NO764158L - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- NO764158L NO764158L NO764158A NO764158A NO764158L NO 764158 L NO764158 L NO 764158L NO 764158 A NO764158 A NO 764158A NO 764158 A NO764158 A NO 764158A NO 764158 L NO764158 L NO 764158L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- iron
- ions
- electrolyte
- iii
- active
- Prior art date
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- -1 iron (III) ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 21
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical group OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Disodium Chemical class [Na][Na] QXNVGIXVLWOKEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lactate Chemical compound CC(O)C([O-])=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004133 Sodium thiosulphate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XGGLLRJQCZROSE-UHFFFAOYSA-K ammonium iron(iii) sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O XGGLLRJQCZROSE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- YZMHQCWXYHARLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-disulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C21 YZMHQCWXYHARLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940095064 tartrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011083 sodium citrates Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 10
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 5
- 238000001994 activation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- MSNWSDPPULHLDL-UHFFFAOYSA-K ferric hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Fe+3] MSNWSDPPULHLDL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron nickel Chemical compound [Fe].[Ni] UGKDIUIOSMUOAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- FPFSGDXIBUDDKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-decyl-2-hydroxycyclopent-2-en-1-one Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC1=C(O)C(=O)CC1 FPFSGDXIBUDDKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(3+) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RUTXIHLAWFEWGM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VCJMYUPGQJHHFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium citrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229940038773 trisodium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- CYDQOEWLBCCFJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-fluorophenyl)oxane-4-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C=1C=C(F)C=CC=1C1(C(=O)O)CCOCC1 CYDQOEWLBCCFJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940022663 acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001166 ammonium sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZDDUETRLIDTDQU-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium iron(3+) tetranitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Fe+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZDDUETRLIDTDQU-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940001468 citrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021506 iron(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940001447 lactate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- RPZHFKHTXCZXQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(i) oxide Chemical compound O1[Hg][Hg]1 RPZHFKHTXCZXQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001540 sodium lactate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005581 sodium lactate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011088 sodium lactate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium sulfide (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[S-2] GRVFOGOEDUUMBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012086 standard solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/24—Electrodes for alkaline accumulators
- H01M4/26—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/28—Precipitating active material on the carrier
- H01M4/29—Precipitating active material on the carrier by electrochemical methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/24—Alkaline accumulators
- H01M10/26—Selection of materials as electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Electroplating And Plating Baths Therefor (AREA)
Description
"Fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av jernelektroder"Procedure for the production of iron electrodes
egnet for nikkel-jern-batterier".suitable for nickel-iron batteries".
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av jernelektroder egnet for nikkel-jern-batterier. The present invention relates to a method for producing iron electrodes suitable for nickel-iron batteries.
Det er ønskelig ved ethvert batteri at vektforholdet mellom aktiv masse og det metall som holder eller bærer denne, It is desirable for any battery that the weight ratio between active mass and the metal that holds or carries it,
er så høyt som mulig, samt at totalvekten er lavest mulig. For dette formål har man til dels anvendt folie som bærematerialet i nikkel-kadmium- og nikkel-jern-batterier. Man har imidlertid støtt på problemer når det gjelder å finne fremgangsmåter til avsetting av aktiv jernmasse på glatte ugjennomtrengelige overflater, så som metallfolie. is as high as possible, and that the total weight is as low as possible. For this purpose, foil has partly been used as the carrier material in nickel-cadmium and nickel-iron batteries. However, problems have been encountered when it comes to finding methods for depositing active iron mass on smooth impermeable surfaces, such as metal foil.
