NO328926B1 - Fatty acid analogues and processes for preparing the same, as well as a nutritional material containing the fatty acids, and the use of the fatty acid analogs for the prevention or treatment of diseases - Google Patents
Fatty acid analogues and processes for preparing the same, as well as a nutritional material containing the fatty acids, and the use of the fatty acid analogs for the prevention or treatment of diseases Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO328926B1 NO328926B1 NO20024114A NO20024114A NO328926B1 NO 328926 B1 NO328926 B1 NO 328926B1 NO 20024114 A NO20024114 A NO 20024114A NO 20024114 A NO20024114 A NO 20024114A NO 328926 B1 NO328926 B1 NO 328926B1
- Authority
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- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- alkyl
- fatty acid
- proviso
- group
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
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Description
Område for oppfinnelsen Field of the invention
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører fettsyreanaloger, samt fremgangsmåter til fremstilling av samme. Videre omfatter oppfinnelsen anvendelse av nevnte fettsyreanaloger for behandling og/eller hindring av syndrom X, obesitet, hypertensjon, fettlever, diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia og stenose, og for behandling og/eller forebygging av hyperkolesterolemi og/eller hypertriglyseridemi. Oppfinnelsen vedrører også et ernæringsmateriale eller kosttilskudd omfattende nevnte fettsyrer. The present invention relates to fatty acid analogues, as well as methods for producing the same. Furthermore, the invention includes the use of said fatty acid analogues for the treatment and/or prevention of syndrome X, obesity, hypertension, fatty liver, diabetes, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and stenosis, and for the treatment and/or prevention of hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia. The invention also relates to a nutritional material or dietary supplement comprising said fatty acids.
Bakgrunn og teknikkens stilling Background and state of the art
EP 345.038 beskriver anvendelse av ikke-|$-oksyderbare fettsyreanaloger med formelen: EP 345,038 describes the use of non-|$-oxidizable fatty acid analogues with the formula:
Alkyl-X-CH2COOR Alkyl-X-CH2COOR
hvor alkylet er en mettet eller ikke-mettet hydrokarbon-kjede på fra 8 til 22 karbonatomer, X representerer 0, S, SO eller SO2, og R er hydrogen eller en C1-C4 alkylgruppe, for behandling av hyperlipidemiske betingelser og for reduksjon av konsentrasjonen av kolesterol og triglyserider i blodet til pattedyr. wherein the alkyl is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain of from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, X represents 0, S, SO or SO2, and R is hydrogen or a C1-C4 alkyl group, for the treatment of hyperlipidemic conditions and for reducing the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of mammals.
WO/1997/003663 (PCT/NO95/00195) beskriver alkyl-S-CH2COOR og alkyl-Se-CH2C00R for inhibering av oksidativ modifisering av LDL. Videre beskriver denne søknad anvendelse av selen-forbindelse for behandling av hyperlipidemiske situasjoner, og for å redusere konsentrasjonen av kolesterol og triglyserider. WO/1997/003663 (PCT/NO95/00195) describes alkyl-S-CH2COOR and alkyl-Se-CH2CO0R for inhibition of oxidative modification of LDL. Furthermore, this application describes the use of a selenium compound for the treatment of hyperlipidemic situations, and for reducing the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides.
PCT-søknadene WO/1999/058121 (PCT/NO99/00135), WO/1999/058122 (PCT/NO99/00136) og WO/1999/058123 (PCT/NO99/00149) beskriver fettsyreanaloger med formel (I) PCT applications WO/1999/058121 (PCT/NO99/00135), WO/1999/058122 (PCT/NO99/00136) and WO/1999/058123 (PCT/NO99/00149) describe fatty acid analogues of formula (I)
CH3 -[CH2]m-[xi-CH2]n-COOR CH3 -[CH2]m-[xi-CH2]n-COOR
-hvor n er et heltall fra 1 til 12, og -where n is an integer from 1 to 12, and
-hvor m er et heltall fra 0 til 23, og -where m is an integer from 0 to 23, and
-hvor i er et oddetall som indikerer posisjonen i forhold til COOR, og -hvor Xi uavhengig av hverandre er valgt fra gruppen omfattende 0, S, SO, S02, Se og CH2, og -hvor R representerer hydrogen eller C1-C4 alkyl, -where i is an odd number indicating the position relative to COOR, and -where Xi is independently selected from the group comprising 0, S, SO, SO 2 , Se and CH 2 , and -where R represents hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl,
-med den forutsetning at minst én av X± ikke er -with the assumption that at least one of X± is not
CH2, CH2,
eller et salt, prodrug eller kompleks derav. or a salt, prodrug or complex thereof.
Denne formel omfatter én eller flere X-grupper (fortrinns-vis selen eller svovel) i posisjoner 3, 5, 7, 9, etc. This formula comprises one or more X groups (preferably selenium or sulfur) in positions 3, 5, 7, 9, etc.
Videre beskriver disse PCT-søknader et antall medisinske og ernæringsmessige applikasjoner. Furthermore, these PCT applications describe a number of medical and nutritional applications.
WO/1999/058121 beskriver anvendelse av fettsyreanalogene for behandling og/eller hindring av obesitet, hypertensjon, fettlever og det multimetabolske syndrom benevnt «metabolsk syndrom» eller syndrom X. Videre beskriver denne søknad en fremgangsmåte for behandling eller hindring av en obes eller overvektig situasjon, og en fremgangsmåte for å fremme vekttap eller en reduksjon av fettmassen i et menneske eller dyr. Søknaden beskriver også en ernæringsmessig sammensetning som er effektiv for å redusere, eller hindre en økning i, den totale kroppsvekt eller den totale kroppsfettmasse i et menneske eller dyr, og også en fremgangsmåte for modifisering av fett-fordeling og -innhold i dyr for å forbedre kvaliteten av kjøtt, eller produkter så som melk og egg. WO/1999/058121 describes the use of the fatty acid analogues for the treatment and/or prevention of obesity, hypertension, fatty liver and the multimetabolic syndrome called "metabolic syndrome" or syndrome X. Furthermore, this application describes a method for the treatment or prevention of an obese or overweight situation , and a method for promoting weight loss or a reduction of fat mass in a human or animal. The application also describes a nutritional composition which is effective for reducing, or preventing an increase in, total body weight or total body fat mass in a human or animal, and also a method for modifying fat distribution and content in animals to improve the quality of meat, or products such as milk and eggs.
WO/1999/058122 beskriver anvendelse av fettsyreanaloger for behandling og/eller hindring av diabetes (både type I og II), og en fremgangsmåte for behandling eller hindring av hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia og redusert sensitivitet for insulin. En ernæringsmessig sammensetning effektiv i å redusere, eller hindre en økning i konsentrasjonen av glukose i blodet i et menneske eller dyr beskrives også, og likeledes en fremgangsmåte for å redusere konsentrasjonen av glukose i blodet i et menneske eller dyr. WO/1999/058122 describes the use of fatty acid analogues for the treatment and/or prevention of diabetes (both type I and II), and a method for the treatment or prevention of hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia and reduced sensitivity to insulin. A nutritional composition effective in reducing, or preventing an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood in a human or animal is also described, and likewise a method for reducing the concentration of glucose in the blood in a human or animal.
WO/1999/058123 beskriver anvendelse av fettsyreanalogene for behandling og/eller hindring av primær og/eller sekundær stenose, og/eller en sykdom forårsaket av prosessuelt vaskulært traume og/eller patologisk proliferasjon av glatte muskelceller, og/eller en økning i nivået av homocystein i plasma. WO/1999/058123 describes the use of the fatty acid analogues for the treatment and/or prevention of primary and/or secondary stenosis, and/or a disease caused by procedural vascular trauma and/or pathological proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and/or an increase in the level of homocysteine in plasma.
På grunn av X-atomet (mest foretrukket svovel eller selén) som er substituert i karbonkjeden i de ovenfor angitte fettsyreanaloger, vil disse forbindelser ikke ^-oksideres i mitokondriene etter denne posisjon. Degraderingen av disse molekyler må således starte fra metylenden av fettsyrene, og dette er en ganske langsom metabolsk prosess. Katabolismen av disse f ettsyreanaloger inkluderer co-oksidasjon og en viss kjedeforkortning av dikarboksylsyren med hjelp av peroksisomer. Enzymer i det endoplasmatiske reticulum vil co-hydroksylere og videre oksidere de hydroksylerte fettsyrer til en dikarboksylisk syre. Denne syre kan deretter kjedeforkortes med ^-oksidasjon i peroksisomene. Studier i rotter har vist at 50% av TTA-analogen ble utskilt i urinen som korte sulfoksydikar-boksyliske syrer i løpet av 24 timer etter administrering. I tilsvarende eksperimenter er det blitt funnet at et umettet produkt av TTA dannes in vivo. Dette skyldes det mikrosomale enzym A<9->desaturase som innsetter en dobbeltbinding i 9-posisjonen i mettede fettsyrer. Because of the X-atom (most preferably sulfur or selenium) which is substituted in the carbon chain in the above-mentioned fatty acid analogues, these compounds will not be ^-oxidised in the mitochondria after this position. The degradation of these molecules must therefore start from the methyl end of the fatty acids, and this is a rather slow metabolic process. The catabolism of these fatty acid analogues includes co-oxidation and some chain shortening of the dicarboxylic acid with the help of peroxisomes. Enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum will co-hydroxylate and further oxidize the hydroxylated fatty acids to a dicarboxylic acid. This acid can then be chain shortened by ^-oxidation in the peroxisomes. Studies in rats have shown that 50% of the TTA analogue was excreted in the urine as short sulfoxydicarboxylic acids within 24 hours of administration. In similar experiments, it has been found that an unsaturated product of TTA is formed in vivo. This is due to the microsomal enzyme A<9->desaturase, which inserts a double bond in the 9-position in saturated fatty acids.
