NO328007B1 - Use of mirtazapine for the manufacture of a drug for the treatment of sleep disorders - Google Patents
Use of mirtazapine for the manufacture of a drug for the treatment of sleep disorders Download PDFInfo
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- NO328007B1 NO328007B1 NO20023803A NO20023803A NO328007B1 NO 328007 B1 NO328007 B1 NO 328007B1 NO 20023803 A NO20023803 A NO 20023803A NO 20023803 A NO20023803 A NO 20023803A NO 328007 B1 NO328007 B1 NO 328007B1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
- A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
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- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Anesthesiology (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
Description
Oppfinnelsen vedrører anvendelsen av mirtazapin for fremstillingen av medisin for en behandlingsmetode for søvnforstyrrelser hos et individ. The invention relates to the use of mirtazapine for the preparation of medicine for a treatment method for sleep disorders in an individual.
Søvnvansker er en hovedmotivasjon for medikamentbruk. De oftest valgte medikamenter er de som interagerer med GABA neurotransmitter-reseptorsystemet i hjernen, de såkalte «minor tranquillisers» hvorav gruppen av benzodiazepin-medikamenter er det klassiske eksempel. Ulemper ved dagens tilgjengelige hypnotika er muligheten for uheldige reaksjoner, som etterlater dårligere søvn-kvalitet, bakruseffekter, avhengighetsfare, abstinensvirkninger og uønskede virkninger på den kognitive funksjon. Søvnkvaliteten avgjøres ikke bare av effekten av søvn, for eksempel hvorvidt søvnen har vært oppfriskende og har en positiv effekt på døsighet om dagen, våkenhet neste morgen, men også av objektive EEG-bestemte karakteristika som beskriver søvnstadier og -arkitektur. Sleep difficulties are a main motivation for drug use. The drugs most often chosen are those that interact with the GABA neurotransmitter receptor system in the brain, the so-called "minor tranquillisers", of which the group of benzodiazepine drugs is the classic example. Disadvantages of today's available hypnotics are the possibility of adverse reactions, which leave poorer sleep quality, hangover effects, risk of addiction, withdrawal effects and unwanted effects on cognitive function. The quality of sleep is determined not only by the effect of sleep, for example whether the sleep has been refreshing and has a positive effect on drowsiness during the day, wakefulness the next morning, but also by objective EEG-determined characteristics that describe sleep stages and architecture.
Oppdagelsen av forskjellige typer benzodiazepinreseptorer utnyttes for å åpne nye veier til farmakoterapi av insomni (angående oversikt, se C.K. Kirkwood; Management of insomnia; J. Am. Pharmaceut. Ass. Bd. 39, s. 688-696, 1999). Andre mekanismer for å indusere søvn utforskes også. De opiatlignende medikamentene, barbituratene og antihistaminene, er medikamentklasser som noen ti-år tidligere ble benyttet som innsovningsmidler, men bruken av disse er opphørt som følge av uønskede bivirkninger og/eller svakere effekt. Slike medikamenter benyttes fortsatt for andre forstyrrelser, hvorved hovedeffektene ville være bivirkninger ved behandling av søvnforstyrrelser. Nærmere bestemt er medikamenter som antagoniserer histaminreseptorer, sedative og søvninduserende, men benyttes ikke lenger regelmessig for behandlingen av søvnforstyrrelser på grunn av mindre selektivitet, mindre styrke og mindre sikkerhet sammenlignet med benzodiazepiner og deres moderne etterfølgere. The discovery of different types of benzodiazepine receptors is used to open new avenues for the pharmacotherapy of insomnia (for overview, see C.K. Kirkwood; Management of insomnia; J. Am. Pharmaceut. Ass. Vol. 39, pp. 688-696, 1999). Other mechanisms for inducing sleep are also being explored. The opiate-like drugs, barbiturates and antihistamines, are drug classes that some ten years ago were used as sleeping aids, but their use has ceased as a result of unwanted side effects and/or weaker effects. Such drugs are still used for other disorders, whereby the main effects would be side effects in the treatment of sleep disorders. Specifically, drugs that antagonize histamine receptors are sedative and sleep-inducing, but are no longer regularly used for the treatment of sleep disorders due to less selectivity, less potency, and less safety compared to benzodiazepines and their modern successors.
