NZ225968A - Dental oral simulator - Google Patents

Description

NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT. 1953 No. 225968 Date. 29 August 1988 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION IMPROVEMENTS IN/OR RELATING TO ORAL SIMULATORS We. THE UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO, a body established under the University of Otago Ordinance 1869, of Leith Street, Dunedin, New Zealand and MEDIC CORPORATION LIMITED, a New Zealand company of 19 Kings Crescent, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, hereby declare the invention for which A / we pray that a patent may be granted to ire/us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:- ? 2 56 This invention relates to dental oral simulators. ggcKgrgyuy? Ergonomically dental work stations have remained substantially the same for many years. Manufacturers have improved the equipment and training institutions, and have taught students how this equipment can best be used. However, the principle ergonomic and dental operator performance requirements relating to oral care are in need of careful review. We believe the optimum control for the fine manipulative task undertaken in dental care requires a seated operator working to a mid-line preferred position which will often be at heart height.

Anthropometrically the body sets itself to perform fine manipulative skills by adopting an optimum position for control. In dental work, the mouth of the patient needs to be brought to that optimum position while preserving the patient's safety and comfort and giving the operator maximum visibility of the work area. The most effective and practical way to meet this requirement during oral care procedures is to have the patient in a supine position.

A specific treatment station or zone requires the patient to be reclined on his back, with the patient's head supported so that the patient's mouth is correctly located relative to the work zone and the operator. The operator will be seated behind the patient's head at a preferred height and with unimpeded access to the patient's mouth. An assistant will be seated to one side of the patient with the principle task of supporting the operator and caring for the patient's safety during treatment. m ? 2 5 9 6 8 3 It has been recognised for many years the necessity to teach a dental operator the skills he will subsequently use in practice, and it is preferable for the training to be undertaken reproducing, as closely as possible, the conditions which will be experienced in treating a patient, so that the learned skills will not need to be transferred to the applied.

Whole simulators are commonly used in dental training and these have ranged from simple training teeth and jaws to very complex and realistic models of the human dental mannequin. Technically these have ranged from partial to full task simulators but they have been directed to training for operators accustomed to the more traditional dental treatment stations. The mannequins by virtue of their presentation have not focused upon the natural skull movement about the occipito-atlantal joint, and therefore have not been realistic of the movements which will be experienced when treating a patient, particularly in a supine position.

The Present Invention The present invention is a dental oral simulator designed to teach the skills which an operator will require in practice when dealing with a supine patient in the ergonomically optimised work zone as discussed above.

The invention consists in a dental oral simulator comprising a mounting means with a concave depression to provide a bearing surface, said mounting means supportable at an ergonomically appropriate position for dental manipulation, an occipital simulator in the form of a hollow open topped semispherical bowl having the outer surface of the bowl generated about a simulated occipito-atlantal joint,said bowl being supported in said mounting means with the bearing surface of the mounting means complementary to the bottom of said bowl, position control means to £ N / no r (-. / w > t j;j ()<} 4 mounting means and said bowl to simulate a range of anatomical movements useful in dental treatment by a human skull about its occipito-atlantal joint, a transverse jaw support plate within said bowl training jaws supported on said jaw support plate with said plate and jaws being located so that movement of said bowl in said bearing surface of the mounting means controlled by said position control means causes said training jaws to move to simulate movement of jaws in a skull about the occipito-atlantal joint.

The invention preferably has the occipital simulator supported in a concave dish fixed to the end of an arm attached to a support surface with position control means arranged to allow a selected range of positions to be adopted between the occipital simulator and the concave dish.

The positions are selected and related to training procedures so that an operator can be taught skills with precision by organising the work base (jaws) into a limited number of positions, allowing for the head movements of the patient but with stable end positions.

The simulator according to the present invention provides students with a deliberate precise and accountable strategy for achieving desired results. Optimum control of posture position and movement, assurance of sustained quality and preparation for patient care with a minimum of stress and fatigue.

The simulator has been designed having regard to perceived performance logic based on the analysis of a dental trainee's fundamental relationship to gravity and the trainee's proprioceptive senses and has natural inclination to perform finite procedures in the midsagittal plane at heart level and in myocentric relationship. A balance reference posture is established for the seated trainee, a horizontal support presents the same configuration as a supine patient and the trainee'"s". \ w reference posture is V r , "4 NOV 199 22590 maintained throughout a range of clinical procedures that can be instructed with reference to the determined positions of the occipital simulator and the opening configuration of the training jaws supported thereby.