Det forventes at dette umettede produkt har tilsvarende effekter, og/eller medierer de biologiske effekter til de mettede fettsyreanaloger. Det er også sannsynlig at de biologiske effekter av fettsyreanalogene kan potensieres ved å nedsette deres katabolisme. Dette kan f.eks. utføres ved å innsette dobbel og/eller trippelbindinger nær metylenden av fettsyrene, og/eller ved å inkorporere alkyl-grupper eller halogener i denne del av molekylet. Slike molekyler, dvs. forbindelser i samsvar med foreliggende oppfinnelse, vil ikke være substrater for de relevante mikrosomale enzymer. It is expected that this unsaturated product has similar effects, and/or mediates the biological effects of the saturated fatty acid analogues. It is also likely that the biological effects of the fatty acid analogues can be potentiated by reducing their catabolism. This can e.g. is carried out by inserting double and/or triple bonds near the methyl end of the fatty acids, and/or by incorporating alkyl groups or halogens in this part of the molecule. Such molecules, i.e. compounds in accordance with the present invention, will not be substrates for the relevant microsomal enzymes.
Obesitet, og beslektede sykdommer Obesity and related diseases
Obesitet er en kronisk sykdom med høy forekomst i moderne samfunn, og er assosiert ikke bare med sosiale stigma, men også med en nedsatt livstid og et antall medisinske problemer, inkluderende en skadelig fysiologisk utvikling, reproduksjonsforstyrrelser så som polycystisk ovariesykdom, dermatologiske forstyrrelser så som infeksjoner, åreknuter, jachanthosis nigricaus, og eksem, lav toleranse for mosjon, diabetes mellitus, insulinresistens, hypertensjon, hyperkolesterolemi, kolelitiasis, osteoartritt, ortopedisk skade, tromboembolisk sykdom, kreft og koronar hjertesykdom. Obesity is a chronic disease with a high incidence in modern society, and is associated not only with social stigma, but also with a reduced life expectancy and a number of medical problems, including a detrimental physiological development, reproductive disorders such as polycystic ovary disease, dermatological disorders such as infections , varicose veins, jachanthosis nigricaus, and eczema, low exercise tolerance, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, cholelithiasis, osteoarthritis, orthopedic injury, thromboembolic disease, cancer, and coronary heart disease.
Det er således et formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe et behandlingsregime for å returnere kroppsvekten for obese individer mot en normal ideell kroppsvekt. It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a treatment regimen to return the body weight of obese individuals towards a normal ideal body weight.
Det er annet formål å tilveiebringe en terapi for obesitet som resulterer i opprettholdelse av den reduserte kroppsvekt for en forlenget tidsperiode. Videre er det et formål å redusere eller inhibere den vektøkning som normalt induseres av fettrike dietter. It is another object to provide a therapy for obesity which results in the maintenance of the reduced body weight for an extended period of time. Furthermore, an aim is to reduce or inhibit the weight gain normally induced by high-fat diets.
Det er et ytterligere formål å hindre obesitet, og, straks behandlingen er startet, å stoppe progresjon eller hindre utspring av sykdommer som er en konsekvens av, eller sekundært til, obesitet, så som hypertensjon og fettlever. Disse og andre formål vil bli åpenbare for fagkyndige. Obesiteten beskrevet heri kan skyldes enhver årsak, enten genetisk eller miljømessig. Eksempler på sykdommer som kan resultere i obesitet eller som kan være årsaken til obesitet inkluderer forspisning og bulimi, polycystisk ovariesykdom, kranioparyngioma, Prader-Willi syndrom, Frohlichs syndrom, Type II diabetes, individer som mangler GH, normal variant kort status, Turners syndrom, og andre patologiske situasjoner som viser redusert metabolsk aktivitet. A further aim is to prevent obesity and, once treatment has started, to stop the progression or prevent the onset of diseases which are a consequence of, or secondary to, obesity, such as hypertension and fatty liver. These and other purposes will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The obesity described here can be due to any cause, either genetic or environmental. Examples of diseases that can result in obesity or that can be the cause of obesity include binge eating and bulimia, polycystic ovary disease, cranioparyngioma, Prader-Willi syndrome, Frohlich syndrome, Type II diabetes, GH deficient individuals, normal variant short status, Turner syndrome, and other pathological situations that show reduced metabolic activity.
Det er også et formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe et behandlingsregime som er nyttig for å senke blodtrykket. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a treatment regimen useful for lowering blood pressure.
Videre er det et formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe et behandlingsregime som senker konsentrasjonen av triglyserider i leveren. Det antas at et slikt regime vil tilveiebringe en inhiberende effekt på utviklingen av fettlever, og kan også være egnet som en fremgangsmåte for en behandling av den manifesterte sykdom. Furthermore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a treatment regimen which lowers the concentration of triglycerides in the liver. It is believed that such a regime will provide an inhibitory effect on the development of fatty liver, and may also be suitable as a method for a treatment of the manifested disease.
Forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse aktiverer oksidasjonen og vil også redusere konsentrasjonen av triglyserider i leveren. The compounds according to the present invention activate the oxidation and will also reduce the concentration of triglycerides in the liver.
Termen «metabolsk syndrom» anvendes for å beskrive et multimetabolsk syndrom som inter alia er kjennetegnet med hyperinsulinemia, insulinresistens, obesitet, glukose intoleranse, Type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia eller hypertensjon. The term "metabolic syndrome" is used to describe a multimetabolic syndrome characterized, inter alia, by hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, glucose intolerance, Type II diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia or hypertension.
Som angitt ovenfor forutsettes det at forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse vil tilveiebringe en positiv effekt på alle situasjoner angitt ovenfor, dvs. ved å regulere både glukose- og lipidhomeostasen, og det antas således at forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse vil være egnede midler for reguleringen av de ovenfor definerte metabolske sykdommer (noen ganger benevnt syndrom X). As indicated above, it is assumed that the compounds according to the present invention will provide a positive effect on all situations indicated above, i.e. by regulating both glucose and lipid homeostasis, and it is thus assumed that the compounds according to the present invention will be suitable agents for the regulation of the above defined metabolic diseases (sometimes called syndrome X).
Diabetes Diabetes
Det er to hovedformer av diabetes mellitus. Den ene er Type I diabetes, som også er kjent som insulinavhengig diabetes mellitus (IDDM), og den andre er type II diabetes, som også er kjent som ikke-insulin avhengig diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Mange pasienter med IDDM har et felles patologisk bilde, et nærmest totalt fravær av insulinproduserende pankreatiske p-celler som resulterer i hyperglycemia. There are two main forms of diabetes mellitus. One is Type I diabetes, which is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and the other is Type II diabetes, which is also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Many patients with IDDM have a common pathological picture, an almost total absence of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells that results in hyperglycemia.
Det er blitt akkumulert betydelig bevis som viser at de fleste IDDM er konsekvensen av progressive ^-celler som ødelegges under en asymptomatisk periode som ofte strekker seg over mange år. Den prediabetiske periode kan gjen-kjennes ved detektering av sirkulerende islet-celle-autoantistoff og insulin-autoantistoff. Considerable evidence has accumulated showing that most IDDMs are the consequence of progressive ^-cell destruction during an asymptomatic period that often extends over many years. The prediabetic period can be recognized by detecting circulating islet cell autoantibodies and insulin autoantibodies.
Det er behov for en forbindelse som er ikke-toksisk, og som ikke har bieffekter, men som vil hindre klinisk manifestering av IDDM og NIDDM. There is a need for a compound which is non-toxic and which does not have side effects, but which will prevent the clinical manifestation of IDDM and NIDDM.
Type I diabetes: Alvorlig diabetes mellitus, vanligvis hurtig angrep før modning, kjennetegnet ved lave nivåer av plasmainsuliin, polydipsia, polyuria, øket appetitt, vekttap og episodisk ketoacidose, også benevnt IDDM. Type I diabetes: Severe diabetes mellitus, usually rapid onset before maturity, characterized by low levels of plasma insulin, polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, weight loss and episodic ketoacidosis, also called IDDM.
Type II diabetes: Ofte en mild form av diabetes mellitus, ofte gradvis angrep, vanligvis i voksne personer, kjennetegnet ved normale til høye absoluttnivåer av plasma insulin som er relativt lave sammenlignet med plasma glukosenivåer, også benevnte NIDDM. Type II diabetes: Often a mild form of diabetes mellitus, often gradual onset, usually in adults, characterized by normal to high absolute levels of plasma insulin that are relatively low compared to plasma glucose levels, also called NIDDM.
Type I og II diabetes er i samsvar med en etiologisk klassifisering vurdert som "primær" diabetes respektivt. Type I and II diabetes are in accordance with an etiological classification considered as "primary" diabetes respectively.
Sekundær diabetes omfatter diabetes i bukspyttkjertel, ekstra-bukspyttkjertel/endrokrin eller medikamentindusert diabetes. Videre er noen typer diabetes klassifisert som sjeldne former. Disse omfatter lipoatrofisk, myatonisk diabetes, og en type diabetes forårsaket av forstyrrelse i insulinreseptorer. Secondary diabetes includes pancreatic, extra-pancreatic/endocrine or drug-induced diabetes. Furthermore, some types of diabetes are classified as rare forms. These include lipoatrophic, myatonic diabetes, and a type of diabetes caused by disruption of insulin receptors.
Når man tar hensyn til den høye forekomst av diabetes i vårt samfunn, og de alvorlige konsekvenser forbundet dermed, som beskrevet ovenfor, vil ethvert terapeutisk medikament som kan virke for behandling og hindring av denne sykdom ha en betydelig nyttig effekt på helsen. Der er et behov innenfor fagfeltet for et medikament som reduserer konsentrasjonen av glukose i blodet til individer med diabetes, uten alvorlige bieffekter. When one takes into account the high incidence of diabetes in our society, and the serious consequences associated with it, as described above, any therapeutic drug that can work for the treatment and prevention of this disease will have a significant beneficial effect on health. There is a need in the field for a drug that reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood of individuals with diabetes, without serious side effects.