Mirtazapin er kjent som et anti-depressivt middel. For dette formål er det virksomt i døgndoser på 15-45 mg per person. Det er velkjent at dosen er avgjørende for effektiv terapi, særlig ved behandlingen av depresjon. Mirtazapin er rapportert å ha visse initiale sedative effekter, og som følge av dette er dets effekter på søvn blitt undersøkt. Det er rapportert at det i doseområdet 5-30 mg per person per dag er funnet forbedringer av forbigående eller situasjonsbestemt insomni, hvor dosen på 15 mg ble angitt å være å foretrekke fremfor 5 mg (Sørensen et ai, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 71:339-346; 1985). Også Winokur (Biological Psychiatry 1998; 45(8S):s. 106S) har undersøkt 15 og 30 mg mirtazapin på deprimerte pasienter med fremtredende søvnrelaterte lidelser og anbefaler videre undersøkelser av disse dosene for behandling av søvnforstyrrelser. Mirtazapine is known as an anti-depressant. For this purpose, it is effective in daily doses of 15-45 mg per person. It is well known that the dose is crucial for effective therapy, particularly in the treatment of depression. Mirtazapine has been reported to have some initial sedative effects, and as a result its effects on sleep have been investigated. It has been reported that in the dose range of 5-30 mg per person per day, improvements have been found in transient or situational insomnia, where the dose of 15 mg was stated to be preferable to 5 mg (Sørensen et ai, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 71: 339-346; 1985). Winokur (Biological Psychiatry 1998; 45(8S):p. 106S) has also investigated 15 and 30 mg mirtazapine in depressed patients with prominent sleep-related disorders and recommends further investigations of these doses for the treatment of sleep disorders.
Det har nå vist seg at mirtazapin kan benyttes til fremstillingen av en medisin for behandling av søvnforstyrrelse hos et individ, hvor behandlingen omfatter administrering av mirtazapin med en enhetsdose som omfatter mer enn 0,1 og mindre enn 5 mg mirtazapin, som med andre ord er en enhetsdose (innenfor området) mellom 0,1 og 5 mg mirtazapin. It has now been found that mirtazapine can be used for the preparation of a medicine for the treatment of a sleep disorder in an individual, where the treatment comprises the administration of mirtazapine with a unit dose comprising more than 0.1 and less than 5 mg of mirtazapine, which in other words is a unit dose (within the range) between 0.1 and 5 mg of mirtazapine.
I alminnelighet utgjør dette for en gjennomsnittlig person en behandlingsdose i området mellom 0,005 og 0,07 mg/kg. In general, for an average person this amounts to a treatment dose in the range between 0.005 and 0.07 mg/kg.
I motsetning til forventningene ble de gunstige resultatene som gjør for-bindelsen tilgjengelig som et brukbart alternativ til kjente foretrukne midler for behandling av søvnforstyrrelser, oppnådd med behandlingsdoser under det doseområdet som ble studert og anbefalt av Sørensen et al. og Winokur (sitert ovenfor). I det minste for enkelte pasienter kan mirtazapin i det ovenfor angitte doseringsområdet være et bedre valg enn valget av ett av de kjente søvn-forbedrende medikamenter med henblikk på en bedre søvnkvalitet etter behandling. Contrary to expectations, the favorable results that make the compound available as a viable alternative to known preferred agents for the treatment of sleep disorders were achieved with treatment doses below the dose range studied and recommended by Sørensen et al. and Winokur (cited above). At least for some patients, mirtazapine in the dosage range indicated above may be a better choice than the choice of one of the known sleep-improving drugs with a view to a better quality of sleep after treatment.
