NZ536698A - Detonative cleaning apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

Methods and apparatus are provided for cleaning a surface within a vessel. A fuel/oxidizer charge is provided within a combustion conduit. An initial deflagration commenced in a first portion of the charge produces a final detonation at least in another portion of the charge to expel a shockwave from the conduit which impinges upon the surface. The deflagration-to-detonation transition may be encouraged by mechanical enhancements and/or by making the first charge portion more detonable than the second.

Description

5366 9 8 Patents Form No. 5 Patents Act 1953 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION DETONATIVE CLEANING APPARATUS We, United Technologies Corporation, a corporation of the State of Delaware, United States of America, United Technologies Building, Hartford, Connecticut 06101, United States of America, hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: 1 (to be followed by 1a) Title DETONATIVE CLEANING APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to industrial equipment. More particularly, the invention relates to the detonative cleaning of industrial equipment.

Surface fouling is a major problem in industrial equipment. Such equipment includes furnaces (coal, oil, waste, etc.), boilers, gasifiers, reactors, heat exchangers, and the like. Typically the equipment involves a vessel containing internal heat transfer surfaces that are subjected to fouling by accumulating particulate such as soot, ash, minerals and other products and byproducts of combustion, more integrated buildup such as slag and/or fouling, and the like. Such particulate build-up may progressively interfere with plant operation, reducing efficiency and throughput and potentially causing damage. Cleaning of the equipment is therefore highly desirable and is attended by a number of relevant considerations. Often direct access to the fouled surfaces is difficult. Additionally, to maintain revenue it is desirable to minimize industrial equipment downtime and related costs associated with cleaning. A variety of technologies have been proposed. By way of example, various technologies have been proposed in U.S. patents 5,494,004 and 6,438,191 and U.S. patent application publication 2002/0112638. Additional technology is disclosed in Huque, Z. Experimental Investigation of Slag Removal Using Pulse Detonation Wave Technique, DOE/HBCU/OMI Annual Symposium, Miami, FL., March 16-18, 1999. Particular blast wave techniques are described by Hanjalic and Smajevic in their publications: Hanjalic, K. and Smajevic, I., Further Experience Using Detonation Waves for Cleaning Boiler Heating Surfaces, International Journal of Energy Research Vol. 17, 583-595 (1993) and Hanjalic, K. and Smajevic, I., Detonation-Wave Technique for On-load Deposit Removal from Surfaces Exposed to Fouling: Parts I and II, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 1, 116 223-236, January 1994. Such systems are also discussed in Yugoslav patent publications P 1756/88 and P 1728/88. Such systems are often identified as "soot blowers" after an exemplary application for the technology.

Nevertheless, there remain opportunities for further improvement in the field. 1a SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention involves an apparatus for cleaning a surface within a vessel. A vessel wall separates a vessel exterior from a vessel interior and has a wall aperture. The apparatus includes a source of fuel and oxidizer and an igniter for 5 initiating a reaction of the fuel and oxidizer. An elongate conduit has first and second ends and is positioned to direct a gas flow of the reacted or reacting fuel and oxidizer through the wall aperture and discharge from the second end. The conduit includes a number of segments secured end-to-end.

In various implementations, at least three of the conduit segments have lengths along a gas flowpath of 1-3m and characteristic internal cross-sectional areas of 0.006-0.3m2. At least three of the segments may each include a tubular body having first and second ends and first and second bolting flanges respectively proximate the first and second ends. A nozzle assembly may extend at least partially through the 15 vessel wall. At least one of the segments may be an elbow. The conduit may consist essentially of three portions: an essentially straight first portion; an essentially straight second portion upstream of the first portion; and a third non-straight portion between the first and second portions. The second and third portions may have essentially similar internal cross-sections. The first portion may include downstream, 20 upstream, and transition portions. The downstream portion internal cross-section may be essentially similar to that of the second and third portions. The upstream portion internal cross-section may be smaller than that of the downstream portion. The transition portion internal cross-section may transition from essentially similar to that of the upstream portion to essentially similar to that of the downstream portion. 25 The first and second portions may be parallel and offset. The first and second portions may be oriented at a non-zero angle (e.g., 20°-160°) to each other.

Another aspect of the invention involves a method for configuring a detonative cleaning apparatus for cleaning surfaces within a vessel. A suitable combustion 30 conduit cross-sectional area is determined. A suitable combustion conduit length is determined. An appropriate path for the combustion conduit is determined in view of environmental considerations. An appropriate combination of conduit segments for forming the combustion conduit is determined so as to be routed along the appropriate path. 2 In various implementations, the segments may be selected from a number of pre-established conduit segment configurations.

