NO811796L - PROCEDURE FOR TREATMENT OF SURFACES OF ZINC, CADMIUM AND ALLOYS THEREOF FOR AA INHIBITOR CORROSION - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR TREATMENT OF SURFACES OF ZINC, CADMIUM AND ALLOYS THEREOF FOR AA INHIBITOR CORROSIONInfo
- Publication number
- NO811796L NO811796L NO811796A NO811796A NO811796L NO 811796 L NO811796 L NO 811796L NO 811796 A NO811796 A NO 811796A NO 811796 A NO811796 A NO 811796A NO 811796 L NO811796 L NO 811796L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- cadmium
- alloys
- treatment
- procedure
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 10
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 7
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004532 chromating Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromate(2-) Chemical compound [O-][Cr]([O-])(=O)=O ZCDOYSPFYFSLEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium dichromate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr]([O-])(=O)=O KMUONIBRACKNSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940117975 chromium trioxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium trioxide Inorganic materials O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GAMDZJFZMJECOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Cr+6] GAMDZJFZMJECOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AXDDJHKBOYNJPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;carboxylato carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C(=O)OC([O-])=O AXDDJHKBOYNJPY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KPXWHWLOLCWXRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecapotassium tetrasilicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] KPXWHWLOLCWXRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXJCGWRIPCFWIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecasodium tetrasilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] VXJCGWRIPCFWIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019351 sodium silicates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- POWFTOSLLWLEBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrasodium;silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] POWFTOSLLWLEBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/82—After-treatment
- C23C22/83—Chemical after-treatment
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en fremgangsmåte for behandling av overflater av sink, kadmium og legeringer derav for å inhibere korrosjon. The present invention relates to a method for treating surfaces of zinc, cadmium and alloys thereof to inhibit corrosion.
Kromatbehandling har lenge vært benyttet for å øke korrosjonsbestandigheten hos kadmium og; sink, inklusive legeringer derav. Denne teknikk har vært benyttet på deler som er fremstilt bare av sink, kadmium og legeringer derav, og på deler som er fremstilt av andre metaller og deretter be-lagt med kadmium, sink og deres legeringer, f.eks. ved elek-troplettering. Chromate treatment has long been used to increase the corrosion resistance of cadmium and; zinc, including alloys thereof. This technique has been used on parts made only of zinc, cadmium and their alloys, and on parts made of other metals and then coated with cadmium, zinc and their alloys, e.g. by electroplating.
Kromatering er beskrevet i U.S. patent nr. 2.035.380 har fått omfattende anvendelse i mange år. Dannel-sen av en synlig film, foruten korrosjonsbeskyttelsé, er an-gitt i nevnte U.S. patent som oppgir at kromater ingen kan utføres i et bad som pr. liter inneholder minst 25.g krom-trioksyd, fortrinnsvis tilsatt som natrium- eller kaliumdi-^kromat, og ca. 2 - 140 g sovelsyre eller en ekvivalent mengde saltsyre eller salpetersyre. U.S. patentet angir at meng-den av syre pr. liter fortrinnsvis bør være fra ca. 3 - ca. Chromatization is described in U.S. patent no. 2,035,380 has been widely used for many years. The formation of a visible film, in addition to corrosion protection, is indicated in said U.S. Pat. patent which states that no chromates can be carried out in a bath which per liter contains at least 25 g chromium trioxide, preferably added as sodium or potassium dichromate, and approx. 2 - 140 g of sulfuric acid or an equivalent amount of hydrochloric or nitric acid. U.S. the patent states that the amount of acid per liters should preferably be from approx. 3 - approx.