I det britiske patent nr. 1 392 188 og den britiske patentsøknad nr.54845/72 er det beskrevet prosesser hvor elektrolytter inneholdende toverdige jernioner anvendes under nøye regu-lerte pH- og strømtetthets-betingelser for avsetning av et godt vedheftende belegg av aktiv jernmasse på underlag så som metallfolie. Disse prosesser forløper ganske tilfredsstillende, men elektrolytter inneholdende toverdige jernioner er ustabile og tar skade etter noen tid. Under fremstillingen av den aktive jernmasse fra slike elektrolytter inneholdende toverdige jernioner, og særlig når kobber skal avsettes sammen med jernet, skjer det dessuten en betydelig anrikning av jern i elektrolytten p.g.a. oppløsning av jernanoden, slik at det ved kontinuerlig drift i større målestokk er vesentlig å ta skritt til å redusere jerninnholdet i elektrolytten med jevne mellomrom for oppnåelse av et tilfredsstillende avsatt materiale. In the British patent no. 1 392 188 and the British patent application no. 54845/72 processes are described in which electrolytes containing divalent iron ions are used under carefully regulated pH and current density conditions for the deposition of a well-adherent coating of active iron mass on substrate such as metal foil. These processes proceed quite satisfactorily, but electrolytes containing divalent iron ions are unstable and suffer damage after some time. During the production of the active iron mass from such electrolytes containing divalent iron ions, and especially when copper is to be deposited together with the iron, there is also a significant enrichment of iron in the electrolyte due to dissolution of the iron anode, so that with continuous operation on a larger scale it is essential to take steps to reduce the iron content in the electrolyte at regular intervals in order to achieve a satisfactory deposited material.
US-patent nr. 3 527 613 beskriver anvendelse av jern-(III)-elektrolytter ved elektrolytisk utfelling av et aktivt materiale basert på en jernforbindelse og svovel i en porøs elek-trodes porer. Forsøk på å avsette den aktive jernmasse på folie fra jern(III)ammoniumnitrat og jern(III)nitrat resulterte imidler tid i dannelse av bare meget tynne vedheftende avsetninger av jern(III)hydroksyd, og høye strømtettheter, over 100 mA/cm<2>, var påkrevet for oppnåelse av selv dette. Når et monomolekylært sjikt er avsatt, vil det avsatte jern(III)hydroksydets dårlige ledningsevne hindre videre avsetning. US Patent No. 3,527,613 describes the use of iron (III) electrolytes in the electrolytic precipitation of an active material based on an iron compound and sulfur in the pores of a porous electrode. Attempts to deposit the active iron mass on foil from iron (III) ammonium nitrate and iron (III) nitrate resulted, however, in time in the formation of only very thin adherent deposits of iron (III) hydroxide, and high current densities, above 100 mA/cm<2 >, was required to achieve even this. When a monomolecular layer has been deposited, the poor conductivity of the deposited iron(III) hydroxide will prevent further deposition.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse er basert på den oppdagelse at jern(III)-elektrolytter kan modifiseres slik at det kan oppnås godt vedheftende, tilfredsstillende, avsetninger av aktiv jernmasse på glatte, ugjennomtrengelige overflater, så som på metall-, folie. The present invention is based on the discovery that iron (III) electrolytes can be modified so that well-adherent, satisfactory deposits of active iron mass can be obtained on smooth, impermeable surfaces, such as on metal foil.
Fremgangsmåten i følge foreliggende oppfinnelse, hvor en aktiv jernmasse avsettes på en glatt ugjennomtrengelig elektrisk ledende overflate, erkarakterisert vedat det elektrolytisk avsettes aktiv masse bestående av jern og jernoksyd og/eller -hydroksyd fra en elektrolytt som inneholder jern(III)-ioner og oppløselige karboksylat-ioner, og som har en pH under 4,0, under anvendelse av en katodestrømstetthet mellom 10 og 1 000 mA/cm<2>. Normalt anvendes et forhold mellom treverdige jernioner og karboksylat-ioner på minst 2:1. The method according to the present invention, where an active iron mass is deposited on a smooth impermeable electrically conductive surface, is characterized by electrolytically depositing an active mass consisting of iron and iron oxide and/or hydroxide from an electrolyte containing iron (III) ions and soluble carboxylate -ions, and having a pH below 4.0, using a cathode current density between 10 and 1000 mA/cm<2>. Normally, a ratio between trivalent iron ions and carboxylate ions of at least 2:1 is used.
Elektrolytten inneholder fortrinnsvis også et stort overskudd av ammonium-ioner. The electrolyte preferably also contains a large excess of ammonium ions.
Med oppløselige karboksylater menes i det foreliggende karboksylat-ioner av svake karboksylsyrer med pKa-verdier høyere enn elektrolyttens pH-verdi, og hvor både jern(III)karboksylatet og jern(II)karboksylatet er oppløselig i vandige løsninger. Slike oppløselige karboksylater er typisk tartrat, acetat, laktat og citrat. In this context, soluble carboxylates mean carboxylate ions of weak carboxylic acids with pKa values higher than the electrolyte's pH value, and where both the iron (III) carboxylate and the iron (II) carboxylate are soluble in aqueous solutions. Such soluble carboxylates are typically tartrate, acetate, lactate and citrate.