The segments may include at least one straight segment and at least one curved 5 segment. At least some of the segments may each have a tubular body with first and second ends and first and second attachment flanges proximate the first and second ends. An appropriate predetonator configuration may be determined. Drawings of the so-configured apparatus may be made and the so-configured apparatus may be assembled.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view of an industrial furnace associated with several soot blowers positioned to clean a level of the furnace.

FIG. 2 is a side view of one of the blowers of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a partially cut-away side view of an upstream end of the blower of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view of a main combustor segment of the soot blower of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is an end view of the segment of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a view of a conduit segment support trolley of the system of FIG. 1. 25 FIG. 7 is a side view of an alternate combustion conduit.

FIG. 8 is a view of the combustion conduit of FIG. 7with an upper external tube pack and various support features removed to show detail.

FIG. 9 is a top view of an alternate combustion conduit.

FIG. 10 is a top view of an alternate combustion conduit.

FIG. 11 is a side view of the combustion conduit of FIG. 10.

FIG. 12 is a view of representative sizes of conduit segments in a conduit segment kit.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. 3 DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows a furnace 20 having an exemplary three associated soot blowers 22. In the illustrated embodiment, the furnace vessel is formed as a right parallelepiped and the soot blowers are all associated with a single common wall 24 of the vessel 5 and are positioned at like height along the wall. Other configurations are possible (e.g., a single soot blower, one or more soot blowers on each of multiple levels, and the like).

Each soot blower 22 includes an elongate combustion conduit 26 extending from an 10 upstream distal end 28 away from the furnace wall 24 to a downstream proximal end 30 closely associated with the wall 24. Optionally, however, the end 30 may be well within the furnace. In operation of each soot blower, combustion of a fuel/oxidizer mixture within the conduit 26 is initiated proximate the upstream end (e.g., within an upstreammost 10% of a conduit length) to produce a detonation wave which is 15 expelled from the downstream end as a shock wave along with associated combustion gases for cleaning surfaces within the interior volume of the furnace. Each soot blower may be associated with a fuel/oxidizer source 32. Such source or one or more components thereof may be shared amongst the various soot blowers. An exemplary source includes a liquified or compressed gaseous fuel cylinder 34 20 and an oxygen cylinder 36 in respective containment structures 38 and 40. In the exemplary embodiment, the oxidizer is a first oxidizer such as essentially pure oxygen. A second oxidizer may be in the form of shop air delivered from a central air source 42. In the exemplary embodiment, air is stored in an air accumulator 44. Fuel, expanded from that in the cylinder 34 is generally stored in a fuel accumulator 25 46. Each exemplary source 32 is coupled to the associated conduit 26 by appropriate plumbing below. Similarly, each soot blower includes a spark box 50 for initiating combustion of the fuel oxidizer mixture and which, along with the source 32, is controlled by a control and monitoring system (not shown). FIG. 1 further shows the wall 24 as including a number of ports for inspection and/or measurement. 30 Exemplary ports include an optical monitoring port 54 and a temperature monitoring port 56 associated with each soot blower 22 for respectively receiving an infrared and/or visible light video camera and thermocouple probe for viewing the surfaces to be cleaned and monitoring internal temperatures. Other probes/monitoring/sampling may be utilized, including pressure monitoring, composition sampling, and the like. 4 FIG. 2 shows further details of an exemplary soot blower 22. The exemplary detonation conduit 26 is formed with a main body portion formed by a series of doubly flanged conduit sections or segments 60 arrayed from upstream to downstream and a downstream nozzle conduit section or segment 62 having a 5 downstream portion 64 extending through an aperture 66 in the wall and ending in the downstream end or outlet 30 exposed to the furnace interior 68. The term nozzle is used broadly and does not require the presence of any aerodynamic contraction, expansion, or combination thereof. Exemplary conduit segment material is metallic (e.g., stainless steel). The outlet 30 may be located further within the furnace if 10 appropriate support and cooling are provided. FIG. 2 further shows furnace interior tube bundles 70, the exterior surfaces of which are subject to fouling. In the exemplary embodiment, each of the conduit segments 60 is supported on an associated trolley 72, the wheels of which engage a track system 74 along the facility floor 76. The exemplary track system includes a pair of parallel rails engaging 15 concave peripheral surfaces of the trolley wheels. The exemplary segments 60 are of similar length L, and are bolted end-to-end by associated arrays of bolts in the bolt holes of their respective flanges. Similarly, the downstream flange of the downstreammost of the segments 60 is bolted to the upstream flange of the nozzle 62. In the exemplary embodiment, a reaction strap 80 (e.g., cotton or 20 thermally/structurally robust synthetic) in series with one or more metal coil reaction springs 82 is coupled to this last mated flange pair and connects the combustion conduit to an environmental structure such as the furnace wall for resiliently absorbing reaction forces associated with discharging of the soot blower and ensuring correct placement of the combustion conduit for subsequent firings. 25 Optionally, additional damping (not shown) may be provided. The reaction strap/spring combination may be formed as a single length or a loop. In the exemplary embodiment, this combined downstream section has an overall length L2. Alternative resilient recoil absorbing means may include non-metal or non-coil springs or rubber or other elastomeric elements advantageously at least partially 30 elastically deformed in tension, compression, and/or shear, pneumatic recoil absorbers, and the like.