De mirtazapinmengder som er angitt i denne beskrivelse refererer seg til mengden fri mirtazapinbase. Mirtazapin inneholder et kiralitetssenter og kan eksistere om stereoisomerer. Foreliggende oppfinnelse inkluderer de nevnte stereoisomerer og hver av de individuelle (R)- og (S)-enantiomerene og deres salter, tilnærmet fri, dvs. blandet med mindre enn 5%, fortrinnsvis mindre enn 2%, særlig mindre enn 1% av den andre enantiomer, samt blandinger av slike enantiomerer i et hvilket som helst forhold, inklusivt racemiske blandinger som inneholder tilnærmet like mengder av de to enantiomerene. The amounts of mirtazapine stated in this description refer to the amount of free mirtazapine base. Mirtazapine contains a center of chirality and can exist in stereoisomers. The present invention includes the aforementioned stereoisomers and each of the individual (R)- and (S)-enantiomers and their salts, substantially free, i.e. mixed with less than 5%, preferably less than 2%, especially less than 1% of the other enantiomers, as well as mixtures of such enantiomers in any ratio, including racemic mixtures containing approximately equal amounts of the two enantiomers.
Individer som egner seg for en behandling muliggjort gjennom denne oppfinnelse, kan være et dyr eller et menneske. Oppfinnelsen er fortrinnsvis tenkt benyttet for et pattedyr, og fortrinnsvis for et menneske. Menn og kvinner responderer ofte ulikt på medikamentbehandling og lider ulikt med hensyn til søvn-forstyrrelsens natur, hyppighet og alvor. Det er dessuten forskjeller i behandlings-metoder for personer i ulike aldersgrupper, med hensyn til søvnproblemer. De eldre, voksne og post-menopausale aldersgrupper har forskjellige behandlingsbehov. Enkelte sider ved søvnkvalitetsforbedringen er viktigere for ulike aldersgrupper eller kjønn eller forskjellige søvnforstyrrelser. Slike faktorer av ulikhet må tas i betraktning ved valg av behandlingen ifølge denne oppfinnelse og ved valg av den nøyaktige mirtazapindose for behandlingen. Den helt eksakte dose og regimet for mirtazapin-administreringen vil nødvendigvis avhenge av behovene til vedkommende som den skal administreres til i form av et medikament, og av naturen eller behovene ved søvnforstyrrelsen og av behandlende leges vurdering. Generelt fordrer parenteral administrering lavere doser enn andre administrasjonsmetoder som er mer avhengige av absorpsjon. Døgndosen utgjør imidlertid mellom 0,005 og 0,07 mg/kg av mottagerens kroppsvekt. Mottageren er det individ som får mirtazapindosen for behandling av en søvnforstyrrelse. Individuals suitable for a treatment made possible by this invention can be an animal or a human. The invention is preferably intended to be used for a mammal, and preferably for a human. Men and women often respond differently to drug treatment and suffer differently with regard to the nature, frequency and severity of the sleep disturbance. There are also differences in treatment methods for people in different age groups, with regard to sleep problems. The elderly, adults and post-menopausal age groups have different treatment needs. Certain aspects of the sleep quality improvement are more important for different age groups or genders or different sleep disorders. Such factors of disparity must be taken into account when choosing the treatment according to this invention and when choosing the exact mirtazapine dose for the treatment. The exact dose and regimen of mirtazapine administration will necessarily depend on the needs of the person to whom it is to be administered in the form of a drug, and on the nature or needs of the sleep disorder and on the judgment of the attending physician. In general, parenteral administration requires lower doses than other administration methods that are more dependent on absorption. However, the daily dose is between 0.005 and 0.07 mg/kg of the recipient's body weight. The recipient is the individual receiving the mirtazapine dose for the treatment of a sleep disorder.
Det forekommer flere typer av søvnforstyrrelser hos mennesket, hvorav primær insomni er den vanligste og som fortrinnsvis velges behandlet med en lav dose mirtazapin i henhold til foreliggende oppfinnelse. Andre søvnforstyrrelser er for eksempel forbigående søvnforstyrrelser og sekundære søvnforstyrrelser. Søvn-forstyrrelsene kan diagnostiseres i henhold til de kriterier og metoder som er skissert i Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4. utg. (DSM IV) publisert av the Americal Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. (1994). There are several types of sleep disorders in humans, of which primary insomnia is the most common and which is preferably treated with a low dose of mirtazapine according to the present invention. Other sleep disorders are, for example, transient sleep disorders and secondary sleep disorders. The sleep disorders can be diagnosed according to the criteria and methods outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C. (1994).