Når elektrolytten fremstilles, vil karboksylat-ionene kompleksbinde en støkiometrisk mengde av de tilgjengelige treverdige jern-ioner og derved stabilisere elektrolytten og medføre modifisering av elektrodereaksjonen. Dette skyldes at karboksylater danner mer stabile komplekser med treverdige jern-ioner enn med toverdige jern-ioner, slik at katodereaksjonen, reduksjonen av Fe (III) til Fe (II) i nærvær av karboksylat-ioner, medfører enøkning i pH ved elektrodeoverflaten på grunn avøkningen i konsentrasjonen av frie karboksylat-ioner. Under de sure betin-gelser, i elektrolytten blir disse karboksylat-ioner i stor grad protonisert, og den lokale økning i pH bevirker avsetning av jernoksyd og/eller -hydroksyd på katoden. Ved strømtettheter større enn den diffusjonsbegrensede verdi for reduksjon av Fe (III) til Fe (II), avsettes også jern, slik at den avsatte aktive masse er en blanding av jern og jernoksyd og/eller -hydroksyd, hvor mengdeforholdet mellom de to vil variere med strømtettheten. When the electrolyte is produced, the carboxylate ions will complex bind a stoichiometric amount of the available trivalent iron ions and thereby stabilize the electrolyte and lead to a modification of the electrode reaction. This is because carboxylates form more stable complexes with trivalent iron ions than with divalent iron ions, so that the cathode reaction, the reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) in the presence of carboxylate ions, causes an increase in pH at the electrode surface due to the increase in the concentration of free carboxylate ions. Under the acidic conditions, in the electrolyte these carboxylate ions are largely protonated, and the local increase in pH causes deposition of iron oxide and/or hydroxide on the cathode. At current densities greater than the diffusion-limited value for the reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II), iron is also deposited, so that the deposited active mass is a mixture of iron and iron oxide and/or hydroxide, where the quantity ratio between the two will vary with the current density.
Det er blitt funnet at fremgangsmåten i følge oppfinnelsen vil gi avsetninger av aktiv masse med høy densitet og med god adhesjon til glatte ugjennomtrengelige overflater så som metallfolie. Den gode adhesjon kan tilskrives elektrolyttens svakt korroderende virkning, slik at overflaten av det metalliske.-underlag i noen grad etses før avsetningen begynner. It has been found that the method according to the invention will give deposits of active mass with high density and with good adhesion to smooth impermeable surfaces such as metal foil. The good adhesion can be attributed to the slightly corrosive effect of the electrolyte, so that the surface of the metallic substrate is etched to some extent before deposition begins.
Foretrukne elektrolytter til bruk ved fremgangsmåtenPreferred electrolytes for use in the method
i følge oppfinnelsen inneholder et stort overskudd av ammonium-ioner, dvs. opp til metningspunktet.Mengdeforholdet mellom ammonium-ioner og treverdige jernioner er av størrelsesorden 4:1. Dette høye ammoniumioninnhold stabiliserer elektrolytten ytterligere og minimerer eller hindrer utfelling av jern(III)hydroksyd ved henstand. Videre konkurrerer ammoniumionene med de toverdige og treverdige jernioner når det gjelder reaksjon med de frie hydroksylioner, hvilket medfører en økning i densiteten og metallinnholdet i den avsatte aktive masse for en gitt strømtetthet. according to the invention contains a large excess of ammonium ions, i.e. up to the saturation point. The quantity ratio between ammonium ions and trivalent iron ions is of the order of 4:1. This high ammonium ion content further stabilizes the electrolyte and minimizes or prevents precipitation of iron (III) hydroxide upon standing. Furthermore, the ammonium ions compete with the divalent and trivalent iron ions when it comes to reaction with the free hydroxyl ions, which leads to an increase in the density and metal content of the deposited active mass for a given current density.