Extending downstream from the upstream end 28 is a predetonator conduit section/segment 84 which also may be doubly flanged and has a length L3. The 35 predetonator conduit segment 84 has a characteristic internal cross-sectional area (transverse to an axis/centerline 500 of the conduit) which is smaller than a characteristic internal cross-sectional area (e.g., mean, median, mode, or the like) of the downstream portion (60, 62) of the combustion conduit. In an exemplary embodiment involving circular sectioned conduit segments, the predetonator cross-5 sectional area is a characterized by a diameter of between 8 cm and 12 cm whereas the downstream portion is characterized by a diameter of between 20 cm and 40 cm. Accordingly, exemplary cross-sectional area ratios of the downstream portion to the predetonator segment are between 1:1 and 10:1, more narrowly, 2:1 and 10:1. An overall length L between ends 28 and 30 may be 1-15 m, more narrowly, 5-15 m. In 10 the exemplary embodiment, a transition conduit segment 86 extends between the predetonator segment 84 and the upstreammost segment 60. The segment 86 has upstream and downstream flanges sized to mate with the respective flanges of the segments 84 and 60 has an interior surface which provides a smooth transition between the internal cross-sections thereof. The exemplary segment 86 has a 15 length L4. An exemplary half angle of divergence of the interior surface of segment 86 is < 12°, more narrowly 5-10°.

A fuel/oxidizer charge may be introduced to the detonation conduit interior in a variety of ways. There may be one or more distinct fuel/oxidizer mixtures. Such 20 mixture(s) may be premixed external to the detonation conduit, or may be mixed at or subsequent to introduction to the conduit. FIG. 3 shows the segments 84 and 86 configured for distinct introduction of two distinct fuel/oxidizer combinations: a predetonator combination; and a main combination. In the exemplary embodiment, in an upstream portion of the segment 84, a pair of predetonator fuel injection 25 conduits 90 are coupled to ports 92 in the segment wall which define fuel injection ports. Similarly, a pair of predetonator oxidizer conduits 94 are coupled to oxidizer inlet ports 96. In the exemplary embodiment, these ports are in the upstream half of the length of the segment 84. In the exemplary embodiment, each of the fuel injection ports 92 is paired with an associated one of the oxidizer ports 96 at even 30 axial position and at an angle (exemplary 90° shown, although other angles including 180° are possible) to provide opposed jet mixing of fuel and oxidizer. Discussed further below, a purge gas conduit 98 is similarly connected to a purge gas port 100 yet further upstream. An end plate 102 bolted to the upstream flange of the segment 84 seals the upstream end of the combustion conduit and passes through an 6 igniter/initiator 106 (e.g., a spark plug) having an operative end 108 in the interior of the segment 84.

In the exemplary embodiment, the main fuel and oxidizer are introduced to the 5 segment 86. In the illustrated embodiment, main fuel is carried by a number of main fuel conduits 112 and main oxidizer is carried by a number of main oxidizer conduits 110, each of which has terminal portions concentrically surrounding an associated one of the fuel conduits 112 so as to mix the main fuel and oxidizer at an associated inlet 114. In exemplary embodiments, the fuels are hydrocarbons. In particular 10 exemplary embodiments, both fuels are the same, drawn from a single fuel source but mixed with distinct oxidizers: essentially pure oxygen for the predetonator mixture; and air for the main mixture. Exemplary fuels useful in such a situation are propane, MAPP gas, or mixtures thereof. Other fuels are possible, including ethylene and liquid fuels (e.g., diesel, kerosene, and jet aviation fuels). The oxidizers 15 can include mixtures such as air/oxygen mixtures of appropriate ratios to achieve desired main and/or predetonator charge chemistries. Further, monopropellant fuels having molecularly combined fuel and oxidizer components may be options.

