NO744035L - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- NO744035L NO744035L NO744035A NO744035A NO744035L NO 744035 L NO744035 L NO 744035L NO 744035 A NO744035 A NO 744035A NO 744035 A NO744035 A NO 744035A NO 744035 L NO744035 L NO 744035L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- carbon atoms
- ethylenically unsaturated
- bis
- sulfosuccinamate
- Prior art date
Links
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- -1 cyano, phenyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L ethenyl-dioxido-oxo-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 16
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 12
- OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-phenylmethoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carbaldehyde Chemical compound O=CC1=CSC(C=2C=C(OCC=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CC=2)=N1 OEPOKWHJYJXUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920002903 fire-safe polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- VLJNBZUVERYEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;4-amino-4-oxo-2-sulfobutanoate Chemical compound [Na+].NC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O VLJNBZUVERYEMA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylolacrylamide Chemical compound OCNC(=O)C=C CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetone alcohol Chemical class CC(=O)CC(C)(C)O SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GYQQNCSTNDNVMM-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium 4-(octadecylamino)-4-oxo-2-sulfobutanoate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O GYQQNCSTNDNVMM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000094 2-phenylethyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003944 tolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims 4
- GHTMQNZCRVHCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;4-[1,2-dicarboxyethyl(octadecyl)amino]-4-oxo-2-sulfobutanoate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN(C(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN(C(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN(C(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCN(C(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O)C(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S(O)(=O)=O GHTMQNZCRVHCQP-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims 2
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 37
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 10
- LHHMNJZNWUJFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2-[2-chloroethoxy(ethenyl)phosphoryl]oxyethane Chemical compound ClCCOP(=O)(C=C)OCCCl LHHMNJZNWUJFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000004908 Emulsion polymer Substances 0.000 description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000005250 alkyl acrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000307 polymer substrate Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 3
- NZRFSLMXTFGVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[diethylamino(prop-2-enoxy)phosphoryl]-n-ethylethanamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)P(=O)(N(CC)CC)OCC=C NZRFSLMXTFGVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 3
- QJJDJWUCRAPCOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenoxyoctadecane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOC=C QJJDJWUCRAPCOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SXZSFWHOSHAKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1=CC(Cl)=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1Cl SXZSFWHOSHAKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000298 Cellophane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl chloride Chemical compound ClC=C BZHJMEDXRYGGRV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012644 addition polymerization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009739 binding Methods 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC=C FJKIXWOMBXYWOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycidyl methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC1CO1 VOZRXNHHFUQHIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002734 metacrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(N)=O FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OMNKZBIFPJNNIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-methyl-4-oxopentan-2-yl)prop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C OMNKZBIFPJNNIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003052 natural elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001194 natural rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxiran-2-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OCC1CO1 RPQRDASANLAFCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphonate Chemical compound [O-]P(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001485 poly(butyl acrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000012643 polycondensation polymerization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000003505 polymerization initiator Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- JBFSOERLQZPDTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-benzyl-3-phenylprop-1-enyl)phosphonic acid Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1CC(=CP(O)(=O)O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 JBFSOERLQZPDTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJIAMFHSAAEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-hydroxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone Chemical class OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 HJIAMFHSAAEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001124 (E)-prop-1-ene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-Diphenylbenzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 YJTKZCDBKVTVBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBBBMVZQWTXWAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[bis(2-chloroethoxy)phosphoryl]-1-chloroethene Chemical compound ClCCOP(=O)(C(Cl)=C)OCCCl JBBBMVZQWTXWAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KNSIGKGSSANUIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[bis(2-chloroethoxy)phosphoryl]ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClCCOP(=O)(OCCCl)C(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 KNSIGKGSSANUIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAHXDGYCAZAQPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[butoxy(ethenyl)phosphoryl]oxybutane Chemical compound CCCCOP(=O)(C=C)OCCCC WAHXDGYCAZAQPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUXXZCFRZHFEEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[ethenyl(2-methylpropoxy)phosphoryl]oxy-2-methylpropane Chemical compound CC(C)COP(=O)(C=C)OCC(C)C XUXXZCFRZHFEEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DREPONDJUKIQLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[ethenyl(ethoxy)phosphoryl]oxyethane Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(C=C)OCC DREPONDJUKIQLX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BOVQCIDBZXNFEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-3-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(C=C)=C1 BOVQCIDBZXNFEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTZVZZJJVJQZHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 KTZVZZJJVJQZHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHAFIUUYXQFJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XHAFIUUYXQFJEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQCXMYUCNSJSKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dimethoxyphosphorylethene Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)C=C CQCXMYUCNSJSKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LMAUULKNZLEMGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1 LMAUULKNZLEMGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDFPGSIIBRALEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dicyclohexylethenylphosphonic acid Chemical compound C1CCCCC1C(=CP(O)(=O)O)C1CCCCC1 NDFPGSIIBRALEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMNYXCUDBQKCMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4-dichloro-1-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(C=C)C(Cl)=C1 OMNYXCUDBQKCMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQOYZWVWLUEMDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[bis(2-chloroethoxy)phosphoryl]prop-1-ene Chemical compound ClCCOP(=O)(C(=C)C)OCCCl RQOYZWVWLUEMDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGKDIONPEJOUKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[bis(2-chloroethoxy)phosphoryl]prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound ClCCOP(=O)(C(=C)C#N)OCCCl RGKDIONPEJOUKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYUNTGBISCIYPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroprop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound ClC(=C)C#N OYUNTGBISCIYPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISRGONDNXBCDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorostyrene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1C=C ISRGONDNXBCDBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PKRSYEPBQPFNRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenoxybenzoic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1OC1=CC=CC=C1 PKRSYEPBQPFNRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002972 Acrylic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Di-n-octyl phthalate Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCC MQIUGAXCHLFZKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M Methacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C([O-])=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GARGWLVVWFNNHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4,5-dibromo-2-(2,3-dibromopropyl)pent-1-enyl]phosphonic acid Chemical compound BrCC(Br)CC(=CP(O)(=O)O)CC(Br)CBr GARGWLVVWFNNHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UAZHFPIWZHFNTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-chloro-2-(2-chloropropyl)pent-1-enyl]phosphonic acid Chemical compound CC(Cl)CC(CC(C)Cl)=CP(O)(O)=O UAZHFPIWZHFNTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLHORJVZAKSXHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [ethenyl(phenoxy)phosphoryl]oxybenzene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(=O)(C=C)OC1=CC=CC=C1 VLHORJVZAKSXHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940058905 antimony compound for treatment of leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001463 antimony compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- DDBUOIVTEXFTRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-chloroethyl) ethenyl phosphate Chemical compound ClCCOP(=O)(OC=C)OCCCl DDBUOIVTEXFTRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- INLLPKCGLOXCIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethene Chemical compound BrC=C INLLPKCGLOXCIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N cis-aconitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C(C(O)=O)=C\C(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000392 cycloalkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000596 cyclohexenyl group Chemical group C1(=CCCCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JBSLOWBPDRZSMB-BQYQJAHWSA-N dibutyl (e)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OCCCC JBSLOWBPDRZSMB-BQYQJAHWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RZENBPJFABIAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitro sulfate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OS(=O)(=O)O[N+]([O-])=O RZENBPJFABIAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVWTZAGVNBPXHU-FOCLMDBBSA-N dioctyl (e)-but-2-enedioate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOC(=O)\C=C\C(=O)OCCCCCCCC TVWTZAGVNBPXHU-FOCLMDBBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YXLIYGUJLJFLJH-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;4-(octadecylamino)-4-oxo-2-sulfonatobutanoate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCNC(=O)CC(C([O-])=O)S([O-])(=O)=O YXLIYGUJLJFLJH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- GRWZHXKQBITJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dithionous acid Chemical compound OS(=O)S(O)=O GRWZHXKQBITJKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YCZJVRCZIPDYHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ditridecyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCCCCCCCCCCC YCZJVRCZIPDYHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- MEGHWIAOTJPCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl butanoate Chemical compound CCCC(=O)OC=C MEGHWIAOTJPCHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AFSIMBWBBOJPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC=C AFSIMBWBBOJPJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethene Chemical compound FC=C XUCNUKMRBVNAPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYMOEINVGRTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N fumaric acid monoethyl ester Natural products CCOC(=O)C=CC(O)=O XLYMOEINVGRTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006038 hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003063 hydroxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031574 hydroxymethyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000468 ketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lauryl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004611 light stabiliser Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HVJXPDPGPORYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-bromoprop-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(Br)=C HVJXPDPGPORYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AWJZTPWDQYFQPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-chloroprop-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(Cl)=C AWJZTPWDQYFQPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002557 mineral fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006082 mold release agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- DNTMQTKDNSEIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylprop-2-enamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)NCO DNTMQTKDNSEIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002255 pentenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L persulfate group Chemical group S(=O)(=O)([O-])OOS(=O)(=O)[O-] JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001291 polyvinyl halide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052939 potassium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052895 riebeckite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UBUWMRSBMYUJAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N s-dodecanoyl dodecanethioate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)SC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC UBUWMRSBMYUJAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008149 soap solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- TYLSDQJYPYQCRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfo 4-amino-4-oxobutanoate Chemical compound NC(=O)CCC(=O)OS(O)(=O)=O TYLSDQJYPYQCRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000383 tetramethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L thiosulfate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]S([S-])(=O)=O DHCDFWKWKRSZHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-aconitic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;diborate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]B([O-])[O-].[O-]B([O-])[O-] BIKXLKXABVUSMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F30/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal
- C08F30/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and containing phosphorus, selenium, tellurium or a metal containing phosphorus
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
Description
Polymerer av halogenholdige etylenisk umettede monomerer, så som vinyl- eller vinylidén-halogenider, blir ofte fremstilt som vandige latexer eller emulsjoner, i hvilken form de bekvemt kan anvendes som belegninger, klebemidler, maling-baser og ved forskjellige andre anvendelsestyper. i mange tilfeller, spesielt hvor de er tenkt anvendt ved indre oppbygning eller ved anvendelser :ihvor det kreves at de i forlenget tid utsettes for høye temperaturer, er det meget ønskelig og fordelaktig at disse latexer skal fremvise økede brann- og flammehemmende egenskaper og farve-stabilitet, slik Polymers of halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers, such as vinyl or vinylidene halides, are often prepared as aqueous latexes or emulsions, in which form they can be conveniently used as coatings, adhesives, paint bases and in various other types of application. in many cases, especially where they are intended to be used in interior construction or in applications where it is required that they be exposed to high temperatures for an extended period of time, it is highly desirable and advantageous that these latexes should exhibit increased fire and flame retardant properties and colour- stability, like that
at de trygt kan anvendes i stedet for dyrere materialer. Det ér dessuten meget ønskelig og fordelaktig at disse latexer, når de på-føres på fleksible substrater, ikke vesentlig reduserer det myke "grep" til nevnte fleksible substrater. that they can be safely used instead of more expensive materials. It is also highly desirable and advantageous that these latexes, when applied to flexible substrates, do not significantly reduce the soft "grip" of said flexible substrates.