De foretrukne elektrolytter som anvendes i følge oppfinnelsen, kan fremstilles ut fra hvilket som helst hensiktsmessig utgangsmateriale. Man foretrekker å bruke jern(III)- eller ammonium-halogenider, da eventuelle rester av halogenid-ioner etter aktiveringen kan forårsake korrosjon når jernelektroden senere anvendes i et batteri. Videre bør anioner som særlig lett redu-seres, f.eks. nitrat, ikke anvendes i elektrolytten. I alminnelighet foretrekker man å bruke jern(III)sulfat, ammoniakk, ammoniumsulfat og/eller jern(III)ammoniumsulfat i elektrolyttene, The preferred electrolytes used according to the invention can be prepared from any suitable starting material. It is preferred to use iron(III) or ammonium halides, as any residual halide ions after activation can cause corrosion when the iron electrode is later used in a battery. Furthermore, anions which are particularly easily reduced, e.g. nitrate, not used in the electrolyte. In general, it is preferred to use iron (III) sulphate, ammonia, ammonium sulphate and/or iron (III) ammonium sulphate in the electrolytes,
da disse er billige og lett tilgjengelige. Karboksylat-ionet kan tilsettes som hvilket som helst egnet oppløselig salt, f.eks. citrat som natriumcitrat, og pH-verdien reguleres normalt ved tilsetning av natriumhydroksyd. as these are cheap and easily available. The carboxylate ion may be added as any suitable soluble salt, e.g. citrate as sodium citrate, and the pH value is normally regulated by adding sodium hydroxide.
Elektrolyttens pH må ved fremgangsmåten i følge oppfinnelsen ikke overstige 4, da løsningen ved høyere pH-verdier blir altfor ustabil til å kunne brukes i praksis. In the method according to the invention, the pH of the electrolyte must not exceed 4, as the solution at higher pH values becomes far too unstable to be used in practice.
Ved pH-verdier lavere enn 4 vil imidlertid utfelling i noen grad kunne forekomme. Når forholdet mellom ammonium og treverdig jern i elektrolytten er under ca. 2,5:1, vil denne normalt være jern(III)hydroksyd. I de foretrukne elektrolytter med høyt innhold av ammoniumion vil basisk jern(III)sulfat utfelles. Skjønt denne utfelling ikke er ugunstig for aktiveringen, senker den dog innholdet av treverdig jern i løsningen, og det er vanlig å gjøre de derav følgende endringer i strømtettheten og aktiveringspro-sessens varighet etterhvert som innholdet av treverdig jern avtar. At pH values lower than 4, however, precipitation may occur to some extent. When the ratio between ammonium and trivalent iron in the electrolyte is below approx. 2.5:1, this will normally be iron (III) hydroxide. In the preferred electrolytes with a high content of ammonium ion, basic iron (III) sulphate will precipitate. Although this precipitation is not unfavorable for the activation, it does lower the content of trivalent iron in the solution, and it is common to make the resulting changes in the current density and the duration of the activation process as the content of trivalent iron decreases.
Hvis pH-verdien er for lav, blir metallinnholdet i det avsatte materiale høyt, og løsningen blir for sterkt korroderende. pH-verdien varierer i høy grad med det karboksylat-ion som anvendes og størrelsen av det tilgjengelige overskudd av ammonium-ion, men kan lett bestemmes eksperimentelt for en gitt elektrolytt til bruk i følge oppfinnelsen. Når en elektrolytt skal fremstilles under anvendelse av X mol/l jern(III)-ion, Y mol/l karboksylat-ion og Z mol/l ammonium-ion, tilberedes således en lignende løsning med unntagelse av at den inneholder X mol/l jern-(II)-ion istedenfor jern(III)-ion; deretter titreres med en standardløsning av natriumhydroksyd, og pH-verdien registreres under titreringen. Man observerer at pH-verdien stiger til et konstant nivå ved hvilket utfelling finner sted. Den mengde natriumhydroksyd som er tilsatt idet kurven flater ut, noteres, If the pH value is too low, the metal content of the deposited material becomes high, and the solution becomes too strongly corrosive. The pH value varies greatly with the carboxylate ion used and the size of the available excess of ammonium ion, but can easily be determined experimentally for a given electrolyte for use according to the invention. When an electrolyte is to be prepared using X mol/l iron(III) ion, Y mol/l carboxylate ion and Z mol/l ammonium ion, a similar solution is thus prepared with the exception that it contains X mol/l iron (II) ion instead of iron (III) ion; then titrate with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, and the pH value is recorded during the titration. It is observed that the pH value rises to a constant level at which precipitation takes place. The amount of sodium hydroxide added as the curve flattens is noted,
og en like stor mengde tilsettes til en alikvot av jern(III)-elektrolytten. Den resulterende pH i jern(III)-løsningen er den laveste pH ved hvilken denne elektrolytt kan anvendes. Grunnen til dette er at det ved en lavere pH ikke kan skje noen jern(II)-hydroksyd-dannelse ved reduksjon. For de foretrukne elektrolytter v til bruk i følge oppfinnelsen bør pH-verdien i alminnelighet holdes innen området 2,2-3,5, fortrinnsvis 2,5-3,0. and an equal amount is added to an aliquot of the ferric electrolyte. The resulting pH of the iron(III) solution is the lowest pH at which this electrolyte can be used. The reason for this is that at a lower pH no iron(II) hydroxide formation can occur during reduction. For the preferred electrolytes v for use according to the invention, the pH value should generally be kept within the range 2.2-3.5, preferably 2.5-3.0.