In operation, at the beginning of a use cycle, the combustion conduit is initially empty 20 except for the presence of air (or other purge gas). The predetonator fuel and oxidizer are then introduced through the associated ports filling the segment 84 and extending partially into the segment 86 (e.g., to near the midpoint) and advantageously just beyond the main fuel/oxidizer ports. The predetonator fuel and oxidizer flows are then shut off. An exemplary volume filled the predetonator fuel 25 and oxidizer is 1-40%, more narrowly 1-20%, of the combustion conduit volume. The main fuel and oxidizer are then introduced, to substantially fill some fraction (e.g., 20-100%) of the remaining volume of the combustor conduit. The main fuel and oxidizer flows are then shut off. The prior introduction of predetonator fuel and oxidizer past the main fuel/oxidizer ports largely eliminates the risk of the formation of 30 an air or other non-combustible slug between the predetonator and main charges. Such a slug could prevent migration of the combustion front between the two charges.

With the charges introduced, the spark box is triggered to provide a spark discharge 35 of the initiator igniting the predetonator charge. The predetonator charge being 7 selected for very fast combustion chemistry, the initial deflagration quickly transitions to a detonation within the segment 84 and producing a detonation wave. Once such a detonation wave occurs, it is effective to pass through the main charge which might, otherwise, have sufficiently slow chemistry to not detonate within the conduit 5 of its own accord. The wave passes longitudinally downstream and emerges from the downstream end 30 as a shock wave within the furnace interior, impinging upon the surfaces to be cleaned and thermally and mechanically shocking to typically at least loosen the contamination. The wave will be followed by the expulsion of pressurized combustion products from the detonation conduit, the expelled products 10 emerging as a jet from the downstream end 30 and further completing the cleaning process (e.g., removing the loosened material). After or overlapping such venting of combustion products, a purge gas (e.g., air from the same source providing the main oxidizer and/or nitrogen) is introduced through the purge port 100 to drive the final combustion products out and leave the detonation conduit filled with purge gas ready 15 to repeat the cycle (either immediately or at a subsequent regular interval or at a subsequent irregular interval (which may be manually or automatically determined by the control and monitoring system)). Optionally, a baseline flow of the purge gas may be maintained between charge/discharge cycles so as to prevent gas and particulate from the furnace interior from infiltrating upstream and to assist in cooling 20 of the detonation conduit.

In various implementations, internal surface enhancements may substantially increase internal surface area beyond that provided by the nominally cylindrical and frustoconical segment interior surfaces. The enhancement may be effective to assist 25 in the deflagration-to-detonation transition or in the maintenance of the detonation wave. FIG. 4 shows internal surface enhancements applied to the interior of one of the main segments 60. The exemplary enhancement is nominally a Chin spiral, although other enhancements such as Shchelkin spirals and Smirnov cavities may be utilized. The spiral is formed by a helical member 120. The exemplary member 30 120 is formed as a circular-sectioned metallic element (e.g., stainless steel wire) of approximately 8-20mm in sectional diameter. Other sections may alternatively be used. The exemplary member 120 is held spaced-apart from the segment interior surface by a plurality of longitudinal elements 122. The exemplary longitudinal elements are rods of similar section and material to the member 120 and welded 35 thereto and to the interior surface of the associated segment 60. Such 8 enhancements may also be utilized to provide predetonation in lieu of or in addition to the foregoing techniques involving different charges and different combustor cross-sections.

The apparatus may be used in a wide variety of applications. By way of example, just within a typical coal-fired furnace, the apparatus may be applied to: the pendants or secondary superheaters, the convective pass (primary superheaters and the economizer bundles); air preheaters; selective catalyst removers (SCR) scrubbers; the baghouse or electrostatic precipitator; economizer hoppers; ash or other 10 heat/accumulations whether on heat transfer surfaces or elsewhere, and the like. Similar possibilities exist within other applications including oil-fired furnaces, black liquor recovery boilers, biomass boilers, waste reclamation burners (trash burners), and the like.

FIG. 6 shows further details of the exemplary trolley 72 and track system 74. The exemplary track system comprises a pair of parallel vertex-up right angle channel elements 140 (e.g., of steel) secured such as by welding to mounting plates 142. The mounting plates are, in turn, secured to the floor 76 such as via bolts (not shown) in bolt holes 144. The exemplary trolley includes a structural frame 150 20 having a pair of left and right longitudinal members 152 and fore and aft crossmembers 154. At the left and right sides of each crossmember, a wheel 156 is mounted on a depending bracket 158. The wheel periphery has a concavity (e.g., a right-angle V-groove 160) receiving the vertex of the right angle channel elements 140. The exemplary trolley has means for supporting the associated conduit 25 segment and means for securing the segment in place. The exemplary support means include a pair of fore and aft tube/pipe clamps 170 each positioned and supported by nuts 172 on associated left and right threaded shafts 174 secured at their lower ends to the frame. The clamps 170 have a concave surface 176 complementary to the exterior body surface of the associated conduit segment to 30 support the segment from below. The securing means comprises similar top brackets 180 also mounted to the shafts 174 and held downward in place in compressive engagement with the segment via nuts 182. 9 A number of options are available for using the trolleys. The individual segments may be preassembled to their associated trolleys and rolled into place along the track system, whereupon the segments may be secured to each other via their end flanges. Disassembly may be by a reverse of this process. The trolleys may also allow the combustion conduit to be moved as a unit (e.g., if it is desired that the downstream portion of the conduit not be inserted into the furnace all the time). Additionally, as noted above, the trolleys may accommodate movement as a unit associated with longitudinal thermal expansion and/or with recoil during discharge cycles while maintaining conduit segment alignment.