Selv om det er mulig å administrere mirtazapin, eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt syreaddisjonssalt eller solvat derav, alene, foretrekkes det å fremby det som en farmasøytisk blanding beregnet for behandlingen av søvnforstyrrelser, og som omfatter mirtazapinet, eller et farmasøytisk akseptabelt syreaddisjonssalt eller solvat derav, blandet med ett eller flere farmasøytisk akseptable hjelpestoffer. Although it is possible to administer mirtazapine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt or solvate thereof, alone, it is preferred to present it as a pharmaceutical composition intended for the treatment of sleep disorders, comprising the mirtazapine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt or solvate thereof, mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
Medikamentet som omfatter mirtazapin kan administreres enteralt (f.eks. peroralt, rektalt, nasalt eller topisk) eller parenteralt (f.eks. via intramuskulære, subkutane, intravenøse eller intraperitoneale injeksjoner). The medicament comprising mirtazapine can be administered enterally (eg, orally, rectally, nasally, or topically) or parenterally (eg, via intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, or intraperitoneal injections).
En enhetsdose (=en doseringsenhet) er en mengde mirtazapin i en farmasøytisk tilberedningsform for administrering til et individ til et bestemt tidspunkt. En døgndose kan administreres som én eller flere doseringsenheter som er egnet for eksempel for peroral, rektal, sublingval eller nasal administrering eller gjennom huden (f.eks. transdermale plastere, eller i form av en krem). A unit dose (=a dosage unit) is an amount of mirtazapine in a pharmaceutical preparation form for administration to an individual at a specific time. A daily dose can be administered as one or more dosage units suitable for example for peroral, rectal, sublingual or nasal administration or through the skin (eg transdermal patches, or in the form of a cream).
For fremstilling av doseringsanordninger, så som piller, tabletter, suppositorier (mikro)-kapsler, pulvere, emulsjoner, kremer, salver, implantater, et plaster, en gel, og eventuelt andre tilberedninger for forsinket frigjøring, spray, injeksjonspreparater i form av en løsning eller suspensjon, kan det benyttes egnede hjelpestoffer, så som bærere, fyllstoffer, bindemidler, smøremidler, dispergeringsmidler, emulgerings-midler, stabiliseringsmidler, overflateaktive midler, antioksydanter, farvestoffer, konserveringsmidler og lignende, f.eks. som beskrevet i standardverket Gennaro et al., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18. utg., Mack Publishing Company, 1990, se spesielt Del 8: Pharmaceutical Preparations and Their Manufacture). Generelt er et hvilket som helst farmasøytisk akseptabelt hjelpestoff som ikke forstyrrer funksjoneringen av virkestoffene egnet og kan benyttes. For the production of dosage devices, such as pills, tablets, suppositories (micro)capsules, powders, emulsions, creams, ointments, implants, a plaster, a gel, and possibly other preparations for delayed release, sprays, injection preparations in the form of a solution or suspension, suitable auxiliary substances can be used, such as carriers, fillers, binders, lubricants, dispersants, emulsifiers, stabilizers, surfactants, antioxidants, dyes, preservatives and the like, e.g. as described in the standard work Gennaro et al., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, 1990, see especially Part 8: Pharmaceutical Preparations and Their Manufacture). In general, any pharmaceutically acceptable excipient which does not interfere with the functioning of the active substances is suitable and can be used.
Egnede fyllstoffer eller bærere som blandingene kan administreres med, er agar, alkohol, fett, laktose, stivelse, cellulosederivater, polysakkarider, polyvinylpyrrolidon, silika, sterilt saltvann og lignende, eller blandinger derav, anvendt i passende mengder. Suitable fillers or carriers with which the compositions can be administered are agar, alcohol, fat, lactose, starch, cellulose derivatives, polysaccharides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, silica, sterile saline and the like, or mixtures thereof, used in appropriate amounts.