Tidligere forsøk på å tilveiebringe brannhemmende, film-dannende vinyl- eller vinylidenhalogenid-polymerlatexer har med-ført fremstilling av forskjellige polymere komposisjoner innbefattet kopolymerlatexer av vinylhalogenider og alkylakrylater, kopolymerlatexer av vinylhalogenider og vinylidenklorid og poly-vinylhalogenider-latexer inneholdende en særskilt tilsatt fosfat-.estermykner. Andre forsøk har medført anvendelse av interpolymerer av bis(betakloretyl)vinylfosfonat med lavere alkylakrylater eller -metakrylater og akryl- eller metakryl-nitriler. Disse interpolymerer kunne i tillegg eventuelt innbefatte vinylhalogenider eller vinylidenhalogenider.Ytterligere andre forsøk har medført inter-polymerisering av vinylidenhalogenidmonomerer med karboksylsyre-monomerer og N-alkylolamidmonomerer. Disse sistnevnte interpolymerer kunne, eventuelt innbefatte andre polymeriserbare komonomerer, slik som estere av akrylsyre eller metakrylsyre, vinylacetat, akrylonitril, metakrylonitril, akrylamid eller metakrylamid, styren eller bis(beta-halogenalkyl)vinylfosfonater. Men på tross av mange og varierte forsøk på å oppnå en fullstendig tilfredsstillende polymer latex, har ingen av de ovenfor beskrevne tilnærmelser vist seg å være fullstendig tilfredsstillende, siden de resulterende produkter i mange tilfeller er funnet å mangle enten tilstrekkelig brannhemming, polyrner-mykhet, farvestabilitet og mekanisk stabilitet eller ultrafiolett stabilitet, eller produktene blir utsatt for gradvis tap av deres særskilt tilsatte fosfat-myknere. Previous attempts to provide fire-retardant, film-forming vinyl or vinylidene halide polymer latexes have led to the production of various polymeric compositions including copolymer latexes of vinyl halides and alkyl acrylates, copolymer latexes of vinyl halides and vinylidene chloride and polyvinyl halide latexes containing a specially added phosphate. ester softener. Other attempts have involved the use of interpolymers of bis(betachloroethyl)vinylphosphonate with lower alkyl acrylates or methacrylates and acrylic or methacrylic nitriles. These interpolymers could also possibly include vinyl halides or vinylidene halides. Further other experiments have involved inter-polymerization of vinylidene halide monomers with carboxylic acid monomers and N-alkylolamide monomers. These latter interpolymers could optionally include other polymerizable comonomers, such as esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide or methacrylamide, styrene or bis(beta-haloalkyl)vinylphosphonates. However, despite many and varied attempts to obtain a completely satisfactory polymeric latex, none of the above-described approaches has been found to be completely satisfactory, since in many cases the resulting products have been found to lack either sufficient fire retardancy, polymeric softness, color stability and mechanical stability or ultraviolet stability, or the products are subjected to gradual loss of their specially added phosphate softeners.
Nyere forbedringer i denne teknologi har resultert i brannhemmende. vandige polymer-emulsjoner som omfatter @n halogen holdig vinylmonomer, så som vinylidenklorid, en fosforholdig vinylmonomer, så som bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat, og en annen komonomer, så som et alkylakrylat. Disse emulsjoner kan, selv om de er uhyre bedre enn dem som er kjent fra tidligere, enda tåle ytterligere forbedringer. Det er spesielt ønskelig å erholde stabile brannhemmende polymer-komposisjoner med enda høyere brannhemmende egenskaper. More recent improvements in this technology have resulted in fire retardancy. aqueous polymer emulsions comprising a halogen-containing vinyl monomer, such as vinylidene chloride, a phosphorus-containing vinyl monomer, such as bis(beta-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate, and another comonomer, such as an alkyl acrylate. These emulsions, although vastly better than those known from the past, can still stand further improvement. It is particularly desirable to obtain stable fire-retardant polymer compositions with even higher fire-retardant properties.
Det er følgelig et formal medcenne oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe nye brannhemmende halogenholdige vinyl-latexer som kan anvendes ved en rekke belegnings-,'binde- og laminerings-ahvendel-ser, og som erkarakterisert vedderes vesentlig fullstendige fri-het fra de forskjellige uheldige egenskaper som hittil har vært forbundet med denne produkt-type. .Det er et annet formål med denne oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe en ny klasse polymerer i form av uvanlig stabile vandige emulsjoner eller latexer som er spesielt nyttige, som tilsetninger, for fremstilling av brannhemmende polymerkomposisjoner som er i form av vandige oppløsninger, suspensjoner eller, mest foretrukket, emulsjoner. It is therefore a formal part of the invention to provide new fire-retardant halogen-containing vinyl latexes which can be used in a number of coating, binding and laminating applications, and which are characterized by their essentially complete freedom from the various unfavorable properties that have hitherto has been associated with this product type. .It is another object of this invention to provide a new class of polymers in the form of unusually stable aqueous emulsions or latexes which are particularly useful, as additives, for the preparation of fire retardant polymer compositions which are in the form of aqueous solutions, suspensions or, most preferably , emulsions.
Det er et ytterligere formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av meget, stabile polymere latexer. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for the production of very stable polymeric latexes.
Forskjellige andre formål og fordeler ved denne oppfinnelse vil klarere fremgå av den etterfølgende beskrivelse. Various other purposes and advantages of this invention will appear more clearly from the following description.
I dens mest omfattende form består denne oppfinnelse iIn its most comprehensive form, this invention consists in
den oppdagelse Ut vandige emulsjoner av brannhemmende polymerer som omfatter (1) en eller flere halogenholdige vinyl-monomerer sammen med (2) en eller flere fosforholdige vinyl-monomerer så som senere definert, og (3) en eller flere ytterligere komonomerer som senere blir ytterligere definert, hvor disse polymerer er i form av uvanlig stabile dispersjoner av partikler i en vandig emulsjon eller latex, blir fremstilt ved en emulsjonspolymerisasjonsprosess ved anvendelse av et natriumsulfosuccinamat med følgende generelle formel, som emulgeringsmiddel: The invention discloses aqueous emulsions of fire retardant polymers comprising (1) one or more halogen-containing vinyl monomers together with (2) one or more phosphorus-containing vinyl monomers as hereinafter defined, and (3) one or more additional comonomers which are subsequently further defined, where these polymers are in the form of unusually stable dispersions of particles in an aqueous emulsion or latex, are produced by an emulsion polymerization process using a sodium sulfosuccinamate of the following general formula, as emulsifier:
hvor er hydrogen, et hydrokarbylradikal som har fra 1 til 18 karbonatomer, eller di-natrium-1,2-dikarboksy-etyl, og R2er et hydrokarbylradikal som har fra 1 til 18 karbonatomer. Som R, foretrekkes hydrogen, alkylradikaler med fra 16 til 18 karbonatomer eller di-natrium-1,2-dikarboksy-etyl. SomR2foretrekkes alkylradikaler med fra 16 til 18 karbonatomer. Spesielt foretrukne som emulgeringsmidier, er tetra-natrium-N-(1,2-dikarboksyetyl)-N-okta-decylsulfosuccinamat og di-natrium-N-oktadecyl-sulfosuccinamat, og disse emulgeringsmidlene blir solgt under varemerkene "Aerosol 42.2" where is hydrogen, a hydrocarbyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, or disodium-1,2-dicarboxyethyl, and R 2 is a hydrocarbyl radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. As R, hydrogen, alkyl radicals having from 16 to 18 carbon atoms or disodium-1,2-dicarboxyethyl are preferred. As R2, alkyl radicals with from 16 to 18 carbon atoms are preferred. Particularly preferred as emulsifying agents are tetra-sodium-N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octa-decylsulfosuccinamate and di-sodium-N-octadecyl-sulfosuccinamate, and these emulsifying agents are sold under the trademarks "Aerosol 42.2"
og "Aerosol 18", henholdsvis, av AmericanCyanamid Company.and "Aerosol 18", respectively, by AmericanCyanamid Company.