FIG. 7 shows an alternate system 200 wherein the combustion conduit 202 is suspended from brackets 204 (e.g., as part of a free-standing support structure or secured to a ceiling or roof 206 of the facility). Such a system may be particularly useful where the conduit is positioned high above a facility floor. The exemplary 15 system 200 navigates the conduit 202 around environmental obstacles external to the furnace. Exemplary obstacles include upper and lower tube bundles 210 and 212 between which the conduit passes. In the exemplary embodiment, the conduit is circuitous to permit positioning of its outlet 214 in a position on the furnace wall aligned with one of the two bundles. In such a situation, a straight conduit would be 20 interfered with by the bundles. Accordingly, the conduit is provided with one or more curved sections 216 to accommodate the bundles.

From upstream to downstream, the exemplary support system includes an upstream and an intermediate spring hanger 220 and 222 coupled to associated conduit 25 segments by turnbuckle systems 224 and 226. Exemplary spring hangers are available from LISEGA, Inc., Newport, Tennessee. In the exemplary embodiment, the spring hanger 222 may have substantially higher capacity due to a higher static load at that location. The particular combination of hanger sizings may be influenced by the relative locations of the hangers along the conduit in view of mass parameters 30 of the conduit (e.g., center of gravity, mass distribution, and the like), strength parameters of the conduit (e.g., various modulus), and the location of any additional support. The exemplary spring hangers serve as essentially constant-load hangers, with supportive tensile force essentially constant over an operating range. One function of the vertical compliance afforded by the hangers is to accommodate 35 thermally-associated changes in the vertical position of the outlet 214 relative to the ceiling surface 206 or other combustion conduit support structure. For example, thermal expansion of the furnace wall may cause a change in outlet vertical position between hot and cold (e.g., running and off) furnace conditions. In the embodiment of FIG. 2, such expansion is addressed by non rigid vertical coupling of the conduit and wall with sufficient vertical play for the conduit within the oversized wall aperture. With rigid mounting, however, if furnace heating raises the conduit outlet height, in the absence of the constant force hangers, a greater fraction of the conduit mass would be carried by the furnace wall and a lesser fraction by the upstream supports. This would be associated with shear/bending forces/moments and associated deformations. The spring hangers, however, will tend to contract, raising the segment(s) to which they are attached to so that the mass supported by the furnace wall does not substantially increase and thus to at least partially, and advantageously in major part, relieve/prevent stresses that otherwise would be associated with the outlet elevation increase. The hangers may, therefore maintain an essentially constant orientation of the conduit (e.g., maintaining its upstream major portion in an essentially horizontal orientation).

In the exemplary embodiment, a support structure 240 external to the combustion conduit further reinforces the associated assembled segments. Such reinforcement advantageously handles structural stresses associated with shock reflections occurring within the curved segments. In the illustrated embodiment, the structure further rigidly ties downstream portions of the conduit to the furnace wall. In the exemplary embodiment, the turnbuckle 226 is connected via its lower threaded rod to a fixture 242 secured to the upstream end of the support structure and having snubbers 244 to accommodate and dampen side-to-side motion of the conduit which may arise from the combustion process. In the exemplary embodiment, the rigid connection of the support structure to the furnace wall absorbs the recoil forces, essentially preventing recoil. To the extent that longitudinal thermal expansion of the conduit remains an issue, such expansion may be taken up by allowing the hangers to pivot (e.g., relative to connection locations 246 to the brackets 204 above and the connection point 248 with the associated conduit engagement fixture below. Alternative embodiments may remove the rigid coupling of the conduit to the wall and permit a resilient or damped coupling. 11 The support structure 240 is directly mated to several of the doubly flanged conduit segments and connects such segments to the wall 215 via a discharge valve assembly 250 and exemplary preexisting horizontal structural furnace I-beams 252 and 254 above and below the valve assembly 250. In the exemplary 5 implementation, extension beams 256 and 258 are welded to outboard flanges of the respective beams 252 and 254. Exemplary beams 256 and 258 are T-beams, although I-beams may also be used. In the exemplary embodiment, there are pairs of left and right beams 256 and left and right beams 258 with respective pairs spanned by left and right vertically-extending I-beams 260 each having an inboard 10 flange secured to the head flange of the associated beams 256 and 258.

