NO753803L - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- NO753803L NO753803L NO753803A NO753803A NO753803L NO 753803 L NO753803 L NO 753803L NO 753803 A NO753803 A NO 753803A NO 753803 A NO753803 A NO 753803A NO 753803 L NO753803 L NO 753803L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- mixture
- polymer
- water
- content
- added
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 41
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- -1 softeners Substances 0.000 description 31
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000012662 bulk polymerization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 3
- UTOPWMOLSKOLTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octacosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UTOPWMOLSKOLTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-1,3-Butanediol Chemical compound CC(O)CCO PUPZLCDOIYMWBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 1-oleoylglycerol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylbenzyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC1=CC=CC=C1 IRIAEXORFWYRCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007933 aliphatic carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium sulfate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O TZCXTZWJZNENPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-HXUWFJFHSA-N glycerol monolinoleate Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](O)CO RZRNAYUHWVFMIP-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical class [H]O* 0.000 description 2
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl undecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000013872 montan acid ester Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001766 physiological effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003685 thermal hair damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- IMYZYCNQZDBZBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+-)-8-(cis-3-octyl-oxiranyl)-octanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC1OC1CCCCCCCC(O)=O IMYZYCNQZDBZBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIIBYWQGRFWQKM-JVVROLKMSA-N (2S)-N-[4-(cyclopropylamino)-3,4-dioxo-1-[(3S)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]butan-2-yl]-2-[[(E)-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)prop-2-enoyl]amino]-4,4-dimethylpentanamide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C[C@@H](C(NC(C[C@H](CCN1)C1=O)C(C(NC1CC1)=O)=O)=O)NC(/C=C/C(C=CC(Cl)=C1)=C1Cl)=O BIIBYWQGRFWQKM-JVVROLKMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VPGSXIKVUASQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dibutylnaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(CCCC)C(CCCC)=CC=C21 VPGSXIKVUASQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LUBJCRLGQSPQNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Phenylurea Chemical compound NC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 LUBJCRLGQSPQNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKQHIYSTBXDYNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecylpyridin-1-ium;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1 GKQHIYSTBXDYNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFFMLCVRJBZUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylbutane Chemical group CC(C)C(C)C ZFFMLCVRJBZUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDXJRKWFNNFDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)-1-[4-[2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidin-5-yl]piperazin-1-yl]ethanone Chemical group C1CN(CC2=NNN=C21)CC(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4=CN=C(N=C4)NCC5=CC(=CC=C5)OC(F)(F)F LDXJRKWFNNFDSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRIUALOJYOZZOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-ethylhexyl 2-[dibutyl-[2-(2-ethylhexoxy)-2-oxoethyl]sulfanylstannyl]sulfanylacetate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CS[Sn](CCCC)(CCCC)SCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC PRIUALOJYOZZOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylphenol;3-methylphenol;4-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1.CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1O QTWJRLJHJPIABL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-vinylpyridine Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 KGIGUEBEKRSTEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RTOSJSSWYMWLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-J C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-].[Ba+2].[Cd+2].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-] Chemical compound C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-].[Ba+2].[Cd+2].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-].C(CCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)[O-] RTOSJSSWYMWLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl decanedioate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCC PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N Linoleic acid Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleimide Chemical compound O=C1NC(=O)C=C1 PEEHTFAAVSWFBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FCSHMCFRCYZTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N'-diphenylthiourea Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1 FCSHMCFRCYZTRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical class OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trichloroethylene Chemical group ClC=C(Cl)Cl XSTXAVWGXDQKEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical class C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005083 Zinc sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] Chemical compound [O--].[Al+3].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YKTSYUJCYHOUJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical class [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005276 aerator Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005210 alkyl ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium peroxydisulfate Substances [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)OOS([O-])=O VAZSKTXWXKYQJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003373 anti-fouling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzophenone Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWCCWEUUXYIKHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012965 benzophenone Substances 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SAOKZLXYCUGLFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC SAOKZLXYCUGLFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UAXZKOFYXXDTFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[2-(hexadecanoylamino)ethyl]hexadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCNC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC UAXZKOFYXXDTFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-dodecyl-n,n-dimethylglycinate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC([O-])=O DVEKCXOJTLDBFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N nifuroxazide Chemical group C1=CC(O)=CC=C1C(=O)N\N=C\C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)O1 YCWSUKQGVSGXJO-NTUHNPAUSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002976 peresters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002685 polymerization catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000056 polyoxyethylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000021395 porridge Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
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- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium persulfate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O CHQMHPLRPQMAMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010558 suspension polymerization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2,2-dimethylpropaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OOC(=O)C(C)(C)C OPQYOFWUFGEMRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl ethaneperoxoate Chemical compound CC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C SWAXTRYEYUTSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BWSZXUOMATYHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl octaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OOC(C)(C)C BWSZXUOMATYHHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004764 thiosulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003606 tin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003628 tricarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FRDNONBEXWDRDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-ethylhexyl) 2-acetyloxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)CC(C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC)(OC(C)=O)CC(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC FRDNONBEXWDRDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021122 unsaturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004670 unsaturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B13/00—Conditioning or physical treatment of the material to be shaped
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F6/00—Post-polymerisation treatments
- C08F6/001—Removal of residual monomers by physical means
- C08F6/005—Removal of residual monomers by physical means from solid polymers
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
Oppfinnelsen vedrører en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av forarbeidelsesferdige pulverformede blandinger The invention relates to a method for producing ready-to-process powdered mixtures
på basis av vinylklorid-polymerisater med sammenlignet til anvendt vinylklorid-polymerisåt sterkt redusert innhold av monomer vinylklorid. on the basis of vinyl chloride polymers with, compared to used vinyl chloride polymers, a greatly reduced content of monomeric vinyl chloride.
De etter de kjente tekniske fremgangsmåter fremstilte vinylklorid homo- og kopolymerisater inneholder alt etter fremstillingsfremgangsmåten mer eller mindre store The vinyl chloride homo- and copolymers produced according to the known technical methods contain, depending on the production method, more or less large
mengder av vinylklorid.(VC). Ved de kjente forarbeidelses-metoder for disse ved termoplastisk forming til bruksgjenstander, eksempelvis ved kalandrering eller ekstrusjon, unn-viker bare en del av VC, således at de ferdige artikler, eksempelvis folier eller flasker, ennu har et relativt høyt innhold av monomert VC. Dette medfører den ulempe at eksempelvis ved anvendelse av slike artikler til forpakning, f.eks. til forpakning av næringsmidler, kan disse påvirkes negativt lukt-messig og smaksmessig ved migrering av den monomere inn'i det innpakkede gods. Dessuten må det tas hensyn til det faktum at også allerede relativt små mengder vinylklorid muligens kan utløse skadelige fysiologiske virkninger. Det består derfor det ønske fra de angjeldende polymerisater før deres forar-beidelse til bruksgjenstander mest mulig å fjerne det monomere amounts of vinyl chloride.(VC). In the known processing methods for these by thermoplastic shaping into articles of use, for example by calendering or extrusion, only a part of the VC escapes, so that the finished articles, for example foils or bottles, still have a relatively high content of monomeric VC. This entails the disadvantage that, for example, when using such articles for packaging, e.g. for packaging foodstuffs, these can be negatively affected in terms of smell and taste by migration of the monomer into the packaged goods. In addition, account must be taken of the fact that even relatively small amounts of vinyl chloride can possibly trigger harmful physiological effects. It is therefore the desire of the polymers in question to remove the monomers as much as possible before their processing into articles of use
VC. VC.
• Det er kjent at med den vanlige metode■til fremstilling av forarbeidelsesferdige pulverformede blandinger på basis av PVC i hurtigblandere, idet blandegodset ved hjelp av røreenergien kan bringes til sluttemperaturer på ca. 130°C til l40°C, reduseres VC-monomerinnholdet av det anvendte VC-polymerisatet betraktelig. Virkningen av denne varmblanding kan f.eks. ytterligere økes når blandeprosessen videreføres til sluttemperaturer' fra 150 til l60°C. Ved så høye temperaturer • It is known that with the usual method■for the production of ready-to-process powdered mixtures based on PVC in high-speed mixers, as the mixture can be brought to final temperatures of approx. 130°C to 140°C, the VC monomer content of the VC polymer used is considerably reduced. The effect of this hot mixture can e.g. is further increased when the mixing process is continued to final temperatures' from 150 to 160°C. At such high temperatures
i hurtigblandere finner det imidlertid med de vanlige stabili-satormengder allerede sted en termisk overpåkjenning av VC-polymerisatet, som har til følge at ved..videreforarbeidelsen av blandingen til formlegemer, eksempelvis ved kalandrering til folier har formlegemene ikke mere den for anvendelsen nød-vendige stabilitet mot innvirkning- av varme resp. lys og kan vise forskjellige gulaktige og sågar brunaktige farvetoner. in high-speed mixers, however, with the usual amounts of stabilizer, a thermal overload of the VC polymer already takes place, which results in the further processing of the mixture into shaped bodies, for example when calendering into foils, the shaped bodies no longer have the necessary for the application stability against the impact of heat or light and can show different yellowish and even brownish tones.
