NZ609832B - Evidence based interactive monitoring device and method - Google Patents
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- NZ609832B NZ609832B NZ609832A NZ60983213A NZ609832B NZ 609832 B NZ609832 B NZ 609832B NZ 609832 A NZ609832 A NZ 609832A NZ 60983213 A NZ60983213 A NZ 60983213A NZ 609832 B NZ609832 B NZ 609832B
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Abstract
609832 Disclosed is a method for issuing an alert in response to a detected trend in characteristics of a patient’s blood flow. The method includes the following steps: - carrying out an R analysis on two or more physiological variable inputs; - carrying out an N analysis on a primary physiological variable input; - issuing an alert if the R analysis confirms a trend for each of the physiological variable inputs and the N analysis shows a statistically significant change in the primary physiological variable input. The two or more physiological variable inputs include systolic or mean blood pressure and pulse volume, and the primary physiological variable input is systolic or mean blood pressure. The R-analysis includes the following steps in order: i. buffering each physiological variable input for a physiological variable R time period to create buffered physiological variable data for each vital sign input, wherein the physiological variable R time period finishes at a current time; ii. determining a physiological variable median from each set of buffered physiological variable data; iii. comparing a current physiological variable value, which is the physiological variable input at the current time, with the respective physiological variable median to determine a physiological variable difference for each physiological variable; iv. waiting a predetermined time R2, and carrying out steps (i) to (iii) until at least 3 physiological variable differences for each physiological variable have been calculated; v. comparing each physiological variable difference for each physiological variable and if three or more consecutive physiological variable differences for each physiological variable input are in the same direction from the respective physiological variable median then a trend is confirmed. For the R-analysis each physiological variable R time period includes at least 10 measurements of the physiological variable in question and the physiological variable R time period is at least 100 seconds. The N-analysis includes the following steps in order: vi. buffering the primary physiological variable input for a primary physiological variable N time period to create buffered primary data, wherein the primary physiological variable N time period finishes at the current time; vii. carrying out a principal component analysis to determine whether, over the time period t2-t1, a statistically significant change has occurred in the primary physiological variable, where t1 = time 1, and t2 = current time. A statistically significant change is determined to have occurred if the principal component analysis confirms that the primary physiological variable is greater than a predetermined number of standard deviations (SS) from that expected in each direction. SS is independently chosen for each direction. For the N-analysis using the principal component analysis method the time period between t1 and t2 is at least 10 seconds and each SS is greater than or equal to 1. The alert is a visual, audio, vibratory, tactile or a combination of two or more of these, or an alert signal to an output unit configured to output the alert in one of those forms. gical variable input; - issuing an alert if the R analysis confirms a trend for each of the physiological variable inputs and the N analysis shows a statistically significant change in the primary physiological variable input. The two or more physiological variable inputs include systolic or mean blood pressure and pulse volume, and the primary physiological variable input is systolic or mean blood pressure. The R-analysis includes the following steps in order: i. buffering each physiological variable input for a physiological variable R time period to create buffered physiological variable data for each vital sign input, wherein the physiological variable R time period finishes at a current time; ii. determining a physiological variable median from each set of buffered physiological variable data; iii. comparing a current physiological variable value, which is the physiological variable input at the current time, with the respective physiological variable median to determine a physiological variable difference for each physiological variable; iv. waiting a predetermined time R2, and carrying out steps (i) to (iii) until at least 3 physiological variable differences for each physiological variable have been calculated; v. comparing each physiological variable difference for each physiological variable and if three or more consecutive physiological variable differences for each physiological variable input are in the same direction from the respective physiological variable median then a trend is confirmed. For the R-analysis each physiological variable R time period includes at least 10 measurements of the physiological variable in question and the physiological variable R time period is at least 100 seconds. The N-analysis includes the following steps in order: vi. buffering the primary physiological variable input for a primary physiological variable N time period to create buffered primary data, wherein the primary physiological variable N time period finishes at the current time; vii. carrying out a principal component analysis to determine whether, over the time period t2-t1, a statistically significant change has occurred in the primary physiological variable, where t1 = time 1, and t2 = current time. A statistically significant change is determined to have occurred if the principal component analysis confirms that the primary physiological variable is greater than a predetermined number of standard deviations (SS) from that expected in each direction. SS is independently chosen for each direction. For the N-analysis using the principal component analysis method the time period between t1 and t2 is at least 10 seconds and each SS is greater than or equal to 1. The alert is a visual, audio, vibratory, tactile or a combination of two or more of these, or an alert signal to an output unit configured to output the alert in one of those forms.
Description
EVIDENCE BASED INTERACTIVE MONITORING DEVICE AND METHOD
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a data monitoring device and method for monitoring a
patient’s condition for vital sign variations which require intervention or investigation
which do not rely purely on threshold values.
Background Art
The use of individual vital sign monitoring by individual instruments to assess patient
condition has existed for many decades.
Many vital sign variables such as heart rate, blood pressure, pulse pressure and pulse
volume are routinely monitored in modern medicine, especially before, during or after
an operation. These variables may be displayed numerically or graphed to allow a
medical professional to assess the absolute as well as rate or magnitude of change
over time of these variables.
Present anaesthetic monitors often include threshold alarms with fixed default values
and/or user adjustable values to alert an anaesthetist when the threshold value has
been exceeded. Unfortunately, though the fact a threshold has been exceeded is
important, it is not necessarily indicative of a problem unless supported by a change in
other vital signs, trends or visual observations, and as such many alerts are simply
false alarms. The frequency of false alerts means these threshold alarms can be
either turned off or ignored, the anaesthetist relying on careful monitoring to react to
important changes. The interpretation of the monitor output, and changes over time,
depend on the skill and experience of the anaesthetist.
An additional problem with threshold alarms is that the relevant threshold value may
change during an operation as other variables change. In addition the relevant
threshold often depends on the patient concerned and as such for certain patients a
default threshold may be inappropriate. This means that the setting of the threshold
value, if not locked to a default, depends on the skill and experience of the
anaesthetist.