86 g svovelsyre eller en ekvivalent mengde av en av de andre 86 g of sulfuric acid or an equivalent amount of one of the others
angitte syrene. Kromater ingen beskrives kun å omfatte neddypping av en del i et bad med den angitte sammensetning og angis å kreve neddypping i kun 1 minutt eller deromkring, og som følge dannes et synlig belegg. I praksis har også fluo-rider blitt tilsatt til kromateringsbadene for å oppnå så-kalte "klare kromatbelegg", som ofte er noe iriserénde. the indicated acids. Chromates none are described as only involving the immersion of a part in a bath with the specified composition and are stated to require immersion for only 1 minute or so, and as a result a visible coating is formed. In practice, fluorides have also been added to the chromating baths to achieve so-called "clear chromate coatings", which are often somewhat iridescent.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse baserer seg på den opp-dagelse at korrosjonsbestandigheten av en kromatert sink-eller kadmiumdel kan forbedres betydelig ved neddypping av den aktuelle del i en oppløsning, som kan være relativt for-tynnet, av et oppløselig silikat, f.eks. natriummetasilikat. Utmerkede resultater har blitt oppnådd ved neddypping av kromaterte sinkpletterte deler i vannholdige oppløsninger som pr. liter inneholder 0,5 - 75 g natriummetasilikat. Opp-løsningene kan pr. liter fortrinnsvis inneholde fra ca. 1,5 - ca. 40 g natriummetasilikat, helst fra ca. 2,5 - 7,5 g. Utmerkede resultater har. blitt oppnådd med oppløsninger med et nominelt natriummetasilikatinnhold på ca. 4 g/l som holdes ved en temperatur noe over omgivelsestemperatur, f.eks. ved ca. 45°C. Ekvivalente mengder av andre silikater, f.eks. natriumortosilikat og natriumte.trasilikat kan også benyttes samt også høyere og lavere temperaturer!, f.eks. fra deres fryse- til kokepunkt. Også de mer kostbare silikater slik som kaliummetasilikat og kaliumtetrasilikat kan benyttes, men det er vanligvis ingen grunn til å påta seg den ekstra utgift dette medfører utover anvendelsen av natriumsilikat-er. The present invention is based on the discovery that the corrosion resistance of a chromated zinc or cadmium part can be significantly improved by immersing the relevant part in a solution, which can be relatively dilute, of a soluble silicate, e.g. sodium metasilicate. Excellent results have been obtained by immersing chromated zinc-plated parts in aqueous solutions which per liter contains 0.5 - 75 g of sodium metasilicate. The solutions can per liters preferably contain from approx. 1.5 - approx. 40 g of sodium metasilicate, preferably from approx. 2.5 - 7.5 g. Excellent results have. have been obtained with solutions with a nominal sodium metasilicate content of approx. 4 g/l which is kept at a temperature slightly above ambient temperature, e.g. at approx. 45°C. Equivalent amounts of other silicates, e.g. sodium orthosilicate and sodium tetrasilicate can also be used as well as higher and lower temperatures!, e.g. from their freezing to boiling point. The more expensive silicates such as potassium metasilicate and potassium tetrasilicate can also be used, but there is usually no reason to incur the extra expense this entails over and above the use of sodium silicates.
Eksempel 1 nedenfor utgjør den i øyeblikket beste metode for utøvelse av foreliggende oppfinnelse. Example 1 below constitutes the currently best method for practicing the present invention.
Eksempel 1Example 1
Sinkpletterte tennstiftsokler ble skyllet og kromater t ved neddypping i ca. 20 s i et kromateringsbad som var tilveibragt ved oppløsning av en kommersielt tilgjenge-lig kromateringssammensetning i vann til en konsentrasjon på 7,5 g/l og tilsetning av 42° Be salpetersyre til pH 2. Den spesifikke kromateringssammensetningen som ble benyttet hadde varebetegnelsen "du Pont 140 S, chromate conversion salt". Når denne sammensetning oppløses i vann og tilsettes med syre, danner saltet kromsyre. De kromaterte sokler ble deretter neddyppet i 2 minutter i et bad som i alt vesentlig ble holdt ved 45°C og var tilveiebragt ved oppløsning av natriummetasilikat i vann til en konsentrasjon på 3,75 g/l. Deretter ble de behandlede tennstiftsoklene skyllet og tør-ket. Seks av de tørkede soklene ble prøvet med henblikk på sin bestandighet mot såkalt hvit korrosjon under anvendelse av ASTM Test B 117. Alle de seks bitene viste bare spor av hvitt korrosjonsprodukt etter, at de hadde blitt utsatt for prøvebetingelsene i 24 timer. Tre av soklene ble utsatt for prøvebetingelsene i ytterligere 24 timer, hvoretter de bare viste svak dannelse av hvitt korrosjonsprodukt. Zinc-plated spark plug sockets were rinsed and chromated by immersion for approx. 20 s in a chromating bath which was prepared by dissolving a commercially available chromating composition in water to a concentration of 7.5 g/l and adding 42° Be nitric acid to pH 2. The specific chromating composition used had the trade name "du Pont 140 S, chromate conversion salt". When this compound is dissolved in water and added with acid, the salt forms chromic acid. The chromated sockets were then immersed for 2 minutes in a bath maintained substantially at 45°C and provided by dissolving sodium metasilicate in water to a concentration of 3.75 g/l. The treated spark plug sockets were then rinsed and dried. Six of the dried sockets were tested for resistance to so-called white corrosion using ASTM Test B 117. All six pieces showed only traces of white corrosion product after being exposed to the test conditions for 24 hours. Three of the sockets were exposed to the test conditions for a further 24 hours, after which they showed only slight formation of white corrosion product.