Mer spesielt har det nå blitt oppdaget at anvendelse avMore particularly, it has now been discovered that the application of
et natriumsulfosuccinamat-emulgeringsmiddel gjør det mulig å fremstille meget stabile vandige emulsjoner eller latexer av polymerer dannet av en eller flere halogenholdige vinyl-monomerer sammen med ettneller flere bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonater og en eller flere ytterligere komonomerer, som senere definert, ved en emulsjons-p.olymerisasjonsprosess. Disse stabile polymere emulsjoner gir, når de er, blandet med en vanlig brennbar polymer, til den resulterende polymerblanding en høy grad av brannhemming og utmerket farvestabilitet uten å påvirke uheldig noen av de betydningsfulle fysikalske egenskaper til polymeren. I tillegg har det blitt funnet at polymer-additivene i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse gir et ønsket mykt grep til substratene som de blir belagt på eller impregnert i. Dessuten er det i virkeligheten overraskende og fordelaktig å finne at polymer-blandingene som stammer fra fremgangsmåten i henhold til denne oppfinnelse, spesielt slike blandinger som er i form av et vandig emulsjons- eller latex-system, fremviser en iøynefallende grad av forenelighet, siden fysikalske blandinger av to eller flere polymerer, så som vel kjent av fagfolk i industrien, nesten alltid erkarakterisert vedderes dårlige indre forenelighet.Fremgangs-måten i henhold til denne oppfinnelse tilveiebringer meget stabile vandige emulsjons- eller latex-polymerer som omfatter: a sodium sulfosuccinamate emulsifier makes it possible to produce very stable aqueous emulsions or latexes of polymers formed from one or more halogen-containing vinyl monomers together with one or more bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonates and one or more further comonomers, as defined later, by an emulsion p.olymerization process. These stable polymeric emulsions, when mixed with a common flammable polymer, impart to the resulting polymer mixture a high degree of fire retardancy and excellent color stability without adversely affecting any of the significant physical properties of the polymer. In addition, it has been found that the polymer additives according to the present invention provide a desired soft grip to the substrates on which they are coated or impregnated. Moreover, it is actually surprising and advantageous to find that the polymer mixtures resulting from the method in according to this invention, especially such mixtures which are in the form of an aqueous emulsion or latex system, exhibit a remarkable degree of compatibility, since physical mixtures of two or more polymers, as is well known to those skilled in the industry, are almost always characterized their poor internal compatibility. The process according to this invention provides very stable aqueous emulsion or latex polymers comprising:
(1) minst en halogenholdig, alfa,beta-etylenisk umettet monomer, d.v.s. vinylmonomerer innbefattet vinylhalogenider så som f.eks. vinylklorid, vinylfluorid og vinylbromid, halogenerte C^-C^2alkylakrylater og -metakrylater så som f.eks. metyl-alfa-klorakrylat og metyl-alfa-bromakrylat, vinylidenhalogenider så som f.eks. vinylidenklorid, vinylidenbromid, vinylidenklorbromid og vinyliden-fluorid, halogen-substituerte nitriler av etylenisk umettede karbok sylsyrer så som f.eks. alfa-klorakrylonitril, og de klorerte sty-rener så som f.eks. alfa-klorstyren, o-klorstyren, m-klorstyren, p-klorstyren og 2,4-diklorstyren, (2) minst ett bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonat med strukturen: (1) at least one halogen-containing, alpha,beta-ethylenically unsaturated monomer, i.e. vinyl monomers including vinyl halides such as e.g. vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride and vinyl bromide, halogenated C 1 -C 2 alkyl acrylates and methacrylates such as e.g. methyl-alpha-chloroacrylate and methyl-alpha-bromoacrylate, vinylidene halides such as e.g. vinylidene chloride, vinylidene bromide, vinylidene chlorobromide and vinylidene fluoride, halogen-substituted nitriles of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as e.g. alpha-chloroacrylonitrile, and the chlorinated styrenes such as e.g. alpha-chlorostyrene, o-chlorostyrene, m-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene and 2,4-dichlorostyrene, (2) at least one bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate with the structure:
hvor X er valgt fra gruppen bestående av hydrogen, halogen, cyano, aryl så som fenyl,C^-C1Qalkyl og where X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, cyano, aryl such as phenyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl and
hvor R og R' er hydrokarbyl og substituerte hydrokarbyl-grupper bestående vesentlig av hydrogen og karbon og inneholdende opp til 18 karbonatomer inklusivt med den betingelse at R og R<1>kan være like, forskjellige eller forenet, d.v.s. at R ogR<1>kan forenes for å danne et enkelt radikal, og (3) eventuelt minst en komonomer innbefattet alfa-olefiner så som etylen, propylen og butylen, vinylestere av karboksylsyrer så som vinylacetat, vinylbutyrat og vinylstearat, og C-^-C2o alkylestere av akryl- og metakrylsyre så som metylmetakrylat, metylakrylat, etylakrylat, n-butylakrylat, sek.-butylakrylat, tert.-butylakrylat, 2-etylheksylakrylat, laurylakrylat og lignende, etylenisk umettede dikarboksylsyrer, deres anhydrider og deres C-^-C2o mono- og dialkylestere så som akonitinsyre, fumarsyre, maleinsyre, itakonsyre, citrakonsyre, maleinsyreanhydrid, dibutylfumarat og monoetylmaleat, amider av etylenisk umettede karboksylsyrer så som akrylamid og metakrylamid og deres N-metylol- og diaceton-derivater så som N-metylol-akrylamid, N-metylolmetakrylamid- og diaceton-akrylamid, vinylaryl-forbindelser så som styren og alfa-metyl-styren, Cl-C20alkylvinyletere sa som metylvinyleter, etylvinyleter og stearylvinyleter, diener så som isopren og butadien, og glycidylestere av akryl- og metakrylsyre så som glycidylakrylat og glyci-dylmetakrylat. De foretrukne komonomerer er C^-C2Qalkylestere av akryl- og metakrylsyre, spesielt de lavere (C^-Cg) alkylakrylater. where R and R' are hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl groups consisting essentially of hydrogen and carbon and containing up to 18 carbon atoms inclusive with the condition that R and R<1> can be the same, different or united, i.e. that R and R<1> can be united to form a single radical, and (3) optionally at least one comonomer including alpha-olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butylene, vinyl esters of carboxylic acids such as vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl stearate, and C-^ -C20 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such as methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate and the like, ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, their anhydrides and their C-^- C2o mono- and dialkyl esters such as aconitic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, maleic anhydride, dibutyl fumarate and monoethyl maleate, amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylamide and methacrylamide and their N-methylol and diacetone derivatives such as N-methylol-acrylamide , N-methylol methacrylamide and diacetone acrylamide, vinylaryl compounds such as styrene and alpha-methyl-styrene, C1-C20 alkyl vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether and stearyl vinyl ether, dienes such as i soprene and butadiene, and glycidyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid such as glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. The preferred comonomers are C 1 -C 20 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, especially the lower (C 1 -C 8 ) alkyl acrylates.
Det blir betraktet som fordelaktig å innbefatte N-metylol- og diacetonderivater av amider av etylenisk umettede karboksylsyrer så som f.eks. N-metylol-akrylamid eller diaceton-akrylamid, hvilke tjener til å tilveiebringe tverrbindingssteder på den resulterende polymer. It is considered advantageous to include N-methylol and diacetone derivatives of amides of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as e.g. N-methylol acrylamide or diacetone acrylamide, which serve to provide crosslinking sites on the resulting polymer.
Anvendelsen i denne fremstilling av uttrykket "hydrokarbyl" og "substituerte hydrokarbyl-grupper" ved definisjonen av de egnede bis(hydrokarbyl)-vinylfosfonater angitt ovenfor, refererer seg til radikalene erholdt ved fjerning av et hydrogenatom fra en hydrokarbon- eller substituert hydrokarbongruppe som kan være enten en alifatisk eller aromatisk gruppe. Disse hydrokarbyl-grupper kan være substituert med hvilke som helst ikke-interfererende grupper, d.v.s. med enhver gruppe som ikke innvirker på polymeriseringen av bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonatet. Slike substituent-grupper innbefatter for eksempel klor-, brom-, fluor-, nitro-, hydroksy-, sul-fon-, etoksy-, metoksy-, nitril-, eter-, ester og keto-grupper og lignende. The use in this preparation of the term "hydrocarbyl" and "substituted hydrocarbyl groups" in the definition of the suitable bis(hydrocarbyl)-vinylphosphonates indicated above refers to the radicals obtained by the removal of a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon group which may be either an aliphatic or aromatic group. These hydrocarbyl groups may be substituted with any non-interfering groups, i.e. with any group which does not interfere with the polymerization of the bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate. Such substituent groups include, for example, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, nitro, hydroxy, sulfone, ethoxy, methoxy, nitrile, ether, ester and keto groups and the like.
Eksempler på de alifatiske og aromatiske grupper som er betegnet med R og R' i strukturen for bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfo-natet angitt ovenfor, er alkylgrupper så som metyl, etyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, heksyl, nonyl og lignende, alkenylgrupper så som pentenyl- og heksenyl-grupper og alle deres respektive isomerer, cykloalkyl-grupper så som cyklopropyl, cyklobutyl, cyklopentyl, cykloheksyl og lignende, cykloalkenyl-grupper så som cykloheksenyl og lignende, og typiske aryl-grupper innbefatter fenyl, benzyl, fenetyl, tolyl, naftyl og lignende. Examples of the aliphatic and aromatic groups denoted by R and R' in the structure of the bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate indicated above are alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, nonyl and the like, alkenyl groups such such as pentenyl and hexenyl groups and all their respective isomers, cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like, cycloalkenyl groups such as cyclohexenyl and the like, and typical aryl groups include phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, tolyl , naphthyl and the like.