A further problem with many sensors or monitoring devices is the difference in data
collection rates each provide. Some sensors and/or monitoring devices provide a
nearly continuous data stream, others provide an output many times a second and still
others every second, every minute or longer. This variation in data output rates can
make it difficult to combine data from a multitude of monitoring devices, certainly it can
require a great deal of skill. In fact for some monitoring devices the data collection
frequency may not be apparent or disclosed.
Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification is not an admission that
such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the
field.
Disclosure of Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative to threshold alarm
monitors.
The present invention provides a method for issuing an alert which includes the
following steps:
- carry out an R analysis on two or more physiological variable inputs;
- carry out an N analysis on a primary physiological variable input;
- issue an alert if the R analysis confirms a trend for each of the physiological
variable inputs and the N analysis shows a statistically significant change in
the primary physiological variable input;
where the two or more physiological variable inputs include systolic or mean blood
pressure and pulse volume, and the primary physiological variable input is systolic or
mean blood pressure;
and the R-analysis includes the following steps in order:
i. buffer each physiological variable input for a physiological variable R
time period, where the physiological variable R time period finishes at a
current time, creating buffered physiological variable data for each vital
sign input;
ii. determine a physiological variable median from each set of buffered
physiological variable data;
iii. compare a current physiological variable value, which is the
physiological variable input at the current time, with the respective
physiological variable median to determine a physiological variable
difference for each physiological variable;
iv. wait a predetermined time, a physiological variable R2 time interval, and
carry out steps (i) to (iii) until at least 3 physiological variable differences
for each physiological variable have been calculated;
v. compare each physiological variable difference for each physiological
variable and if three or more consecutive physiological variable
differences for each physiological variable input are in the same
direction from the respective physiological variable median then a trend
is confirmed;
such that for the R-analysis each physiological variable R time period includes at least
measurements of the physiological variable in question and the physiological
variable R time period is at least 100 seconds,
and the N-analysis includes the following steps in order:
vi. buffer the primary physiological variable input for a primary
physiological variable N time period, where the primary physiological
variable N time period finishes at the current time, creating buffered
primary data;
vii. carry out the following calculations:-
(ut1 - ū)/(SDu) = V1
(∆u - ∆ū)/(SD∆u) = V2
(12)
CuI= √(V1 + V2 )
where
t1 = time 1;
t2 = current time;
ut1 is a value of the primary physiological variable at t1;
ū is a mean primary physiological value from population data;
∆ū is a mean change in the primary physiological variable from the population
data over the period of time between t1 and t2;
∆u is a change in the primary physiological variable over the period of time
(12)
between t1 and t2;
SDu is the standard deviation of the primary physiological variable from the
population data;
SD∆u is the standard deviation of the change in primary physiological variable
from the population data over the period of time between t1 and t2;
CuI is a combined primary physiological variable indicator;
viii. compare CuI value with a predetermined value SS, if CuI>SS then this
confirms a statistically significant change in the primary physiological
variable;
such that for the N-analysis SS is at least 1, and the time period between t1 and t2 is
at least 10 seconds;
where the alert is a visual, audio, vibratory, tactile or a combination of two or more of
these, or an alert signal to an output unit configured to output the alert in one of those
forms.
The present invention also provides the following alternative method for issuing an
alert which includes the following steps:
- carry out an R analysis on two or more physiological variable inputs;
- carry out an N analysis on a primary physiological variable input;
- issue an alert if the R analysis confirms a trend for each of the physiological
variable inputs and the N analysis shows a statistically significant change in
the primary physiological variable input;
where the two or more physiological variable inputs include systolic or mean blood
pressure and pulse volume, and the primary physiological variable input is systolic or
mean blood pressure;
and the R-analysis includes the following steps in order:
i. buffer each physiological variable input for a physiological variable R
time period, where the physiological variable R time period finishes at a
current time, creating buffered physiological variable data for each vital
sign input;
ii. determine a physiological variable median from each set of buffered
physiological variable data;
iii. compare a current physiological variable value, which is the
physiological variable input at the current time, with the respective
physiological variable median to determine a physiological variable
difference for each physiological variable;
iv. wait a predetermined time, a physiological variable R2 time interval, and
carry out steps (i) to (iii) until at least 3 physiological variable differences
for each physiological variable have been calculated;
v. compare each physiological variable difference for each physiological
variable and if three or more consecutive physiological variable
differences for each physiological variable input are in the same
direction from the respective physiological variable median then a trend
is confirmed;
such that for the R-analysis each physiological variable R time period includes at least
measurements of the physiological variable in question and the physiological
variable R time period is at least 100 seconds,
and the N-analysis includes the following steps in order:
vi. buffer the primary physiological variable input for a primary
physiological variable N time period, where the primary physiological
variable N time period finishes at the current time, creating buffered
primary data;
vii. carry out a principal component analysis to determine whether, over the
time period t2-t1, a statistically significant change has occurred in the
primary physiological variable, where t1 = time 1, and t2 = current time;
wherein a statistically significant change has occurred if the principal
component analysis confirms that the primary physiological variable is
greater than a predetermined number of standard deviations (SS) from
that expected in each direction, such that SS is independently chosen
for each direction;
such that for the N-analysis using the principal component analysis method the time
period between t1 and t2 is at least 10 seconds and each SS is greater than or equal
to 1;
where the alert is a visual, audio, vibratory, tactile or a combination of two or more of
these, or an alert signal to an output unit configured to output the alert in one of those
forms.
Preferably the R-analysis is carried out on at least three physiological variables. In a
highly preferred form one of the physiological variables is heart rate, except where the
heart rate is being stabilised by mechanical, electro-mechanical or chemical means, or
a combination of these. Preferably the heart rate is a median heart rate obtained from
three or more different heart rate sources.
Preferably each physiological variable R time period includes at least 20
measurements of the physiological variable in question. In a highly preferred form this
is at least 30 measurements.