Det er derfor et formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe et behandlingsregime som kan benyttes for å senke nivået av glukose i blodet, og for å behandle en diabetisk situasjon. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a treatment regimen that can be used to lower the level of glucose in the blood, and to treat a diabetic situation.
Det er et ytterligere formål med foreliggende oppfinnelse å tilveiebringe et behandlingsregime som kan senke konsentrasjonen av insulin i blodet, og for å øke effekten av det resterende insulin. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a treatment regimen which can lower the concentration of insulin in the blood, and to increase the effect of the remaining insulin.
Stenose Stenosis
Mange patologiske tilstander har blitt funnet å være assosiert med proliferasjon av glatte muskelceller. Slike situasjoner inkluderer restenose, aterosklerose, koronar hjertesykdom, trombose, myokardisk infarkt, slag, neo-plasmer i glatt muskel så som leiomyoma og leiomyosarkoma i tarmen og livmor og fibroid eller fibrom i livmor. Many pathological conditions have been found to be associated with proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Such situations include restenosis, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, thrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, smooth muscle neoplasms such as leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma of the bowel and uterus and fibroid or fibroid of the uterus.
Over en halv million intervensjonene intravaskulære prosedyrer utføres hvert år. Idet slike invasive prosedyrer kontinuerlig forbedres med tiden, så svikter så mange som 30 til 50% av prosedyrene utført hvert år på grunn av restenose, dvs. dannelse av sekundær stenose. Reduksjon i restenose er derfor ofte angitt som den mest kritiske faktor for å øke suksessen som oppnås ved behandling av kardiovaskulære sykdommer gjennom anvendelse av intervensjonene intravaskulære prosedyrer, så som angioplastikk, ateriektomi, og prosedyrer som benytter stenter og laserteknologi. Over half a million interventional intravascular procedures are performed each year. As such invasive procedures continually improve over time, as many as 30 to 50% of the procedures performed each year fail due to restenosis, i.e. the formation of secondary stenosis. Reduction in restenosis is therefore often indicated as the most critical factor for increasing the success achieved in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases through the use of the interventions intravascular procedures, such as angioplasty, ateriectomy, and procedures that use stents and laser technology.
Ved ballongangioplastikk, f.eks. perkutanøs transluminal koronar angioplastikk (PTCA), gjøres det et lite innsnitt i en arterie i pasientens ben eller arm, og et langt hult rør, benevnt et styrekateter, innsettes i arterien. En tykk styrevaier og et ballongkateter uten luft innføres deretter til styrekateteret og føres forsiktig gjennom pasientens blodkar ved anvendelse av visualisering med røntgen. Den deflaterte ballong skyves inntil den når det sted ved en luminal innsnevring, og ved dette punkt blåser legen ballongen opp én eller flere ganger til et trykk på ca. 4-6 atm. i ca. 60 sekunder. Når ballongen er blåst opp, vil ballongen ødelegge og brekke plakkene, og strekke muskelfibrene i arterieveggen over det punkt hvor de evner å kveiles fullstendig sammen igjen. Selv om det ikke fjernes noe plakk i denne prosedyre, vil brekkasjen av plakk og strekkingen av arterieveggen øke karlumen, og dermed muliggjøre en øket blodgjennomstrømning. In balloon angioplasty, e.g. percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), a small incision is made in an artery in the patient's leg or arm, and a long hollow tube, called a guide catheter, is inserted into the artery. A thick guide wire and an airless balloon catheter are then introduced to the guide catheter and carefully guided through the patient's blood vessels using X-ray visualization. The deflated balloon is pushed until it reaches a luminal constriction, at which point the doctor inflates the balloon one or more times to a pressure of approx. 4-6 atm. for about. 60 seconds. When the balloon is inflated, the balloon will destroy and rupture the plaques, and stretch the muscle fibers in the artery wall beyond the point where they are able to coil completely back together. Although no plaque is removed in this procedure, the breaking of the plaque and the stretching of the artery wall will increase the vessel lumen, thereby enabling an increased blood flow.
Den restenose som påfølger slike prosedyrer er kjennetegnet ved aggregering og adhesjon av plater, proliferasjon av glatte muskelceller, innsmalning av karlumen, begrenset vasodilatering, og et øket blodtrykk. Glatte muskelceller i det intimale sjikt i arterien har blitt rapportert å gå inn i vekstsyklus innen ca. 2 til 3 dager etter denne prosedyre, og å proliferere i flere dager deretter (intimal hyperplasi). The restenosis that follows such procedures is characterized by aggregation and adhesion of plaques, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, narrowing of the vessel lumen, limited vasodilatation, and an increased blood pressure. Smooth muscle cells in the intimal layer of the artery have been reported to enter the growth cycle within approx. 2 to 3 days after this procedure, and to proliferate for several days thereafter (intimal hyperplasia).
Forbindelser som er rapportert å undertrykke proliferasjon av glatt muskelvev in vitro kan ha uønskete farmakologiske bieffekter ved anvendelse in vivo. Heperin er et eksempel på en slik forbindelse, som er rapportert å inhibere proliferasjon av glatte muskelceller in vitro, men ved anvendelse in vivo har potensielt skadelige bieffekter med inhibering av koagulasjon. Compounds reported to suppress smooth muscle tissue proliferation in vitro may have undesirable pharmacological side effects when used in vivo. Heperin is an example of such a compound, which has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells in vitro, but when used in vivo has potentially harmful side effects of inhibiting coagulation.
Som det framgår av det foregående, finnes der flere problemer som må løses ved anvendelse av inhibitoriske medikamenter for effektivt å behandle mobilisering og proliferasjon av glatte muskelceller. Det ville være sterkt ønskelig å utvikle nye materialer eller metoder for å inhibere stenose, restenose eller beslektete sykdommer som skyldes proliferasjon og mobilisering av vaskulære glatte muskelceller etter f.eks. traumatisk skade på karene etter vaskulær kirurgi. As can be seen from the foregoing, there are several problems that must be solved in the use of inhibitory drugs to effectively treat the mobilization and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. It would be highly desirable to develop new materials or methods to inhibit stenosis, restenosis or related diseases resulting from the proliferation and mobilization of vascular smooth muscle cells after e.g. traumatic injury to the vessels after vascular surgery.
Det forventes at forbindelsene i samsvar med foreliggende oppfinnelse vil være effektive i behandlingen av disse sykdommer. It is expected that the compounds according to the present invention will be effective in the treatment of these diseases.
Detaljert beskrivelse av oppfinnelsen Detailed description of the invention
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører nye fettsyreanaloger med den generelle formel (I) The present invention relates to new fatty acid analogues with the general formula (I)
hvor Ri er: where Ri is:
- et C6-C24 alkynyl, med én eller flere trippel bindinger, og valgfritt én eller flere dobbel-bindinger, og/eller - et C6-C24 alkyl substituert i én eller flere posisjoner med én eller flere forbindelser valgt fra gruppen omfattende fluor, klor, hydroksy, C1-C4 alkoksy, C1-C4 alkyltio, C2-C5 acyloksy eller , C1-C4- a C6-C24 alkynyl, with one or more triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds, and/or - a C6-C24 alkyl substituted in one or more positions with one or more compounds selected from the group comprising fluorine, chlorine , hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C2-C5 acyloxy or , C1-C4
alkyl, og alkyl, and
- hvor R.2 representerer hydrogen eller C1-C4 alkyl, og - where R.2 represents hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl, and
- hvor n er et helt tall fra 1 til 12, og - where n is an integer from 1 to 12, and
- hvor i er et oddetall og indikerer posisjonen i forhold til COOR2, og - hvor Xi uavhengig av hverandre er valgt fra gruppen omfattende 0, S, SO, SO2, Se og CH2, og - med den forutsetning at minst én av X± ikke er CH2, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er et alkynyl da er karbon-karbon trippelbindingen posisjonert mellom (co-1) og (co-2) karbonet, eller mellom (co-2) og (co-3) karbonet, eller mellom (co-3) og (co-4) karbonet, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er en substituert alkyl så er substituenten posisjonert ved (co-1)-karbonet, (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3)-karbonet, med unntak av dersom substituenten er C1-C4 alkyl, idet den da er posisjonert ved (co-2)-karbonet eller - where i is an odd number and indicates the position in relation to COOR2, and - where Xi is independently selected from the group comprising 0, S, SO, SO2, Se and CH2, and - with the proviso that at least one of X± does not is CH2, - and with the proviso that if RI is an alkynyl then the carbon-carbon triple bond is positioned between the (co-1) and (co-2) carbons, or between the (co-2) and (co-3) carbons, or between the (co-3) and (co-4) carbons, - and with the proviso that if RI is a substituted alkyl then the substituent is positioned at the (co-1) carbon, the (co-2) carbon or (co the -3) carbon, with the exception of if the substituent is C1-C4 alkyl, as it is then positioned at the (co-2) carbon or
(co-3) -karbonet, the (co-3) carbon,
eller et salt, prodrug eller kompleks derav. or a salt, prodrug or complex thereof.
Et ytterligere aspekt av foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører nye fettsyreanaloger hvor R-gruppen omfatter én karbon-karbon- trippe lbinding. A further aspect of the present invention relates to new fatty acid analogues where the R group comprises one carbon-carbon triple bond.
I en foretrukket utførelse er X svovel, og i en annen utførelse er X lik selen. In a preferred embodiment, X is sulfur, and in another embodiment, X is equal to selenium.
En foretrukket utførelse av oppfinnelsen er 3-tia-15-heptadekynkarboksylsyre. A preferred embodiment of the invention is 3-thia-15-heptadecynecarboxylic acid.