Representative eksempler på de ovenfor definerte bis(hydrokarbyl )vinylfosfonater er: bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat, bis(beta-klorpropyl)vinylfosfonat, Representative examples of the above-defined bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonates are: bis(beta-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate, bis(beta-chloropropyl)vinylphosphonate,
bis(beta-kloretyl)-1-metylvinylfosfonat, bis(beta-chloroethyl)-1-methylvinylphosphonate,
bis(beta-kloretyl)-1-cyanovinylfosfonat, bis(beta-chloroethyl)-1-cyanovinylphosphonate,
bis(beta-kloretyl)-1-klorvinylfosfonat, bis(beta-chloroethyl)-1-chlorovinylphosphonate,
bis(beta-kloretyl)-1-fenylvinylfosfonat, bis(beta-chloroethyl)-1-phenylvinylphosphonate,
dimetyl-vinylfosfonat,dimethyl vinylphosphonate,
dietyl-vinylfosfonat,diethyl vinylphosphonate,
bis(omega-klorbutyl)vinylfosfonat, bis(omega-chlorobutyl)vinylphosphonate,
di-n-butyl-vinylfosfonat,di-n-butyl vinylphosphonate,
di-isobutyl-vinylfosfonat, diisobutyl vinylphosphonate,
bis(2-klorisopropyl)-1-metylvinylfosfonat, bis(2-chloroisopropyl)-1-methylvinylphosphonate,
difenyl-vinylfosfonat og diphenyl-vinylphosphonate and
bis(2,3-dibrompropyl)vinylfosfonat.bis(2,3-dibromopropyl)vinylphosphonate.
Fra den'ovennevnte gruppe med bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonat-monomerer foretrekkes det å anvende bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat ved fremstillingen av de nye vandige emulsjons-polymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse, siden denne monomer er et kommer-sielt tilgjengelig materiale og er billigere enn hvilke som helst av de andre bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonater. From the above-mentioned group of bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate monomers, it is preferred to use bis(beta-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate in the production of the new aqueous emulsion polymers according to this invention, since this monomer is a commercially available material and is cheaper than any of the other bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonates.
Selv om det passende kan anvendes enten en vinylhalo-genid- eller en vinylidenhalogenid-monomer som den halogenholdige etylenisk umettede monomer i de vandige emulsjoTispolymerer i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse, blir det betraktet som fordelaktig å anvende vinylidenhalogenid-monomerer, på grunn av at vinyl-idenhailpgenid-monomerene som er inkorporert i polymerer i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse, gir et mykt ."grep" til substrater hvorpå de er belagt eller hvor de er impregnert. Den foretrukne tredje komonomer for anvendelse i polymerene i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse, er et alkylakrylat, fortrinnsvis C4-Cg alkylakrylat så som n-butylakrylat og 2-etylheksyl-akrylat. Det har blitt funnet at innlemming i polymeren av et alkylakrylat hjelper til med å gi god farvestabilitet og mykhet til den resulterende polymer. Det skal her bemerkes at anvendelsen av uttrykket "polymer" i fremstillingen, er ment å omfatte polymerer som stammer fra to eller flere atskilte monomere bestanddeler. Although either a vinyl halide or a vinylidene halide monomer may suitably be used as the halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer in the aqueous emulsion polymers of the present invention, it is considered advantageous to use vinylidene halide monomers, because vinyl- The idenhailpgenide monomers incorporated in polymers according to the present invention provide a soft "grip" to substrates on which they are coated or impregnated. The preferred third comonomer for use in the polymers according to the present invention is an alkyl acrylate, preferably C4-C8 alkyl acrylate such as n-butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate. It has been found that incorporation into the polymer of an alkyl acrylate helps to provide good color stability and softness to the resulting polymer. It should be noted here that the use of the term "polymer" in the preparation is intended to include polymers derived from two or more separate monomeric constituents.
I tillegg til de ovenfor beskrevne bis(hydrokarbyl)vinyl-fosfonater, er det også mulig å fremstille vandige emulsjons-polymerer som er nyttige som flammehemmende additiver ved anvendelse av: (1) mono (alkyl )hydrogen-vinylfosfols;fonater så som f.eks. mono(etyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat, mono(butyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat, mono(oktyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat, mono(beta-kloretyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat og mono(omega-kloroktyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonåt, (2) mono(cykloalkyl)- og mono(aryl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonater så som In addition to the bis(hydrocarbyl)vinyl phosphonates described above, it is also possible to prepare aqueous emulsion polymers which are useful as flame retardant additives by using: (1) mono(alkyl)hydrogen vinylphosphols; phonates such as e.g. mono(ethyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(butyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(octyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(beta-chloroethyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate and mono(omega-chlorooctyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate, (2) mono(cycloalkyl )- and mono(aryl)hydrogen-vinylphosphonates such as
f.eks. mono(cykloheksyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat, mono(fenyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat og mono(benzyl)hydrogen-vinylfosfonat, (3) bis-. (cykloalkyl)- og bis(aryl)vinylfosfonater så som f.eks. bis(cykloheksyl ) vinylfosfonat og bis(benzyl)vinylfosfonater, og (4) bis-(alkyl)-, bis(cykloalkyl)- og bis(aryl)allylfosfonater så som f. eks. bis(beta-kloretyl)allylfosfonat, bis(cykloheksyl)allylfosfo-nat og bis(benzyl)allylfosfonat så vel som blandinger av hvilke som e.g. mono(cyclohexyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate, mono(phenyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate and mono(benzyl)hydrogen vinylphosphonate, (3) bis-. (cycloalkyl)- and bis(aryl)vinylphosphonates such as e.g. bis(cyclohexyl)vinylphosphonate and bis(benzyl)vinylphosphonates, and (4) bis-(alkyl)-, bis(cycloalkyl)- and bis(aryl)allylphosphonates such as e.g. bis(beta-chloroethyl)allylphosphonate, bis(cyclohexyl)allylphosphonate and bis(benzyl)allylphosphonate as well as mixtures of which
helst av to eller flere av de ovenfor beskrevne fosfonat-monomerer. preferably of two or more of the above-described phosphonate monomers.
Polymerene i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse blir fremstilt ved hjelp av fri-radikal-initiert emulsjonspolymerisa-sjonsteknikk som er vel kjent for fagfolk i industrien. Ved disse fremgangsmåter blir de forskjellige monomerer og katalysatorer emulgert i vann ved hjelp av emulgeringsmidlene i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse, hvoretter polymerisasjonsreaksjonen så blir initiert. Egnede vann-løselige, fri-radikal-initierende katalysatorer for anvendelse ved fremstilling av de polymere latexer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse, innbefatter natrium-, kalium- og am-moniumpersulfat og hydrogenperoksyd. Man kan alternativt anvende et redox-system så som f.eks. en blanding av et persulfat og et alkali-metall-bisulfitt, -tiosulfat eller -hydrosulfitt. Disse katalysatorer bør være tilstede i en konsentrasjon på fra omkring 0,05 til 5,0 vekt% av den totale monomer-tilsetning. The polymers according to the present invention are produced by means of the free-radical-initiated emulsion polymerization technique which is well known to those skilled in the industry. In these methods, the various monomers and catalysts are emulsified in water using the emulsifiers according to the present invention, after which the polymerization reaction is then initiated. Suitable water-soluble, free-radical-initiating catalysts for use in the preparation of the polymeric latexes of this invention include sodium, potassium and ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide. You can alternatively use a redox system such as e.g. a mixture of a persulphate and an alkali metal bisulphite, thiosulphate or hydrosulphite. These catalysts should be present at a concentration of from about 0.05 to 5.0% by weight of the total monomer addition.
Natriumsulfosuccinamat-emulgeringsmidlene anvendt ved foreliggende oppfinnelse, har blitt funnet å gi overraskende øket stabilitet til emulsjonen av latex-polymer-additivene i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse. I fravær av minst omkring 0,03 vekt% av. emulgeringsmidlene, basert på den totale monomer-tilsetning, The sodium sulfosuccinamate emulsifiers used in the present invention have been found to provide surprisingly increased stability to the emulsion of the latex polymer additives of the present invention. In the absence of at least about 0.03% by weight of. the emulsifiers, based on the total monomer addition,
har gummi- og klump-nivåene i de resulterende emulsjoner eller latexer blitt funnet å være overordentlig høye, mens gummi og klump-er i den resulterende emulsjon eller latex når det anvendes sulfosuccinamat-emulgeringsmidler, fortrinnsvis i mengder på fra omkring 0,0.3 til omkring 3 vekt%, basert på den totale monomer-tilsetning, er vesentlig eliminert og stabiliteten til. emulsjonen eller latexen blir opprettholdt i en lang tidsperiode. Emulgeringsmidlene kan anvendes i større mengder enn 3%, om ønskes, uten skadelig virkning. gum and lump levels in the resulting emulsions or latexes have been found to be exceedingly high, while gum and lump levels in the resulting emulsion or latex when sulfosuccinamate emulsifiers are used, preferably in amounts of from about 0.0.3 to about 3% by weight, based on the total monomer addition, is substantially eliminated and the stability of the emulsion or latex is maintained for a long period of time. The emulsifiers can be used in larger amounts than 3%, if desired, without harmful effects.