Preferably the physiological variable R time period is between 100 seconds and 5
minutes. It is preferred that the physiological variable R2 time period is at least 10
seconds
Preferably the time period between t1 and t2 is between 15 seconds and 150 seconds
The present invention also includes a system including at least one input device, a
processing unit and one or more output units where:
- the or each input device is configured to measure at least one physiological
variable and output a physiological variable input;
- the processing unit is configured to directly or indirectly accept each
physiological variable input from the or each input device and carry out the
method previously described, the processing unit is further configured to
output the alert as an alert signal to the or each output unit;
- the or each output unit is configured to process the alert signal into the alert
for a user in one or more of the following forms visual, audio, tactile or
vibrational.
Preferably the or each input device is selected from the list consisting of an
electrocardiogram (ECG), a temperature monitor, a pulseoximeter, a non-invasive
blood pressure monitor, an invasive blood pressure monitor, a gas analysis monitor,
and an anaesthesia monitor connected to one or more of the previously mentioned
input devices.
Preferably the processing unit is configured to directly accept the output from the or
each input device.
Preferably the processing unit is configured to check each physiological variable input
against one or more predetermined value, an artefact value, for that physiological
variable input to determine if that physiological variable input is an artefact, where an
artefact is a physiological variable input outside that possible for a patient at that time,
if an artefact is detected then that physiological variable data is not used for the R-
analysis or N-analysis. Preferably if an artefact is detected then an alert is issued.
Preferably the processing unit is configured to supress equivalent alerts for a
predetermined period of time, an alert suppression time. Preferably the alert
suppression time is 5 minutes.
Preferably one output device is a visual display unit configured to visually display a
representation of the alert. Preferably the visual display unit also displays a
representation of the physiological variable input for one or more physiological
variable. Preferably the representation is one or more forms selected from the list
consisting of icons, words, graphs, colours, visual indicia and combinations of these.
Preferably one output device is a headset configured to deliver an audio alert.
Preferably the headset is wirelessly connected to the processing unit. Preferably the
audio alert includes an audio description of the alert.
The present invention further includes a processing unit that is configured to be
connected, wirelessly or otherwise, to one or more input devices and one or more
output devices, such that said processing unit is configured to carry out the method
described earlier.
Brief Description of Drawings
By way of example only, a preferred embodiment of the present invention is described
in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 Is a block diagram of a monitoring system;
Figure 2 is the preferred monitoring system;
Figure 3 is a flowchart showing the method
Definitions:
Forwarded: Is intended to cover the copying or movement of the data, a signal or an
item from one place to another by any means (optically, electrically, wirelessly, by wire
or physically)
Mm Hg: pressure indication, millimetres of mercury, about 7.5mm of mercury is
1kPa and about 51.7 mm of mercury is 1 pound/square inch.
Physiological variable: This is intended to cover any physiological parameter
that varies such as systolic invasive arterial pressure, diastolic invasive arterial
pressure, heart rate, pulse volume, carbon dioxide level (inspired, end-tidal),
respiratory rate, body temperature, non-invasive blood pressure (systolic and/or
diastolic), etc.
Steady state data: this for anaesthesia applications is data collected after the
respiratory parameters have reached a steady state as this avoids the chaotic
physiological changes that occur in the transition between conscious to sedated
states.
Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention
Referring to Figure 1 a monitoring system (1) including a number of input devices (2),
a processing unit (3) and an output unit (4) is shown.
Each of the input devices (2) is a device designed to measure a physiological variable
of a patient and output a signal representative of this physiological variable. The input
device (2) may be a sensor that directly outputs a usable signal or a sensor and pre-
processing device that outputs a usable signal. Each of the input devices (2) is of a
known type and the term is intended to include standard vital sign monitors, providing
the vital sign monitor can supply a usable signal related to a physiological variable.
The processing unit (3) is a device which may be a computer running a computer
program that carries out some or all of the method. The processing unit (3) takes the
output from one or more input device (2) and processes it to determine if an alert
needs to be issued.
The output unit (4) is any device that can display, present or audibly convey an alert to
a user. For example an output unit (4) includes, but is not limited to, a monitor, a
speaker, a headset, a lamp, a visual display unit, a gauge, a vibration device or
similar.
The preferred form of the monitoring system (1) is shown in Figure 2, where the input
devices (2) are an electrocardiogram (ECG) (23), blood pressure monitor (24),
pulseoximeter (25) and gas analysis monitor (26). Where the gas analysis monitor
can include both respiratory gas analysis and blood gas analysis, and the blood
pressure monitor is an arterial blood pressure monitor.
These input devices (2) are all connected to a further input device (2) which is an
anaesthesia monitor (27). The following patient data (28) is transferred from the
anaesthesia monitor (27) to the processing unit (3):-
a. temperature;
b. systolic blood pressure;
c. diastolic blood pressure;
d. mean blood pressure;
e. ECG heart rate;
f. Blood pressure monitor heart rate;
g. pulseoximeter heart rate;
h. pulseoximeter pulse volume;
i. gas end tidal (gas Et) CO ;
j. gas inspired (gas Fi) CO ;
k. gas respiration rate;
l. gas end-tidal fraction of anaesthetic agent;
The a temperature sensor collects a, a blood pressure monitor collects b to d and f,
the ECG collects e, the pulseoximeter collects g and h, and the gas analysis monitor
(26) collects i to l. Noting that in this case the gas analysis monitor (26) is a
respiratory gas monitor, in the future essentially real time blood gas analysis may be
used (in combination with or instead of a respiratory gas analysis monitor).
The arterial blood pressure is optionally used to calculate a Respiratory Associated
Pulse Pressure Variation (RAPPV) in a first processing unit (31) based on the
following formula:
RAPPV = 100% x (PPmax – Ppmin)/((Ppmin + Ppmax)/2)
Where Ppmax = maximum pulse pressure;
Ppmin = minimum pulse pressure;
The RAPPV is calculated over a set period, normally between 1 second and 20
seconds with 6 – 10 seconds being the preferred interval. The calculation of RAPPV
is optional but it provides additional information to a user of the system.