Ved anvendelsen av økede mengder av virksomme stabilisatorer When using increased amounts of effective stabilizers
kan den termiske overpåkjenning riktignok holdes' tilbake, imidlertid fører denne måte til en betraktelig' fordyring av den frembragte artikkel. the thermal overstress can indeed be contained, however, this method leads to a considerable increase in the cost of the article produced.
Det er også kjent, ytterligere å nedsette VC-innholdet av de i hurtigblandere, ved vanlige temperaturer, It is also known to further reduce the VC content of those in rapid mixers, at normal temperatures,
hvor det ennu ikke. finner sted termisk..overpåkjenning av VC-polymerisatet fremstilte blandinger ytterligere ved.at blandingene ved deres videreforarbeidelse i plastifiseringsaggre-gatet utsettes for en lengere oppholdstid og høyere temperatur enn vanlig. Denne metode gir imidlertid, selv når det derved anvendes vakuum, bare en liten nedgang av VC-innholdet. Ved den forøkede termiske påkjenning består derimot ved normal stabiliseringsmengde alltid faren for en beskadigelse av det frembragte produkts bruksegenskaper. En lengere oppholdstid må også taes på kjøpet av.en nedgang i produksjonsmengden. where not yet. takes place thermally..overstressing of the VC polymer produced mixtures further by the fact that the mixtures are subjected to a longer residence time and higher temperature than usual during their further processing in the plasticizing aggregate. This method, however, even when a vacuum is thereby used, only results in a slight decrease in the VC content. With the increased thermal stress, on the other hand, with a normal amount of stabilization, there is always the risk of damage to the product's performance properties. A longer residence time must also be taken at the expense of a decrease in the production quantity.
Til grunn for oppfinnelsen ligger den oppgave å tilveiebringe en fremgangsmåte, hvor det på driftsmessig enkel, billig og hurtig måte uten fare for en termisk beskadigelse er mulig til å fremstille forarbeidelsesferdige pulverformede blandinger på basis av VC-polymerisater, som har ett sammenlignet til anvendt VC-polymerisat sterkt redusert VC-innhold. The invention is based on the task of providing a method, in which it is operationally simple, cheap and fast without risk of thermal damage to produce ready-to-process powdery mixtures based on VC polymers, which have a comparison to the VC used -polymerizate strongly reduced VC content.
Denne oppgave løses ifølge oppfinnelsen ved en fremgangsmåte, hvor VC-polymerisatet gjennomblandes intenst mekanisk og derved samtidig oppvarmes, idet blandegodset oppvarmes til en sluttemperatur på minst 70°C og før oppnåelse av sluttemperaturen tilsettes- vann. According to the invention, this task is solved by a method in which the VC polymer is intensively mechanically mixed and thereby heated at the same time, the mixture being heated to a final temperature of at least 70°C and water is added before the final temperature is reached.
Oppfinnelsen vedrører altså en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av forarbeidelsesferdige pulverformede blandinger på basis av VC-polymerisatet med sammenlignet til anvendt VC-polymerisat sterkt redusert innhold av monomert VC, hvor VC-polymerisatet, eventuelt sammen med tilsetningsstoffer som stabilisatorer, glidemidler, mykningsmidler, fyllstoffer, pig menter og modifiserende midler gjennomblandes mekanisk og derved samtidig oppvarmes, idet fremgangsmåten erkarakterisert vedat blandegodset oppvarmes til en sluttemperatur på minst 70°C og før oppnåelse av 'sluttemperaturen tilsettes vann. The invention therefore relates to a method for the production of ready-to-process powdery mixtures based on the VC polymer with, compared to the VC polymer used, a greatly reduced content of monomeric VC, where the VC polymer, optionally together with additives such as stabilizers, lubricants, softeners, fillers, pig ments and modifying agents are mechanically mixed through and thereby heated at the same time, the method being characterized by the mixture being heated to a final temperature of at least 70°C and before the final temperature is reached, water is added.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kan eksempelvis gjennomføres i hurtigblandere, dvs. blandere hvis blande-verktøy vanligvis har en omkretshastighet på over 10. meter/ sekund, slik det er vanlig og kjent til kunststoff-forarbeidel-sen. Beholderen som inneholder blandegodset kan være utført faststående eller bevegelig, men kan eksempelvis rotere. The method according to the invention can, for example, be carried out in high-speed mixers, i.e. mixers whose mixing tools usually have a peripheral speed of over 10 meters/second, as is common and known for plastic processing. The container containing the mixed material can be fixed or movable, but can, for example, rotate.
Det er hensiktsmessig under blandeprosessen å sørge for en god bortføring av dannede gasser resp. damper, eventuelt kan. blanderen spyles med inertgass som luft, nitro-gen, karbondioksyd. It is appropriate during the mixing process to ensure a good removal of formed gases or vapors, possibly can. the mixer is flushed with inert gas such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide.
Oppvarmningen av blandegodset under blandingen kan foregå ved indirekte oppvarmning'av blandegodset, ek- . sempelvis ved hjelp av flytende varmemedier eller, ved hjelp av elektrisk energi. Den kan også foregå ved direkte, oppvarmning av blandegodset, eksempelvis ved den ved hjelp av blandeverktøy innbragte røreenergi og ved innblåsning av varme inerte. gasser eller .damper. Det kan også kombineres to eller flere oppvarmningstyper. Fordelaktig gjennomføres fremgangsmåten i de kjente og vanlige hurtigblandere med utluftning,-det er blandere med høyt dreietall av blandeverktøy, idet blandingen fortrinnsvis oppvarmes ved den innbragte røreenergi. Den i blandingen innførte energi avhenger derved av høyden av dreietallet^ på blandeverktøyet og varigheten av blandeprosessen. The heating of the mixture during mixing can take place by indirect heating of the mixture, e.g. for example by means of liquid heating media or, by means of electrical energy. It can also take place by direct heating of the mixture, for example by the stirring energy brought in by means of mixing tools and by blowing in hot inerts. gases or .vapours. Two or more heating types can also be combined. Advantageously, the method is carried out in the known and common high-speed mixers with venting, which are mixers with a high rotational speed of the mixing tool, as the mixture is preferably heated by the stirring energy introduced. The energy introduced into the mixture thus depends on the height of the rotation number^ of the mixing tool and the duration of the mixing process.
Under ca. 70°C blandegodstemperatur forløper fjerningen av det monomere VC.bare ufullstendig og langsomt, hvorved fremgangsmåten blir teknisk uinteressent. Over 170°C blandegodstemperatur kan det riktignok under tiden oppnås ennu en god fjerning av det monomere VC, imidlertid bare under for høy termisk påkjenning av blandegodset. Av denne grunn vil man oppvarme blandegodset under blandingen hensiktsmessig til en sluttemperatur på ikke over 170°C, fortrinnsvis foregår oppvarmningen av blandegodset til en sluttemperatur fra 90 During approx. 70°C mixture temperature, the removal of the monomeric VC proceeds only incompletely and slowly, whereby the method becomes technically uninteresting. Above 170°C mixing material temperature, it is true that in the meantime another good removal of the monomeric VC can be achieved, however only under excessive thermal stress on the mixing material. For this reason, the mixture will be suitably heated during mixing to a final temperature of no more than 170°C, preferably the heating of the mixture takes place to a final temperature of 90
til 160°C, spesielt 'fra 100 til l40°C. Ved blandere, hvori oppvarmningen av blandegodset utelukkende eller for en stor del oppnås over blandeverktøyet, eksempelvis ved de vanlige to 160°C, especially from 100 to 140°C. In the case of mixers, in which the heating of the mixed material is exclusively or to a large extent achieved via the mixing tool, for example with the usual
hurtigblandere, fremkommer blandétiden tvangsmessig av blahde-verktøyets valgte omdreiningstall og den ønskede slutt-temperatur. Således oppnås ved høye omkretshastigheter av blandeverktøyet den angitte sluttemperatur hurtigere enn ved high-speed mixers, the mixing time is determined by the selected speed of the mixing tool and the desired final temperature. Thus, at high circumferential speeds of the mixing tool, the indicated final temperature is achieved more quickly than with
. lavere omkretshastighet. . lower peripheral speed.