Fremgangsmåten i følge oppfinnelsen utføres under be-tingelser ved hvilke den valgte strømtetthet er mellom 10 og 1000 mA/cm 2 og korreleres med jern(III)-innholdet i elektrolytten for oppnåelse av denønskede avsetning. Til veiledning nevnes en strømtetthet mellom 20 C og 200 C mA/cm<3>, hvor C er det molare innhold av treverdig jern i elektrolytten, slik at det ved et typisk jern(III)-innhold på 0,5 M anvendes strømtettheter innen området 10-100 mA/cm 2. Fortrinnsvis er strømtettheten innen området 25-40 mA/cm 2. Det er blitt funnet at elektrodereaksjonen Fe (III) 7» Fe (II) i alminnelighet favoriseres ved lave strøm-tettheter, mens reaksjonen Fe(II) > Fe gjør seg mindre gjel-dende. Fremgangsmåten utføres normalt ved romtemperatur eller nær romtemperatur. The method according to the invention is carried out under conditions in which the selected current density is between 10 and 1000 mA/cm 2 and is correlated with the iron (III) content in the electrolyte to achieve the desired deposit. For guidance, a current density between 20 C and 200 C mA/cm<3> is mentioned, where C is the molar content of trivalent iron in the electrolyte, so that with a typical iron (III) content of 0.5 M, current densities within the range 10-100 mA/cm 2 . Preferably the current density is within the range 25-40 mA/cm 2 . It has been found that the electrode reaction Fe (III) 7 » Fe (II) is generally favored at low current densities, while the reaction Fe (II) > Fe becomes less applicable. The procedure is normally carried out at room temperature or close to room temperature.
Fremgangsmåten i følge oppfinnelsen utføres normalt under anvendelse av en inert anode; hvis en anode av jern eller annet reaktivt metall anvendes, foreligger nemlig mulighet for reaksjon mellom treverdige jernioner i løsningen og anoden, slik at det dannes en skadelig mengde toverdige jernioner i elektrolytten. Foretrukne anoder innbefatter ruteniumdioksyd på titan og platinisert titan. The method according to the invention is normally carried out using an inert anode; if an anode of iron or other reactive metal is used, there is a possibility of reaction between trivalent iron ions in the solution and the anode, so that a harmful amount of divalent iron ions is formed in the electrolyte. Preferred anodes include ruthenium dioxide on titanium and platinized titanium.
Foretrukne elektrolytter til bruk ved fremgangsmåten i følge oppfinnelsen inneholder citrationer, fortrinnsvis i en konsentrasjon slik at forholdet Fe(III):citrat er mellom 10:1 Preferred electrolytes for use in the method according to the invention contain citrate ions, preferably in a concentration such that the ratio Fe(III):citrate is between 10:1
og 2:1, fortrinnsvis ca. 3:1.and 2:1, preferably approx. 3:1.