The data from the anaesthesia monitor (27) may be collated and sent as a delimited
data set (e.g. as a comma delimited dataset in ascii format), partially collated and sent
as raw and collated data or simply passed through as raw data. Whatever the format
of the data forwarded by the anaesthesia monitor (27) the processing unit (3) is able to
convert the data into formatted data. Where formatted data, is data in a suitable
format for further processing, using standard means. These standard means include
but not limited to analogue to digital convertors, software drivers, signal processing
circuitry, frequency counters, etc. Basically ‘standard means’ is intended to include
anything that can convert a raw electrical/optical signal from a sensor or monitoring
device to a numerical representation of that signal.
The RAPPV, when calculated, and patient data (28) is forwarded to a main processing
unit (32) as incoming data (33). The main processing unit (32) carries out the
following steps:-
i. converts incoming data (33) to formatted data,
ii. checks for artefacts,
iii. forwards R formatted data (34) to an R processing unit (35),
iv. forwards N formatted data (36) to a N processing unit (37),
v. further processes the formatted data into a form suitable for visual
display and forwards this visual data (38) to a visual display unit (40) for
display, and
vi. buffers data (33,34,36) for further processing or forwarding to later
processing units.
Certain steps undertaken by the main processing unit (32) may occur in parallel,
others must occur in series.
In step (i) incoming data (33) is received by the main processing unit (32) and, where
necessary it is separated and or converted to create formatted data. Formatted data is
the required format for further processing, in many cases this is expected to be
numerical values representative of the patient data (28).
In step (ii) the incoming data (33) is checked for artefacts, where an artefact is a value
which is outside that possible, for example a temperature of 0ºC, a heart rate of 1000
or a sudden drop to zero where other variables do not change significantly. If an
artefact is detected then this may trigger an audio or visual alert, where the visual alert
may be specific indicia displayed on the visual display unit (40). The following limits
are examples of those that may be used to determine if the patient data contains
artefacts:
- blood pressure (any of b to d) less than about 20mm Hg;
- systolic blood pressure above about 220 mm Hg;
Basically if the figure is outside that able to be sustained by a human being as the
source, or so far outside that normally encountered as to most likely be an uncommon,
rare or unusual aberration, then the data is most likely to be an artefact and as such
the data concerned is unreliable and not used for calculations. If an artefact is
detected then it may trigger an alert, but it will result in the data concerned not being
used for calculations for a predetermined period. This artefact detection can be used
to determine if an input device (2) or its connection to the processing unit (3) has
failed, or is at least providing suspect data. This again can prevent false alerts being
issued.
In step (iii) the formatted data relating to systolic blood pressure (b), a median heart
rate (the median of e to g) (mHR) and the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) is forwarded
as R formatted data (34) to an R processing unit (35) for further processing.
In step (iv) the formatted data relating to systolic blood pressure (b) is forwarded as N
formatted data (36) to an N processing unit (37) for further processing.
In step (v) the formatted data is further processed and forwarded to a visual display
unit (40) as visual data (38). The indicia shown on the visual display unit (40) upon
receipt of the visual data (38) could be for example continuously updated graphs,
graphs, numerical data, images, words, sentences, icons, three dimensional images,
etc, in any colour, monochrome or black and white combination.
In step (vi) the incoming data (33) and/or formatted data, which includes R formatted
data (34) and N formatted data (36), is buffered for a predetermined time period. The
predetermined time period could be an entire surgical procedure, 2 minutes, 5 minutes
seconds or anything in between. The incoming data (33) or formatted data may, in
addition to being buffered, be written out to a permanent or semi-permanent log file for
storage or analysis.
Please note that in step (iii) where the heart rate is essentially fixed by pacemaker,
beta blockers or high dose anaesthesia the heart rate (e, g, h or mHR) may not
forwarded for the R-analysis. In this case the R-analysis is carried out on the systolic
blood pressure (b) and pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) data.
R Processing:
In the R processing unit (35) the R formatted data (34) is buffered for a predetermined
period, at present this is 5 minutes but this is determined by the sampling rate of the
input devices (2) and the desire to use 30 data points to calculate a median value. It is
felt that a minimum of 10 data points and a minimum time of about 100 seconds of
steady state data is necessary. These minimums are not to be combined to determine
a minimum sampling period as a trend over a very short period (less than 40 seconds),
unless significant, are unlikely to be indicative of a physiologically significant trend and
more likely to be just noise.
The buffered R formatted data (34) for the systolic blood pressure (b) is used to
calculate the systolic blood pressure median value (bM) this is then compared to the
current systolic blood pressure (b), if they are different then this is noted. The systolic
blood pressure median value (bM) is the median of the systolic blood pressure (b)
values calculated for a BP time period (bT), where the BP time period (bT) is a
predetermined time period finishing at the current time. The BP time period (bT) is at
present 5 minutes but it is felt that once steady state has been reached this could be
as low as 100 seconds.
A predetermined time later, preferably about 10 seconds later, the systolic blood
pressure median value (bM) is recalculated and this is compared to the current systolic
blood pressure (b), if these are different then this is noted. This step is repeated each
predetermined time period. If four consecutive differences occur, where the
differences are all in the same direction from the median then this is likely to be a trend
rather than a random event.
The buffered R formatted data (34) for the median heart rate (mHR) is used to
calculate the median heart rate median value (mHRM) this is then compared to the
current median heart rate (mHR), if they are different then this is noted. The median
heart rate median value (mHRM) is the median of the median heart rate median
values (mHR) calculated for a mHR time period (mHRT), where the mHR time period
(mHRT) is a predetermined time period finishing at the current time. The mHR time
period (mHRT) is at present 5 minutes but it is felt that once steady state has been
reached this could be as low as 100 seconds.
A predetermined time later, preferably about 10 seconds later, the median heart rate
median value (mHRM) is recalculated and this is compared to the current median
heart rate (mHR), if these are different then this is noted. This step is repeated each
predetermined time period. If four consecutive differences occur, where the
differences are all in the same direction from the median, then this is likely to be a
trend rather than a random event.