Drawing Description Figure 1 is a pictorial view of the training simulator according to the present invention at a training station.

Figure 2 is a plan view of a training unit combining a plurality of training stations.

Figure 3 is a side pictorial view of the dental training simulator according to the present invention.

Figure 4 is a plan view of the mounting arm and support dish.

Figure 5 is a partial sectional elevation through the occipital simulator with the training jaws attached.

Figure 6 is an exploded view of the components in the dental simulator.

Figure 7 is a detailed view of the top set of training jaws and mounting means.

Figure 8 is a side view of figure 7.

Figure 9 is a side view of the bottom set of training jaws and mounting member.

Figure 10 is a rear elevation of ficiru ° PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION A dental training simulator 1 is supported in a work zone at the end of a bench top or table 2 which simulates the area that would support a patient in a supine position with the trainee operator working behind the ?25968 head of the "patient". The support surface 2 also enables the dental equipment to be located relative to the work zone with an equipment tray 3, a hand piece 4 for a drill, and an operator syringe 5 on one side and an evacuating a nozzle 6 located on the opposite side of the table 2. An adjustable height stool 7 behind the simulator 1 and at the end of the work zone allows a trainee operator to be seated at the most convenient height for the trainee to assume the optimum work position to perform the manipulative skills required in dental training.

In figure 2 the position of the operator 8 and assistant 9 is diagrammatically represented and replicated in a training unit where four training zones are combined in a single unit. The construction and configuration of such a training unit is described and claimed in New Zealand Patent Specification No. 229979.

The dental simulator according to the present invention is illustrated in more detail in figures 3 to 6 of the drawings. The simulator has an arm 10 designed to be attached to the support table 2, for example using a simple clamping mechanism so that the arm may be adjustably held relative to the support top 2. The arm, preferably metal and corrosion resistant has a stem 11, an offset section 12 and a bifurcated head 13 to which is attached a concave mounting dish 14. The mounting dish is preferably formed from a high impact plastics material such as a polycarbonate and is generally saucer shaped with the concave depression arranged to provide a bearing surface which is complimentary to the semi spherical lower end of the occipital simulator 16 mounted therein. The member 14 is attached to the bifurcated head 13 of the arm 10 by three mounting studs 16. A '•'^.plurality of nylon buttons or stud heads 17 project from the inner surface of the member 14 to facilitate the bearing surface between the occipital simulator and the dish 14 and a plurality of rubber spacers 18 assist in maintaining the relative positions between the occipital simulator and the dish when the desired position has been set.

A gate means 19 is provided in the dish 14 by three parallel slots with the central slot 20 located on the central line of the dish and the slots 21 and 22 symmetrically arranged on each side of the slot 20. A transverse slot 23 connects the three slots together. The gate is designed to allow the relative movement between the dish and the occipital simulator to be such that a range of movements may be accommodated acceptable for dental training purposes. It would be appreciated that while the gate means 19 is shown as a series of slots it would be possible for the gate merely to be an opening of appropriate dimensions.

The slots allow an operator to select more positively positions with the extremities of each slot providing six finite positions and with any intermediate positions being along the length of the slots selected by reference to markings on the occipital simulator.

The length of the slots is designed to allow movement of approximately 37 degrees with 25 degrees forward and 12 degrees rearward movement of the occipital simulator from vertical or the upright position (downs occu vertical) with the transverse slot located at about 8 degrees from the end of the slot generating rearward movement of the occipital simulator (i.e. on the Frankfurt vertical). The side slots permit between 15 and 20 degrees of movement on either side of the central position. It would be appreciated that the dimensions as supplied are by way of example , £ N o "28 JAN 1992m ?2 and any range of movement acceptable for dental training purposes could be adopted.

To allow for more extreme sideways movement, apertures 24 and 25 are provided through the member 14 and the occipital simulator can be mounted in these apertures where the more extreme sideways positioning is necessary. The support dish may be strengthened by having grooves or ribs moulded therein in a manner which will not interfere with the relative movement between the occipital simulator 15 and the dish 14.

