing FeCl alone (0.54 mmol/g), fiber containing FeSO alone (0.20 mmol/g), fiber containing the mixture of FeCl and FeSO (0.54 mmol/g), fiber containing the mixture of FeCl and iron acetate (0.44 mmol/g).

Example 30 Took 0.5 g FeCl , or the mixture of 0.45 g FeCl plus 0.05 g FeCl , or the mixture 3 3 2 of 0.40 g FeCl plus 0.10 g FeCl , or the mixture of 0.25 g FeCl plus 0.25 g FeCl , or the 3 2 3 2 mixture of 0.10 g FeCl plus 0.40 g FeCl , or 0.5 g FeCl and mixed with 10 ml water. 3 2 2 Checked pH (<3). Added 0.5 g dietary fiber per sample. Incubated the mixture for at least 1 hr at room temperature with shaking. Added NaOH to neutralize. Mixed and incubated at room temperature for at least 1 hr with shaking. Washed with water until the supernatant was clear and the pH was at ~7. Dried for 24 hours using a food dehydrator.

Removed 0.1 g of the dry composition from each sample, and mixed with 5 ml of a 20 mM phosphate solution (1.37 ml of 85% phosphoric acid, 3.18 g of sodium carbonate and 4.68 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water, pH = 7.0). Incubated at room temperature for ~3 hrs.

Centrifuged and collected the supernatant for phosphate determination using the phosphate colorimetric assay (Catalog #K410-500 from Biovision).

The phosphate-binding property of each sample normalized by per gram of dry iron-fiber was: fiber containing FeCl alone (0.33 mmol/g), fiber containing FeCl :FeCl at 3 3 2 9:1 (0.39 mmol/g), fiber containing FeCl :FeCl at 4:1 (0.49 mmol/g), fiber containing the mixture of FeCl :FeCl at 1:1 (0.51 mmol/g), fiber containing the mixture of FeCl :FeCl at 3 2 3 2 1:4 (0.45 mmol/g), fiber containing FeCl alone (0.51 mmol/g).

Example 31 The iron-fiber sample from Example 29 with the iron-fiber prepared from 0.5 g FeCl + 0.5 g fiber was analyzed further by the XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy).

XPS experiments were performed using the Kratos Axis-165 instrument. Samples were irradiated by a monochromatic Al-K X-ray source (15kV, 10mA) at an angle of 30 degrees from the sample surface. Photoelectrons were detected by 8 channeltrons of the concentric hemispherical analyzer over an area of 700x300microns, with a spectrometer take-off angle of zero. The detection was achieved using the constant analyzer energy (CAE) mode.

Survey scans were acquired with a pass-energy of 160eV, 1.0eV step-size and 100msec dwell time; while narrow scans were acquired with a pass-energy of 20eV, 0.1eV step-size and 200msec. All scans were performed with the charge-neutralization system running. Charge-referencing were done with the adventitious carbon peak position of 284.8eV. The XPS analysis chamber base-Pressure was better than 2E-10 Torr, while working-Pressure was better than 3E-9 Torr.

Figure 43A shows the survey spectrum from the XPS analysis. The semi- quantitation data are listed in the table.

Peak Position FWHM Raw Area RSF Atomic Atomic Mass BE (eV) (eV) (CPS) Mass Conc, % Conc, % Fe 2p 709.000 5.043 60320.0 2.957 55.846 5.04 17.89 Cl 2p 196.000 4.205 2660.0 0.891 35.460 0.71 1.61 C 1s 283.000 4.129 70540.0 0.278 12.011 60.82 46.47 O 1s 530.000 3.724 108132.5 0.780 15.999 33.43 34.03 Figure 43B shows the C 1s spectrum. The peak positions and their corresponding areas are listed in the following table.

Peak Position (eV) FWHM (eV) Area 0 284.777 1.215 1210.937 1 286.284 1.274 1304.316 2.306 606/741 2 287.734 Figure 43C shows the Fe 2p spectrum. The peak positions and their corresponding areas are listed in the following table.

Peak Position (eV) FWHM (eV) Area 0 710.532 2.686 1021.598 1 712.819 3.633 707.039 .311 2 718.741 219.676 .095 3 732.217 135.074 Note: The area was calculated from combining 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 for both Fe(3+) and Fe (2+).

The presence of Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) were calculated to be 59% and 41% of total Fe (based on the area), respectively. The preparation of this material only used FeCl . The presence of Fe (3+) suggests oxidation during the process.

Various embodiments of this invention are described herein. Variations may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description.

The inventors expect skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, the inventors contemplate all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law.

Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Claims (71)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1. A composition comprising an iron compound and a dietary fiber in iron-fiber complex or a salt thereof, wherein said complex or salt thereof comprising an iron compound has iron(II) and iron(III) bound in the complex with no significant iron release under physiological conditions so that the serum iron levels are not affected.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the fiber is a natural fiber, a man-made fiber, or a combination thereof.

3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the fiber is selected from the group consisting of non-starch polysaccharides, arabinoxylans, cellulose, resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, waxes, chitins, gum arabic, beta-glucans, oligosaccharides, and synthetic polymers with similar properties, and mixtures thereof.

4. The composition of claim 3, wherein the polymer is characterized by a swelling ratio of less than about 5, wherein said ratio is measured in water or simulated gastric fluid at 37°C.

5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the iron compound is selected from the group consisting of iron(II) acetate, iron(II) citrate, iron(II) ascorbate, iron(II) oxalate, iron(II) oxide, iron(II) carbonate, iron(II) carbonate saccharate, iron(II) formate, iron(II) sulfate, iron(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, iron(II) bromide, iron(II) iodide, iron(III) fluoride, iron(II) acetylacetonate, iron(III) phosphate, iron(III) pyrophosphate, and combinations thereof.

6. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the iron-fiber complex comprises at least 2 wt% of the iron and at least 10 wt% of the fiber.

7. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising 2 to 50 wt % of iron and 50 to 98 wt % of one or more fibers.

8. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising 10 to 50 wt % of iron and 50 to 90 wt % of one or more fibers.

9. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising 10 to 40 wt % of iron and 60 to 90 wt % of one or more fibers.

10. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising 15 to 30 wt % of iron and 70 to 85 wt % of one or more fibers.

11. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the complex is an oligo or polynuclear iron complex.

12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the iron atoms are bonded to one another via oxygen atoms and/or hydroxyl groups, and wherein the iron is bonded to the fiber as a complex via carbon, oxygen, nitrogen or hydrogen bridge bonds.

13. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the complex is crystalline, amorphous or comprises microdomains of both amorphous and crystalline regions ranging from 10% to 90% amorphous and 10% to 90% crystalline.

14. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the complex has a density of ≥1.1 g/ml in its loose dry form, and has a density of 0.2 - 0.5 g/ml after being exposed to liquids.

15. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the iron-fiber complex is capable of binding to minerals, ions, toxins, metabolites at a wide pH range.

16. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the iron-fiber complex is stable at pH 1-12, and remains efficacious at a pH range between 1 to 12.

17. An iron-fiber complex prepared by a process comprising the steps of: (a) mixing one or more fibers and an iron compound, at a pH <3; (b) maintaining a temperature of reaction mixture of step (a) between ambient and 100 ºC; (c) cooling the reaction mixture of step (b) to ambient temperature and washing until pH is neutral; and (d) isolating the iron-fiber complex formed, wherein the iron content is in an amount of from 2 to 50 wt%.

18. The complex of claim 17, wherein the reaction mixture is optionally exposed to pressure during step (b).

19. The complex of claim 17 or 18, wherein the pH <3 can be reached by addition of an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid (H SO ), fluorosulfuric acid (HSO F), nitric acid (HNO ), phosphoric acid (H PO4), fluoroantimonic 3 3 3 acid (HSbF ), fluoroboric acid (HBF ), hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF ), chromic acid 6 4 6 (H CrO ), and boric acid (H BO ). 2 4 3 3

20. The complex of claim 19, wherein the hydrogen halides are selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), and halogen oxoacids.

21. The complex of claim 20, wherein the halogen oxoacids are selected from the group consisting of hypochlorous acid (HClO), chlorous acid (HClO ), chloric acid (HClO ), perchloric acid (HClO ), and corresponding acids for bromine and iodine.

22. The complex of any one of claims 17 to 21, wherein the step (c) has an optional step of addition of a base selected from LiOH, KOH, NaOH, NaHCO , Na CO , Ca(OH) , 3 2 3 2 Mg(OH) , Li CO , K CO , CaCO , and MgCO . 2 2 3 2 3 3 3

23. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the composition is formulated as a nutritional supplement, a beverage, a snack bar, or a cereal.

24. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 16 or 23, wherein the composition is formulated as a medicament.

25. The composition of claim 24, wherein the composition is suitable for oral administration.

26. The composition of claim 24, wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of (a) liquid solutions; (b) capsules, sachets, tablets, lozenges, wafers and powders; (c) suspensions in an appropriate liquid; and (d) suitable emulsions.

27. The composition of any one of claims 24 to 26, wherein the composition adsorbs excess calcium, cholesterol, phosphate, potassium, sodium, and toxins from infectious agents.