Bindemidler er midler som benyttes til å gi en farmasøytisk blanding sammen-hengende egenskaper som resulterer i et minimalt tap fra den farmasøytiske blanding under produksjon og håndtering. Bindemidler er for eksempel cellulose, stivelser, polyvinylpyrrolidon og lignende. Binders are agents used to give a pharmaceutical mixture cohesive properties that result in minimal loss from the pharmaceutical mixture during production and handling. Binders are, for example, cellulose, starches, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
Et egnet smøremiddel som virkestoffet ifølge oppfinnelsen kan administreres sammen med, er for eksempel magnesiumstearat. A suitable lubricant with which the active substance according to the invention can be administered together is, for example, magnesium stearate.
Overflateaktive midler er midler som letter kontakten og migreringen av for-bindelser i forskjellige fysiske omgivelser, så som hydrofile og hydrofobe miljøer. Det er på fremstillingsområdet for farmasøytiske blandinger kjent mange overflateaktive midler, for eksempel som beskrevet i kapittel 19 i Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18. utg., Red. A.R. Gennaro; Mack Publishing Comp.; Easton, Pennsylvania). Overflateaktive midler som kan benyttes under fremstillingen av den farmasøytiske formuleringen, er for eksempel polyetylenglykol (PEG) og lignende. Surfactants are agents that facilitate the contact and migration of compounds in different physical environments, such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments. Many surfactants are known in the pharmaceutical formulation art, for example as described in Chapter 19 of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Ed. A.R. Gennaro; Mack Publishing Comp.; Easton, Pennsylvania). Surfactants that can be used during the preparation of the pharmaceutical formulation are, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the like.
Mirtazapin kan fremstilles ved å benytte fremgangsmåten beskrevet i US-patent 4.062.848. Mirtazapine can be prepared using the method described in US patent 4,062,848.
Det etterfølgende eksempel er en illustrasjon av anvendelsen av mirtazapin i henhold til oppfinnelsen. The following example is an illustration of the use of mirtazapine according to the invention.
Eksempel Example
Mirtazapin formuleres i doseringsenheter inneholdende 0,5 mg, 1,5 mg og 4,5 mg mirtazapin. Mirtazapine is formulated in dosage units containing 0.5 mg, 1.5 mg and 4.5 mg mirtazapine.
Doseringsenhetene som inneholder 0,5 mg (som tabletter) har den sammen-setning som er angitt i Tabell 1: The dosage units containing 0.5 mg (as tablets) have the composition indicated in Table 1:
For fremstilling av tabletter ble en sats på 100 g granulat med sammen-setningen angitt i Tabell 1 fremstillet ved på forhånd å blande hele mengden av mirtazapin (base) med 100 gram laktose 200 M i en 1 liter glassbeholder i 10 minutter på en Turbula mikser med 22 omdreininger per minutt (rpm). Blandingen siktes gjennom en 150 |am sikt før og etter tilsetningen av ytterligere 20 g laktose 200 M. Granulering ble foretatt i en mikser-granulator med høy skjærkraft, med resten av laktosen, maisstivelse og hydroksypropylcellulose. Granulatet ble tørket i et tørkeskap for bakker, klassifisert med en konisk siktemølle og blandet med aerosil og magnesiumstearat. Tablettene på 65 mg ble presset med en diameter på 5 mm og en konveksitetsradius på 7,5 mm. Tabletter med 1,5 og 4,5 mg mirtazapin ble fremstillet på tilsvarende måte, hvorunder laktosemengden ble avpasset for å kompensere for den økte mengde mirtazapin. For the production of tablets, a batch of 100 g of granules with the composition indicated in Table 1 was prepared by previously mixing the entire amount of mirtazapine (base) with 100 grams of lactose 200 M in a 1 liter glass container for 10 minutes on a Turbula mixer with 22 revolutions per minute (rpm). The mixture is sieved through a 150 µm sieve before and after the addition of a further 20 g of lactose 200 M. Granulation was carried out in a mixer-granulator with high shear, with the rest of the lactose, corn starch and hydroxypropyl cellulose. The granulate was dried in a tray drying cabinet, classified with a conical screen mill and mixed with aerosil and magnesium stearate. The 65 mg tablets were pressed with a diameter of 5 mm and a radius of convexity of 7.5 mm. Tablets with 1.5 and 4.5 mg mirtazapine were prepared in a similar way, during which the amount of lactose was adjusted to compensate for the increased amount of mirtazapine.