Ifølge oppfinnelsen settes det til blandegodset According to the invention, it is added to the mixture
før oppnåelse' av sluttemperaturen vann. Vannmengden, referert til VC-polymerisat, er begrenset oppad ved at det er hensiktsmessig å tilsette så meget vann at blandegodset antar grøt- < before reaching the final water temperature. The amount of water, referred to VC polymer, is limited upwards by the fact that it is appropriate to add so much water that the mixture takes on the appearance of porridge.
aktig form. Den nedre vannmengdegrense fremkommer ved at med for liten vannmengde avtar sterkt VC-utrivningens effektivitet. like form. The lower water quantity limit arises from the fact that with too little water, the effectiveness of the VC stripping decreases greatly.
Den til blandegodset satte vannmengde bør derfor fortrinnsvis utgjøre 0,2 til 20 vekt#, spesielt 1 til 10 vekt/», referert til tilstedeværende VC-polymerisat. Fortrinnsvis foregår tilsetningen, av vann til blandegodset før begynnelsen- av den mekaniske gjennomblanding. The amount of water added to the mixture should therefore preferably amount to 0.2 to 20% by weight, in particular 1 to 10% by weight, referred to the VC polymer present. Preferably, the addition of water to the mixing material takes place before the beginning of the mechanical thorough mixing.
Med VC-polymerisat er det å forstå ett eller With VC polymer is to understand one or
flere vinylklorid-homo-, -podnings- eller -kopolymerisater several vinyl chloride homo-, graft or copolymers
med et innhold på minst 50 vekt$, fortrinnsvis 75 ,vékt% og spesielt- 85 vekt%, referert til samlet polymerisat av polymeri-sert vinylklorid, som kan fremstilles ifølge kontinuerlig eller porsjonspolymerisasjonsfremgangsmåter, med eller uten anvendelse av et frø-forpolymerisat. Det kan derved polymeri-seres i vandig emulsjon eller suspensjon, såvel som også i masse eller gassfase i nærvær av 0,001 til 3 vekt%, fortrinnsvis 0,001 til 0,3 vekt$, referert til monomer av radikaldan-nende katalysatorer, som f.eks. diaryl-, diacylperoksyder, with a content of at least 50% by weight, preferably 75% by weight and especially 85% by weight, referred to the total polymer of polymerized vinyl chloride, which can be produced according to continuous or batch polymerization methods, with or without the use of a seed prepolymer. It can thereby be polymerized in aqueous emulsion or suspension, as well as in mass or gas phase in the presence of 0.001 to 3% by weight, preferably 0.001 to 0.3% by weight, referred to monomer of radical-forming catalysts, such as e.g. . diaryl, diacyl peroxides,
■som diacetyl-, acetylbenzoyl-, dilauroyl-, dibenzoyl-, bis-2,4-diklorbenzoyl-, bis-2-metyl-benzoylperoksyd; dialkylperoksyder som di-tert.-butylperoksyd, perestere som tert.-propylperkarbo-nat; tert.-butylperacetat, tert.-butylperoktoat, tert.-butyl-perpivalat; dialkylperoksyddikarbonater som diisopropyl-, dietylheksyl-, dicykloheksyl-, dietylcykloheksylperoksydikarbo-nater; blandede anhydrider av organiske syrer som acetylcyklo-heksylsulfonylperoksyd, som polymerisasjonskatalysatorer av kjente azoforbindelser, som azoisosmørsyrenitril samt boralkyler, dessuten persulfater som kalium-, natrium- eller ammoniumper-sulfat, hydrogenperoksyd, tert.-butylhydroperoksyd og andre vannoppløselige peroksyder samt også blandinger av forskjellige katalysatorer, idet peroksydiske katalysatorer også kan-anvendes ■as diacetyl-, acetylbenzoyl-, dilauroyl-, dibenzoyl-, bis-2,4-dichlorobenzoyl-, bis-2-methyl-benzoyl peroxide; dialkyl peroxides such as di-tert-butyl peroxide, peresters such as tert-propyl percarbonate; tert-butyl peracetate, tert-butyl peroctoate, tert-butyl perpivalate; dialkyl peroxide dicarbonates such as diisopropyl, diethylhexyl, dicyclohexyl, diethylcyclohexyl peroxydicarbonates; mixed anhydrides of organic acids such as acetylcyclohexylsulfonyl peroxide, as polymerization catalysts of known azo compounds, such as azoisobutyric acid nitrile and boron alkyls, also persulfates such as potassium, sodium or ammonium persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, tert.-butyl hydroperoxide and other water-soluble peroxides as well as mixtures of various catalysts , as peroxidic catalysts can also be used
i nærvær av 0,01 til 1 vekt%, referert til monomer, av en eller flere reduserende stoffer, som er egnet til oppbygning av et redox-katalysatorsystem,. som f.eks. sulfiter, bisul-fiter, ditioniter, tiosulfater,•aldehyd-sulfoksylater, f.eks. formaldehydsulfoksylat. Eventuelt kan polymerisasjonen gjennomføres i nærvær av 0,05 til 10 ppm, referert til metall pr. monomer, av oppløselige metallsalter, eksempelvis av kobber, sølv, jern, aluminium eller krom. in the presence of 0.01 to 1% by weight, referred to monomer, of one or more reducing substances, which are suitable for building up a redox catalyst system. like for example. sulfites, bisulfites, dithionites, thiosulfates, • aldehyde sulfoxylates, e.g. formaldehyde sulfoxylate. Optionally, the polymerization can be carried out in the presence of 0.05 to 10 ppm, referred to metal per monomer, of soluble metal salts, for example of copper, silver, iron, aluminum or chromium.
Videre kan polymerisasjonen finne sted i nærvær av 0,01 til 1 vekt#, fortrinnsvis 0,05 til 0,3 vekt%, referert til monomere, av en eller flere beskyttelseskolloider, som eksempelvis polyvinylalkohol,'som eventuelt dessuten inneholder inntil 40 mol% acetylgrupper, cellulosederivater, som vann-oppløselige metylcellulose, karboksymetylcellulos e, hydroksy-etylcellulose samt gelatin, videre blandingspolymerisater av maleinsyre resp. deres halvestere og styrener. Furthermore, the polymerization can take place in the presence of 0.01 to 1% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.3% by weight, referred to monomers, of one or more protective colloids, such as polyvinyl alcohol, which optionally also contains up to 40 mol% acetyl groups, cellulose derivatives, such as water-soluble methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and gelatin, further mixed polymers of maleic acid or their half-esters and styrenes.