Videre vedrører foreliggende oppfinnelse også en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av en forbindelse av formel (I), kjennetegnet ved at fremgangsmåten omfatter trinnene: - å fremstille 11-brom-1(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloksy)undecan ved å omdanne pyridin-toluen-4-sulfonat og 11-brom-l-undecanol med 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, - tilsette 11-brom-1(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloksy)undecan til en løsninng omfattende propyngass, MeLi og dietyleter for å gi 14-tetrahydro-2-pyranoyl-2-tetradecyn, - hydroksylere 14-tetrahydro-2H-pyranoyl-2-tetradecyn ved anvendelse av etanol i et egnet organisk oppløsningsmiddel for å gi 12-tetradecyn-l-ol, - fremstille 14-brom-2-tetradecyn ved omdanning av 12-tetradecyn-l-ol oppløst i heksan med pyridin og PBr3, og - fremstille 3-tia-15-heptadecynoisk syre ved omdanning av 14-brom-2-tetradecyn med KOH og tioglycolisk syre i metanol. Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører også anvendelse av forbindelsen av formel (I) Furthermore, the present invention also relates to a method for producing a compound of formula (I), characterized in that the method comprises the steps: - to produce 11-bromo-1(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)undecane by converting pyridine-toluene-4- sulfonate and 11-bromo-1-undecanol with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, - adding 11-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)undecane to a solution comprising propyne gas, MeLi and diethyl ether to give 14-tetrahydro -2-pyranoyl-2-tetradecyne, - hydroxylate 14-tetrahydro-2H-pyranoyl-2-tetradecyne using ethanol in a suitable organic solvent to give 12-tetradecyn-1-ol, - prepare 14-bromo-2- tetradecyn by converting 12-tetradecyn-l-ol dissolved in hexane with pyridine and PBr3, and - prepare 3-thia-15-heptadecynoic acid by converting 14-bromo-2-tetradecyn with KOH and thioglycolic acid in methanol. The present invention also relates to the use of the compound of formula (I)
hvor Ri er: where Ri is:
- et C6-C24 alkynyl, med én eller flere trippel bindinger, og valgfritt én eller flere dobbel-bindinger, og/eller - et C6-C24 alkyl substituert i én eller flere posisjoner med én eller flere forbindelser valgt fra gruppen omfattende fluor, klor, hydroksy, C1-C4 alkoksy, C1-C4 alkyltio, C2-C5 acyloksy eller , C1-C4 alkyl, og - hvor R2 representerer hydrogen eller C1-C4 alkyl, og - a C6-C24 alkynyl, with one or more triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds, and/or - a C6-C24 alkyl substituted in one or more positions with one or more compounds selected from the group comprising fluorine, chlorine , hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C2-C5 acyloxy or , C1-C4 alkyl, and - where R2 represents hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl, and
- hvor n er et helt tall fra 1 til 12, og - where n is an integer from 1 to 12, and
- hvor i er et oddetall og indikerer posisjonen i forhold til COOR2, og - hvor Xi uavhengig av hverandre er valgt fra gruppen omfattende 0, S, SO, S02, Se og CH2, og - med den forutsetning at minst én av X^ ikke er CH2, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er et alkynyl da er karbon-karbon trippelbindingen posisjonert mellom (co-1) og (co-2) karbonet, eller mellom (co-2) og (co-3) karbonet, eller mellom (co-3) og (co-4) karbonet, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er en substituert alkyl så er substituenten posisjonert ved (co-1)-karbonet, (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3)-karbonet, med unntak av dersom substituenten er C1-C4 alkyl, idet den da er posisjonert ved (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3) -karbonet, - where i is an odd number and indicates the position relative to COOR2, and - where Xi is independently selected from the group comprising 0, S, SO, SO2, Se and CH2, and - with the proviso that at least one of X^ does not is CH2, - and with the proviso that if RI is an alkynyl then the carbon-carbon triple bond is positioned between the (co-1) and (co-2) carbons, or between the (co-2) and (co-3) carbons, or between the (co-3) and (co-4) carbons, - and with the proviso that if RI is a substituted alkyl then the substituent is positioned at the (co-1) carbon, the (co-2) carbon or (co the -3) carbon, with the exception of if the substituent is C1-C4 alkyl, as it is then positioned at the (co-2) carbon or the (co-3) carbon,
eller et salt, prodrug eller kompleks derav for fremstilling av et farmasøytisk materiale for behandling og/eller forebygging av en tilstand valgt fra gruppen omfattende syndrom X, obesitet, hypertensjon, fettlever, diabetes, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia og stenose. or a salt, prodrug or complex thereof for the manufacture of a pharmaceutical material for the treatment and/or prevention of a condition selected from the group comprising syndrome X, obesity, hypertension, fatty liver, diabetes, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and stenosis.
I en foretrukket utførelse av dette aspekt er forbindelsen 3-tia-15-heptadekynkarboksylsyre. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, the compound is 3-thia-15-heptadecinecarboxylic acid.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører også anvendelse av en forbindelse med formel (I) The present invention also relates to the use of a compound of formula (I)
hvor Ri er: where Ri is:
- et C6-C24 alkynyl, med én eller flere trippel bindinger, og valgfritt én eller flere dobbel-bindinger, og/eller - et C6-C24 alkyl substituert i én eller flere posisjoner med én eller flere forbindelser valgt fra gruppen omfattende fluor, klor, hydroksy, C1-C4 alkoksy, C1-C4 alkyltio, C2-C5 acyloksy eller , C1-C4 alkyl, og - hvor R2 representerer hydrogen eller C1-C4 alkyl, og - a C6-C24 alkynyl, with one or more triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds, and/or - a C6-C24 alkyl substituted in one or more positions with one or more compounds selected from the group comprising fluorine, chlorine , hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C2-C5 acyloxy or , C1-C4 alkyl, and - where R2 represents hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl, and
- hvor n er et helt tall fra 1 til 12, og - where n is an integer from 1 to 12, and
- hvor i er et oddetall og indikerer posisjonen i forhold til COOR2, og - hvor Xi uavhengig av hverandre er valgt fra gruppen omfattende 0, S, SO, SO2, Se og CH2, og - med den forutsetning at minst én av X± ikke er CH2, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er et alkynyl da er karbon-karbon trippelbindingen posisjonert - where i is an odd number and indicates the position in relation to COOR2, and - where Xi is independently selected from the group comprising 0, S, SO, SO2, Se and CH2, and - with the proviso that at least one of X± does not is CH2, - and with the proviso that if RI is an alkynyl then the carbon-carbon triple bond is positioned
mellom (co-1) og (co-2) karbonet, eller mellom (co-2) og (co-3) karbonet, eller mellom (co-3) og (co-4) karbonet, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er en substituert alkyl så er substituenten posisjonert ved (co-1)-karbonet, (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3)-karbonet, med unntak av dersom substituenten er C1-C4 alkyl, idet den da er posisjonert ved (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3) -karbonet, between the (co-1) and (co-2) carbons, or between the (co-2) and (co-3) carbons, or between the (co-3) and (co-4) carbons, - and with the proviso that if RI is a substituted alkyl then the substituent is positioned at the (co-1) carbon, the (co-2) carbon or the (co-3) carbon, with the exception of if the substituent is C1-C4 alkyl, as it is then positioned at the (co-2) carbon or the (co-3) carbon,
eller et salt, prodrug eller kompleks derav, for fremstilling av et farmasøytisk materiale for behandling og/eller forebygging hyperkolesterolemi og/eller hypertriglyseridemi. or a salt, prodrug or complex thereof, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical material for the treatment and/or prevention of hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia.
I en foretrukket utførelse av dette aspekt er forbindelsen 3-tia-15-heptadekynkarboksylsyre. In a preferred embodiment of this aspect, the compound is 3-thia-15-heptadecinecarboxylic acid.
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører også et ernæringsmateriale eller kosttilskudd, kjennetegnet ved at det omfatter fettsyreanaloger med den generelle formel The present invention also relates to a nutritional material or dietary supplement, characterized in that it comprises fatty acid analogues with the general formula
hvor Ri er: where Ri is:
- et C6-C24 alkynyl, med én eller flere trippel bindinger, og valgfritt én eller flere dobbel-bindinger, og/eller - et C6-C24 alkyl substituert i én eller flere posisjoner med én eller flere forbindelser valgt fra gruppen omfattende fluor, klor, hydroksy, C1-C4 alkoksy, C1-C4 alkyltio, C2-C5 acyloksy eller , C1-C4 alkyl, og - hvor R2 representerer hydrogen eller C1-C4 alkyl, og - a C6-C24 alkynyl, with one or more triple bonds, and optionally one or more double bonds, and/or - a C6-C24 alkyl substituted in one or more positions with one or more compounds selected from the group comprising fluorine, chlorine , hydroxy, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkylthio, C2-C5 acyloxy or , C1-C4 alkyl, and - where R2 represents hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl, and
- hvor n er et helt tall fra 1 til 12, og - where n is an integer from 1 to 12, and
- hvor i er et oddetall og indikerer posisjonen i forhold til COOR2, og - hvor Xi uavhengig av hverandre er valgt fra gruppen omfattende 0, S, SO, S02, Se og CH2, og - med den forutsetning at minst én av X± ikke er CH2, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er et alkynyl da er karbon-karbon trippelbindingen posisjonert mellom (co-1) og (co-2) karbonet, eller mellom (co-2) og (co-3) karbonet, eller mellom (co-3) og (co-4) karbonet, - og med den forutsetning at dersom RI er en substituert alkyl så er substituenten posisjonert ved (co-1)-karbonet, (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3)-karbonet, med unntak av dersom substituenten er C1-C4 alkyl, idet den da er posisjonert ved (co-2)-karbonet eller (co-3) -karbonet, - where i is an odd number and indicates the position in relation to COOR2, and - where Xi is independently selected from the group comprising 0, S, SO, SO2, Se and CH2, and - with the proviso that at least one of X± does not is CH2, - and with the proviso that if RI is an alkynyl then the carbon-carbon triple bond is positioned between the (co-1) and (co-2) carbons, or between the (co-2) and (co-3) carbons, or between the (co-3) and (co-4) carbons, - and with the proviso that if RI is a substituted alkyl then the substituent is positioned at the (co-1) carbon, the (co-2) carbon or (co the -3) carbon, with the exception of if the substituent is C1-C4 alkyl, as it is then positioned at the (co-2) carbon or the (co-3) carbon,
eller et salt, prodrug eller kompleks derav, som effektivt reduserer eller hindrer en økning i, den totale kroppsvekt eller den totale kroppsfettmasse i et menneske eller ikke-humant dyr. or a salt, prodrug or complex thereof, which effectively reduces or prevents an increase in total body weight or total body fat mass in a human or non-human animal.