Man kan også om ønskes i oppskriften i tillegg ha et beskyttende kolloid så som polyvinylalkohol, polyvinylpyrrolidon, metylcellulose eller gelatin, i en effektiv konsentrasjon på fra omkring 0,03 til 6,0 vekt% av den totale monomer-tilsetning. Det beskyttende kolloid kan alternativt innføres i den polymere latex etter at den er fremstilt. Ved etter-tilsetning på denne måte bør det beskyttende kolloid være tilstede i en konsentrasjon på fra omkring 0,03 til 6,0 vekt% av den totale faste harpiks. I ethvert tilfelle vil nærværet av det beskyttende kolloid tjene til ytterligere å øke den mekaniske stabilitet til emulsjonen. One can also, if desired, in the recipe additionally have a protective colloid such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, methyl cellulose or gelatin, in an effective concentration of from about 0.03 to 6.0% by weight of the total monomer addition. Alternatively, the protective colloid can be introduced into the polymeric latex after it has been produced. When post-addition in this manner, the protective colloid should be present at a concentration of from about 0.03 to 6.0% by weight of the total solid resin. In any case, the presence of the protective colloid will serve to further increase the mechanical stability of the emulsion.
Den aktuelle polymerisasjonsreaksjon vil vanligvis bli utført ved en temperatur på fra omkring 0 til 100°C i en periode på fra omkring 1 til 24 timer, i avhengighet av slike faktorer som den særskilte monomer, katalysatorer, overflateaktive midler og polymerisasjonsapparatur som blir anvendt. Latexene som erholdes fra denne polymerisasjonsprosess, vil vanligvis ha et innhold av fast harpiks på fra omkring 5 til 70vekt%, hvor partiklene har en diameter som ligger i størrelsesområdet fra omkring 0,03 til 3,0 mikroner. The polymerization reaction in question will usually be carried out at a temperature of from about 0 to 100°C for a period of from about 1 to 24 hours, depending on such factors as the particular monomer, catalysts, surfactants and polymerization apparatus used. The latexes obtained from this polymerization process will usually have a solid resin content of from about 5 to 70% by weight, the particles having a diameter in the size range from about 0.03 to 3.0 microns.
Med hensyn til forholdene mellom bestanddelene så kan disse vandige emulsjons- eller latex-kopolymerpartikler inneholde fra omkring 1 til 89 vekt% av ett eller flere av de ovenfor beskrevne bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonater, fra omkring 10 til 98 vekt% av en eller flére av de ovenfor beskrevne halogenholdige etylenisk umettede monomerer og fra omkring 1 til 45 vekt% av en eller flere av de ovenfor beskrevne tredje komondmerer. Optimale resultater som flammehemmende additiver som fremviserrgod farvestabilitet for vanlige brennbare polymer-substrater tilpasset for å gi godt "grep" til nevnte substrater, blir erholdt ved anvendelse av polymerer With respect to the ratios between the components, these aqueous emulsion or latex copolymer particles may contain from about 1 to 89% by weight of one or more of the above-described bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonates, from about 10 to 98% by weight of one or more of the halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers described above and from about 1 to 45% by weight of one or more of the third comonomers described above. Optimum results as flame retardant additives exhibiting good color stability for common combustible polymer substrates adapted to provide good "grip" to said substrates are obtained using polymers
i samsvar med foreliggende oppfinnelse som inneholder fra omkring 10 til 75 vekt% av ett eller flere av bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfo-natene, fra omkring 20 til 85 vekt% av en eller flere av de ovenfor beskrevne halogenholdige etylenisk umettede monomerer og fra omkring 5 til 35 vekt% av en eller flere av de ovenfor beskrevne tredje monomerer. Mest foretrukket er en polymer som inneholder omkring 45-55 vekt% bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat, 25-35 vekt% vinylidenklorid, 14-20 vekt% n-butylakrylat og 1-5 vekt% N-metylol-akrylamid. Uten å påvirke egenskapene til latex-polymeren kan n-butylakrylatet erstattes med 2;retylheksyl-akrylat. Når det blir anvendt 2-etylheksyl-akrylat, inneholder den mest foretruknen^omip-posisjon 65-75. vekt% vinylidenklorid, 12-22 vekt% bis(beta-klor-etyl) vinylfosfonat, 5-13 vekt% 2-etylheksyl-akrylat og 1-5 vekt% N-metylol-akrylamid. Disse to foretrukne komposisjoner tilveiebringer en riktig balanse mellom alle de ønskede egenskaper og er i det vesentlige fri for de forskjellige ufordelaktige egenskaper som hittil har vært forbundet med denne type av polymer-emulsjon eller -latex. in accordance with the present invention which contains from about 10 to 75% by weight of one or more of the bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonates, from about 20 to 85% by weight of one or more of the halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomers described above and from about 5 to 35% by weight of one or more of the above-described third monomers. Most preferred is a polymer containing about 45-55% by weight bis(beta-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate, 25-35% by weight vinylidene chloride, 14-20% by weight n-butyl acrylate and 1-5% by weight N-methylol-acrylamide. Without affecting the properties of the latex polymer, the n-butyl acrylate can be replaced with 2;retylhexyl acrylate. When 2-ethylhexyl acrylate is used, it most preferably contains β-omip position 65-75. wt% vinylidene chloride, 12-22 wt% bis(beta-chloro-ethyl) vinylphosphonate, 5-13 wt% 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and 1-5 wt% N-methylol acrylamide. These two preferred compositions provide a proper balance of all the desired properties and are essentially free of the various disadvantageous properties which have heretofore been associated with this type of polymer emulsion or latex.
Med hensyn til de ovenfor beskrevne forhold for kompo-sisjonen av de vandige emulsjons- eller latex-kopolymerer i hen hold til denne oppfinnelse, har det blitt funnet at det i økende grad blir vanskelig å erholde gode omdannelseshastigheter ved polymerisasjonen når det blir gjort forsøk på å øke mengden av bis-(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonatet i den resulterende kopolymer vesentlig over en konsentrasjon på omkring (60 vekt%. på den annen side blir anvendelsen av disse kopolymere emulsjoner som flammehemmende addStiver for vanlige brennbare polymer-substrater, progressivt mer ineffektiv når de inneholder vesentlig mindre enn omkring 5 vekt% av ett eller flere bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonater, siden den resulterende blanding da vil ha behov for nærvær av en heller høy konsentrasjon av polymeren for å erholde flammehemming. Anvendelse av slike høye konsentrasjoner av disse polymeradditivene kan på sin side resultere i en viss beskadigelse av de indre fysikalske egenskaper til det således modifiserte polymer-substrat. With regard to the above described conditions for the composition of the aqueous emulsion or latex copolymers according to this invention, it has been found that it becomes increasingly difficult to obtain good conversion rates in the polymerization when attempts are made to to increase the amount of the bis-(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate in the resulting copolymer substantially above a concentration of about (60 wt.%), on the other hand, the use of these copolymer emulsions as flame retardant addStiver for common combustible polymer substrates becomes progressively more ineffective when they contain substantially less than about 5% by weight of one or more bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonates, since the resulting mixture will then require the presence of a rather high concentration of the polymer to obtain flame retardancy. The use of such high concentrations of these polymer additives can on in turn result in some damage to the internal physical properties of the thus modified serte polymer substrate.
Spesifikke vandige emulsjonspolymer-komposisjoner som er Specific aqueous emulsion polymer compositions which are
spesielt foretrukne, er:particularly preferred are:
(1) en terpolymer av 81 vektdeler vinylidenklorid, 5 vektdeler n-butylakrylat og 14 vektdeler bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat , (2) en terpolymer inneholdende 15 vektdeler di-r-n-butyl-vinylfosfonat, 20 vektdeler di-n-oktyl-fumarat og 65 vektdeler vinylidenklorid, (3) en terpolymer inneholdende 15 vektdeler bis(beta-kloretyl ) vinylf os f onat , 5 vektdeler propylen og 80 vektdeler vinylidenklorid, (4) en terpolymer inneholdende 25 vektdeler vinyliden-brbmid, 65 vektdeler bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat og 10 vektdeler vinylacetat og (1) a terpolymer of 81 parts by weight of vinylidene chloride, 5 parts by weight of n-butyl acrylate and 14 parts by weight of bis(beta-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate, (2) a terpolymer containing 15 parts by weight of di-r-n-butyl-vinylphosphonate, 20 parts by weight of di-n-octyl- fumarate and 65 parts by weight of vinylidene chloride, (3) a terpolymer containing 15 parts by weight of bis(beta-chloroethyl) vinyl phosphate, 5 parts by weight of propylene and 80 parts by weight of vinylidene chloride, (4) a terpolymer containing 25 parts by weight of vinylidene bromide, 65 parts by weight of bis(beta -chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate and 10 parts by weight of vinyl acetate and
(5) en polymer inneholdende 50 vektdeler vinylklorid,(5) a polymer containing 50 parts by weight of vinyl chloride,
35 vektdeler bis(2-klorisopropyl)-1-metylvinylfosfonat, 15 vektdeler stearylvinyleter og 5 vektdeler N-metylol-akrylamid. 35 parts by weight of bis(2-chloroisopropyl)-1-methylvinylphosphonate, 15 parts by weight of stearyl vinyl ether and 5 parts by weight of N-methylol-acrylamide.