Noting that where the heart rate is essentially fixed by pacemaker, beta blockers or
high dose anaesthesia the heart rate (e, g, h or mHR) is not forwarded for the R-
analysis. In this case the median heart rate (mHR) calculations will not normally be
carried out, though another vital sign indicator may be used as an alternative.
The buffered R formatted data (34) for the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) is used to
calculate the pulseoximeter pulse volume median value (hM) this is then compared to
the current pulseoximeter pulse volume (h), if they are different then this is noted. The
pulseoximeter pulse volume median value (hM) is the median of the pulseoximeter
pulse volume (h) values calculated for a PV time period (hT), where the PV time period
(hT) is a predetermined time period finishing at the current time. The PV time period
(hT)) is at present 5 minutes but it is felt that once steady state has been reached this
could be as low as 100 seconds.
A predetermined time later, preferably about 10 seconds later, the pulseoximeter pulse
volume median value (hM) is recalculated and this is compared to the current
pulseoximeter pulse volume (h), if these are different then this is noted. This step is
repeated each predetermined time period. If four consecutive differences occur,
where the differences are all in the same direction from the median, then this is likely
to be a trend rather than a random event.
If there is a trend for all of:
- the systolic blood pressure (b),
- the median heart rate (the median of e to f) (mHR), and
- the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h);
then the chance of this being a random event is 1 in 4096. This is because the
chance of a value being randomly over or under the median is 50%, so the chance of
4 consecutive values being the same direction is (½) = 1/16 (1 chance in 16), and
there are three variables where all need to show a trend so (1/16) = 1/4096. If CO
was also measured and analysed in the same way then this becomes (1/6) =
1/65536.
Please note that it does not matter if the trend for each of the systolic blood pressure
(b), the median heart rate (mHR) and the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) are in
different directions from the median, it only matters that there is a trend. For example
the systolic blood pressure (h) could be trending downwards whilst the median heart
rate (mHR) and pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) are trending up.
At this point in time the mHR time period (mHRT), BP time period (bT) and the PV time
period (hT) are all the same time, however it is felt that in some circumstances these
may be different.
Now the number of consecutive values required to show a trend does not need to be
4, it could be 3 or more, and it may be different for each variable. The number of
consecutive values considered affects the statistical significance of the result and as
such this can be adjusted by a user of the monitoring system (1).
The R processing unit (35) output, the R output (41) is forwarded to an A-processing
unit (42). The R output (41) can include, the R formatted data (34), any data relating
to the calculations carried out by the R processing unit (35).
Just because there is a trend in all of the variables processed in the R processing unit
(35) it does not confirm if the trend is clinically significant, and as such to avoid false
alerts a systolic blood pressure (b) confirmation test, N processing, is carried out in
parallel.
N Processing:
Once steady state data is being received then the N formatted data (36) is buffered by
the N processing unit (37) for a predetermined period before processing. Using the
buffered N formatted data (36) the change in systolic blood pressure (∆b ) from time
(12)
1 (t1) to time 2 (t2) is calculated. Using this change in systolic blood pressure (∆b )
(12)
and the value of the systolic blood pressure at time 1 (bt1)the following calculations
are carried out:
(bt1 - b )/(SDb) = V1
(∆b - ∆ b )/(SD∆b) = V2
(12)
Combined blood pressure Indicator (CbI) = √(V1 + V2 )
where
b = mean systolic pressure from population data;
∆ b is the mean change in systolic blood pressure from population data over the
period of time between t1 and t2;
SDb is the standard deviation of the systolic blood pressure from population data;
SD∆b is the standard deviation of the change in systolic blood pressure from
population data over the period of time between t1 and t2; and the preferred time
period between t1 and t2 is 30 seconds. But the time period between t1 and t2 could
be any time between about 15 seconds and about 150 seconds based on the
population data available so far.
The population data was obtained from patients during surgery with Ethical Committee
permission for research and this was used to generate the normalised population data.
The numbers used for change in systolic blood pressure vary depending on the length
of time between t1 and t2 as such ∆ b and SD∆b depend on the time period chosen.
These figures can be generated from systolic blood pressure measurements taken
during operations when the patient is at steady state by anyone with permission from
the Ethical Committee as such specific numbers are not provided.
More detail of this type of processing is described in the paper Statistics Based Alarms
from Sequential Physiological Measurements, Harrison M.J and Connor C.W.
Anaesthesia 2007 62 pages 1015-1023 (incorporated by reference). This paper also
describes the use of a Principal Component Analysis which is felt to be a better
method but has not yet been implemented, so it could replace the current method.
It should be noted that if the combined blood pressure Indicator (CbI) is greater than 2
then this is considered statistically significant, though without confirmation by a
clinician it may not be clinically significant. The trigger point for the combined blood
pressure Indicator (CbI) value can be adjusted by a user of the monitoring system (1),
though it is felt that for most cases a minimum of 2 should be used.
This test performed by the N processing unit (37) indicates that a significant change
has taken place in the variable, in this case systolic blood pressure (b). It does not
provide any information useful to a clinician suggesting what that significant change
means or if it is clinically significant.
The output from the N processing unit (37), the N output (43), is forwarded to the A
processing unit (42). The N output (43) can include, the N formatted data (36), any
data relating to the calculations carried out by the N processing unit (37) and the
combined blood pressure indicator (CbI).
A processing
The A processing unit (42) confirms:
- there is a trend for each of the systolic blood pressure (b), the median heart
rate (mHR) and the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h); and
- that the combined blood pressure Indicator (CbI) is 2 or greater;
if they are then the A processing unit (41) carries out further processing prior to issuing
an alert (50). By only issuing an alert (50) if the required conditions are met there is a
high likelihood that a clinically significant change has occurred, and that the alert (50)
is likely to be true. The number of false alerts, that is alerts issued that do not need to
be followed up by a clinician, are expected to be well below current levels by using this
system and/or method.