Som kjent fra teknikkens stand kan aktive jernmasser forbedres ved tilsetning av en liten mengde svovel i det avsatte materiale, enten som elementært svovel eller som et sulfid, hvorved eléktrodens begynnelseskapasitet og syklus-levetid kanøkes. En foretrukken måte til å inkorporere svovel kan være å oppløse egnede svovelholdige forbindelser, f.eks. natriumtiosulfat, tiourea eller dinatriumsaltet av naftalendisulfonat, i den elektrolytt fra hvilken avsetningen finner sted, i slike konsentrasjoner at en passende mengde svovel, normalt mellom 0,01 og 0,5 vekt-%, fortrinnsvis 0,01-0,1 vekt-%, beregnet på den aktive masse, inkorporeres i det avsatte materiale. Alternativt kan imidlertid fremgangsmåten i følge oppfinnelsen følges av et ytterligere trinn i hvilket den elektrode som fremstilles ved avsetnings-prosessen, dyppes i en løsning av et svovelholdig materiale, f.eks. et sulfid oppløst i kaliumhydroksyd, eller elektroden lades til å begynne med i en elektrolytt som inneholder en egnet kilde for svovel. En egnet elektrolytt til utførelse av den nevnte be-gynnelsesladning består av en løsning av kaliumhydroksyd og kan inneholde alkalimetallsulfid eller -polysulfid i én konsentrasjon mellom 10~3 og 10-1 mol/l. As is known from the prior art, active iron masses can be improved by adding a small amount of sulfur to the deposited material, either as elemental sulfur or as a sulphide, whereby the initial capacity and cycle life of the electrode can be increased. A preferred way of incorporating sulfur may be to dissolve suitable sulphur-containing compounds, e.g. sodium thiosulphate, thiourea or the disodium salt of naphthalenedisulfonate, in the electrolyte from which the deposition takes place, in such concentrations that a suitable amount of sulphur, normally between 0.01 and 0.5% by weight, preferably 0.01-0.1% by weight , calculated for the active mass, is incorporated into the deposited material. Alternatively, however, the method according to the invention can be followed by a further step in which the electrode produced by the deposition process is dipped in a solution of a sulphur-containing material, e.g. a sulphide dissolved in potassium hydroxide, or the electrode is initially charged in an electrolyte containing a suitable source of sulphur. A suitable electrolyte for carrying out the aforementioned initial charge consists of a solution of potassium hydroxide and may contain alkali metal sulphide or polysulphide in a concentration between 10-3 and 10-1 mol/l.
Fremgangsmåten i følge" oppfinnelsen kan anvnedes ved avsetning av aktiv jernmasse på hvilket som helst egnet underlag, men når det gjelder å oppnå best mulig forhold mellom kapa-sitet og vekt, er det ønskelig å bruke et metallfolie-underlag, hvor foliens tykkelse er forenlig med den strøm som batteriet påregnes å levere. Folien kan med fordel være perforert, og en stabel av folier påført aktiv masse kan så utgjøre en batteri-plate, som beskrevet i britisk patent nr. 1 246 048. The method according to the invention can be used for the deposition of active iron mass on any suitable substrate, but when it comes to achieving the best possible ratio between capacity and weight, it is desirable to use a metal foil substrate, where the thickness of the foil is compatible with the current that the battery is expected to deliver. The foil can advantageously be perforated, and a stack of foils applied with active mass can then constitute a battery plate, as described in British patent no. 1 246 048.
De følgende eksempler vil ytterligere belyse aktiverings-prosessen i følge oppfinnelsen. The following examples will further illustrate the activation process according to the invention.
EKSEMPEL 1EXAMPLE 1
De ble fremstilt en elektrolytt inneholdende 0,5 M jern-(III)ammoniumsulfat, 0,17 M trinatriumcitrat og 0,75 M ammoniumsulfat, og pH-verdien ble innstilt på 2,8 med natriumhydroksyd. An electrolyte containing 0.5 M ferric ammonium sulfate, 0.17 M trisodium citrate and 0.75 M ammonium sulfate was prepared, and the pH was adjusted to 2.8 with sodium hydroxide.