Dessuten kan polymerisasjonen gjennomføres i nærvær av 0,01 til 5 vekt%, referert til monomer av en eller flere emulgatorer, idet emulgatorene også kan anvendes i blanding med de overnevnte beskyttelseskolloider.. Som emulgatorer kan det anvendes anioniske, amfotære, kationiske samt ikke-ionogene. Som anioniske emulgatorer er det egnet eksempelvis alkali-, jordalkali-, ammoniumsalter av fettsyrer, som laurin-, palmitin- eller stearinsyre, av sure fosforsyre-alkylestere, som dialkylheksylfosforsyre, av sure fettalkohol-svovelsyreestere, av parafinsulfosyrer, av alkylarylsulfosyrer, som dodecylbenzen- eller dibutylnaftalinsulfosyre, av sulfon-ravsyredialkylestere, samt alkali- og ammoniumsaltene av epoksy-gruppeholdige fettsyrer som epoksystearinsyre av omsetningspro-dukter av persyrer, f.eks. pereddiksyre med umettede fettsyrer som olje^og linolsyre eller umettede oksyfettsyrer som rici-nolsyre. Som amfotære resp. kationaktive- emulgatorer er.det eksempelvis egnet: Alkylbetainer som dodecylbetain samt alkylpyridiniumsalter, som laurylpyridiniumhydroklorid, videre alkylammoniumsalter, som oksetyldodecylammoniumklorid. Som ikke-ionogene emulgatorer er det eksempelvis egnet: Delfett-syreestere av flerverdige alkoholer, som glycerolmonostearat, sorbitmonolaurat, -oTeat eller -palmitat, polyoksyetyleneter av fettalkoholer eller aromatiske hydroksyforbindelser, poly- oksyetylenestere av fettsyrer- samt polypropylenoksyd-poly-etylenoksyd-kondensasjonsprodukter. Furthermore, the polymerization can be carried out in the presence of 0.01 to 5% by weight, referred to the monomer, of one or more emulsifiers, as the emulsifiers can also be used in admixture with the above-mentioned protective colloids. As emulsifiers, anionic, amphoteric, cationic and non- ionogens. Suitable anionic emulsifiers are, for example, alkali, alkaline earth, ammonium salts of fatty acids, such as lauric, palmitic or stearic acid, of acidic phosphoric acid alkyl esters, such as dialkylhexyl phosphoric acid, of acidic fatty alcohol sulfuric acid esters, of paraffin sulfonic acids, of alkylaryl sulfonic acids, such as dodecylbenzene or dibutylnaphthalene sulfonic acid, of sulfonic succinic acid dialkyl esters, as well as the alkali and ammonium salts of epoxy group-containing fatty acids such as epoxy stearic acid of reaction products of peracids, e.g. peracetic acid with unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acid or unsaturated oxyfatty acids such as ricinoleic acid. As amphoteric or cationically active emulsifiers are, for example, suitable: Alkyl betaines such as dodecyl betaine and alkyl pyridinium salts, such as lauryl pyridinium hydrochloride, further alkyl ammonium salts, such as oxetyldodecyl ammonium chloride. Suitable non-ionic emulsifiers are, for example: partial fatty acid esters of polyhydric alcohols, such as glycerol monostearate, sorbitol monolaurate, -oTeat or -palmitate, polyoxyethylene ethers of fatty alcohols or aromatic hydroxy compounds, polyoxyethylene esters of fatty acids and polypropylene oxide-polyethylene oxide condensation products.
Ved siden av katalysatorer, eventuelt beskyttelseskolloider og/eller emulgatorer'kan polymerisasjonen gjennom-føres i nærvær av puf f erstof f er eksempelvis alkaliacetater, boraks; alkalifosfater, alkalikarbonater, ammoniakk eller ammoniumsalter av karboksylsyrer samt av molekylstørrelse-regulatorer, som eksempelvis alifatiske aldehyder med 2 til 4 karbonatomer, klorhydrokarboner som f.eks. di- og triklor-etylen, kloroform, metylenklorid, merkaptaner og propan. In addition to catalysts, possibly protective colloids and/or emulsifiers, the polymerization can be carried out in the presence of buffers such as alkali acetates, borax; alkali phosphates, alkali carbonates, ammonia or ammonium salts of carboxylic acids and of molecular size regulators, such as aliphatic aldehydes with 2 to 4 carbon atoms, chlorohydrocarbons such as e.g. di- and trichlorethylene, chloroform, methylene chloride, mercaptans and propane.
Til kopolymerisasjon med vinylklorid er det eksempelvis egnet følgende monomere: Olefiner, som etylen eller propylenjvinylestere av rettlinjede eller forgrenede karboksylsyrer med 2 til 20, fortrinnsvis 2 til 4 karbonatomer som vinylacetat, -propionat, -butyrat, -2-etylheksoat, vinyl-isotridekansyreestere; vinylhalogenider, som vinylfluorid, vinylidenfluorid, vinylidenklorid, vinyletere, vinylpyridin, umettede syrer som malein-, fumar-, akryl-, metakrylsyre og deres mono- eller diestere med mono- eller dialkoholer med 1 til 10 karbonatomer; maleinsyreanhydrid, maleinsyreimid, samt deres N-substitusjonsprodukter med aromatiske, cykloalifatiske, samt eventuelt forgrenede, alifatiske substituenter';. akrylnitril, styren. For copolymerization with vinyl chloride, the following monomers are suitable, for example: Olefins, such as ethylene or propylene vinyl esters of straight or branched carboxylic acids with 2 to 20, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as vinyl acetate, -propionate, -butyrate, -2-ethylhexoate, vinyl isotridecanoic acid esters; vinyl halides, such as vinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl ethers, vinyl pyridine, unsaturated acids such as maleic, fumaric, acrylic, methacrylic acid and their mono- or diesters with mono- or di-alcohols of 1 to 10 carbon atoms; maleic anhydride, maleic imide, as well as their N-substitution products with aromatic, cycloaliphatic, and optionally branched, aliphatic substituents';. acrylonitrile, styrene.
Til podningspolymerisasjon kan det eksempelvis anvendes elastomere polymerisater, som ble dannet ved poly-merisasjon av en eller flere av følgende monomere: Diener som butadien, cyklopentadien; olefiner, som etylen, propylen; styren, umettede syrer, som akryl- eller metakrylsyre, samt deres estere med mono- eller dialkoholer med 1 til 10 karbonatomer, akrylnitril, vinylforbindelser, som vinylestere av rettlinjede eller forgrenede karboksylsyrer med 2 tii 20, fortrinnsvis- 2 til 4 karbonatomer, vinylhalogenider, som vinylklorid, -vinylidenklorid. For graft polymerization, for example, elastomeric polymers can be used, which were formed by polymerization of one or more of the following monomers: Dienes such as butadiene, cyclopentadiene; olefins, such as ethylene, propylene; styrene, unsaturated acids, such as acrylic or methacrylic acid, as well as their esters with mono- or dialcohols of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, acrylonitrile, vinyl compounds, such as vinyl esters of straight-line or branched carboxylic acids with 2 tii 20, preferably- 2 to 4 carbon atoms, vinyl halides, such as vinyl chloride, -vinylidene chloride.
Etter polymerisasjonen kan det til de som vandige dispersjoner eller pulver dannede polymerisater settes ytterligere stoffer til stabilisering resp. forbedring av deres videreforarbeidelsesegenskaper. After polymerization, additional substances can be added to the polymers formed as aqueous dispersions or powders for stabilization or improvement of their further processing properties.
VC-polymerisatet anvendes til gjennomføring av The VC polymer is used for carrying out
.fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen, vanligvis som sterkt tørt pulver. Det kan imidlertid også fra fremstillingen, eksempel- .the method according to the invention, usually as very dry powder. However, it can also from the presentation, for example
vis etter suspensjonspolymerisasjonsfremgangsmåten dessuten inneholde inntil 20 vekt% vann, referert til VC-polymer. Den i polymerisatet inneholdte vannmengde tilregnes i dette til-fellet til den vannmengde, som skal tilsettes ifølge oppfinnelsen. according to the suspension polymerization process, moreover, contain up to 20% by weight of water, referred to VC polymer. In this case, the amount of water contained in the polymerizate is included in the amount of water to be added according to the invention.
Til VC-polymerisatet settes eventuelt viderefor-arbeidelseshjelpestoffer som varme- resp. lysstabilisatorer, glidemidler, mykningsmidler, fyllstoffer, pigmenter, modifiserende midler, som middel til forbedring av slagseighet, den optiske kvalitet, de antistatiske og antibelegg-egenskaper samt flammefasthet. Optional further processing aids such as heat or light stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, fillers, pigments, modifying agents, as a means of improving impact strength, the optical quality, the antistatic and anti-fouling properties as well as flame resistance.