Downstream, the combustion conduit includes a nozzle portion 268 extending through an access conduit 270 and access valve 272 of the assembly 250. The access conduit 270, the access valve 272, and wall mounting plate (not shown) 15 provide an access assembly. The access valve 272 has a body with a downstream face mounted to an upstream flange of the conduit 270. The nozzle 268 is secured to and extends downstream from the body of a second valve or conduit valve 274 (FIG. 8). That body has a downstream face mounted to the upstream face of the body of the access valve 272. The valves 272 and 274 have respective slider or 20 gate elements 276 and 278 which may be translated between open and closed positions. Continuing upstream, a downstream 45° curved elbow 280 has a downstream flange mounted to the upstream face of the body of the conduit valve 274 and an upstream flange mounted to a downstream flange of a straight conduit segment 282. The upstream flange of the segment 282 is mounted to the 25 downstream flange of a second 45° elbow 284. The upstream flange of the elbow 284 is secured to the downstream flange of a downstreammost segment 286 of a major upstream straight portion of the combustion conduit. The exemplary mounting sandwiches a brace interface plate 288 between these two flanges. The upstream flange of the segment 286 is mounted to the downstream flange of a penultimate 30 segment 290 of the straight portion with further segments similarly mounted in series thereahead.

The exemplary support structure 240 includes a pair of left and right diagonally-extending downstream braces 300 having downstream ends connected 35 by mounting brackets 302 to the upstream face of the body of the valve 274 and 12 downstream ends connected by mounting brackets 304 to the downstream face of the plate 288. Positioned end-to-end with the braces 300 are left and right longitudinal braces 306 having downstream ends connected via brackets 308 to the upstream face of the plate 288. The exemplary braces are U-sectioned with inboard vertical webs and transverse flanges. Just inboard of upstream and downstream flanges of the segments 286 and 290, the braces 306 are secured to each other by split clamps 310 which compressively engage the adjacent conduit segment bodies. In the exemplary embodiment, an additional structural rib 312 is welded to each brace 306 along the downstream half thereof, aligned with and extending upward from the web thereof above the upper flange thereof.

The braces help rigidify and strengthen the assembled segments 280, 282, 284, 286, and 290. These braced segments may be vertically supported and restrained against horizontal movement. In the illustrated embodiment, the hanger 222 (FIG. 7) is just upstream of the upstream end of the braces 306. An additional hanger is provided by a downstream turnbuckle 320 near the downstream end of the braces 300. In the exemplary embodiment, the turnbuckle 320 has an upper threaded rod connected to a pivot 322 welded to the underside of the flange of the beam 252 and a lower threaded rod connected to a pivot 324 on a clamp on the body of the segment 280 near the downstream end thereof. On each of the left and right sides of the conduit, first and second horizontal turnbuckles 328 and 330 essentially respectively restrain the braced segments against downstream and upstream movement. In the exemplary embodiment, the first turnbuckles 328 span between a downstream end portion of the associated brace 300 and the vertical beam 260 upstream thereof and the second turnbuckles 330 span between the plate 288 and the beam 260 downstream thereof. In the exemplary embodiment, the assembly 250 is rigidly positioned relative to the wall 215. In such a situation, little compliance is needed near the downstream end of the conduit and thus the exemplary turnbuckle 320 is not associated with a spring hanger. Similarly, a lack of compliance is associated with the turnbuckles 328 and 330. In alternate embodiments, however, the discharge/outlet end of the conduit may not be rigidly positioned (e.g., may have a degree of float relative to an aperture in the wall). In such a situation, more compliant vertical and horizontal mounting may be provided, the latter optionally including resilient recoil absorbing means. 13 In an exemplary installation sequence, the second valve is installed to the access valve. The downstream elbow 280 may then be secured to the upstream face of the body of the conduit valve 274. The turnbuckle 320 may be installed. The straight segment 282 may be installed to the downstream elbow 280 and the upstream elbow 5 284 installed to the straight segment 282. The interface plate 288 may be installed to the upstream flange of the elbow 284. The mounting brackets 302 and 304 and associated downstream braces 300 may then be installed followed by the turnbuckles 328 and 330. The downstreammost two segments 286 and 290 of the main straight conduit section may sequentially be assembled and the associated 10 clamps 310 installed thereto. The braces 306 may be installed to the clamps and to the brackets 308, in turn, installed to the interface plate 288. Alternatively, these segments, clamps, braces and brackets may be assembled as a unit and then installed as a unit to the adapter plate 288 and elbow 284. The downstream hanger assembly 222 may be installed along with the fixture 242 and snubbers 244. The 15 remaining upstream full diameter conduit segments may be installed along with the upstream hanger assembly 220. The predetonator and transition conduits may then be installed followed by gas lines, controls, instrumentation, and the like.