Ved denne fremstilling er det viktig å skille mellom fremgangsmåtene ved suspensjons- og emulsjons-polymerisasjon. Sus-pens jonspolymerisasjon refererer seg således til en polymerisa-sjonsmetode hvorved en eller flere monomerer blir dispergert i et In this preparation, it is important to distinguish between the methods of suspension and emulsion polymerization. Suspension ion polymerization thus refers to a polymerization method whereby one or more monomers are dispersed in a
suspensjonsmedium som er et ikke-oppløsningsmiddel for både monomeren og den resulterende polymer. Vann blir vanligvis benyttet for dette formål, og en monomer-oppløselTig polymerisasjonsinitiator blir deretter innført. Polymerisasjonen foregår innen den monomer- suspending medium which is a non-solvent for both the monomer and the resulting polymer. Water is usually used for this purpose, and a monomer-dissolving Tig polymerization initiator is then introduced. The polymerization takes place within the monomer
fase som inneholder polymerisasjonsinitiatoren. Anvendelse av sus-pens jonsmediet medvirker til spredning av réaksjonsvarmen og poly-merisas jonsreaksjonen blir derfor lettere å regulere. Suspensjons-polymerisasjonen blir vanligvis gjennomført ved å dispergere monomeren i suspensjonsmediet enten ved konstant agitering eller ved anvendelse av .et suspenderingsmiddel eller begge deler. I industrien er det kjent.forskjellige•suspenderingsmidler. Disse kjente suspenderingsmidler innbefatter gelatin, hydroksymetylcellulose, hydroksyetylcellulose, hydroksypropylcellulose, karboksymetylcel-lulose, talkum, leire, polyvinylalkohol og lignende. phase containing the polymerization initiator. Use of the suspension ionic medium helps to spread the heat of reaction and the polymerization reaction is therefore easier to regulate. The suspension polymerization is usually carried out by dispersing the monomer in the suspension medium either by constant agitation or by using a suspending agent or both. Various suspending agents are known in the industry. These known suspending agents include gelatin, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, talc, clay, polyvinyl alcohol and the like.
I motsetning til dette medfører emulsjonspolymerisasjon, som er den fremgangsmåte som anvendes ved foreliggende oppfinnelse, en prosess hvorvéd en eller flere monomerer blir emulgert i form av små dråper innen en kontinuerlig fase som bør være inert med hensyn til. både .de emulgerte monomerer og den resulterende polymer. Vann blir vanligvis valgt som den kontinuerlige fase. Emulgering av monomerene blir bevirket ved anvendelse av ett eller flere av de ovenfor beskrevne emulgeringsmidler som har en tilbøyelighet til å redusere den gjensidige overflatespenning mellom den dispergerte og kontinuerlige fase. In contrast to this, emulsion polymerization, which is the method used in the present invention, involves a process whereby one or more monomers are emulsified in the form of small droplets within a continuous phase which should be inert with regard to. both the emulsified monomers and the resulting polymer. Water is usually chosen as the continuous phase. Emulsification of the monomers is effected by the use of one or more of the above-described emulsifiers which have a tendency to reduce the mutual surface tension between the dispersed and continuous phase.
Det blir anvendt en vann-oppløselig initiator og det er antatt at polymerkjedene dannes i den kontinuerlige, vandige fase og så fortsetter å vokse i den dispergerte monomer-polymer-fase A water-soluble initiator is used and it is assumed that the polymer chains are formed in the continuous, aqueous phase and then continue to grow in the dispersed monomer-polymer phase
for å gi polymerproduktet i en findelt tilstand og dette blir vær-ende emulgert innen det kontinuerlige, vandige medium. Det er således et viktig skille mellom emulsjons- og suspensjons-polymerisasjon ved at ved den førstnevnte blir monomeren enten dispergert to give the polymer product in a finely divided state and this is continuously emulsified within the continuous, aqueous medium. There is thus an important distinction between emulsion and suspension polymerization in that in the former the monomer is either dispersed
i smådråper som blir stabilisert med et adsorbert sjikt av såpe-molekyler eller blir gjort oppløselig i såpemicellen som er tilstede i vandige såpebppløsninger. Som et resultat blir det lett oppnådd stabile polymere emulsjoner, mens de resulterende polymer-partikler ved en suspensjonspolymerisasjon er av relativt stor masse som har tilbøyelighet til lettere å skilles ut fra suspensjonen. in droplets that are stabilized with an adsorbed layer of soap molecules or are made soluble in the soap micelle present in aqueous soap solutions. As a result, stable polymeric emulsions are easily obtained, while the resulting polymer particles in a suspension polymerization are of relatively large mass which tend to separate more easily from the suspension.
I alle tilfeller har de vandige emulsjons- eller latex-kopolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse blitt funnet å tilveiebringe blandinger med vanlige brennbare polymere materialer som erkarakterisert vedderes overordentlig brannhemming. Uttrykkene "brannhemmende" eller "flammehemmende" er, når de benyttes i denne fremstilling, ment å referere til den spesielle materialegenskap som gjør det motstandsdyktig mot antenning og brenning. En brann-eller flamme-hemmende komposisjon er således en som har et lavt nivå med brennbarhet og flammespredning. Denne egenskap kan bekvemt vurderes ved hjelp av standard-testene for flammehemming, så som f.eks. ASTM test D-63 5. In all cases, the aqueous emulsion or latex copolymers of this invention have been found to provide blends with common combustible polymeric materials characterized by their superior fire retardancy. The terms "fire retardant" or "flame retardant" when used herein are intended to refer to the special material property that makes it resistant to ignition and burning. A fire or flame retardant composition is thus one that has a low level of flammability and flame spread. This property can be conveniently assessed using the standard tests for flame retardancy, such as e.g. ASTM test D-63 5.
Som angitt ovenfor er de vandige emulsjons- eller latex-kopolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse spesielt egnet til å blandes med vanlige brennbare polymerer som er i form av vandige systemer så som oppløsninger, suspensjoner eller, mest foretrukket, emulsjoner. De resulterende vandige blandinger kan så anvendes ved hvilke som helst av de forskjellige belegnihgs-, klebe-, laminerings-og impregnerings-anvendelser som er kjent for fagfolk i industrien. Således kan disse vandige blandinger belegges på og/eller absorb-eres av alle materialtyper som det er ønsket å gi brannhemmende egenskaper. De kan derfor anvendes som belegninger, impregneringer, fyllstoffer, laminater og klebemidler for slike substrater som tre, papir, metaller, tekstiler basert på enten fibrer eller blandinger derav, syntetiske polymer-filmer så som slike som er basert på polyolef iner, regenererlt' cellulose, d.v.s. cellofan, polyvinylklor-id, polyestere og lignende, lær, naturlig og syntetisk gummi, fiberplater, og syntetisk plast fremstilt ved enten addisjons- eller kondensasjonspolymerisasjonsteknikk. Dessuten kan polymerene i henhold til denne oppfinnelse anvendes som brannhemmende additiver, i spinnebad eller pastaer hvorfra rayon og akrylfibrer blir spunnet. As indicated above, the aqueous emulsion or latex copolymers according to this invention are particularly suitable for mixing with ordinary flammable polymers which are in the form of aqueous systems such as solutions, suspensions or, most preferably, emulsions. The resulting aqueous mixtures can then be used in any of the various coating, adhesive, laminating and impregnating applications known to those skilled in the art. Thus, these aqueous mixtures can be coated on and/or absorbed by all types of material which it is desired to provide fire-retardant properties. They can therefore be used as coatings, impregnations, fillers, laminates and adhesives for such substrates as wood, paper, metals, textiles based on either fibers or mixtures thereof, synthetic polymer films such as those based on polyolefins, regenerated cellulose , i.e. cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters and the like, leather, natural and synthetic rubber, fibreboard, and synthetic plastics produced by either addition or condensation polymerization techniques. Furthermore, the polymers according to this invention can be used as fire-retardant additives, in spinning baths or pastes from which rayon and acrylic fibers are spun.
Ved iverksetting kan man benytte ethvert vanlig brennbart polymert materiale ved fremstilling av brannhemmende poly-blandinger med de nye vandige emulsjonspolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse. Disse vanlige brennbare materialer kan være termoplastiske polymerer, d.v.s. polymerer som kan myknes med varme og som igjen opptar deres opprinnelige egenskaper ved avkjøling. Det kan også anvendes polymere systemer, spesielt slike som er i form av vandige emulsjoner, omfattende kopolymerer som inneholder en eller flere tverrbindbare komonomerer, d.v.s. monomerer som inneholder to eller flere funksjonelle grupper, så som f.eks. N-metylol-akrylamid, N-metylol-metakrylamid, glycidylakrylat og glycidyl-metakrylat. således kan kopolymerene som inneholder en eller flere av disse tverrbindbare komonomerer herdes eller tverrbindes ved anvendelse av varme og/eller katalysatorer og blir derved omdannet til en form i hvilken de ikke lenger vil være termoplastiske, men vil snarere være termoherdende, d.v.s. de vil ikke mykne ved opp-■ varming. Det er ideelt at de nye vandige emulsjonskopolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse blir blandet med slike tverrbindbare kopolymersysterner før den tiden de underkastes denne herding eller tverrbinding. In implementation, any ordinary combustible polymeric material can be used in the production of fire-retardant poly-mixtures with the new aqueous emulsion polymers according to this invention. These common combustible materials may be thermoplastic polymers, i.e. polymers that can be softened with heat and which regain their original properties on cooling. Polymeric systems can also be used, especially those in the form of aqueous emulsions, comprising copolymers containing one or more crosslinkable comonomers, i.e. monomers containing two or more functional groups, such as e.g. N-methylol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. thus, the copolymers containing one or more of these crosslinkable comonomers can be cured or crosslinked using heat and/or catalysts and are thereby converted into a form in which they will no longer be thermoplastic, but will rather be thermosetting, i.e. they will not soften when heated. It is ideal that the novel aqueous emulsion copolymers of this invention are mixed with such crosslinkable copolymer systems prior to the time they are subjected to this curing or crosslinking.