Som varme- resp. lysstabilisatorer er det eksempelvis egnet mono- og dialkyltinnforbindelser med 1 til 10 karbonatomer i alkylresten, hvor de'resterende verdigheter av tinn over oksygen og/eller svovelatomer. er forbundet med ytterligere substituenter; aminokrotonsyreester, urinstoff og tio-urinstoffderivater, som monofenylurinstoff og difenyltiourin-v As heating or suitable light stabilizers are, for example, mono- and dialkyl tin compounds with 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, where the remaining values of tin are over oxygen and/or sulfur atoms. is joined by additional substituents; aminocrotonic acid ester, urea and thiourea derivatives, such as monophenylurea and diphenylthiourea-v
.stoff, a-fenylindol, salter av jordalkalimetaller såmt av sink, kadmium eller bly med alifatiske karboksylsyrer eller oksykarboksylsyrer, med eventuelt alkylerte aromatiske hydroksy-. forbindelser, basiske og nøytrale blysalter av uorganiske syrer,' som svovel-, fosfor- eller fosforsyrling. Stabilisa-torene anvendes i mengder fra 0,2 til 5 vekt$, referert til den samlede blanding, de kan også tilsettes i blanding med hverandre samt med antioksydanter, som alkylsubstituerte hydroksylforbindelser, eksempelvis ditertiærbutylparakresol, dibutylhydroksynaftalin, tertiærbutylhydroksyanisol, videre organofosforsyrlingsyreestere, eksempelvis tris-(mono- resp. di-)nonylfenylfosfiter. Til forbedring av lysbestandigheten kan det til blandingen settes ultrafiolett lysabsorberende stoffer, som benzofenon- eller benztriazol-derivater, eksempelvis 2-(2'-hydroksy-5'-metylfenyl)benztriazol eller 2-(2'-hydroksy-3'-tertiærbutyl-5'-metylfenyl)-5-klor-benztriazol. .substance, a-phenylindole, salts of alkaline earth metals seeded with zinc, cadmium or lead with aliphatic carboxylic acids or oxycarboxylic acids, with optionally alkylated aromatic hydroxy-. compounds, basic and neutral lead salts of inorganic acids,' such as sulfuric, phosphoric or phosphoric acid. The stabilizers are used in amounts from 0.2 to 5% by weight, referred to the overall mixture, they can also be added in a mixture with each other as well as with antioxidants, such as alkyl-substituted hydroxyl compounds, for example ditertiarybutylparacresol, dibutylhydroxynaphthalene, tertiarybutylhydroxyanisole, further organophosphorus acid esters, for example tris- (mono- or di-)nonylphenyl phosphites. To improve the light fastness, ultraviolet light-absorbing substances can be added to the mixture, such as benzophenone or benztriazole derivatives, for example 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-methylphenyl)benztriazole or 2-(2'-hydroxy-3'-tertiarybutyl- 5'-methylphenyl)-5-chloro-benztriazole.
Som glidemiddel kan det eksempelvis anvendes en eller flere høyere alifatiske karboksylsyrer og oksykarboksylsyrer samt deres estere og amider, som stearinsyre, montansyre, glycerolmonooleat, bis-stearyl- resp. bis-palmitoyl-etylen-diamin, montansyrees<*>tere av etandiol eller 1,3-butandiol, fettalkoholer med mer enn 10 karbonatomer samt deres etere, lavmolekylære polyolefiner, hårdparafiner i mengder på 0,1- til 6 vekt%, referert til samlet blanding. ;Som mykningsmidler kan det eksempelvis anvendes ;.en eller flere estere av aromatiske eller alifatiske di- ;eller trikarboksylsyrer, høyere alkylsulfonsyrer og fosfor-syre, som dibutyl-di-2-etylheksyl-, dicykloheksyl-, didecyl-, butylbenzyl-ftalat, di-n-heksylacelat, dibutylsebacat, di-2-etylheksyladipat, acetyltributyl-, acetyltri-2-etylheksylcitrat, alkylsulfosyreester av fenol. resp. kresol, difenyl-2-etylheksyl-, trikresyl-fosfat, epoksydert soya- og ricinusolje, videre polymere mykningsmidler, eksempelvis adipinsyrepolyester med alifatiske dioler, hvis fri hydroksygruppe eventuelt er ace-tylert i mengder på 1 til 50 vekt$, referert til samlet blanding. ;Som fyllstoffer kan det eksempelvis.anvendes en eller flere uorganiske oksyder, karbonater eller silikater, ;som aluminiumoksyd, silisiumdioksyd, kalsiumkarbonat, aluminium-silikat. Som pigmenter ér det foruten de overnevnte eksempel- ;vis anvendbare titandioksyd, sinkoksyd, sinksulfid, barium-sulfat, sot, samt ytterligere varmebestandige uorganiske og organiske farvepigmenter. ;Som, modifiserende midler til forbedring av slagseighet er det eksempelvis anvendbare en eller flere polymerisater av diener som butadien, cyklopentadien med akryl- og metakrylsyrer, deres estere med alifatiske alkoholer med 1 til 10 karbonatomer som buty1-2-etylheksylakrylat, metyl-metakrylat, deres amider, nitriler, som akrylnitril,•samt mes styren og substituerte styrener, videre polymerisater av olefiner som etylen, propylen, eventuelt i blanding med-vinylestere av alifatiske alkoholer som vinylacetat, med vinylhalogenider som vinylklorid eller vinylidenklorid, dessuten klorerte polyolefiner som klorpolyetylen. ;Blandingen kan videre tilsettes midler til optisk ;•lysgjøring til forbedring av antistatiske samt antibeslag-egenskaper,, flammefasthet samt flytbarhet ved den termoplast- ;iske videreforarbeidelse av halvfabrikata og til forbedring ;av ytterligere bruksegenskaper. ;Med hensyn til tilsetningen av ytterligere, her ;ikke nevnte stoffer skal det henvises til monografien av Helmut Kainer "Polyvinylchlorid und Vinylchlorid-Mischpoly- ;merisate", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, - .1965, sidene 209 til 258 og 275 til 329. ;Gjennomføringen av fremgangsmåten ifølge for-bindelsen foregår således at"det i første rekke' ifylles VC-polymerisat, eventuelt med videreforarbeidelseshjelpestoffene i en blander med blandeverktøy, som sikrer en intens blanding, fortrinnsvis i en vanlig hurtigblander med utlufter. Derpå tilsettes før eller under blandingen før oppnåelse av blandegodsets sluttemperatur vann, fortrinnsvis 0,2 til 10 vekt52,, spesielt 1 til 10 vekt/?, referert til VC-polymerisat, blandegodset gjennomblandes mekanisk intenst og oppvarmes samtidig, idet sluttemperaturene fortrinnsvis utgjør 90 til l60°C, spesielt 100 til l40°C. Hensiktsmessig.avkjøles deretter den oppvarmede ennu bare litt, vanligvis under 1 vekt/? vann-holdige blanding; dette foregår vanligvis ved hjelp av indirekte avkjøling i en adskilt'blander hvis vegg er avkjølt med et flytende medium. Rest-VC-innholdet av blandingen behandlet ifølgeoppfinnelsen avhenger av utgangsblandingens VC-innhold. Ved utgangsblandinger med allerede relativt lavt VC-innhold er rest-VC-innholdet av blandingen som er behandlet tilsvarende mindre enn ved en utgangsblanding med meget høyt VC-innhold. I spesielle tilfeller lønner det seg mest mulig å senke rest-VC-innholdet og gjenta flammeprosessen ifølge oppfinnelsen ;en eller flere ganger under hver gang fornyet tilsetning av 0,2 til 20 vekt% vann, referert til VC-polymerisat. ;Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen betyr en driftsmessig.enkel, billig og effektfull metode til fjerning av rest-VC-innholdet av VC-polymerisater, idet det oppnås rest-VC-innhold på 1/500 og mindre, eventuelt på 1/1000 og mindre, referert til den anvendte polymeres rest-VC-innhold. Den'er gjennomførbar i VC-polymerisatforarbeidende bedrifter med de der ofte tilstedeværende varme-kjøle-blandeaggregater uten ekstra apparativ anvendelse. Den med den nye fremgangsmåte oppnåelige effekt er ved siden av utgangs-VC-innholdet av polymeren i første rekke avhengig av temperaturen og den til-satte vannmengde. Den muliggjør - selv ved blandinger, som - behandlet etter kjent fremgangsmåte allerede har lave rest-VC-innhold på eksempel -10 ppm, en ytterligere senkning til en femtedel til en tiendedel av denne verdi, dvs. til 2 til 1 ppm. Ja selv ved et lavere konsentrasjonsnivå inntrer virkningen■av fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen, således ,at det sågar eventuelt fåes blandinger, hvis rest-VC-innhold ligger under 1 ppm til i nærheten av 0,5 ppm. Det er en verdi som hittil ikke ble oppnådd, under .tekniske fremstillingsbetingelser uten termisk beskadigelse ved pulverblandinger med normal ■stabilisering under anvendelse av suspensjons-polyvinylklorid som.hovedbestanddel. Da avgassbarheten av flyktige bestanddeler fra faste stoffer vanligvis sterkt avtar med synkende konsentrasjon av disse bestanddeler i det faste stoff, er en ■ slik virkning.ia v-'fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen helt u-■ ventet og medfører spesielt med hensyn til de innledningsvis nevnte, muligens skadelige fysiologiske virkninger av rest-VC