The occipital simulator 15 is a semi-spherical bowl with the surface complimentary to the surface of the dish 14 to provide the bearing engagement as above described. The bowl is preferably formed from a high impact plastics material such as clear polycarbonate. A position control member 26 having a square section designed to fit neatly within the grooves and the apertures 24 and 25 extends from the lower surface of the bowl. The member 26 ends as a stud 27 which is engaged by a clamping nut 28 in use pressing a clamping sleeve 29 against the under surface of the member 14 thereby holding the bowl 15 and the dish 14 together in the selected position. A lock nut 30 is also provided and must be removed for the position control means to be disengaged so that the bowl 15 can be removed for cleaning or for positioning in the apertures 24 and 25.

It will therefore be seen that by use of the positioning control means the relative position between the support dish 14 and the occipital simulator 15 can be controlled.

The occipital simulator 15 has an internal radial wall 31 fixed to project inwardly from the wall of the bowl with the inner edge 32 providing support and locating means for a jaw mounting member 32. 2 ^ *\ Q f The jaw mounting member 32 is essentially arranged on the mandible plane and is a removable member with guides arranged to engage on either side of the inner end of the brace wall 31. The lower end is positioned between two studs 33 projecting up from inner surface of the bowl 15. The bowl has side studs 39 so that once the member 32 is slid into position it is firmly supported within the bowl without the need of any separate attachment means. It should be appreciated however, that this is intended to be illustrative only of a means whereby the jaw support plane can be provided and this member may be supported in any convenient manner. The important thing is that the member 32 is essentially on the mandible plane, is braced so that it will withstand the forces that are generated during dental training and can be easily removed. The wall 31 and the member 32 are also preferrably formed from the high impact plastics material and the top of the member 32 is designed to support a face mask 34 which is formed from the same plastics material, preferably clear polycarbonate.

Training jaws 35 are mounted on the member 32 with the relative positions between the training jaws 35. the mounting member 32, the occipital simulator 15 and the support member 14 being such that the training jaws are presented at a position which will simulate the movement of the skull about the occipito-atlantal ioint.

The training jaws need to be monn^'l in •> •■)' i h •■ill ill"v the opening of the jaws to be adjustable and for th<-> javs tr firmly in position to withstand the forces which will be generated during dental training. 2 5 ; L 8 A mounting means needs to be incorporated or attached to the member 32 at or towards the upper end thereof and in the preferred example a mounting block 36 is attached to the member 32 by a stud 37 and two projections 38 from the member 32 engaging with apertures in the block 36. The block 36 is shown in more detail in Figure 7 and is preferably a metal block having a top lip 39 to which the top denture 40 of the training jaws 35 can be fixed by screws 41. A plurality of four apertures 42 having threaded sockets contained therein are provided in use to be engaged by a rod 43 having a nob 44 at the end thereof for ease operated control. The rod 43 passes through a metal loop 45 which when in use is attached to the frame carrying the bottom dentures so that adjusting the position of the rod 43 in the apertures 42 the degree of opening of the jaws can be controlled.

The metal block 36 has at either side and towards the top a recess in which is located a moulded plastics insert 46, a plastics insert has formed therein an aperture or recess 47. The lower jaw 48 of the training jaws 35 is attached to a carrier 49 which has two arms 50 and 51 with protruberances 52 and 53 designed in use to engage within the recesses 47 in the metal inserts on the plate 36. This construction replicates as nearly as possible the natural movement of the jaws. Two biasing springs 54 are attached to extend from the side of the metal block 36 to eyes 55 on the member 50 supporting the bottom jaw 48. A rubber skirt 56 is able to be stretched over the training jaws to simulate the cheek flesh of the patient.

The simulator according to the present invention is shown in the assembled position in figure 3 and in the training position relative to the training station in figure 1. ■'28 JAN 1992 ~ £ ivf The simulator is designed as closely as possible relying upon anthroprometic averages from a statistically credible number of patients to replicate the movement of the training jaws supported in the occipital simulator in the same manner as the jaws would be moved in the skull of the patient about the occipito-atlantal joint.