Doseringsenheter inneholdende 1,5 mg og 4,5 mg mirtazapin ble fremstillet analogt med en kompensatorisk reduksjon av mengden laktose 200 Mesh. Dosage units containing 1.5 mg and 4.5 mg mirtazapine were prepared analogously with a compensatory reduction of the amount of lactose 200 Mesh.
Virkninger av mirtazapin i lav dose på søvnen til pasienter med primær insomni: en parallell dobbeltblind sammenligning med placebo og temazepam Effects of low-dose mirtazapine on sleep in patients with primary insomnia: a parallel double-blind comparison with placebo and temazepam
Studien er en multisenterstudie med deltagelse av sentere i flere forskjellige land i Europa. The study is a multi-centre study with the participation of centers in several different countries in Europe.
Pasienter med primær insomni utvelges med diagnosekriterier i henhold til DSM IV. Pasientene må dessuten ha 2 av de følgende tre objektive kjennetegn: pasienter med søvnlatens >30 min, antall oppvåkninger >3 per natt; total søvntid <6,5 av i alt 8 timer. Patients with primary insomnia are selected using diagnostic criteria according to DSM IV. The patients must also have 2 of the following three objective characteristics: patients with sleep latency >30 min, number of awakenings >3 per night; total sleep time <6.5 out of a total of 8 hours.
Hoved-eksklusjonskriteriene er: sekundær insomni, søvnapnésyndrom, ikke-relatert alvorlig sykdom eller medikamentmisbruk. Studieutformingen er parallell, dobbeltblind, placebo og aktiv-kontrollert. Pasientene får behandling i 14 dager med en daglig administrering av enten 0,5 mg mirtazapin, 1,5 mg mirtazapin, 4,5 mg mirtazapin, 20 mg temazepam eller placebo. Observasjoner, vurderinger og målinger registreres ved å begynne med en uke placebobehandling (utvasking) før starten av behandlingen og avslutning med 1 ukes placebobehandling etter behandlingen for å vurdere rebound/abstinens-effekter. Bestemmelsesmetoden er poly-somnografi-(PSG) registreringer for nettene på dag -2, -1,1,13,14,15, hvor natten -1 er definert som natten umiddelbart før den første behandlingsdag. Subjektive vurderinger etter vurderingsskalaer for søvn og funksjoner om dagen (Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire, MOS sleep rating scale, clinical global impression scale, Bastani mood rating scale, Lader Bond mood rating scale, profile of mood states) foretas med spørreskjemaer morgen og kveld gjennom studieperioden. Psykometriske bestemmelser foretas om morgenen dag 1, 2 og dag 15, hvor dag 1 er definert som den første dag som medikament eller placebo administreres om kvelden. Blodprøver uttas om morgenen på dag 1 og dag 15 og om kvelden dag 15, og vurderingen foretas med registrering av vitale tegn og legeundersøkelse og laboratorie-bestemmelser. Forbedringen av kvaliteten, inklusivt effektivitet av søvn og sikker-heten, skadelige effekter og forekomst av rebound/abstinens-effekter ved behandlingen med medikamenter, observeres i forandringene før og etter behandling av de forskjellige parametere målt med de angitte metoder. Nærmere bestemt avdekker PSG-bestemmelser og subjektive og objektive vurderinger av søvn og ytelsen morgenen etter, informasjon om søvnparametere, så som de funksjonelle EEG-karakteristika, tiden for å falle i søvn, total søvntid, hyppigheten og varigheten av oppvåkning om natten, tiden for tidlig våkning om morgenen, fragmentering av søvnen, følsomheten for forstyrrende stimuli, oppfriskningsfølelser, uro eller tretthet etter oppvåkning, følelsen av balanse og koordinasjon etter å ha stått opp, søvn-hygienen på dagtid (så som forekomsten av en blund nå og da på dagtid), prestasjonsevnen i løpet av dagen som gjenspeiler seg gjennom tretthetsfølelse, vanskeligheter med å holde seg våken hele dagen, prestasjon i kognitive tester, som f.eks. vanlig reaksjonstid, siffer-årvåkenhetsoppgaver, reaksjonstid ved valg-situasjoner, hurtig bearbeidning av visuell informasjon, tracking, numerisk arbeids-hukommelse, ordgjenkjenning og nedtrykt stemningsleie om dagen, angst, forvirring, sinne, irritabilitet og bakruseffekter. Lader Bond mood rating skalaen gir separat vurdering på dagtid langs dimensjonene