FIG. 9 shows a combustion conduit 350 extending from an upstream end 351 to a 20 downstream end/outlet 352. The exemplary conduit 350 is configured for use in a situation wherein proximity between an obstacle such as a building wall 354 and the furnace wall 356 at the aperture 358 is too small to permit a completely straight combustion conduit of a desired length. The exemplary combustion conduit 350 has a single right angle bend formed by a doubly flanged 90° conduit elbow segment 25 360. The general configuration of the combustion conduit 350 may be similar to the foregoing combustion conduits (e.g., those of FIG. 1). The conduit is assembled by bolting conduit segments end-to-end. From upstream to downstream exemplary segments include a small diameter predetonator segment 362, a transition segment 363 having a diameter transition from the small diameter of the predetonator 30 segment to a larger downstream diameter of remaining segments, four full diameter segments 364, the elbow 360, and the singly-flanged nozzle 366.

Yet more complex situations may be accommodated by different segment combinations. FIGS. 10 and 11 show an exemplary conduit 380 which has both a 35 change in height to accommodate an obstacle such as the tube pack of FIGS. 7 and 14 8 and a bend to accommodate a wall or other obstacle 382. The conduit 380 extends from an upstream end 383 to a downstream end/outlet 384 at the aperture in the furnace wall 386. From upstream to downstream, the conduit includes a small diameter predetonator segment 388, a transition segment 390, a first full diameter 5 straight segment 400, a 90° elbow 402, a second full diameter straight segment 404, a first 45° elbow 406, a third full diameter straight segment 408, a second 45° elbow 410, and a singly-flanged nozzle 412. The segments may be similarly formed to corresponding segments of the foregoing conduits.

FIG. 12 shows representative conduit segments from a kit. The exemplary kit includes a small diameter doubly flanged predetonator segment 430. The upstream flange of this segment may have an end plate 432 accommodating the igniter and/or inlets for one or more of the fuel and/or oxidizer components. The kit may further include a doubly-flanged transition segment 434. The kit may further include doubly 15 flanged full diameter conduit segments of a variety of different lengths (four different length segments 436, 438, 440, and 442 being shown). There may be multiple instances of any to all of these length segments. FIG. 12 further shows exemplary doubly-flanged full diameter 45° and 90° elbow segments 444 and 446. Again there may be multiple of each elbow segment. There may, also, be elbow segments of 20 different angular span. There may be outlet/nozzle conduits of different lengths (relatively short and long lengths 448 and 450 being shown). The different lengths of outlet conduit may accommodate one or both of different vessel wall thickness and general length from the penultimate segment (last doubly flanged segment) to the outlet. This latter factor may alternatively be addressed by the use of a different 25 penultimate segment or segment combination with a single length of outlet conduit.

In various implementations, it may be appropriate or necessary to have additional changes in conduit cross-section. For example, between the predetonator and the downstreammost lengths, there may be one or more segments of intermediate 30 cross-section along with appropriate transition segments. In a particular example, there may be insufficient space to route one or more full diameter segments between obstacles at an intermediate position along the length of the conduit. Alternatively, navigating such obstacles may be associated with a change in the cross-sectional shape with general preservation of cross-sectional area. For example, a circular 35 section could transition to an elongate rectangular section of similar area to get between relatively close obstacles. In such a situation, the transition segments could transition in cross-sectional shape. Among yet further variations are those in which one or more of the segments are entirely within the vessel (including segments which may navigate internal obstacles in similar fashion to the aforementioned navigation of 5 external obstacles).

The exemplary kit may contain only the segments needed for a particular combustion conduit or group of combustion conduits at a facility. Such conduits may be engineered in advance and the appropriate combinations chosen to achieve desired 10 conduit length in view of the obstacles and other constraints. The other constraints may include the location of entry of the conduit to the furnace, the angle of entry at that location, and the desired location of the upstream end of the conduit. For example, it may be desirable to relatively closely locate the upstream ends of several conduits for control economy. Alternatively, however, a certain amount of the 15 engineering may be performed on-site. In such a situation, the kit could include extra components of various sizes to permit the on-site selection of configuration options and permit experimental on-site optimization.