The mounting and movement of the training jaws allows the jaws to be set at a range of openings and the movement between the occipital simulator 15 in a mounting dish 14 by using the gate and position control means allows predetermined positions to be readily selected by a trainee who can then be instructed in dental manipulation with a training reference which relates directly to the position of a patient when the training technique is to be applied in practice. it would be appreciated from the foregoing description that the manner of manufacture of the dental simulator uses the bowl to accumulate any water or other waste generating during the training procedures and the construction enables the components in the simulator to be readily dismantled for emptying and cleaning. Also the use of the clear plastics material enables the attention of the operator to be focused upon the training jaws without distraction. The simulator according to the present invention is thus designed to organise the work place (i.e. the training jaws) into a limited number of positions allowing for simulated head movements of a patient but with stable end positions suitable for training. The dental trainee is trained in a work zone where he is able to maintain control of the tasks which must be performed from an ergonomic position most suitable for performing of those difficult manipulative 2259G8 tasks. The operators have a specific view line, a specific instrument position and a specific position for the ancillary equipment and for the assistant. All of these positions and conditions will be the same as experienced in the practical treatment of a patient. 225968 13 -

Claims (7)

WHAT WE CLAIM IS:

1 . A dental oral simulator comprising a mounting means with a concave depression to provide a bearing surface, said mounting means supportable at an ergonomically appropriate position for dental manipulation, an occipital simulator in the form of a hollow open topped semispherical bowl having the outer surface of the bowl generated about a simulated occipito-atlantal joint, said bowl being supported in said mounting means with the bearing surface of the mounting means complementary to the bottom of said bowl, position control means to allow controlled relative movement between the bearing surface of said mounting means and said bowl to simulate a range of anatomical movements useful in dental treatment by a human skull about its occipito-atlantal joint, a transverse jaw support plate within said bowl, training jaws supported on said jaw support plate with said plate and jaws being located so that movement of said bowl in said bearing surface of the mounting means controlled by said position control means causes said training jaws to move to simulate movement of jaws in a skull about the occipito-atlantal joint.

2. A dental oral simulator comprising a support arm attachable to a support member, a concave dish fixed to the end of said arm with the concave depression providing a bearing surface, said support arm and concave dish being supportable at an ergonomically appropriate position for dental manipulation, gate means in the concave dish, a complementary occipital simulator provided as a hollow open topped semi-spherical bowl having the outer surface of the bowl generated about a simulated '' ^ Sqciipito-atlantal joint, said bowl being supported in said concave dish V 10DEcj99/r) 225968 - 14 - with a position control member to protrude through said gate means to allow controlled relative movement to simulate movement in the sagittal plane between the concave dish and said bowl similar to a range of anatomical movements useful in dental treatment of a human skull about its occipito-atlantal joint, the said position control means operable to allow the bowl to be held in any one of a number of positions for dental treatment predetermined by the location of the position control member in the gate means to retain said bowl in a selected position, a jaw support plate removably mounted within the bowl, training jaws removably supported on said jaw support plate with said plate and jaws being located so that movement of said bowl in the bearing surfaces of the concave dish controlled by the gate means, position control member and holding means causes the training jaws to move to simulate movement of the jaws in a skull about the occipito-atlantal joint.

3. A dental oral simulator as claimed in claim 2 wherein the gate means has three parallel grooves with the central groove on the central axis of the dish and the other grooves symmetrically positioned about the central groove and with a transverse groove connecting the three parallel grooves.

4. A dental oral simulator as claimed in claim 3 wherein the movement of the occipital simulator relative to the support allows a forward and a rearward movement of approximately 37° and a sideways movement from the central position of 15° to 20° with the transverse movement through said gate means provided at approximately 8° from the rearward position cefjd; 1 o\ the groove. 2 8 JAN 1992£ c$ ,stx

5. A dental oral simulator as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the jaw supporting plate is removably supported within the bowl so that training jaws mounted on the jaw support plate are presented in a position simulating jaws in a skull relative to the occipito-atlantal joint.

6. A dental oral simulator as claimed in claim 5 wherein a mounting block for the upper denture is attached to the jaw support plate and the lower jaw is carried on a support frame engagable with the mounting block to simulate the movement between the upper jaw and lower jaw with a position locating rod engagable in a plurality of positions to set the degree of opening of the jaws.

7. A dental oral simulator when constructed arranged and operable substantially as herein described with reference to the drawings. . " c c N \m 4 NOV 1991";