Den aktuelle blanding av de vandige emulsjonskopolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse, med andre polymere materialer, kan gjennomføres ved hjelp av hvilken som helst konvensjonell fremgangsmåte som vil resultere i en inngående blanding av den momentane kopolymer i den polymere masse, således kan f.eks. den vandige emulsjon eller latex i henhold til foreliggende■oppfinnelse ganske enkelt blandes eller på annen måte sammenblandes med en polymer som-fortrinnsvis bør være i form av en vandig oppløsning, latex eller suspensjon. Den resulterende vandige blanding kan være nyttig som sådan eller den kan ko-koaguleres for å danne en fast polymer blanding. Eller om ønskes kan den vandige polymere emulsjon i henhold til denne oppfinnelse koaguleres ved frysing eller ved tilsetning av NaCl-oppløsning, metanol eller lignende for å utvinne polymeren i fast partikkelform. Det polymere additiv og en polymer som skal modifiseres, kan blandes sammen med hverandre mens hver av dem er i fast form. The actual mixing of the aqueous emulsion copolymers according to this invention, with other polymeric materials, can be carried out by means of any conventional method which will result in a thorough mixing of the instantaneous copolymer in the polymeric mass, thus e.g. the aqueous emulsion or latex according to the present invention is simply mixed or otherwise combined with a polymer which should preferably be in the form of an aqueous solution, latex or suspension. The resulting aqueous mixture may be useful as such or it may be co-coagulated to form a solid polymer mixture. Or, if desired, the aqueous polymeric emulsion according to this invention can be coagulated by freezing or by adding NaCl solution, methanol or the like to extract the polymer in solid particle form. The polymeric additive and a polymer to be modified can be mixed together while each is in solid form.
Blandingen kan også utføres ved hjelp.av en.fremgangsmåte hvorved polymeren som skal modifiseres, selv. polymeriseres mens den er i nærvær av en av de på forhånd polymeriserte vandige emulsjonspolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse. Alternativt kan de bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonat-holdige vandige emulsjonspolymerer polymeriseres i et system som inneholder den på forhånd polymeriserte polymer som skal modifiseres i en egnet fysikalsk form, f.eks. som en vandig oppløsning, suspensjon eller emulsjon. The mixture can also be carried out using a method whereby the polymer to be modified itself. polymerized while in the presence of one of the pre-polymerized aqueous emulsion polymers of this invention. Alternatively, the bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate-containing aqueous emulsion polymers can be polymerized in a system containing the pre-polymerized polymer to be modified in a suitable physical form, e.g. as an aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion.
Med hensyn til forholdene mellom bestanddelene vil mengden med bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonat-holdig vandig emulsjons-eller latex-polymer som kan blandes med et vanlig brennbart polymert materiale, først og fremst avhenge av slike faktorer som den spesielle'fosfonat-polymer og polymerene som skal blandes med hverandre, graden av brann-hemming som ønskes i den resulterende blanding, graden av klarhet, hårdhet og andre spesifikke fysikalske egenskaper som man søker, så vel som andre tekniske og økonomiske betraktninger som er kjent og forstått av fagfolk. Men for å oppnå en komposisjon som vil være selv-slukkende, er det vanligvis ønske lig å innføre en effektiv konsentrasjon av fast bis(alkyl)vinylfosfonat som vandig emulsjonspolymer som vil være tilstrekkelig til å forsyne den resulterende blanding med minst omkring 0,5 vekt% fosfor og med minst omkring 10 vekt% halogen, d.v.s. klor og/eller brom, avledet fra den halogenholdige etylenisk umettede monomer og også, om mulig, fra bis(hydrokarbyl)vinylfosfonat. With respect to the ratios of the ingredients, the amount of bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate-containing aqueous emulsion or latex polymer that can be mixed with a common combustible polymeric material will depend primarily on such factors as the particular 'phosphonate polymer and the polymers that to be mixed with each other, the degree of fire retardancy desired in the resulting mixture, the degree of clarity, hardness and other specific physical properties sought, as well as other technical and economic considerations known and understood by those skilled in the art. However, in order to obtain a composition which will be self-extinguishing, it is usually desirable to introduce an effective concentration of solid bis(alkyl)vinylphosphonate as aqueous emulsion polymer which will be sufficient to provide the resulting mixture with at least about 0.5 wt. % phosphorus and with at least around 10% by weight halogen, i.e. chlorine and/or bromine, derived from the halogen-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer and also, if possible, from bis(hydrocarbyl)vinylphosphonate.
De brannhemmende polymer-komposisjoner i henhold til denne oppfinnelse kan fremstilles slik at de inneholder forskjellige valgfrie additiver som kan innbefatte myknere så som alkylestere av ftalsyre, adipinsyre og sebasinsyre slik som f.eks. dioktyl-ftalat og ditridecylftalat, og arylfosfatestere så som f.eks. tri-fenyl- og trikresyl-fosfat etc, smøremidler og formfrigjørings-midler så som stearinsyre eller dens metallsalter, vokser basert på petroleum, mineraloljer og deres halogenerte produkter, polyetylen-vokser og deres halogenerte produkter etc., og varme- og lys-stabilisatorer så som barium-, kadmium-, kalsium- og sink-såper eller -fenater, basiske blyforbindelser, tinn-organiske forbindelser så som di-alkyl-tinn-merkaptider og di-alkyl-tinn-maleater, tiolaurin-syreanhydrid og n-butyl-stannosyre, epoksyderte oijer, alkyl-difenyl-fosfitter, triaryl-fosfitter, fenylsalicylater, o-hydroksy-benzofenoner og -benzotriazoler etc. En mer fullstendig liste over myknere, smøremidler, stabilisatorer og andre funksjonelle additiver kan man finne i "Polyvinyl Chloride" av H.A.Sarvetnick, publi-sert av Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, New York 1969. The fire retardant polymer compositions according to this invention can be prepared so that they contain various optional additives which may include plasticizers such as alkyl esters of phthalic acid, adipic acid and sebacic acid such as e.g. dioctyl phthalate and ditridecyl phthalate, and aryl phosphate esters such as e.g. tri-phenyl and tricresyl phosphate etc., lubricants and mold release agents such as stearic acid or its metal salts, waxes based on petroleum, mineral oils and their halogenated products, polyethylene waxes and their halogenated products etc., and heat and light stabilizers such as barium, cadmium, calcium and zinc soaps or phenates, basic lead compounds, organotin compounds such as di-alkyl tin mercaptides and di-alkyl tin maleates, thiolauric anhydride and n-butyl -stannic acid, epoxidized oils, alkyl-diphenyl-phosphites, triaryl-phosphites, phenylsalicylates, o-hydroxy-benzophenones and -benzotriazoles etc. A more complete list of plasticizers, lubricants, stabilizers and other functional additives can be found in "Polyvinyl Chloride" by H.A.Sarvetnick, published by Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, New York 1969.
Komposisjonene i henhold til denne oppfinnelse kan også inneholde fyllstoffer, pigmenter, farvestoffer, lysgjøringsmidler, dekorative additiver så som reflekterende metall-folier og -blad, The compositions according to this invention may also contain fillers, pigments, dyes, brighteners, decorative additives such as reflective metal foils and sheets,
og andre inristøpte faste gjenstander så som fiberglass, tekstil-fibrer, asbest og lignende, forutsatt at de ikke nedsetter flamme-hemmingen til disse produkter. I tillegg kan komposisjonene inneholde andre flammehemmende midler så som antimon-forbindelser, sink-borat, aluminiumhydrat, halogenerte alkylfosfater eller -fosfonater, alkylhydrogenfosfater eller små konsentrasjoner av fosforsyre. and other cast-in solid objects such as fibreglass, textile fibres, asbestos and the like, provided that they do not reduce the flame retardancy of these products. In addition, the compositions may contain other flame retardants such as antimony compounds, zinc borate, aluminum hydrate, halogenated alkyl phosphates or phosphonates, alkyl hydrogen phosphates or small concentrations of phosphoric acid.
De brannhemmende komposisjoner i henhold til denne oppfinnelse kan, enten de omfatter blandinger av polymere materialer The fire retardant compositions according to this invention may, whether they comprise mixtures of polymeric materials
. med en eller flere av de brannhemmende additiver i henhold til denne oppfinnelse eller de omfatter de brannhemmende polymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse i og for seg, benyttes ved hvilke som helst av de anvendelser ved belegning, klebing, impregnering, lami- . with one or more of the fire-retardant additives according to this invention or they comprise the fire-retardant polymers according to this invention in and of themselves, are used in any of the applications for coating, gluing, impregnation, lamination
nering, binding og maling som er kjent for fagfolk i industrien, hvor det er ønsket å gi brannhemmende egenskaper til det resulterende sluttprodukt. Disse komposisjoner kan f.eks. anvendes ved slike applikasjoner som klebende underlag for pledd og gulvtepper, som klebemidler for fiberglass, som underlagsbelegning for stoff, som varmeforseglende bindemidler for non-woven.stoff, som gulv-maiteriale, belegninger, som papirbelegninger, som baser for maling og som klebemidler ved fremstilling av laminerte strukturer. nering, binding and painting which are known to those skilled in the industry, where it is desired to impart fire-retardant properties to the resulting end product. These compositions can e.g. used in such applications as adhesive underlays for blankets and carpets, as adhesives for fibreglass, as undercoating for fabric, as heat-sealing binders for non-woven fabric, as floor materials, coatings, as paper coatings, as bases for paint and as adhesives for production of laminated structures.