En nikkelfolie med dimensjonene 5 cm x 5 cm og tykkelse på 4yum ble anvendt som katode i en elektrolyse ved romtemperatur, hvor en inert motelektrode tjente som anode, og hvor katodestrømstett-heten var 30 mA/cm 2. Elektrolysen pågikk i 25 minutter. Katodens vektøkning var 0,2 0,04 g, og det avsatte materiales densitet var 2,8 1 6,5 g/cm . Elektroden ble fra først av syklus-behandlet i en elektrolytt bestående av natriumsulfid i 30%'s kaliumhydroksyd-løsning, og svovelinnholdet i elektrolytten var 4% av vekten av aktiv masse. Overflatekapasiteten etter 20 ladnings- og ut-ladnings-cykler til 0,7 9 volt ble målt mot en kvikksølv-kvikksølv-oksyd-elektrode og ble funnet å være 1,3 + - 0,2 mAh/cm 2. Utnyttingsfaktoren var 39 ± 5%. A nickel foil with dimensions 5 cm x 5 cm and a thickness of 4 µm was used as cathode in an electrolysis at room temperature, where an inert counter electrode served as anode, and where the cathode current density was 30 mA/cm 2. The electrolysis lasted for 25 minutes. The weight increase of the cathode was 0.2 0.04 g, and the density of the deposited material was 2.8 1 6.5 g/cm . The electrode was cycle-treated from the beginning in an electrolyte consisting of sodium sulphide in a 30% potassium hydroxide solution, and the sulfur content in the electrolyte was 4% of the weight of active mass. The surface capacity after 20 charge-discharge cycles to 0.79 volts was measured against a mercury-mercury-oxide electrode and was found to be 1.3 + - 0.2 mAh/cm 2 . The utilization factor was 39 ± 5%.
EKSEMPEL 2EXAMPLE 2
Det ble fremstilt en elektrolytt inneholdende 0,4 M jern(III)ammoniumsulfat og 0,4 M natriumlaktat, og pH ble innstilt på 3,0 med natriumhydroksyd. En nikkelfolie med dimensjonene 5 cm x 5 cm og en tykkelse på 4 ,um ble aktivert i 15 minutter ved en katodestrømstetthet på 50 mA/cm 2. Det erholdtes et avsatt materiale med samlet tykkelse på 40^um og med en 3,5 g/cm 3, og jerninnholdet var 86%. Overflatekapasiteten etter 20 cykler var 1,9 mAh/cm 2og utnyttingsfaktoren 3 2%. An electrolyte containing 0.4 M ferric ammonium sulfate and 0.4 M sodium lactate was prepared and the pH was adjusted to 3.0 with sodium hydroxide. A nickel foil with dimensions 5 cm x 5 cm and a thickness of 4 µm was activated for 15 minutes at a cathode current density of 50 mA/cm 2 . A deposited material with a total thickness of 40 µm and with a 3.5 g /cm 3, and the iron content was 86%. The surface capacity after 20 cycles was 1.9 mAh/cm 2 and the utilization factor 3 2%.
EKSEMPEL 3EXAMPLE 3
Det ble fremstilt en elektrolytt inneholdende 0,5 M jern-(III)ammoniumsulfat, 0,17 M trinatriumcitrat, 0,75 M ammoniumsulfat og 7,5 x 10 natriumtiosulf at, og pH ble innstilt på 2,8 med natriumhydroksyd. En nikkelfolie med dimensjonene 5 cm x 5 cm x 4 ,um ble anvendt som katode, platinisert titan som motelektrode og aktiveringen utført ved 30 mA/cm 2 ved romtemperatur, 20 oC, i 20 minutter. Det avsatte materiales densitet ble funnet å være 2,0 g/cm<3>, og den aktive masse inneholdt 0,04-0,05% S basert på vekten av aktiv masse. Overflatekapasiteten etter 5 ladnings- An electrolyte containing 0.5 M ferric (III) ammonium sulfate, 0.17 M trisodium citrate, 0.75 M ammonium sulfate and 7.5 x 10 sodium thiosulfate was prepared, and the pH was adjusted to 2.8 with sodium hydroxide. A nickel foil with the dimensions 5 cm x 5 cm x 4 µm was used as the cathode, platinized titanium as the counter electrode and the activation was carried out at 30 mA/cm 2 at room temperature, 20 oC, for 20 minutes. The density of the deposited material was found to be 2.0 g/cm<3> and the active pulp contained 0.04-0.05% S based on the weight of active pulp. The surface capacity after 5 charging
og utladningscykler.ble funnet å være 1,0 mAh/cm , og utnyttingsfaktoren var 35%. and discharge cycles. was found to be 1.0 mAh/cm , and the utilization factor was 35%.
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GB50478/75A GB1566708A (en) | 1975-12-09 | 1975-12-09 | Electrodeposition of iron active mass |
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1976
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