This further processing can include comparing the direction of the trends with those
expected for certain conditions, checking the magnitude of the change in blood
pressure against predetermined values, checking to see if an alert (50) was issued
previously, or checking input data (33) and/or N output (43) and/or R output (41)
against predetermined stored values for example.
This alert (50) can take many forms, it may be any recognisable visual, audio or
vibrational/tactile signal able to be interpreted by a user. For example it could be one
or more indicia sent to the visual display unit (40), an audible signal from a headset or
speaker, a specific lamp (LED, incandescent, fluorescent), a signal to vibrate sent to a
pager, or any combination of these sent to an alert device (51). Where the alert device
(51).is a device that makes the alert audible and/or visually accessible and/or
accessible in a tactile manner. That is the alert device (51) is for example the headset,
speaker, lamp, pager, vibrator, monitor, etc, or any combination of these. The alert
device (51) and/or visual display unit (40) is connected to the processing unit
physically or wirelessly (radio frequency, optically etc).
In some cases the clinician may wear a Bluetooth™ headset and the processing unit
(3) transmits an alert (50) to the headset, this alert (50) could be a verbal description of
the alert (50) or simply a recognisable sound/sound combination. This could be
supported by the monitor displaying a series of indicia representing the direction of the
trend of each of the variables along with a written description of a possible reason for
the alert (50).
In a second embodiment the incoming data is fed to a computer running a piece of
software that carries out the calculation steps, determines the indicia to display and
outputs this to a standard monitor. The incoming data (33) may need to be processed
into a suitable form for the software and this may be accomplished by standard
hardware components, standard or custom written drivers, or other known means.
If raw data is sent through then the processing unit (3) may need to incorporate drivers
or other pre-processing steps, or units to convert the data received into a usable
format.
In alternative embodiments step (v) carried out in the main processing unit (32) may
use the incoming data (33) without prior processing into formatted data.
In further alternative embodiments the R-formatted data (34) includes one or more
additional data streams selected from temperature, gas concentrations and respiratory
rate (a, i, j, k, l) which are also subject to similar analysis to determine a trend. That is,
the buffered R formatted data (34) for variable q (q) is used to calculate the median q
value (qM) this is then compared to the current value of the variable q (q), if they are
different then this is noted. The median q value (qM) is the median value of the
variable q (q) values calculated for a qV time period (qT), where the qV time period
(qT) is a predetermined time period finishing at the current time. The qV time period
(qT) is at present 5 minutes but it is felt that once steady state has been reached this
could be as low as 100 seconds. A predetermined time later, preferably about 10
seconds later, the median q value (qM) is recalculated and this is compared to the
current value of the variable q (q), if these are different then this is noted. This step is
repeated each predetermined time period. If four consecutive differences occur,
where the differences are all in the same direction from the median, then this is likely
to be a trend.
In still further embodiments the anaesthesia monitor (27) is incorporated into the
processing unit (3) which then displays any or all of the raw and processed data (real
time or otherwise) along with the alerts.
In further embodiments the mean blood pressure (d), and change in mean blood
pressure between time 1 (t1) and time 2 (t2), (∆d ), is used instead of the systolic
(12)
blood pressure (b) and change in systolic blood pressure (b) between t1 and t2,
(∆b ). In this case the population values for the mean blood pressure must be used
(12)
for the R processing steps.
In further embodiments a specific source for the heart rate, any one of ECG heart rate
(e), blood pressure monitor heart rate (f) or pulseoximeter heart rate (g) is used rather
than the median heart rate (mHR). In other embodiments other combinations of ECG
heart rate (e), blood pressure monitor heart rate (f) and pulseoximeter heart rate (g)
are used, for example a mean value could be calculated and used.
Please note that at present the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) is used but an
alternative source of pulse volume data could be used if available.
In some embodiments only the blood pressure (b and/or d), a heart rate (one or more
of e, f, g or the median of e to g) and the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h) are inputs,
this is because even though the gas analysis monitor (26) is not present the method
and monitoring system (1) can still operate. In this case the stable state required for
the calculations will most likely need to be determined by the clinician.
The range of input devices (2) and data collected is very wide and those mentioned
earlier should not be seen as limiting, for example there are at least the following:
- SpO2 (from pulseoximeter) - blood oxygenation;
- ST changes from the ECG (shows signs of hypoxia in the heart
muscle);
- Cardiac output monitors using many different techniques (pulsecontour
analysis, thermal dilution, dye dilution, impedance, Doppler,
suprasystolic waveform analysis etc.);
- Cerebral function monitors (BIS, Evoked potentials, infrared
spectroscopy, arterial-venous difference);T
- Transcutaneous O / CO analysis, haemoglobin assessment;
- Respiratory physiology measurements (pressure volume loops,
resistance of airways, O difference to detect changes in metabolic
rate);
- Neuromuscular monitoring devices to detect muscle relaxation;
- Echocardiography;
- Intravascular measurement of electrolytes, chemicals and certain drugs
(field effect transducers); and
- Near real-time measurement of blood clotting.
The output from any of the above could also undergo R analysis
The invention also includes a method of analysing physiological data received from at
least two input devices (2) as shown in Figure 3, which includes the following steps:
A. Collect data;
B. R Analysis;
C. N Analysis;
D. Check;
E. Is an alert (50) necessary:
F. Issue Alert (50).
Where step A is the collection of data from the input devices (2) and conversion,
where necessary, into a form able to be processed further.
After step A, steps B and C, the R analysis and N analysis respectively, as described
above in detail, are carried out. The R output (41) and the N output (43) are then
forwarded to the A unit for checking.
In step D the A processing unit (42) confirms that there is a statistically significant
trend in the separate data streams processed by the R processing unit (35), and that
the combined blood pressure indicator (CbI) confirms a statistically significant change
in blood pressure (b or d) and change in blood pressure (∆b or ∆d ). If both the R
(12) (12)
output (41) and the combined blood pressure (CbI) show a statistically significant
result then the A processing issues an alert (50).