Kort beskrivelse av figurene Brief description of the figures
Fig.l viser et diagram for syntese av forbindelsen (Z)3-tia-heptadec-9-enoisk syre. Fig.2 viser en reaksjonsvei for syntese av 3-tia-15-heptadekynkarboksylsyre. Fig.1 shows a diagram for the synthesis of the compound (Z)3-thia-heptadec-9-enoic acid. Fig.2 shows a reaction pathway for the synthesis of 3-thia-15-heptadecynecarboxylic acid.
Administrering av forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse Administration of the compounds according to the present invention
Som et farmasøytisk medikament kan forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse administreres direkte til dyret med enhver egnet teknikk, inkluderende parenteralt, intranasalt, oralt eller ved absorpsjon gjennom huden. De kan administreres lokalt eller systemisk. Den spesifikke administrasjonsrute for hvert middel vil avhenge f.eks. på det medisinske rulleblad til dyret. As a pharmaceutical drug, the compounds of the present invention may be administered directly to the animal by any suitable technique, including parenterally, intranasally, orally or by absorption through the skin. They can be administered locally or systemically. The specific route of administration for each agent will depend on e.g. on the animal's medical record.
Oppfinnelsen vil nå bli bedre forklart med henvisning til de påfølgende eksempler. The invention will now be better explained with reference to the following examples.
Eksperimentell del Experimental part
Metoder Methods
Fremgangsmåten beskrevet nedenfor ble anvendt som test-systemer for forbindelsene beskrevet innen teknikkens stilling, og kan også anvendes for å teste de biologiske effekter av forbindelsene ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse. The method described below was used as test systems for the compounds described within the state of the art, and can also be used to test the biological effects of the compounds according to the present invention.
Obese Zucker ( fa/ fa) - rotter Obese Zucker ( fa/ fa) - rats
De obese Zucker (fa/fa) -rotter anvendt i dette forsøk ble avlet ved U 465 INSERM dyrefasilitet fra par opprinnelig gitt av Harriet G. Bird Laboratory (Stow, Ma, USA). Dersom ikke annet er oppgitt, ble dyrene holdt ved en konstant lys/mørke-syklus (lys fra 7 a.m. til 7 p.m.) ved 21±1°C, og ble gitt fri tilgang til mat og vann. Tre rotter i hvert bur. Vektøkning ble monitorert daglig. The obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats used in this experiment were bred at the U 465 INSERM animal facility from pairs originally provided by the Harriet G. Bird Laboratory (Stow, Ma, USA). Unless otherwise stated, the animals were kept on a constant light/dark cycle (light from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) at 21±1°C, and were given free access to food and water. Three rats in each cage. Weight gain was monitored daily.
Wistar- rotter Wistar rats
Hannkjønn Wistar Charles River-rotter, som veide 280 til 358 g, ble innkjøpt fra AnLab Ltd. (Praha, Den tsjekkiske republikk), og ble holdt i nettingbur ved en temperatur (22±1°C) og lyskontrollerte (lys fra 7 a.m. til 7 p.m.) rom. De ble gitt fri tilgang til for og vann. Tre rotter i hvert bur. Vektøkning og næringsinntak ble monitorert daglig. Male Wistar Charles River rats, weighing 280 to 358 g, were purchased from AnLab Ltd. (Prague, Czech Republic), and were kept in mesh cages in a temperature (22±1°C) and light-controlled (lights from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.) room. They were given free access to food and water. Three rats in each cage. Weight gain and nutrient intake were monitored daily.
Tester for intravenøs glukose- toleranse Tests for intravenous glucose tolerance
Hannkjønn Zucker (fa/fa) -rotter (5 uker gamle) ble anestetisert etter 5-timers faste, ved intraperitoneal injisering av natriumpentobarbital (50 mg/kg). Rottene ble injisert med glukose (0,55 g/kg) i den safenøse vene, og blodprøver ble innsamlet fra halevenet i hepariniserte rør ved tider 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 og 30 minutter etter glukose-appliseringen. Prøvene ble holdt på is, sentrifugert, og plasma ble lagret ved -20°C inntil analyse. Male Zucker (fa/fa) rats (5 weeks old) were anesthetized after a 5-hour fast, by intraperitoneal injection of sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg). The rats were injected with glucose (0.55 g/kg) in the saphenous vein, and blood samples were collected from the tail vein in heparinized tubes at times 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes after the glucose application. The samples were kept on ice, centrifuged, and plasma was stored at -20°C until analysis.
Hyperinsulinemisk euglycemisk klamp Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp
Etter 21 dager på deres respektive dietter (se ovenfor) ble rottene anestetisert ved injisering av xylazinhydro-klorid (Rometar SPOFA, Praha, Den tjekkiske republikk; 10 mg/ml) og ketaminhydroklorid (Narkamon SPOFA, Praha, Den tjekkiske republikk; 75 mg/kg) og utstyrt med kronisk karotid-arterie og jugulære venekanyler som beskrevet av Koopmans et al. (S.J. Koopmans et al., Biochim Biophys Acta, 1115, 2130-2138, 1992). De kanulerte rotter fikk komme seg igjen i løpet av to dager etter inngrepet før utførelse av klamp-forsøkene i samsvar med Kraegen et al. After 21 days on their respective diets (see above), the rats were anesthetized by injection of xylazine hydrochloride (Rometar SPOFA, Prague, Czech Republic; 10 mg/ml) and ketamine hydrochloride (Narkamon SPOFA, Prague, Czech Republic; 75 mg/ml) kg) and equipped with chronic carotid artery and jugular vein cannulas as described by Koopmans et al. (S.J. Koopmans et al., Biochim Biophys Acta, 1115, 2130-2138, 1992). The cannulated rats were allowed to recover during two days after the procedure before performing the clamp experiments in accordance with Kraegen et al.
(E.W. Kraegen et al., Am. J. Physiol., 248, E353-E362, 1983). På den tredje dag etter inngrepet ble deretter ikke-begrensete rotter gitt en kontinuerlig infusjon av porcint insulin (Actrapid, Novo Nordisk, Danmark) med en dose på 6,4 mU pr. kg pr. min. for å oppnå plasmainsulin-nivåer i det øvre fysiologiske område. De arterielle blodglukose-konsentrasjoner ble "klempet" ved det basale faste nivå, ved variabel infusjon av en 30% vekt/volum glukoseløsning (Leciva, Praha, Den tsjekkiske republikk). Blodprøver for bestemmelse av plasmaglukose og insulin-konsentrasjoner ble opptatt hvert 5. minutt fra starten av glukose-infusjonen. Etter 90 minutter ble rottene fra-koblet infusjonene og umiddelbart dekapitert, blod ble innsamlet for separasjon av plasma, og lever og epidi-dymalt adipost vev ble dissekert ut og veiet. (E.W. Kraegen et al., Am. J. Physiol., 248, E353-E362, 1983). On the third day after the procedure, unrestrained rats were then given a continuous infusion of porcine insulin (Actrapid, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) at a dose of 6.4 mU per kg per my. to achieve plasma insulin levels in the upper physiological range. Arterial blood glucose concentrations were "clamped" at the basal steady-state level by variable infusion of a 30% w/v glucose solution (Leciva, Prague, Czech Republic). Blood samples for determination of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were taken every 5 minutes from the start of the glucose infusion. After 90 minutes, the rats were disconnected from the infusions and immediately decapitated, blood was collected for separation of plasma, and liver and epididymal adipose tissue were dissected out and weighed.
Måling av plasmaparametere Measurement of plasma parameters
Glukose (GLU, Boehringer Mannheim, Tyskland), frie fettsyrer (NEFA, C ACS-ACOD kit; Wako Chemicals, Dalton, USA) og b-hydroksybutyrat (310-A kit; Sigman Diagnostics Inc.; S. Louis, USA) -konsentrasjoner ble målt ved anvendelse av enzymatiske metoder. Insulin-konsentrasjoner ble bestemt med radioimmunoanalyse (CIS bio International, Gif sur Yvette, Frankrike) ved anvendelse av rotteinsulin som standard i Zucker-rottene. I Wistar Charles River-rottene ble plasmaglukose-konsentrasjoner målt ved hjelp av Beckman Glucose Analyzer (Fullerton, CA, USA). Plasmainsu-lin-nivået ble målt ved anvendelse av RIA-kit fra Linco Research Inc. (St. Charles, MO, USA). Fosfolipider ble målt ved enzymatisk metode ifølge (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, Frankrike), og triacylglyserol ifølge Technicon-metode nr. SA4-0324L90, USA, og kolesterol ifølge Technicon-metode nr. SA4-0305L90, USA. Glucose (GLU, Boehringer Mannheim, Germany), free fatty acids (NEFA, C ACS-ACOD kit; Wako Chemicals, Dalton, USA) and b-hydroxybutyrate (310-A kit; Sigman Diagnostics Inc.; S. Louis, USA) - concentrations were measured using enzymatic methods. Insulin concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (CIS bio International, Gif sur Yvette, France) using rat insulin as a standard in the Zucker rats. In the Wistar Charles River rats, plasma glucose concentrations were measured using the Beckman Glucose Analyzer (Fullerton, CA, USA). The plasma insulin level was measured using the RIA kit from Linco Research Inc. (St. Charles, MO, USA). Phospholipids were measured by enzymatic method according to (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Etoile, France), and triacylglycerol according to Technicon Method No. SA4-0324L90, USA, and cholesterol according to Technicon Method No. SA4-0305L90, USA.