et betraktelig teknisk fremskritt. Termisk følsomme blandinger kan med den nye fremgangsmåte, spesielt, fordelaktig, befris for rest-VC, da den oppnådde økning av avgassings-effekten muliggjør anvendelsen av lavere temperaturer enn de som ville være nødvendige etter kjente fremgangsmåter for å oppnå et bestemt ønsket lavt rest-VC-innhold, eksempelvis 1 ppm. ;Med fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kan det således på billig, driftsmessig, enkel og hurtig måte fremstilles forarbeidelsesferdige- pulverformede blandinger på basis av VC-polymerisater med sammenlignet til anvendt VC-polymerisat vesentlig redusert innhold av monomert VC. ;Disse kan forarbeides direkte som pulvere eller granuler, eksempelvis ved sprøytestøping, kalandrering eller ekstrusjon til halvfabrikata resp. bruksgjenstander som utmerker seg ved et ekstremt lavt VC-innhold. De således fremstilte halvfabrikata resp. bruksgjenstander viser de samme fysikalske verdier og bruksegenskaper som slike som ble fremstillet av blandinger ikke behandlet ifølge oppfinnelsen. Ved bland-ingenes lave VC-innhold forbedres deres forarbeidbarhet og faren for opptreden av materialuhomogeniteter som blærer eller bobler i det ferdige produkt- nedsettes. Oppfinnelsen skal forklares nærmere ved hjelp av følgende eksempler. ;Blandingene gjennomføres i en Henschel-varme-kjiøle-hurtigblander. Varmeblanderen har et innhold på 75 liter, er utrustet med et hurtigløpende røreverktøy og har en oppvarm-bar dobbeltmantel. Kjøleblanderen har et innhold på 150 liter og en dobbeltmantel for vannavkjøling.. Den inneholder en lang-somtgående røreving. ;Rest-VC-innholdet av de.igjen avkjølte blandinger bestemmes gasskromatografisk etter "head-space"-metoden ' .(Zeitschrift fur analytische Chemie, 255 (1971), side 345 til 350). • ;Eksempel 1. ( Sammenligningseksempel). ;I en hurtigblander 'ifylles ;100,0 deler vinylklorid-homopolymerisat med et innhold av 1000 ppm av monomer VC, fremstillet ifølge masse-polymerisa- ■ sjonsfremgangsmåten, ;1,5 deler dioktyltinnmerkaptid, ;0,5 deler montansyreester, ;og blandes med et turtall av røreverktøyet på 1500 omdreininger pr. minutt til oppnåelse av en sluttemperatur på l40°C; deretter avkjøles blandingen i blanderens kjøledel til 40°C. Den pulverformede blandings innhold av rest-VC bestemmes gass-kromatograf isk og utgjør 12 ppm. ;E ksempel 2. ( Ifølge oppfinnelsen). ;Til de i blandingen ifylte komponenter ifølge eksempel 1 settes 1 del vann. Etter blanding som angitt i eksempel 1 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold i blandingen på 3,0 ppm. • Eksempel 3- ;Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 1 settes 2 deler vann; etter behandling/:som angitt i eksempel 1 fremkommer et VC-restinnhold på 2 ppm. ;Eksempel 4. ;Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 1 settes 10 deler vann.. Etter behandlingen som angitt i eksempel 1 fremkommer et VC-restinnhold på 1 ppm. ;Eksempel 5- ( Sammenligningseksempel).' ;I hurtigblanderen ifylles ;100,0 deler VC-homopolymerisat med et innhold på ;1000 ppm av monomert VC, fremstillet ifølge suspensjonspolymerisasjonsfremgangsmåten, ;1,5 deler dibutyltinnmerkaptid, ;0,6 deler glycerolmonooleat ;og blandes med et turtall av røreorganet på 1500 omdreininger . pr. minutt til oppnå-else av en sluttemperatur på l40°C, deretter avkjøles blandingen i blanderens kjøledel til 40°C. Innholdet av den pulverformede blanding av rest-VC (fastslått ;gasskromatografisk) utgjør 12 ppm. Eksempel 6 ( ifølge oppfinnelsen). ;Til de i blanderen ifylte komponenter ifølge eksempel 5 settes 1 del vann." Etter blanding som angitt i eksempel 5 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold i blandingen på 3 ppm. ;Eksempel 7• ;Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 5 settes 2 deler ;vann. Etter behandlingen som angitt i eksempel 5 utgjør rest-VC-innholdet i blandingen 2 ppm.... • Eksempel 8: Til blandingen i eksempel 5 settes 10 deler vann. ;Etter behandlingen som i eksempel 5 utgjør VC-'restinnholdet i blandingen 1 ppm. ;Eksempel 9 . ;Det gåes frem som angitt i eksempel 8, imidlertid blandes blandingen bare til oppnåelse av en sluttemperatur på 130°C. Rest-VC-innholdet i blandingen utgjør 2,5 ppm. ;Eksempel 10. ;Det gåes frem som i eksempel 8, imidlertid ;. blandes blandingen bare til oppnåelse av en sluttemperatur på 120°C. Blandingens rest-VC-innhold utgjør 5 ppm. Eksempel 11-. ( Sammenligningseksempel). ;I hurtigblanderen ifylles ;50,0.deler■av en VC-blandingspolymerisat med 10% ;vinylacetat som komonomer og et innhold på 200 ppm av monomert VC, fremstillet ifølge S-polymerisasjonsfremgangsmåten, ;50,0 deler av et VC-homopolymerisat med et inn- ;hold på 400 ppm av monomert VC, fremstillet ifølge massepolymerisasjons-fremgangsmåten, ;2,0 deler amino-iso-krotonsyreester, ;0,5 deler av en fettalkoholblanding med kjede-lengde Cl6_l8;og blandes med et turtall av røreverktøyet på 1500 omdreininger pr. minutt til oppnåelse av en sluttemperatur på l40°C; deretter avkjøles blandingen i blanderens kjøledel til 40°C. Den pulverformede blandings innhold av rest-VC bestemmes gasskromatografisk og utgjør 4 ppm. ;E ksempel 12. ( ifølge- oppfinnelsen). ;Til de. i blanderen ifylte komponenter ifølge eksempel 11 settes 1 del vann. Etter blanding som i eksempel 11 fremkommer.et rest-VC-innhold i blandingen på 1 ppm. ;Eksempel 13* As a lubricant, one or more higher aliphatic carboxylic acids and oxycarboxylic acids as well as their esters and amides, such as stearic acid, montanic acid, glycerol monooleate, bis-stearyl resp. bis-palmitoyl-ethylene-diamine, montanic acid esters of ethanediol or 1,3-butanediol, fatty alcohols with more than 10 carbon atoms and their ethers, low molecular weight polyolefins, hard paraffins in amounts of 0.1- to 6% by weight, referred to overall mixture. As emollients, for example, one or more esters of aromatic or aliphatic di- or tricarboxylic acids, higher alkyl sulphonic acids and phosphoric acid can be used, such as dibutyl di-2-ethylhexyl, dicyclohexyl, didecyl, butylbenzyl phthalate, di-n-hexylacelate, dibutyl sebacate, di-2-ethylhexyl adipate, acetyltributyl-, acetyltri-2-ethylhexylcitrate, alkylsulfonic acid ester of phenol. respectively cresol, diphenyl-2-ethylhexyl, tricresyl phosphate, epoxidized soya and castor oil, further polymeric softeners, for example adipic acid polyester with aliphatic diols, whose free hydroxy group is optionally acetylated in amounts of 1 to 50% by weight, referred to the total mixture . As fillers, for example, one or more inorganic oxides, carbonates or silicates can be used, such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, aluminum silicate. As pigments, in addition to the above-mentioned examples, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulphide, barium sulphate, carbon black, as well as further heat-resistant inorganic and organic color pigments can be used. As modifying agents for improving impact resistance, one or more polymers of dienes such as butadiene, cyclopentadiene with acrylic and methacrylic acids, their esters with aliphatic alcohols with 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as buty1-2-ethylhexyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, their amides, nitriles, such as acrylonitrile,•as well as styrene and substituted styrenes, further polymers of olefins such as ethylene, propylene, possibly in a mixture with vinyl esters of aliphatic alcohols such as vinyl acetate, with vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride, also chlorinated polyolefins such as chloropolyethylene. Agents for optical brightening can also be added to the mixture to improve anti-static and anti-seize properties, flame resistance and flowability during the thermoplastic further processing of semi-finished products and to improve further use properties. With regard to the addition of additional substances not mentioned here, reference should be made to the monograph by Helmut Kainer "Polyvinylchlorid und Vinylchlorid-Mischpoly- ;merisate", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, - .1965, pages 209 to 258 and 275 to 329. The implementation of the method according to the connection takes place in such a way that "in the first place" VC polymer is filled, possibly with further processing aids in a mixer with a mixing tool, which ensures an intense mixing, preferably in a normal high-speed mixer with aerator Water, preferably 0.2 to 10% by weight52, especially 1 to 10% by weight, referred to VC polymer, is then added before or during the mixing before reaching the final temperature of the mixture, the mixture is mechanically intensively mixed and heated at the same time, the final temperatures preferably being 90 to 160° C., in particular 100 to 140° C. Conveniently, the heated is then cooled only slightly, usually below 1 wt.