våken/døsig, rolig/opphisset, sterk/svak, omtåket/klartenkt, velkoordinert/ubehjelpelig, letargisk/energisk, tilfreds/misfornøyd, urolig/rolig, mentalt langsom/snarrådig, anspent/avslappet, aktpågivende/- drømmende, inkompetent/flink, glad/trist, antagonistisk/vennlig, interessert/kjedsom, tilbakeholdende/selskapelig, bekymret/sorgløs, deprimert/oppstemt og selv-sentrert/utadvendt. Bastani visual analogue skalaen gir vurderinger på dagtid separat av følelsene søvnig, kvalme, omtåket, rolig, aktiv, engstelig, irritabel, deprimert, «good overall», rastløs, underlig, oppglødd og nedstemt. The main exclusion criteria are: secondary insomnia, sleep apnea syndrome, unrelated serious illness or drug abuse. The study design is parallel, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled. The patients receive treatment for 14 days with a daily administration of either 0.5 mg mirtazapine, 1.5 mg mirtazapine, 4.5 mg mirtazapine, 20 mg temazepam or placebo. Observations, assessments and measurements are recorded starting with a week of placebo treatment (washout) before the start of treatment and ending with 1 week of placebo treatment after treatment to assess rebound/withdrawal effects. The method of determination is poly-somnography (PSG) recordings for the nights of day -2, -1,1,13,14,15, where night -1 is defined as the night immediately before the first day of treatment. Subjective assessments according to assessment scales for sleep and functions during the day (Leeds sleep evaluation questionnaire, MOS sleep rating scale, clinical global impression scale, Bastani mood rating scale, Lader Bond mood rating scale, profile of mood states) are carried out with questionnaires in the morning and evening throughout the study period . Psychometric determinations are made in the morning on days 1, 2 and 15, where day 1 is defined as the first day on which drug or placebo is administered in the evening. Blood samples are taken in the morning on day 1 and day 15 and in the evening on day 15, and the assessment is carried out with registration of vital signs and medical examination and laboratory determinations. The improvement in quality, including the efficiency of sleep and safety, harmful effects and occurrence of rebound/abstinence effects during the treatment with drugs, is observed in the changes before and after treatment of the various parameters measured with the indicated methods. Specifically, PSG determinations and subjective and objective assessments of sleep and performance the following morning reveal information on sleep parameters, such as the functional EEG characteristics, the time to fall asleep, total sleep time, the frequency and duration of awakenings during the night, the time of early morning awakening, sleep fragmentation, sensitivity to disturbing stimuli, feelings of refreshment, restlessness or tiredness after awakening, feeling of balance and coordination after getting up, daytime sleep hygiene (such as the occurrence of an occasional nap during the day ), the ability to perform during the day which is reflected in feelings of fatigue, difficulties in staying awake throughout the day, performance in cognitive tests, such as normal reaction time, number vigilance tasks, reaction time in choice situations, rapid processing of visual information, tracking, numerical working memory, word recognition and depressed mood during the day, anxiety, confusion, anger, irritability and hangover effects. The Lader Bond mood rating scale provides separate assessment during the day along the dimensions awake/drowsy, calm/excited, strong/weak, confused/clear-minded, well-coordinated/helpless, lethargic/energetic, satisfied/dissatisfied, restless/calm, mentally slow/hasty, tense /relaxed, attentive/- dreamy, incompetent/clever, happy/sad, antagonistic/friendly, interested/bored, reserved/sociable, worried/carefree, depressed/elated and self-centered/extroverted. The Bastani visual analogue scale provides ratings during the day separately for the feelings sleepy, nauseous, foggy, calm, active, anxious, irritable, depressed, "good overall", restless, strange, elated and depressed.
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2002
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