Additionally, the kits may include other aforementioned components such as bolts for 20 securing the segments together, braces, hangers, trolleys and associated hardware, reaction straps/springs, fuel/oxidizer/purge gas equipment and plumbing, control and monitoring hardware, gaskets, and the like. Additionally, the kit might include thermal isolation flanges, air curtain flanges, and cooled nozzle components. Furthermore, the kit may include access apparatus for allowing selective insertion of 25 the conduit through the wall.

One or more embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the invention may 30 be adapted for use with a variety of industrial equipment and with variety of soot blower technologies. Aspects of the existing equipment and technologies may influence aspects of any particular implementation. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. 16

Claims (1)

1. An apparatus for cleaning a surface within a vessel having a vessel wall separating a vessel exterior from a vessel interior and having a wall aperture, the apparatus comprising: an elongate conduit into which fuel and oxidiser are introduced from a source of fuel and oxidizer; and an igniter for initiating a reaction of the fuel and oxidizer; wherein the elongate conduit includes a portion downstream of a deflagration-to-detonation transition of the reaction of the fuel and oxidiser to direct a gas flow of the reacted or reacting fuel and oxidizer through the wall aperture, wherein said downstream portion of the elongate conduit comprises a plurality of segments secured end-to-end. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: at least three of the conduit segments have lengths along a gas flowpath of 1-3m and characteristic internal cross-sectional areas of 0.006-0.3m2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: at least three of the segments each comprise: a tubular body having first and second ends; and first and second attachment flanges proximate the first and second ends, respectively. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: a nozzle assembly extends at least partially through the vessel wall. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein: at least one of the segments is an elbow. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the conduit consists essentially of three portions: an essentially straight first portion; an essentially straight second portion downstream of the first portion; and a third non-straight portion between the first and second portions. Intellectual Property 17 Office of N.z. 2 8 APR 2006 b p n p i \/ f n 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein: the second and third portions have essentially similar internal cross-sections; and 5 the first portion includes: a downstream portion having an internal cross-section essentially similar to the interna) cross-sections of the second and third portions; an upstream portion having an internal cross-section smaller than the internal cross-section of the downstream portion; and 10 a transition portion having an internal cross-section that transitions from essentially similar to the internal cross-section of the upstream portion to essentially similar to the internal cross-section of the downstream portion. 8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the first and second portions are parallel 15 and offset. 9. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein the first and second portions are oriented at an angle of 20°-160° to each other. 20 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein a resilient member resiliently restrains the conduit against recoil forces. 11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein: the resilient member couples the conduit to the wail. 12. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein: the resilient member comprises a metal coil tension spring. 25 13. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: 30 a plurality of movable supports supporting weight of the conduit at a plurality of locations along a length of the conduit. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein: the plurality of supports accommodate longitudinal expansion and/or 35 contraction of the combustion conduit. Intolloctual Proptrty Offide of N.2. '28 APR 2006 RECEIVED 15. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein: the plurality of supports comprise a plurality of trolleys each having wheels engaging a track on a support surface. 16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein: the plurality of supports comprise a plurality of hangers. 17. A method for configuring a detonative cleaning apparatus for cleaning 10 surfaces within a vessel, the vessel having a wall, the method comprising: determining a suitable cross-sectional area for a combustion conduit of the apparatus; determining a suitable length for the combustion conduit; determining an appropriate path for the combustion conduit in view of 15 environmental considerations; and determining an appropriate combination of combustion conduit segments for forming a portion of the conduit downstream of a deflagration-to-detonation transition of a reaction of a fuel and oxidiser introduced, in use, to the combustion conduit so as to be routed along the appropriate path. 20 18. The method of claim 17 wherein: the combustion conduit segments are selected from a plurality of pre-established conduit segment configurations. 25 19. The method of claim 17 wherein: the combustion conduit segments include at least one straight segment and at least one curved segment. 20. The method of claim 17 wherein: 30 at least some of the combustion conduit segments each comprise: a tubular body having first and second ends; and first and second attachment flanges proximate the first and second ends, respectively. 35 21 The method of claim 17 further comprising: Intellectual Property Office of N.Z. 19 2 8 APR 2006 RECEIVED determining an appropriate predetonator configuration. 22. The method of claim 17 in combination with: generating drawings of the so-configured detonative cleaning apparatus; and assembling the so-configured detonative cleaning apparatus. 23. An apparatus for cleaning a surface within a vessel substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to any one of the accompanying 24. A method for configuring a detonative cleaning apparatus for cleaning surfaces within a vessel substantially as hereinbefore with reference to any one of the accompanying drawings. drawings. 2 8 APR 2006