// water-containing mixture; This usually takes place by means of indirect cooling in a separate mixer whose wall is cooled by a liquid medium. The residual VC content of the mixture treated according to the invention depends on the VC content of the starting mixture. In the case of starting mixtures with an already relatively low VC content, the residual VC content of the mixture that has been treated is correspondingly smaller than in the case of a starting mixture with a very high VC content. In special cases, it pays to lower the residual VC content and repeat the flame process according to the invention one or more times during each renewed addition of 0.2 to 20% by weight of water, referred to VC polymer. The method according to the invention means an operationally simple, cheap and effective method for removing the residual VC content of VC polymers, as a residual VC content of 1/500 and less, possibly 1/1000 and less, is achieved. referred to the residual VC content of the polymer used. It is feasible in VC polymer processing companies with the heating-cooling-mixing units that are often present there without the use of additional equipment. The effect achievable with the new method is, next to the initial VC content of the polymer, primarily dependent on the temperature and the added amount of water. It enables - even in the case of mixtures, which - treated according to a known method already have low residual VC contents of, for example -10 ppm, a further lowering to a fifth to a tenth of this value, i.e. to 2 to 1 ppm. Yes, even at a lower concentration level, the effect of the method according to the invention occurs, so that mixtures are even possibly obtained, the residual VC content of which is below 1 ppm to close to 0.5 ppm. It is a value that has not been achieved until now, under technical manufacturing conditions without thermal damage in powder mixtures with normal stabilization using suspension polyvinyl chloride as the main component. Since the degassability of volatile constituents from solid substances usually decreases strongly with decreasing concentration of these constituents in the solid substance, such an effect in the method according to the invention is completely unexpected and entails, especially with regard to the initially mentioned, possibly harmful physiological effects of residual VC a considerable technical advance. Thermally sensitive mixtures can be particularly advantageously freed of residual VC with the new method, as the achieved increase in the degassing effect enables the use of lower temperatures than those that would be necessary according to known methods to achieve a certain desired low residual VC content, for example 1 ppm. With the method according to the invention, it is thus possible to produce ready-to-process powdery mixtures based on VC polymers with a substantially reduced content of monomeric VC compared to the VC polymer used. These can be processed directly as powders or granules, for example by injection moulding, calendering or extrusion into semi-finished products or consumables that are distinguished by an extremely low VC content. The thus produced semi-finished products or articles of use show the same physical values and use properties as those which were produced from mixtures not treated according to the invention. With the mixtures' low VC content, their processability is improved and the risk of material inhomogeneities such as blisters or bubbles in the finished product is reduced. The invention shall be explained in more detail by means of the following examples. ;The mixtures are carried out in a Henschel hot-kjiøle high-speed mixer. The heating mixer has a capacity of 75 litres, is equipped with a fast-running stirring tool and has a heatable double jacket. The cooling mixer has a capacity of 150 liters and a double jacket for water cooling. It contains a slow-moving stirrer. The residual VC content of the recooled mixtures is determined gas chromatographically according to the "head-space" method (Zeitschrift fur analytische Chemie, 255 (1971), pages 345 to 350). • ;Example 1. ( Comparison example). In a rapid mixer, 100.0 parts of vinyl chloride homopolymer with a content of 1000 ppm of monomer VC, produced according to the mass polymerization method, 1.5 parts of dioctyl tin mercaptide, 0.5 parts of montanic acid ester are filled, and mixed with a speed of the stirring tool of 1500 revolutions per minute to reach a final temperature of 140°C; then the mixture is cooled in the cooling part of the mixer to 40°C. The content of residual VC in the powdered mixture is determined by gas chromatography and amounts to 12 ppm. Example 2. (According to the invention). Add 1 part water to the components filled in the mixture according to example 1. After mixing as stated in example 1, a residual VC content in the mixture of 3.0 ppm appears. • Example 3- 2 parts of water are added to the mixture according to example 1; after treatment/: as stated in example 1, a VC residual content of 2 ppm appears. ;Example 4. ;To the mixture according to example 1, 10 parts of water are added.. After the treatment as stated in example 1, a VC residual content of 1 ppm appears. ;Example 5- ( Comparative example).' ;100.0 parts of VC homopolymer with a content of ;1000 ppm of monomeric VC, produced according to the suspension polymerization method, ;1.5 parts of dibutyl tin mercaptide, ;0.6 parts of glycerol monooleate are filled into the rapid mixer and mixed with a speed of the stirring device of 1500 revolutions. per minute to reach a final temperature of 140°C, then the mixture is cooled in the cooling part of the mixer to 40°C. The content of the powdered mixture of residual VC (determined by gas chromatography) amounts to 12 ppm. Example 6 (according to the invention). ;Add 1 part of water to the components filled in the mixer according to example 5." After mixing as stated in example 5, a residual VC content in the mixture of 3 ppm appears. ;Example 7 • ;Add 2 parts to the mixture according to example 5; water. After the treatment as stated in example 5, the residual VC content in the mixture is 2 ppm... • Example 8: 10 parts of water are added to the mixture in example 5. ;After the treatment as in example 5, the residual VC content in the mixture 1 ppm. ;Example 9. ;Proceed as indicated in Example 8, however, the mixture is only mixed until a final temperature of 130° C. is achieved. The residual VC content in the mixture amounts to 2.5 ppm. ;Example 10. ; Proceed as in Example 8, however, the mixture is only mixed until a final temperature of 120°C is achieved. The residual VC content of the mixture amounts to 5 ppm. Example 11- (Comparative example). In the high-speed mixer, ;50.0 .parts■of a VC mixture polymer with 10% vinyl acetate as comonomer and a content of 200 ppm of monomeric VC, prepared according to the S-polymerization method, ;50.0 parts of a VC homopolymer with a content of 400 ppm of monomeric VC, prepared according to the mass polymerization method, ;2.0 parts of amino-iso-crotonic acid ester, ; 0.5 parts of a fatty alcohol mixture with chain length Cl6_l8; and mixed with a speed of the stirring tool of 1500 revolutions per minute to reach a final temperature of 140°C; then the mixture is cooled in the cooling part of the mixer to 40°C. The content of residual VC in the powdered mixture is determined by gas chromatography and amounts to 4 ppm. Example 12. (according to the invention). To them. in the mixer filled components according to example 11 put 1 part water. After mixing as in example 11, a residual VC content in the mixture of 1 ppm appears. ;Example 13*
Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 11/settes 2 .deler vann; etter behandling-som i eksempel 11 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold på 0,7 ppm.. Eksempel 14. Add 2 parts water to the mixture according to example 11; after treatment-as in example 11, a residual VC content of 0.7 ppm appears. Example 14.
Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 11 settes 10 deler vann.. Etter behandling som angitt i eksempel 11 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold på 0,5 ppm.' 10 parts of water are added to the mixture according to example 11. After treatment as indicated in example 11, a residual VC content of 0.5 ppm appears.'
Eksempel 15- ( Sammenligningseksempel). Example 15- ( Comparison example).
I en hurtigblander ifylles Fill in a high-speed blender
50,0 deler av et VC-blandingspolymerisat med 10% 50.0 parts of a VC blend polymer with 10%
vinylacetat som komonomer. og et innhold på 200 ppm av monomert VC, fremstillet ifølge S-polymerisasjonsfremgangsmåten, vinyl acetate as comonomer. and a content of 200 ppm of monomeric VC, prepared according to the S-polymerization process,
50,0 deler av et VC-homopolymerisat med et innhold på 40 0 ppm av monomert VC, fremstillet ifølge massepolymerisa.sjonsfremgangsmåten, 50.0 parts of a VC homopolymer with a content of 400 ppm of monomeric VC, produced according to the mass polymerization method,
1,5 deler barium-kadmiumlaurat, 1.5 parts barium-cadmium laurate,
0,5 deler av en fettalkoholblanding med kjede-lengde Cl6_l8, 0.5 parts of a fatty alcohol mixture with chain length Cl6_l8,
og blandes med et turtall av røreverktøyet på 1500 omdreininger pr. minutt til oppnåelse av- en temperatur på 130°C; deretter avkjøles blandingen i blanderens kjøledel til 40°C. Innholdet av pulverformet blanding av rest-VC bestemmes gasskromatografisk og utgjør 7<pp>m. Eksempel 16 ( ifølge oppfinnelsen). and mixed with a speed of the stirring tool of 1500 revolutions per minute to reach a temperature of 130°C; then the mixture is cooled in the cooling part of the mixer to 40°C. The content of the powdered mixture of residual VC is determined gas chromatographically and amounts to 7<pp>m. Example 16 (according to the invention).
Til de'i blanderen innfylte komponenter i eksempel 15 settes 1 del vann. Etter blanding som i eksempel 15 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold i blandingen på 3 ppm. Eksempel 17. Add 1 part of water to the components filled in the mixer in example 15. After mixing as in example 15, a residual VC content in the mixture of 3 ppm appears. Example 17.
Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 15 settes 2 deler vann; etter behandling som i eksempel 15 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold på 2 ppm. Add 2 parts water to the mixture according to example 15; after treatment as in example 15, a residual VC content of 2 ppm appears.
Eksempel 18. Example 18.
Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 15 settes 10 deler vann. Etter behandling som i eksempel 15 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold på 0,7 ppm. 10 parts of water are added to the mixture according to example 15. After treatment as in example 15, a residual VC content of 0.7 ppm appears.
■ Eksempel 19 ( Sammenligningseksempel). ■ Example 19 ( Comparison example).
I en hurtigblander ifylles Fill in a high-speed blender
100,00 deler av en VC-emulsjonspodningspolymeri-sat av K-verdi 60 med 21 vekt% 100.00 parts of a VC emulsion graft polymer of K-value 60 with 21% by weight
(referert.til VC) av et elastomert emulsjons-blandingspolymerisat av sammensetning. 52 deler butadien, 31 deler styren og 17 deler metyl-metakrylat, med et innhold av 250 ppm av monomert VC, (referred to VC) of an elastomeric emulsion blend polymer of composition. 52 parts butadiene, 31 parts styrene and 17 parts methyl methacrylate, with a content of 250 ppm of monomeric VC,
0,5 deler difenyltiourinstoff, 0.5 parts diphenylthiourea,
2,0"deler montanvoks, 2.0" parts montan wax,
og blandes med et turtall av rørverket på 1500 omdreininger pr. minutt til oppnåelse av en sluttemperatur på 95°C; deretter avkjøles blandingen i blanderens kjøledel til 40°C. Innholdet av den pulverformede blandings rest-VC bestemmes gasskromatografisk og utgjør 60 ppm. and mixed with a speed of the pipework of 1500 revolutions per minute to reach a final temperature of 95°C; then the mixture is cooled in the cooling part of the mixer to 40°C. The content of the residual VC of the powdered mixture is determined gas chromatographically and amounts to 60 ppm.
Eksempel 20. ( Ifølge oppfinnelsen). Example 20. (According to the invention).
Til de i blanderen ifylte komponenter ifølge eksempel 19 settes 1. del vann. Etter blanding som angitt i eksempel 19 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold i blandingen på 30 ppm. To the components filled in the mixer according to example 19, 1. part water is added. After mixing as stated in example 19, a residual VC content in the mixture of 30 ppm appears.
Eksempel 21. Example 21.
Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 19 settes 2 deler vann; etter behandling som i eksempel 19 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold på 18 ppm. Add 2 parts water to the mixture according to example 19; after treatment as in example 19, a residual VC content of 18 ppm appears.
Eksempel 22. Example 22.
Til blandingen ifølge eksempel 19 settes 10 deler vann. Etter behandling som i eksempel 19 fremkommer et rest-VC-innhold på 6 ppm. 10 parts of water are added to the mixture according to example 19. After treatment as in example 19, a residual VC content of 6 ppm appears.
Claims (7)
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DE19742453909 DE2453909B2 (en) | 1974-11-14 | 1974-11-14 | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PROCESSING POWDER-FORM MIXTURES BASED ON VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERIZATES |
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AT (1) | AT343900B (en) |
BE (1) | BE835607A (en) |
DE (1) | DE2453909B2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK508975A (en) |
ES (1) | ES442452A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2291236A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1509780A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1049072B (en) |
NL (1) | NL7513075A (en) |
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DE2541013C3 (en) * | 1975-09-13 | 1980-12-18 | Chemische Werke Huels Ag, 4370 Marl | Process for the aftertreatment of pasteable polymers of vinyl chloride |
JPS6094409A (en) * | 1983-10-28 | 1985-05-27 | Nippon Zeon Co Ltd | Recovery of vinyl chloride resin |
JPS61176615A (en) * | 1985-01-31 | 1986-08-08 | Nippon Zeon Co Ltd | Method for recovering vinyl chloride resin |
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US3847853A (en) * | 1969-12-30 | 1974-11-12 | Nippon Zeon Co | Process for the preparation of vinyl chloride resins having good thermal stability |
IT989178B (en) * | 1972-07-19 | 1975-05-20 | Solvay | PROCEDURE TO ELIMINATE RESIDUAL VINYL CHLORIDE PRESENT IN POLI MERI |
US3956249A (en) * | 1974-06-24 | 1976-05-11 | Tenneco Chemicals, Inc. | Manufacture of polyvinyl chloride of low vinyl chloride monomer content by treatment of wet polyvinyl chloride |
-
1974
- 1974-11-14 DE DE19742453909 patent/DE2453909B2/en not_active Ceased
-
1975
- 1975-11-07 ES ES442452A patent/ES442452A1/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-07 NL NL7513075A patent/NL7513075A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-11-12 DK DK508975A patent/DK508975A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1975-11-12 GB GB46690/75A patent/GB1509780A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-11-12 SE SE7512709A patent/SE7512709L/en unknown
- 1975-11-12 IT IT29214/75A patent/IT1049072B/en active
- 1975-11-13 NO NO753803A patent/NO753803L/no unknown
- 1975-11-13 AT AT865875A patent/AT343900B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-11-13 JP JP50135733A patent/JPS5171342A/ja active Pending
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BE835607A (en) | 1976-05-14 |
ES442452A1 (en) | 1977-04-16 |
NL7513075A (en) | 1976-05-18 |
SE7512709L (en) | 1976-05-17 |
DE2453909A1 (en) | 1976-05-20 |
AT343900B (en) | 1978-06-26 |
ATA865875A (en) | 1977-10-15 |
DE2453909B2 (en) | 1977-03-17 |
FR2291236A1 (en) | 1976-06-11 |
DK508975A (en) | 1976-05-15 |
IT1049072B (en) | 1981-01-20 |
JPS5171342A (en) | 1976-06-21 |
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