Fremstilling av post- nukleære og mitokondriene fraksjoner, og målinger av enzymaktiviteter Preparation of post-nuclear and mitochondrial fractions, and measurements of enzyme activities
Fersk isolerte levere fra individuelle gamle Zucker-rotter ble homogenisert i iskald sakkarosebuffer (0,25 M sakka-rose, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7,4) og 2 mM EDTA). Post-nukleære og mitokondriene fraksjoner ble framstilt ved anvendelse av preparativ differensial-sentrifugering i samsvar med DeDuve et al. (C. De Duve et al., Biochem. J., 60, 604-617, 1955) . Modifikasjoner, renhet og utbytte var som beskrevet tidligere (A. Garras et al., Biochim., Biophys. Acta, 1255, 154-160, 1995). Syreløselige produkter ble målt i post-nukleære og mitokondriene, anrikede fraksjoner ved anvendelse av [1-14C] -palmitoyl-CoA og [1-<14>C]-palmitoyl-L-karnitin (Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England) som substrat som tidligere beskrevet (N. Willumsen et al., J. Lipid Res., 34, 13-22, 1993). Karnitin-palmitoyl-transferase-I- og -II-aktiviteter ble målt i de post-nukleære og mitokondriene fraksjoner i hovedsak som beskrevet av Bremer (J. Bremer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 665, 628-631, 1981), og 3-hydroksy-3-metylglutaryl-CoA-syntase ble målt i samsvar med Clikenbeard et al. (K.D. Clinkenbeard et al., J. Biol. Chem., 250, 3108-3116, 1975) i de mitokondriene fraksjoner . Freshly isolated livers from individual old Zucker rats were homogenized in ice-cold sucrose buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.4) and 2 mM EDTA). Post-nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were prepared using preparative differential centrifugation according to DeDuve et al. (C. De Duve et al., Biochem. J., 60, 604-617, 1955). Modifications, purity and yield were as described previously (A. Garras et al., Biochim., Biophys. Acta, 1255, 154-160, 1995). Acid-soluble products were measured in post-nuclear and mitochondria-enriched fractions using [1-14C]-palmitoyl-CoA and [1-<14>C]-palmitoyl-L-carnitine (Radiochemical Centre, Amersham, England) as substrate as previously described (N. Willumsen et al., J. Lipid Res., 34, 13-22, 1993). Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I and -II activities were measured in the post-nuclear and mitochondrial fractions essentially as described by Bremer (J. Bremer, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 665, 628-631, 1981), and 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase was measured according to Clikenbeard et al. (K.D. Clinkenbeard et al., J. Biol. Chem., 250, 3108-3116, 1975) in the mitochondria fractions.
RNA- analyser RNA analyses
RNA-ekstrahering (P. Chomczynski et al., Anal. Biochem., 162, 156-159, 1987), Northern blott-analyser og slott-blotting av RNA til nylonfiltre, og hybridisering til immobilisert RNA ble utført som tidligere beskrevet (H. Vaagenes et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 56, 1571-1582, 1998). De følgende cDNA-fragmenter ble anvendt som prober: CPT-1 (V. Essser et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268, 5817-5822, 1993), CPT-II (K.F. Woeltje et al., J. Biol. Chem., 265, 10720-10725, 1990), 3-hydroksy-3-metylglutaryl-CoA-syntase (J. Ayté et al., Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei. USA, 87, 3874-3878, 1990), og hormonsensitiv lipase (C. Holm et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1006, 193-197, 1989). De relative nivåer av RNA-ekspresjon ble estimert som mengder radioaktiv probe hybridisert til de respektive nivåer av 28S rRNA. RNA extraction (P. Chomczynski et al., Anal. Biochem., 162, 156-159, 1987), Northern blot analyzes and slot blotting of RNA to nylon filters, and hybridization to immobilized RNA were performed as previously described (H . Vaagenes et al., Biochem. Pharmacol., 56, 1571-1582, 1998). The following cDNA fragments were used as probes: CPT-1 (V. Esser et al., J. Biol. Chem., 268, 5817-5822, 1993), CPT-II (K.F. Woeltje et al., J. Biol Chem., 265, 10720-10725, 1990), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (J. Ayté et al., Proe. Nati. Acad. Sei. USA, 87, 3874-3878, 1990) , and hormone-sensitive lipase (C. Holm et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1006, 193-197, 1989). The relative levels of RNA expression were estimated as amounts of radioactive probe hybridized to the respective levels of 28S rRNA.
Resultater Results
Eksempel 1. Syntese av nye fettsyreforbindelser Example 1. Synthesis of new fatty acid compounds
A) Ikke-p-oksiderbare fettsyreanaloger med en karbon-karbon-dobbeltbinding. A) Non-p-oxidizable fatty acid analogues with a carbon-carbon double bond.
Syntesen av en forbindelse i samsvar med foreliggende oppfinnelse beskrives detaljert med henvisning til syntese av tia-heptadec-9-enoisk syre; The synthesis of a compound in accordance with the present invention is described in detail with reference to the synthesis of thia-heptadec-9-enoic acid;
(Z) HO (0) -C-CH2-S- (CH2) 5-CH=CH-C7H15 (Z) HO (0) -C-CH2-S-(CH2)5-CH=CH-C7H15
(Z) angir en cis-konfigurasjon. (Z) indicates a cis configuration.
1. Fremstilling av l- brom- 5- hydroksy- pentan 1. Production of l-bromo-5-hydroxypentane
Pentan-1,5-diol, HO-(CH2) 5-OH, ble behandlet med HBr i benzen, og fikk refluksere i 24 timer. Produktblandingen ble kromatografert først med 85:15 heksan-dietyleter-blanding for å fjerne dibromid, og deretter med en 70:30-blanding. Utbyttet av l-brom-5-hydroksy-pentan var 80%. Pentane-1,5-diol, HO-(CH 2 ) 5-OH, was treated with HBr in benzene and allowed to reflux for 24 hours. The product mixture was chromatographed first with 85:15 hexane-diethyl ether mixture to remove dibromide, and then with a 70:30 mixture. The yield of l-bromo-5-hydroxy-pentane was 80%.
<1>H-NMR: 1, 81 (-CH2-CH2OH) , 1,44(-CH2-), 3, 35 (-CH2-Br) , 3, 55 (-CH2-OH) , 3,32(-OH), 1, 51 (-CH2-CH2Br) . <1>H-NMR: 1.81 (-CH2-CH2OH) , 1.44(-CH2-), 3.35 (-CH2-Br) , 3.55 (-CH2-OH) , 3.32( -OH), 1.51 (-CH2-CH2Br) .
<13>C-NMR: 31, 43-32, 30 (C2,C4) , 24,24 (C3), 33, 64(C5), 62,ll(Ci). <13>C-NMR: 31, 43-32, 30 (C2,C4), 24,24 (C3), 33, 64(C5), 62,11(Ci).
2 . Fremstilling av 5-( tetrahydrofuranyl- oksy)- 1 brompentan 2. Preparation of 5-(tetrahydrofuranyloxy)-1-bromopentane
Denne forbindelse fikk reagere med 3,4-dihydro-2if- This compound was allowed to react with 3,4-dihydro-2if-
Pyran i CH2C12 ved 0°C. To dråper konsentrert HC1 ble anvendt som katalysator. Etter fjerning av løsemiddel ble reaksjonsproduktet kromatografert i 95:5 heksan-dietyleter. Utbyttet av 5-(tetrahydropyranyloksy)1-brompentan var 77%. Pyran in CH2C12 at 0°C. Two drops of concentrated HCl were used as catalyst. After removal of solvent, the reaction product was chromatographed in 95:5 hexane-diethyl ether. The yield of 5-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)1-bromopentane was 77%.
<1>H-NMR: 1, 45-1, 63 (-CH2-) , 1, 83 (-CH2-CH20-) , 3,38 <1>H-NMR: 1.45-1.63 (-CH2-), 1.83 (-CH2-CH20-), 3.38
(-CH2-Br), 3,27-3,79 (-CH2-O-) , 4,52(-O-CH-O) . (-CH 2 -Br), 3.27-3.79 (-CH 2 -O-), 4.52 (-O-CH-O) .
<13>C-NMR: 24, 9-32, 92 (C2-C4) , 33,61(C5), 62,26 (C6), 98, 83 (Cii <13>C-NMR: 24, 9-32, 92 (C2-C4) , 33.61(C5), 62.26 (C6), 98, 83 (Cii
THP) . THP).
3 . Fremstilling av 7-( tetrahydropyranyloksy)-1- heptyn 3. Preparation of 7-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)-1-heptyne
Produktet fra trinn 2 ble behandlet med EDA-komplekset The product from step 2 was treated with the EDA complex
av Li-acetylid i tørr dimetylsulfoksid ved 0°C under argon. Etter 4 timer ved romtemperatur ble reaksjonsblandingen hydrolysert med vann og organiske produkter ble ekstrahert med dietyleter. Resten etter fjerning av eter ble kromatografert i 97:3 heksan-dietyleter, som ga 7-(tetrahydro-pyranyloksy) -1-heptyn i et utbytte på 62%. of Li-acetylide in dry dimethylsulfoxide at 0°C under argon. After 4 hours at room temperature, the reaction mixture was hydrolyzed with water and organic products were extracted with diethyl ether. The residue after removal of ether was chromatographed in 97:3 hexane-diethyl ether, which gave 7-(tetrahydro-pyranyloxy)-1-heptyne in a yield of 62%.