28. The composition of any one of claims 24 to 26 for treating a subject suffering from hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, or toxins from infectious agents.

29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the composition is to be administered in an amount of about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 50 g/kg/day.

30. The composition of any one of claims 24 to 26 for treating a subject with fluid and salt overload.

31. The composition of claim 30, wherein the composition is to be administered in an amount of about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 50 g/kg/day.

32. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 16 or 23 to 27, formulated for extracorporeal, ex vivo, or in vitro administration.

33. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 16 or 23 to 27, embedded in an extracorporeal system.

34. The composition of any one of claims 23 to 27 for adsorbing excess calcium, cholesterol, phosphate, potassium, sodium, or toxins.

35. An elemental medical food comprising at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in a physiological carrier.

36. The elemental medical food of claim 35, formulated as a liquid solution, a pill, a tablet, a powder, a bar, a wafer, a suspension in an appropriate liquid, or a suitable emulsion.

37. The elemental medical food of claim 35 or 36, further comprising one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of natural flavors, artificial flavors, major trace and ultra-trace minerals, minerals, vitamins, oats, nuts, spice, milk, egg, salt, flour, lecithin, xanthan gum, and sweetening agents.

38. The elemental medical food of any one of claims 35 to 37 for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, or sodium in blood outside the normal range.

39. The elemental medical food of any one of claims 35 to 37 for treating a patient suffering from hyperlipidemia.

40. The elemental medical food of any one of claims 35 to 37 for treating a patient suffering from toxins from infectious agents in the gastrointestinal tract.

41. The elemental medical food of any one of claims 35 to 37 for treating a patient suffering from abnormal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels.

42. The elemental medical food of any one of claims 38 to 41, wherein the elemental medical food is to be administered in an amount of about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 50 g/kg/day.

43. A food supplement suitable for mammals comprising at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16.

44. The food supplement of claim 43 formulated as a liquid solution, a powder, a bar, a wafer, a suspension in an appropriate liquid, or a suitable emulsion.

45. The food supplement of claim 43 or 44 comprising one or more additional ingredients selected from the group consisting of natural flavor, artificial flavors, major trace and ultra- trace minerals, minerals, vitamins, oats, nuts, spice, milk, egg, salt, flour, lecithin, xanthan gum, or sweetening agents.

46. The food supplement of any one of claims 43 to 45 for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, or sodium in blood outside the normal range, and to maintain bone health.

47. The food supplement of claim 46, wherein the composition is to be administered in an amount of about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 50 g/kg/day.

48. The food supplement of any one of claims 43 to 45 for maintaining a normal lipid profile and cardiovascular health.

49. The food supplement of any one of claims 43 to 45 for maintaining normal weight.

50. The food supplement of any one of claims 43 to 45 for maintaining normal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels.

51. The food supplement of any one of claims 48 to 50, wherein the composition is to be administered in an amount of about 0.01 g/kg/day to about 50 g/kg/day.

52. The composition of claim 29 or 31, wherein the amount is to be given in a single or multiple doses per day.

53. The elemental medical food of claim 42, wherein the amount is to be given in a single or multiple doses per day.

54. The food supplement of claim 47 or 51, wherein the amount is to be given in a single or multiple doses per day.

55. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from toxins from hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hyperlipidemia, or toxins from infectious agents.

56. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from toxins from fluid and salt overload.

57. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for adsorbing excess calcium, cholesterol, phosphate, potassium, sodium, or toxins.

58. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, or sodium in blood outside the normal range, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

59. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from hyperlipidemia, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

60. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from toxins from infectious agents in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

61. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from abnormal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

62. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a patient suffering from abnormal mineral homeostasis with elevated calcium, phosphate, potassium, sodium in blood outside the normal range, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

63. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining bone health, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

64. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining a normal lipid profile and cardiovascular health, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

65. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining a normal weight, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

66. Use of a composition according to any one of claims 1 to 16 in the manufacture of a medicament for maintaining normal metabolic parameters selected from glucose, insulin, GLP-1, glucagon, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, NEFA and leptin levels, wherein the medicament comprises at least 10 mg of the iron-fiber composition.

67. A composition of any one of claims 1 to 16 or 23 to 34 or 52 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof and with or without reference to the accompanying figures.

68. A complex of any one of claims 17 to 22 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof and with or without reference to the accompanying figures.

69. An elemental medical food of any one of claims 35 to 42 or 53 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof and with or without reference to the accompanying figures.

70. A food supplement of any one of claims 43 to 51 or 54 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof and with or without reference to the accompanying figures.

71. Use of any one of claims 55 to 66 substantially as herein described with reference to any example thereof and with or without reference to the accompanying figures.