Please see some examples below, noting that although an alert (50) is issued and the
trends are present the clinician needs to confirm the presence of the condition:-
Example 1
Downward trend in systolic blood pressure (b);
Upward trend in the median heart rate (mHR); and
Downward trend in the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h);
and CbI > SS;
could indicate acute onset hypovolaemia.(absolute).
Example 2
Downward trend in systolic blood pressure (b);
variable trend in the median heart rate (mHR); and
upward trend in the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h);
and CbI > SS;
could indicate acute onset hypovolaemia (relative);
Example 3
Upward trend in systolic blood pressure (b);
upward trend in the median heart rate (mHR); and
downward trend in the pulseoximeter pulse volume (h);
and CbI > SS;
could indicate a sympathetic response;
1. Monitoring system;
2. Input devices;
3. Processing unit;
4. Output unit;
23. Electrocardiogram;
24. Blood pressure monitor;
. Pulseoximeter;
26. Gas analysis monitor;
27. Anaesthesia monitor;
28. Patient data;
. ;
31. first processing unit;
32. main processing unit;
33. incoming data (to main processing unit, includes 28 and RAPPV where
calculated);
34. R formatted data (b and e to i)
. R processing unit;
36. N formatted data (b);
37. N processing unit;
38. Visual data;
39. ;
40. Visual display unit;
41. R output (output from the R processing unit);
42. A processing unit;
43. N output (output from the N processing unit);
50. Alert;
a. temperature;
b. systolic blood pressure;
c. diastolic blood pressure;
d. mean blood pressure;
e. ECG heart rate;
f. Blood pressure monitor heart rate;
g. pulseoximeter heart rate;
h. pulseoximeter pulse volume;
i. gas end tidal (gas Et) CO ;
j. gas inspired (gas Fi) CO ;
k. gas respiration rate;
l. gas end-tidal fraction of anaesthetic agent;
bM. Median systolic blood pressure over time period bT;
bT. Blood pressure time period;
mHR. Median Heart Rate, median of e to g;
mHRM . median heart rate median value over time mHRT;
mHRT . median heart rate time period;
hM . pulseoximeter pulse volume median value over time period hT ;
hT. pulseoximeter pulse volume time period;
q. variable q refers to any measured variable except b, mHR and h;
qM median value of the q variables over time qT;
qT variable q time period;
t1 time 1;
t2 time 2;
∆b change in systolic blood pressure (b) between t1 and t2;
(12)
(∆ b ) mean change in systolic blood pressure between t1 and t2 from
population data.
b = mean systolic pressure from population data;
CbI Combined blood pressure Indicator.
∆d change in mean blood pressure (d) between t1 and t2;.
(12)
ut1 is a value of the primary physiological variable at t1;
ū is a mean primary physiological value from population data;
∆ū is a mean change in the primary physiological variable from the population
data over the period of time between t1 and t2;
∆u is a change in the primary physiological variable over the period of time
(12)
between t1 and t2;
SDu is the standard deviation of the primary physiological variable from the
population data;
SD∆u is the standard deviation of the change in primary physiological variable
from the population data over the period of time between t1 and t2;
CuI is a combined primary physiological variable indicator;
Claims (26)
1. A method for issuing an alert which includes the following steps: - carry out an R analysis on two or more physiological variable inputs; 5 - carry out an N analysis on a primary physiological variable input; - issue an alert if the R analysis confirms a trend for each of the physiological variable inputs and the N analysis shows a statistically significant change in the primary physiological variable input; where the two or more physiological variable inputs include systolic or mean blood 10 pressure and pulse volume, and the primary physiological variable input is systolic or mean blood pressure; and the R-analysis includes the following steps in order: i. buffer each physiological variable input for a physiological variable R 15 time period, where the physiological variable R time period finishes at a current time, creating buffered physiological variable data for each vital sign input; ii. determine a physiological variable median from each set of buffered physiological variable data; 20 iii. compare a current physiological variable value, which is the physiological variable input at the current time, with the respective physiological variable median to determine a physiological variable difference for each physiological variable; iv. wait a predetermined time, a physiological variable R2 time interval, and 25 carry out steps (i) to (iii) until at least 3 physiological variable differences for each physiological variable have been calculated; v. compare each physiological variable difference for each physiological variable and if three or more consecutive physiological variable differences for each physiological variable input are in the same 30 direction from the respective physiological variable median then a trend is confirmed; such that for the R-analysis each physiological variable R time period includes at least 10 measurements of the physiological variable in question and the physiological 35 variable R time period is at least 100 seconds, and the N-analysis includes the following steps in order: vi. buffer the primary physiological variable input for a primary physiological variable N time period, where the primary physiological variable N time period finishes at the current time, creating buffered 5 primary data; vii. carry out the following calculations:- (ut1 - ū)/(SDu) = V1 (∆u - ∆ū)/(SD∆u) = V2 (12) 10 CuI= √(V1 + V2 ) where t1 = time 1; t2 = current time; 15 ut1 is a value of the primary physiological variable at t1; ū is a mean primary physiological value from population data; ∆ū is a mean change in the primary physiological variable from the population data over the period of time between t1 and t2; ∆u is a change in the primary physiological variable over the period of time (12) 20 between t1 and t2; SDu is the standard deviation of the primary physiological variable from the population data; SD∆u is the standard deviation of the change in primary physiological variable from the population data over the period of time between t1 and t2; 25 CuI is a combined primary physiological variable indicator; viii. compare CuI value with a predetermined value SS, if CuI>SS then this confirms a statistically significant change in the primary physiological variable; such that for the N-analysis SS is at least 1, and the time period between t1 and t2 is at least 10 seconds; where the alert is a visual, audio, vibratory, tactile or a combination of two or more of these or an alert signal to an output unit configured to output the alert in one of those 35 forms.