<1>H-NMR: 1, 45-1, 66(-CH2-) , 3,45-3, 82 (-CH2-0) , 2,16 <1>H-NMR: 1.45-1.66(-CH2-) , 3.45-3.82 (-CH2-0) , 2.16
(-CH2-C=), 1,90(HC=C-), 4,53(-0-CH-0-). (-CH2-C=), 1.90(HC=C-), 4.53(-O-CH-O-).
<13>C-NMR: 18,27-30, 66 (C3-C6) , 62,21(C7), 68,14(Ci), 84, 40(C2). <13>C-NMR: 18.27-30, 66 (C3-C6), 62.21(C7), 68.14(C1), 84, 40(C2).
4. Fremstilling av 1-( tetrahydropyranyloksy)- tetradec- 6-yn 4. Preparation of 1-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)-tetradec-6-yne
Til en 1,6 molar løsning av BuLi i heksan oppløst i THF ved O^C under argon og produktet fra trinn 3 ble det tilsatt en blanding av 1-bromheptan og N, A7-dimetyl-propylen-urea. Etter hydrolyse, ekstrahering og kromatografi ble 1-(tetrahydropyranyloksy)-tetradec-6-yn isolert i et utbytte på 69%. To a 1.6 molar solution of BuLi in hexane dissolved in THF at 0°C under argon and the product from step 3 was added a mixture of 1-bromoheptane and N,A7-dimethyl-propylene-urea. After hydrolysis, extraction and chromatography, 1-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)-tetradec-6-yne was isolated in a yield of 69%.
1H-NMR:0,86 (CH3-), 1, 22-1, 57(-CH2-) , 2,10 (-CH2-Cs) , 3,10-3,84(-CH2O-) , 4,55(-O-CH-O-) . 1H-NMR: 0.86 (CH3-), 1.22-1.57(-CH2-) , 2.10 (-CH2-Cs) , 3.10-3.84(-CH2O-) , 4, 55(-O-CH-O-) .
<13>C-NMR: 14,02(Ci4), 22, 60-31, 73 (C2-Ci3) , 18, 69-18, 71 (C5 og C8) , 62,23 (Ci), 79, 91-80, 32 (C6 og C7) . <13>C-NMR: 14.02(Ci4), 22, 60-31, 73 (C2-Ci3) , 18, 69-18, 71 (C5 and C8) , 62.23 (Ci), 79, 91 -80, 32 (C6 and C7) .
5. Fremstilling av 1-( tetrahydropyranyloksy)- tetradec- 6-en 5. Preparation of 1-(tetrahydropyranyloxy)-tetradec-6-ene
Den substituerte tetradec-6-yn fra trinn 4 ble redusert med hydrogen i nærvær av Lindlar katalysator i etanol. Reduksjonen foregitt i 4 timer. 1-(tetrahydro-pyranyl-oksy)-tetradec-6-en fremkom tilsynelatende tilstrekkelig ren for trinn 6 uten videre rensing, og kunne isoleres i 89% utbytte etter kromatografi. The substituted tetradec-6-yne from step 4 was reduced with hydrogen in the presence of Lindlar catalyst in ethanol. The reduction pretended for 4 hours. 1-(tetrahydro-pyranyl-oxy)-tetradec-6-ene appeared sufficiently pure for step 6 without further purification, and could be isolated in 89% yield after chromatography.
<1>H-NMR: 0,90(CH3-), 1, 27-1, 61 (-CH2-) , 3, 39-3, 89 (-CH2-0) , 2,04 (-CH2-C=) , 4,59(-O-CH-O-), 5,37(-HC=CH-) . <1>H-NMR: 0.90(CH3-), 1.27-1.61 (-CH2-), 3.39-3.89 (-CH2-0), 2.04 (-CH2-C =) , 4.59(-O-CH-O-), 5.37(-HC=CH-) .
<13>C-NMR: 14,07(Ci4), 22, 65-31, 85 (C2-Ci3) , 62, 27 (Ci), 27,13-27,19(C5 og C8), 129, 60-130, 04 (C6 og C7) . <13>C-NMR: 14.07(Ci4), 22, 65-31, 85 (C2-Ci3), 62, 27 (Ci), 27.13-27.19(C5 and C8), 129, 60 -130, 04 (C6 and C7) .
Fremstilling av l- bromtetradec- 6- en Preparation of l-bromotetradec-6-ene
Produktet fra 5 ble brominert med CBr4 ved 0°C i diklor-metan i nærvær av Ph3P. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt natten over. Utbyttet av l-bromtetradec-6-en var kvanti-tativt . The product from 5 was brominated with CBr4 at 0°C in dichloromethane in the presence of Ph3P. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The yield of l-bromotetradec-6 was quantitative.
<1>H-NMR: 0,87(CH3-), 1,27-1, 52(-CH2-) , 2,01(-CH2-C=) , 3,39(-CH2-Br) , 1, 45 (-CH2-CH2-Br) , 1, 85 (-CH2-CH2C=) , 5,34 <1>H-NMR: 0.87(CH3-), 1.27-1.52(-CH2-) , 2.01(-CH2-C=) , 3.39(-CH2-Br) , 1 , 45 (-CH2-CH2-Br) , 1.85 (-CH2-CH2C=) , 5.34
(-HC=CH-) . (-HC=CH-) .
<13>C-NMR: 14,00(Ci4), 22, 60-32, 68 (C2-Ci3) , 26, 97, 27,24(C5og C8) , 33, 75 (Ci), 129, 15-130, 32 (C6 og C7) . <13>C-NMR: 14.00(Ci4), 22, 60-32, 68 (C2-Ci3) , 26, 97, 27.24(C5 and C8) , 33, 75 (Ci), 129, 15- 130, 32 (C6 and C7) .
Fremstilling av ( Z) tia- heptadec- 9- enoisk syre Preparation of (Z)thia-heptadec-9-enoic acid
Bromodecén fra trinn 6 i metanol ble tilsatt til 3 ekvivalenter av KOH og 1,5 ekvivalenter av HS-CH2-C(0)OH i The bromodecene from step 6 in methanol was added to 3 equivalents of KOH and 1.5 equivalents of HS-CH2-C(0)OH in
metanol under argon i løpet av 30 minutter. Etter omrøring ved romtemperatur i 4 timer, refluksering i ytterligere 12 timer, etterfulgt av hydrolyse og ekstrahering med dietyleter, og deretter forsuring til pH 1-2, ble produktet, methanol under argon during 30 minutes. After stirring at room temperature for 4 h, refluxing for an additional 12 h, followed by hydrolysis and extraction with diethyl ether, and then acidification to pH 1-2, the product,
dvs. tittelforbindelsen, isolert som en viskøs olje i et utbytte på 60%. i.e. the title compound, isolated as a viscous oil in a yield of 60%.
De følgende analyser er blitt utført: IR, 600 MHz 1H og 13C NMR, MS, GC, GC-MS av metylestere. NMR-resultatene er vist nedenfor. Alle data gis som deler pr. million (ppm). Ingen spor av E-forbindelsen kunne detekteres. The following analyzes have been performed: IR, 600 MHz 1H and 13C NMR, MS, GC, GC-MS of methyl esters. The NMR results are shown below. All data are given as parts per million (ppm). No trace of the E compound could be detected.
<1>H-NMR: 0,86 (CH3-) , 1,16-1, 60 (-CH2-) , 1,99 (-CH2-C=) , <1>H-NMR: 0.86 (CH3-) , 1.16-1.60 (-CH2-) , 1.99 (-CH2-C=) ,
2,64 ((-CH2-S-), 3,22 (-S-CH2-C(0)OH), 5,33 (HC=CH). 2.64 ((-CH2-S-), 3.22 (-S-CH2-C(O)OH), 5.33 (HC=CH).
<13>C-NMR: 176, 63 (Ci), 33,34 (C2) , 32, 69 (C4) , <13>C-NMR: 176.63 (Ci), 33.34 (C2) , 32.69 (C4) ,
22, 63-31, 83 (C5-C7, Ci2-Ci6) , 129, 32 og 130, 24 (C9, Cio) , 26, 98 og 27,19 (C8, Cu), 14,08 (Ci7) . 22, 63-31, 83 (C5-C7, C12-Ci6) , 129, 32 and 130, 24 (C9, C10) , 26, 98 and 27.19 (C8, Cu), 14.08 (Ci7) .
B. Ikke- ft- oksiderbare fettsyreanaloger omfattende en karbon- karbon- trippelbinding. B. Non-fat-oxidizable fatty acid analogs comprising a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Syntesen av en forbindelse i samsvar med foreliggende oppfinnelse er representativt forklart med henvisning til syntesen av 3-tia-15-heptadekynkarboksylsyre, som gitt i The synthesis of a compound in accordance with the present invention is representatively explained with reference to the synthesis of 3-thia-15-heptadecinecarboxylic acid, as given in
Fig. 1. Fig. 1.
1. Fremstilling av 11- brom- l( tetrahydro- 2- pyranyloksy)-undekan. 1. Preparation of 11-bromo-1(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)-undecane.
Pyridintoluen 4-sulfonat (1,0 g, 4,0 mmol) og 11-brom-l-undekanol (10,0 g, 400 mmol) ble oppløst i tørr CH2CH2 (200 ml) ved omgivelsestemperatur, og 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (5,0 g, 60 mmol) ble tilsatt. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt natten over. Råproduktet ble renset med flashkromatografi på silikagel eluert med CH2C12. Utbyttet av 11-brom-1(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloksy)undekan var 10,7 g (80%). 2. Fremstilling av 14-( tetrahydro- 2- pyranoyl)- 2-tetradekyn. Pyridinetoluene 4-sulfonate (1.0 g, 4.0 mmol) and 11-bromo-1-undecanol (10.0 g, 400 mmol) were dissolved in dry CH 2 CH 2 (200 mL) at ambient temperature, and 3,4-dihydro -2H-pyran (5.0 g, 60 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with CH 2 Cl 2 . The yield of 11-bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)undecane was 10.7 g (80%). 2. Preparation of 14-(tetrahydro-2-pyranoyl)-2-tetradecyne.