For sammenligningsformål, men ikke i overensstemmel-se med foreliggende oppfinnelse, ble pletterte og skylte tennstiftsokler neddyppet i 2 minutter i en oppløsning som ble holdt ved hovedsakelig 45°C og pr. liter inneholdt 12 g natriummetasilikat, hvoretter de ble skyllet og tørket. Tennstiftsokler fremstilt som beskrevet■ovenfor i dette avsnitt og tennstiftsokler som hadde blitt pletterte, skyllet og kromaterte som beskrevet i eksempel 1 ovenfor, men som ikke var blitt neddyppet i en natrium- eller annen silikatopp-løning, ble deretter utsatt for ASTM TEST B 117. Alle de sokler som ble testet som beskrevet i denne sammenlignings-undersøkelse viste kraftige utfellinger av hvitt korrosjonsprodukt etter eksponering i 24 timer for1 prøvebetingelsene og etter den andre eksponeringen for disse prøvebetingelser i 2 4 timer. For comparative purposes, but not in accordance with the present invention, plated and rinsed spark plug sockets were immersed for 2 minutes in a solution maintained at substantially 45°C and per liter contained 12 g of sodium metasilicate, after which they were rinsed and dried. Spark plug sockets prepared as described above in this section and spark plug sockets which had been plated, rinsed and chromated as described in Example 1 above, but which had not been immersed in a sodium or other silicate solution, were then subjected to ASTM TEST B 117 All of the sockets tested as described in this comparative study showed heavy precipitation of white corrosion product after exposure for 24 hours to the 1 test conditions and after the second exposure to these test conditions for 2 4 hours.
Den metode som er beskrevet i eksempel 1 ovenforThe method described in example 1 above
ble gjentatt flere ganger, med den unntagelse at konsentra-sjonen av natriummetasilikatet i behandlingsoppløsningen ble variert. Konsentrasjonene av det natriummetasilikat som ble benyttet ved disse fremgangsmåter angis i nedenstående tabell, og i hvert tilfelle viste tennstiftsoklene ubetydelig hvitt korr.osjonsprodukt når de ble undersøkt etter både 24 og 48 timer. was repeated several times, with the exception that the concentration of the sodium metasilicate in the treatment solution was varied. The concentrations of the sodium metasilicate used in these processes are given in the table below, and in each case the spark plug sockets showed negligible white corrosion product when examined after both 24 and 48 hours.
Det er åpenbart at forskjellige forandringer og modifikasjoner kan foretas i de metoder som er beskrevet i de foregående eksempler uten at man avviker fra oppfinnel-sens ramme. Således kan f.eks. i alt vesentlig samme resultater oppnås ved benyttelse av natrium- eller kaliumdikarbo-nat eller CrO^istedenfor den kromater ingssammensetning som ble benyttet ved. fremgangsmåten beskrevet i eksemplene. Dess- uten har slike resultater blitt oppnådd ved anvendelse av så lave silikatbehandlingsbadtemperaturer som 20°C og så korte neddyppingstider som 20 sekunder. Likeledes kan også andre kromater og dikromater samt andre silikater, inklusive de ovenfor spesielt angitte, benyttes. It is obvious that various changes and modifications can be made in the methods described in the previous examples without deviating from the scope of the invention. Thus, e.g. essentially the same results are obtained by using sodium or potassium dicarbonate or CrO^ instead of the chromating composition that was used in the procedure described in the examples. In addition, such results have been obtained using silicate treatment bath temperatures as low as 20°C and immersion times as short as 20 seconds. Similarly, other chromates and dichromates as well as other silicates, including those specifically indicated above, can also be used.