I tillegg til å bli anvendt som brannhemmende tilsetninger ved fremstilling av brannhemmende polymer-blandinger med brennbare polymere substrater, kan de vandige emulsjonspolymerer i henhold til denne oppfinnelse anvendes i og for seg ved hvilke som helst av de forskjellige applikasjoner ved belegning, maling, klebing, laminering, impregnering og binding som er kjent for fagfolk i industrien. De kan således belegges på og/eller.adsorberes av alle typer med substrater som det er ønsket å gi brannhemmende egenskaper. De kan derfor anvendes som belegninger, impregneringer, fyllstoffer, laminater og klebemidler for slike substrater som tre, papir, metaller, non-woven stoff og tekstiler basert på enten na-turlige-, syntetiske-, mineral- eller glass-fibrer eller blandinger derav, syntetiske polymer-fiImer så som slike som er basert på polyolefiner, regenerert cellulose, d.v.s. cellofan, polyvinylklo-rid, polyestere og lignende, lær, naturlig og syntetisk gummi, fiberplater og syntetisk plast fremstilt ved hjelp av enten addisjons- eller kondensasjonspolymerisasjonsteknikk. In addition to being used as fire-retardant additives in the production of fire-retardant polymer mixtures with flammable polymer substrates, the aqueous emulsion polymers according to this invention can be used in and of themselves in any of the various applications for coating, painting, gluing, lamination, impregnation and bonding known to those skilled in the industry. They can thus be coated on and/or adsorbed by all types of substrates that it is desired to provide fire-retardant properties. They can therefore be used as coatings, impregnations, fillers, laminates and adhesives for such substrates as wood, paper, metals, non-woven fabric and textiles based on either natural, synthetic, mineral or glass fibers or mixtures thereof , synthetic polymer films such as those based on polyolefins, regenerated cellulose, i.e. cellophane, polyvinyl chloride, polyesters and the like, leather, natural and synthetic rubber, fibreboard and synthetic plastics produced by either addition or condensation polymerization techniques.
De følgende eksempler vil ytterligere belyse de forskjellige utførelser av denne oppfinnelse. I disse eksempler er alle deler og prosenter angitt som vekt dersom ikke annet er angitt. The following examples will further illustrate the various embodiments of this invention. In these examples, all parts and percentages are given by weight unless otherwise stated.
Eksempel IExample I
Dette eksempel belyser effektiviteten av natriumsulfosuc-cinamater som emulgeringsmidler ved. fremstilling av stabile polymere latexer. Dette eksempel belyser også at andre emulgeringsmidler, som hittil er betraktet som ekvivalente med natriumsulfo-succinamater som emulgeringsmidler for polymere latexer fremstilt fra en eller flere av monomerene anvendt ved foreliggende oppfinnelse (se f.eks. US-PS 3.489.706 og 3.682.871), i virkeligheten ikke er ekvivalente og er vesentlig uegnet for anvendelse ved fremstillingen av de stabile latexer i henhold til foreliggende opp- This example illustrates the effectiveness of sodium sulfosuccinamates as emulsifiers. production of stable polymeric latexes. This example also illustrates that other emulsifiers, which have hitherto been considered equivalent to sodium sulfosuccinamates as emulsifiers for polymeric latexes prepared from one or more of the monomers used in the present invention (see, for example, US-PS 3,489,706 and 3,682,871 ), in reality are not equivalent and are essentially unsuitable for use in the production of the stable latexes according to the present
finnelse.invention.
I et polymerisasjonskar på 0,95 liter blir det tilsatt 150 gram bis(beta-kloretyl)vinylfosfonat, heretter referert til som "bis-beta", 15 gram N-metylol-akrylamid, 60gram' vinylidenklorid, 280 gram avionisert vann og 60 gram av en 10%'s vandig opp-løsning av tetranatrium-N-(1,2-dikarboksyetyl)-N-oktadecyl-sulfosuccinamat. pH i den resulterende blanding blir justert til en ver-di på 7 ved tilsetning av 3,3 ml med 58%'s vandig oppløsning av ammoniumhydroksyd, hvoretter det blir satt 40 gram av en 10%'s vandig ammoniumpersulfat-oppløsning til blandingen. Luftrommet over væskehivået i reaktoren blir spylt med nitrogen og karet blir luk-ket. Karet blir ristet for å danne en stabil emulsjon.Polymerisa-sjonen blir utført ved en temperatur på 50°C i løpet av 12 timer med et polymerisasjonskar som blir kontinuerlig utsatt for en trom-lende agitasjon. Det blir erholdt en overmåte stabil latex med god farvestabilitet som fremviser et gummi- og klump-nivå på mindre enn 1%. Når latexen blir hellet på enPetri-skål og tørret, blir det utvunnet en film som fremviser et mykt grep. Når filmen blir an-tent med en Bunsen-brenner i to sekunder og brenneren så blir fjer-net, opprettholder ikke filmen forbrenningen og fremviser derfor gode brannhemmende egenskaper. In a polymerization vessel of 0.95 liters are added 150 grams of bis(beta-chloroethyl)vinylphosphonate, hereinafter referred to as "bis-beta", 15 grams of N-methylol-acrylamide, 60 grams of vinylidene chloride, 280 grams of deionized water and 60 grams of a 10% aqueous solution of tetrasodium N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate. The pH of the resulting mixture is adjusted to a value of 7 by adding 3.3 ml of a 58% aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide, after which 40 grams of a 10% aqueous ammonium persulfate solution is added to the mixture. The air space above the liquid level in the reactor is flushed with nitrogen and the vessel is closed. The vessel is shaken to form a stable emulsion. The polymerization is carried out at a temperature of 50°C during 12 hours with a polymerization vessel which is continuously subjected to drumming agitation. An extremely stable latex with good color stability is obtained which exhibits a gum and lump level of less than 1%. When the latex is poured onto a Petri dish and dried, a film is recovered that exhibits a soft grip. When the film is ignited with a Bunsen burner for two seconds and the burner is then removed, the film does not sustain combustion and therefore exhibits good fire-retardant properties.
En del av emulsjonen fremstilt ovenfor blir blandet med en vandig emulsjon inneholdende 46% polybutylakrylat-polymerpart-ikler hvis filmer vanligvis er brennbare. Konsentrasjonen av den faste bis-beta-polymer i blandingen er 20% basert på det faste poly-butylakrylat. Det blir støpt en film som har en tørr tykkelse på 0,12 7 millimeter, fra polymer-blandingen, og den blir funnet å ha gode brannhemmende egenskaper. A portion of the emulsion prepared above is mixed with an aqueous emulsion containing 46% polybutyl acrylate polymer particles whose films are usually flammable. The concentration of the solid bis-beta polymer in the mixture is 20% based on the solid polybutyl acrylate. A film having a dry thickness of 0.127 millimeters is cast from the polymer mixture and is found to have good fire retardant properties.
Sammenligningseksempel 1Comparative example 1
Eksempel 1 blir gjentatt, bortsett fra at det blir anvendt 60 gram av en 10%'s vandig natriumlaurylsulfat-oppløsning i stedet for natriumsulfosuccinamat. Polymerisasjonen blir utført under identiske forhold. Den resulterende emulsjon erkarakterisertsom helt klumpete. • Example 1 is repeated, except that 60 grams of a 10% aqueous sodium lauryl sulfate solution is used instead of sodium sulfosuccinamate. The polymerization is carried out under identical conditions. The resulting emulsion is characterized as completely lumpy. •
Eksempel 2.Example 2.
Eksempel 1 blir gjentatt, bortsett fra at det blir anvendt dinatrium-N-oktadecyl-sulfosuccinamat i stedet for tetra-natrium-N- (1,2-dikarboksyetyl)-N-oktadecyl-sulfosuccinamat. Det blir på samme måte erholdt en stabil latex. Example 1 is repeated, except that disodium N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate is used instead of tetrasodium N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)-N-octadecyl sulfosuccinamate. A stable latex is obtained in the same way.
Claims (11)
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US41064473A | 1973-11-12 | 1973-11-12 |
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JP (1) | JPS5079592A (en) |
BE (1) | BE822096A (en) |
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CS (1) | CS188206B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE2452369A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2250776B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB1467340A (en) |
IL (1) | IL45910A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1023193B (en) |
NL (1) | NL7414616A (en) |
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US4218408A (en) * | 1976-05-03 | 1980-08-19 | Balcke-Durr Aktiengesellschaft | Cooling tower with ripple plates |
IL56417A (en) * | 1978-03-20 | 1982-11-30 | Stauffer Chemical Co | Vinyl film/substrate laminate |
DE4124560A1 (en) * | 1991-07-24 | 1993-01-28 | Wacker Chemie Gmbh | COATING AGENTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF WATERPROOF, VAPOR-PERMEABLE AND FLAME-RETARDANT COATINGS |
ES2344371T3 (en) * | 2006-01-09 | 2010-08-25 | Basf Se | PROCEDURE FOR SURFACE TREATMENT. |
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1974
- 1974-10-23 IL IL45910A patent/IL45910A/en unknown
- 1974-11-05 DE DE19742452369 patent/DE2452369A1/en active Pending
- 1974-11-08 FR FR7437199A patent/FR2250776B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1974-11-08 NO NO744035A patent/NO744035L/no unknown
- 1974-11-08 CA CA213,401A patent/CA1052924A/en not_active Expired
- 1974-11-08 NL NL7414616A patent/NL7414616A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1974-11-09 JP JP49129479A patent/JPS5079592A/ja active Pending
- 1974-11-11 IT IT53956/74A patent/IT1023193B/en active
- 1974-11-11 SE SE7414120A patent/SE7414120L/xx unknown
- 1974-11-12 BE BE7000582A patent/BE822096A/en unknown
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- 1974-11-12 GB GB4886274A patent/GB1467340A/en not_active Expired
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BE822096A (en) | 1975-05-12 |
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IL45910A (en) | 1977-06-30 |
SE7414120L (en) | 1975-05-13 |
CS188206B2 (en) | 1979-02-28 |
FR2250776B1 (en) | 1979-06-08 |
IT1023193B (en) | 1978-05-10 |
GB1467340A (en) | 1977-03-16 |
CA1052924A (en) | 1979-04-17 |
FR2250776A1 (en) | 1975-06-06 |
DE2452369A1 (en) | 1975-05-22 |
JPS5079592A (en) | 1975-06-28 |
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