Propyngass ble boblet gjennom en løsning av MeLi i dietyleter (0,8 M, 60 ml, 51,2 mmol) i en hastighet tilpasset for å sikre refluks av eteren. Etter at varmeutvikling hadde avtatt ble reaksjonen vurdert som ferdig (hvit slam-oppløsning). 11-brom-l(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloksy) undekan (produkt 2) (13,0 g, 38,8 mmol) ble tilsatt dråpevis til denne løsning i en periode på 20 min. Reaksjonsblandingen ble omrørt natten over, og vann (50 ml) ble forsiktig tilsatt dråpevis. Blandingen ble fortynnet med dietyleter og vasket med vann (5x), tørket (MgS04) og løsemidlet ble evaporert. Råproduktet ble renset med flashkromatografi med CH2C12 som elueringsmiddel. Utbyttet av 14-(tetrahydro-2-pyranoyl)-2-tetradekyn ble 8,5 g (74%). Propylene gas was bubbled through a solution of MeLi in diethyl ether (0.8 M, 60 mL, 51.2 mmol) at a rate adjusted to ensure reflux of the ether. After heat development had subsided, the reaction was considered complete (white sludge solution). 11-Bromo-1-(tetrahydro-2-pyranyloxy)undecane (product 2) (13.0 g, 38.8 mmol) was added dropwise to this solution over a period of 20 min. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and water (50 mL) was carefully added dropwise. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and washed with water (5x), dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with CH 2 Cl 2 as eluent. The yield of 14-(tetrahydro-2-pyranoyl)-2-tetradecyne was 8.5 g (74%).
3. Fremstilling av 12- tetradekyn- l- ol. 3. Preparation of 12-tetradecyn-1-ol.
Pyridinytoluen 4-sulfonat (0,3 g, 1,2 mmol) og alkynet (produkt 3) ble oppløst i etanol (25 ml) og oppvarmet til 50^ natten over. Løsemidlet ble evaporert, og distribuert mellom vann og CH2CI2. Vannfasen ble vasket med vann, tørket (MgS04) og løsemidlet ble evaporert av. Råproduktet ble renset med flashkromatografi med CH2CI2 som elueringsmiddel. Utbyttet av 12-tetradekyn-l-ol var 1,5 g (78%). 4. Fremstilling av 14- brom- 2- tetradekyn. 12-tetradekyn-l-ol (5,0, 23,8 mmol) ble oppløst i heksan (50 ml) og 10 dråper pyridin ble tilsatt. PBr3 ble tilsatt til denne blanding. Blandingen ble oppvarmet til 6Q°C i 3 timer, avkjølt, og vann ble tilsatt dråpevis. Blandingen ble vasket med vann, tørket (MgS04) og løsemidlet ble evaporert av. Råproduktet ble renset med flashkromatografi med heksan som elueringsmiddel inntil 2,5% EtOAc i heksan. Utbyttet av 14-brom-2-tetradekyn var 2,2 g (34%). 5. Fremstilling av 3- tia- 15- heptadekynkarboksylsyre. Pyridinytoluene 4-sulfonate (0.3 g, 1.2 mmol) and the alkyne (product 3) were dissolved in ethanol (25 mL) and heated to 50° overnight. The solvent was evaporated and distributed between water and CH2CI2. The aqueous phase was washed with water, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with CH 2 Cl 2 as eluent. The yield of 12-tetradecyn-l-ol was 1.5 g (78%). 4. Preparation of 14-bromo-2-tetradecyne. 12-tetradecyn-1-ol (5.0, 23.8 mmol) was dissolved in hexane (50 mL) and 10 drops of pyridine were added. PBr3 was added to this mixture. The mixture was heated to 60°C for 3 hours, cooled, and water was added dropwise. The mixture was washed with water, dried (MgSO 4 ) and the solvent was evaporated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography with hexane as eluent up to 2.5% EtOAc in hexane. The yield of 14-bromo-2-tetradecyne was 2.2 g (34%). 5. Preparation of 3-thia-15-heptadecynecarboxylic acid.
KOH (2,76 g, 49,0 mmol) ble oppløst i metanol (30 ml), og tioglykolisk syre (2,04 g, 22,1 mmol) i metanol (25 ml) ble tilsatt dråpevis. Etter 10 min. ble 14-brom-2-tetradekyn (5,5 g, 20,1 mmol) forsiktig tilsatt dråpevis, og blandingen ble oppvarmet til 50°C natten over. Blandingen ble avkjølt til 0°C, og 30 ml HC1 ble tilsatt (pH=l). Precipitatet ble filtrert, og vasket med vann (2x). Fast-stoffmaterialet ble oppløst i kloroform (100 ml), og vasket med vann (lx), tørket (MgS04) , og løsemidlet ble evaporert av. Utbyttet av forbindelsen 3-tia-15-heptadekynkarboksylsyre var 4,4 g (77%). KOH (2.76 g, 49.0 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (30 mL), and thioglycolic acid (2.04 g, 22.1 mmol) in methanol (25 mL) was added dropwise. After 10 min. 14-bromo-2-tetradecyne (5.5 g, 20.1 mmol) was carefully added dropwise and the mixture was heated to 50°C overnight. The mixture was cooled to 0°C and 30 ml of HCl was added (pH=1). The precipitate was filtered and washed with water (2x). The solid material was dissolved in chloroform (100 ml), and washed with water (1x), dried (MgSO 4 ), and the solvent was evaporated. The yield of the compound 3-thia-15-heptadecinecarboxylic acid was 4.4 g (77%).
<X>H NMR (300 MHz, CDC13)8: 1,26(10H, skarp m) , 1,3-1,4 (4H, <X>H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 ) 8 : 1.26(10H, sharp m) , 1.3-1.4 (4H,
m) , 1,46(2H, kvint=7,0Hz, sCCH2C#2-) , 1,60(2H, kvint, m) , 1.46(2H, quint=7.0Hz, sCCH2C#2-) , 1.60(2H, quint,
J=7,0Hz, -CW2CH3S-), 1,77(3H, t, J=2,6Hz, CHZC=) , 2,10(2H, J=7.0Hz, -CW2CH3S-), 1.77(3H, t, J=2.6Hz, CHZC=) , 2.10(2H,
tq, J=2,6, 7,0Hz, =CCH2-) , 2,65(2H, t, J=7,3Hz, - CH2S-) , 3,25 (2H, s, -SCW2COOH) , 10,40(1H, bred s, -COO#) . tq, J=2.6, 7.0Hz, =CCH2-) , 2.65(2H, t, J=7.3Hz, - CH2S-) , 3.25 (2H, s, -SCW2COOH) , 10, 40(1H, wide s, -COO#) .
<13>C NMR (75 MHz, CDC13)8: 3,35(CH3Cs), 18,61(=CCH2-) , 28, 60, 28,78, 28,78, 28,97, 29,04, 29,34, 29,38, 29,40, 32,70 <13>C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl3)8: 3.35(CH3Cs), 18.61(=CCH2-), 28, 60, 28.78, 28.78, 28.97, 29.04, 29 .34, 29.38, 29.40, 32.70
(CH2CH2S-) , 33,3"(-SCH2CO) , 75,20 (MeCsC-), 79,31 (MeCsC-), 176, 42 (CO) . C. Ikke- ft- oksiderbare fettsyreanaloger substituert i én eller flere posisjoner. (CH2CH2S-) , 33.3"(-SCH2CO) , 75.20 (MeCsC-), 79.31 (MeCsC-), 176, 42 (CO) . C. Non-ft-oxidizable fatty acid analogs substituted in one or more positions.
Én eller flere av hydrogengruppene på fettsyrekjeden kan substitueres med én eller flere forbindelser valgt fra gruppen som består av fluorid, klorid, hydroksy, C1-C4-alkoksy, Ci-C4-alkyltio, C2-C5-acyloksy eller d-C4-alkyl. Substituentene kan f.eks. inkorporeres i Formel (I) forbindelsen ved å selektere andre substrater i trinnene 1-4 ovenfor. One or more of the hydrogen groups on the fatty acid chain can be substituted with one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of fluoride, chloride, hydroxy, C1-C4-alkoxy, C1-C4-alkylthio, C2-C5-acyloxy or d-C4-alkyl. The substituents can e.g. is incorporated into the Formula (I) compound by selecting other substrates in steps 1-4 above.
Til slutt kan forbindelsene fremstilt i trinn (C) ovenfor omdannes til mettede forbindelser med en tradisjonell hydrogeneringsreaksjon, som således gir en R<1->gruppe som er fullstendig mettet (dvs. et alkyl), men som er substituert i én eller flere posisjoner. Finally, the compounds prepared in step (C) above can be converted to saturated compounds by a traditional hydrogenation reaction, thus giving an R<1-> group that is fully saturated (ie an alkyl) but is substituted in one or more positions .
Eksempel 2 Example 2
Toksisitetsforsøk for TTA Toxicity test for TTA
Toksisitetsforsøk, og tester for mutagenisk aktivitet vil utføres som beskrevet i PCT/NO99/00135. Toxicity tests and tests for mutagenic activity will be carried out as described in PCT/NO99/00135.
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Den biologiske aktivitet av de nye forbindelser i samsvar med foreliggende oppfinnelse vil bestemmes som beskrevet i den eksperimentelle seksjon ovenfor, eller som beskrevet i publikasjonene angitt ovenfor. The biological activity of the new compounds according to the present invention will be determined as described in the experimental section above, or as described in the publications indicated above.
Claims (12)
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