Claims (2)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US15488580A | 1980-05-30 | 1980-05-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO811796L true NO811796L (en) | 1981-12-01 |
Family
ID=22553233
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO811796A NO811796L (en) | 1980-05-30 | 1981-05-27 | PROCEDURE FOR TREATMENT OF SURFACES OF ZINC, CADMIUM AND ALLOYS THEREOF FOR AA INHIBITOR CORROSION |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5716176A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU7099181A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE889011A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8103366A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE3118794A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2483469A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2078261A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1171251B (en) |
| NL (1) | NL8102575A (en) |
| NO (1) | NO811796L (en) |
| SE (1) | SE8102910L (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA812807B (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2550555B2 (en) * | 1983-03-03 | 1988-12-30 | Zincroksid Spa | PROCESS FOR THE PROTECTION OF FLAT ZINC-PLATED LAMINATES BY MEANS OF A MULTILAYER ELECTROLYTIC COATING |
| GB8414879D0 (en) * | 1984-06-11 | 1984-07-18 | Gen Electric Co Plc | Optical components |
| US4657599A (en) * | 1985-10-21 | 1987-04-14 | Torcad Limited | Process for improving corrosion resistance of zinc or cadmium plated metal articles |
| US5219617A (en) * | 1989-09-19 | 1993-06-15 | Michigan Chrome And Chemical Company | Corrosion resistant coated articles and process for making same |
| EP1032100B1 (en) * | 1999-02-25 | 2002-10-02 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd | Glow plug and spark plug, and manufacturing method therefor |
| JP4286398B2 (en) * | 1999-08-25 | 2009-06-24 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Spark plug and manufacturing method thereof |
| DE19940455C2 (en) | 1999-08-25 | 2003-06-18 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Ignition device, in particular spark plug for gasoline engines, and method for painting the same |
| JP4121342B2 (en) | 2001-11-13 | 2008-07-23 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Metal part for plug with chromate coating and method for manufacturing the same |
-
1981
- 1981-04-28 ZA ZA00812807A patent/ZA812807B/en unknown
- 1981-05-08 SE SE8102910A patent/SE8102910L/en unknown
- 1981-05-12 DE DE19813118794 patent/DE3118794A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-05-15 GB GB8114924A patent/GB2078261A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1981-05-25 AU AU70991/81A patent/AU7099181A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1981-05-26 NL NL8102575A patent/NL8102575A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1981-05-26 JP JP7996081A patent/JPS5716176A/en active Pending
- 1981-05-27 NO NO811796A patent/NO811796L/en unknown
- 1981-05-27 FR FR8110579A patent/FR2483469A1/en active Pending
- 1981-05-27 IT IT48543/81A patent/IT1171251B/en active
- 1981-05-27 BE BE0/204938A patent/BE889011A/en unknown
- 1981-05-29 BR BR8103366A patent/BR8103366A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IT8148543A0 (en) | 1981-05-27 |
| GB2078261A (en) | 1982-01-06 |
| SE8102910L (en) | 1981-12-01 |
| BR8103366A (en) | 1982-02-16 |
| FR2483469A1 (en) | 1981-12-04 |
| DE3118794A1 (en) | 1982-03-11 |
| JPS5716176A (en) | 1982-01-27 |
| NL8102575A (en) | 1981-12-16 |
| ZA812807B (en) | 1982-04-28 |
| AU7099181A (en) | 1981-12-03 |
| BE889011A (en) | 1981-09-16 |
| IT1171251B (en) | 1987-06-10 |
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