2. A method for issuing an alert which includes the following steps: - carry out an R analysis on two or more physiological variable inputs; - carry out an N analysis on a primary physiological variable input; - issue an alert if the R analysis confirms a trend for each of the physiological 5 variable inputs and the N analysis shows a statistically significant change in the primary physiological variable input; where the two or more physiological variable inputs include systolic or mean blood pressure and pulse volume, and the primary physiological variable input is systolic or mean blood pressure; 10 and the R-analysis includes the following steps in order: i. buffer each physiological variable input for a physiological variable R time period, where the physiological variable R time period finishes at a current time, creating buffered physiological variable data for each vital 15 sign input; ii. determine a physiological variable median from each set of buffered physiological variable data; iii. compare a current physiological variable value, which is the physiological variable input at the current time, with the respective 20 physiological variable median to determine a physiological variable difference for each physiological variable; iv. wait a predetermined time, a physiological variable R2 time interval, and carry out steps (i) to (iii) until at least 3 physiological variable differences for each physiological variable have been calculated; 25 v. compare each physiological variable difference for each physiological variable and if three or more consecutive physiological variable differences for each physiological variable input are in the same direction from the respective physiological variable median then a trend is confirmed; such that for the R-analysis each physiological variable R time period includes at least 10 measurements of the physiological variable in question and the physiological variable R time period is at least 100 seconds, and the N-analysis includes the following steps in order: vi. buffer the primary physiological variable input for a primary physiological variable N time period, where the primary physiological variable N time period finishes at the current time, creating buffered primary data; 5 vii. carry out a principal component analysis to determine whether, over the time period t2-t1, a statistically significant change has occurred in the primary physiological variable, where t1 = time 1, and t2 = current time; wherein a statistically significant change has occurred if the principal component analysis confirms that the primary physiological variable is 10 greater than a predetermined number of standard deviations (SS) from that expected in each direction, such that SS is independently chosen for each direction; such that for the N-analysis using the principal component analysis method the time 15 period between t1 and t2 is at least 10 seconds and each SS is greater than or equal to 1; where the alert is a visual, audio, vibratory, tactile or a combination of two or more of these, or an alert signal to an output unit configured to output the alert in one of those forms.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the or each value SS is equal to or greater than 2.
4. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the R- 25 analysis is carried out on at least three physiological variables.
5. The method as claimed in claim 4, wherein one of the physiological variables is heart rate, except where the heart rate is being stabilised by mechanical, electro- mechanical or chemical means, or a combination of these.
6. The method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the heart rate is a median heart rate obtained from three or more different heart rate sources.
7. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein each 35 physiological variable R time period includes at least 20 measurements of the physiological variable in question.
8. The method as claimed in claim 7, wherein each physiological variable R time period includes at least 30 measurements. 5
9. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the physiological variable R time period is between 100 seconds and 5 minutes.
10. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the physiological variable R2 time interval is at least 10 seconds.
11. The method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the time period between t1 and t2 is between 15 seconds and 150 seconds.
12. A system including at least one input device, a processing unit and one or 15 more output units where: - the or each input device is configured to measure at least one physiological variable and output a physiological variable input; - the processing unit is configured to directly or indirectly accept each physiological variable input from the or each input device and carry out the 20 method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, and the processing unit is further configured to output the alert as an alert signal to the or each output unit; - the or each output unit is configured to process the alert signal into an alert output for a user in one or more of the following forms visual, audio, tactile 25 or vibrational.
13. The system as claimed in claim 12, wherein the or each input device is selected from the list consisting of an electrocardiogram (ECG), a temperature monitor, a pulseoximeter, a non-invasive blood pressure monitor, an invasive blood 30 pressure monitor, a gas analysis monitor, and an anaesthesia monitor connected to one or more of the previously mentioned input devices.
14. The system as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein the processing unit is configured to directly accept the output from the or each input device.
15. The system as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the processing unit is configured to check each physiological variable input against one or more predetermined value, an artefact value, for that physiological variable input to determine if that physiological variable input is an artefact, where an artefact is a 5 physiological variable input outside that possible for a patient at that time, if an artefact is detected then that physiological variable data is not used for the R-analysis or N- analysis.
16. The system as claimed in claim 15, wherein if an artefact is detected then an 10 artefact alert is issued.
17. The system as claimed in claim 15 or 16, wherein the processing unit is configured to supress equivalent alerts for a predetermined period of time, an alert suppression time.
18. The system as claimed in claim 17, wherein the alert suppression time is 5 minutes.
19. The system as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein one output 20 device is a visual display unit configured to visually display a representation of the alert.
20. The system as claimed in claim 19, wherein the visual display unit also displays a representation of the physiological variable input for one or more physiological 25 variable.
21. The system as claimed in claim 20, wherein the representation is one or more forms selected from the list consisting of icons, words, graphs, colours, visual indicia and combinations of these.
22. The system as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 21, wherein one output device is a headset configured to deliver an audio alert.
23. The system as claimed in claim 22, wherein the headset is wirelessly 35 connected to the processing unit.
24. The system as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 23, wherein one output device is a speaker configured to deliver an audio alert.
25. The system as claimed in any one of claims 22 to 24, wherein the audio alert 5 includes an audio description of the alert.
26. A processing unit configured for use as the processing unit in the system as claimed in any one of claims 12 to 25 that is configured to be connected, wirelessly or otherwise, to one or more input devices and one or more output devices, such that 10 said processing unit is configured to carry out the method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 11.
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP13785217.4A EP2844134A4 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2013-04-29 | Evidence based interactive monitoring device and method |
CN201380022373.2A CN104271036B (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2013-04-29 | Based on mutual watch-dog and the method for evidence |
US14/391,011 US9615800B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2013-04-29 | Evidence based interactive monitoring device and method |
PCT/IB2013/053361 WO2013164747A1 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2013-04-29 | Evidence based interactive monitoring device and method |
AU2013255504A AU2013255504B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2013-04-29 | Evidence based interactive monitoring device and method |
JP2015502551A JP5969111B2 (en) | 2012-04-30 | 2013-04-29 | Monitoring device based on concrete evidence |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ609832A NZ609832A (en) | 2013-10-25 |
NZ609832B true NZ609832B (en) | 2014-01-28 |
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