NO322769B1 - Fremgangsmate for skumdriv. - Google Patents
Fremgangsmate for skumdriv. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO322769B1 NO322769B1 NO20004970A NO20004970A NO322769B1 NO 322769 B1 NO322769 B1 NO 322769B1 NO 20004970 A NO20004970 A NO 20004970A NO 20004970 A NO20004970 A NO 20004970A NO 322769 B1 NO322769 B1 NO 322769B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- foam
- group
- oil
- aqueous solution
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 61
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims description 60
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 50
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002563 ionic surfactant Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011736 potassium bicarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000015497 potassium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000028 potassium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011181 potassium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydrogencarbonate Chemical compound [K+].OC([O-])=O TYJJADVDDVDEDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 62
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 27
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 20
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000033764 rhythmic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 1
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M Sodium bicarbonate-14C Chemical compound [Na+].O[14C]([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-DEQYMQKBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007865 diluting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010943 off-gassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
- C09K8/92—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation characterised by their form or by the form of their components, e.g. encapsulated material
- C09K8/94—Foams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/58—Compositions for enhanced recovery methods for obtaining hydrocarbons, i.e. for improving the mobility of the oil, e.g. displacing fluids
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
- Absorbent Articles And Supports Therefor (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Hydrogenated Pyridines (AREA)
- Soil Conditioners And Soil-Stabilizing Materials (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN1998/000057 WO1999051854A1 (fr) | 1998-04-06 | 1998-04-06 | Procede de recuperation du petrole par injection d'une solution aqueuse moussante |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO20004970D0 NO20004970D0 (no) | 2000-10-02 |
| NO20004970L NO20004970L (no) | 2000-10-24 |
| NO322769B1 true NO322769B1 (no) | 2006-12-11 |
Family
ID=4575046
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO20004970A NO322769B1 (no) | 1998-04-06 | 2000-10-02 | Fremgangsmate for skumdriv. |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6439308B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1093589C (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU6819398A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2327744C (zh) |
| GB (1) | GB2352260B (zh) |
| NO (1) | NO322769B1 (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO1999051854A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (65)
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| US20030146002A1 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2003-08-07 | Vinegar Harold J. | Removable heat sources for in situ thermal processing of an oil shale formation |
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| CA2462971C (en) | 2001-10-24 | 2015-06-09 | Shell Canada Limited | Installation and use of removable heaters in a hydrocarbon containing formation |
| US7055602B2 (en) * | 2003-03-11 | 2006-06-06 | Shell Oil Company | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery |
| CA2451641A1 (en) * | 2004-01-09 | 2005-07-09 | Laurie A. Hodgins | Method of placing blocking gel in gas producing formations in order to reduce water influx into the well bore |
| US20060076145A1 (en) * | 2004-10-13 | 2006-04-13 | Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. | Gas lift using a gas/oil mixer |
| CN1304830C (zh) * | 2005-03-30 | 2007-03-14 | 大庆石油学院 | 石英砂环氧树脂胶结非均质模型制作方法 |
| AU2007240367B2 (en) | 2006-04-21 | 2011-04-07 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | High strength alloys |
| RU2447275C2 (ru) | 2006-10-20 | 2012-04-10 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Нагревание пластов битуминозных песков с регулированием давления |
| US20080171672A1 (en) * | 2006-12-21 | 2008-07-17 | Cano Manuel Luis | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery |
| WO2008131173A1 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-10-30 | Shell Oil Company | Heating systems for heating subsurface formations |
| CN101126312B (zh) * | 2007-08-17 | 2013-01-23 | 中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所 | 波动石油开采法 |
| RU2477368C2 (ru) | 2007-10-19 | 2013-03-10 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Способ обработки углеводородсодержащих пластов с использованием неравномерно расположенных источников тепла |
| EP2240551A1 (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2010-10-20 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery |
| CA2714406C (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2016-07-12 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery |
| WO2009100301A1 (en) * | 2008-02-07 | 2009-08-13 | Shell Oil Company | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbons recovery |
| MX2010008647A (es) | 2008-02-07 | 2010-08-31 | Shell Int Research | Metodo y composicion para la recuperacion mejorada de hidrocarburos. |
| MX2010008649A (es) | 2008-02-07 | 2010-08-31 | Shell Int Research | Metodo y composicion para la recuperacion mejorada de hidrocarburos. |
| EA023150B1 (ru) | 2009-04-16 | 2016-04-29 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Способ и композиция для добычи углеводородов с искусственным поддержанием энергии пласта с очень высокой соленостью и высокой температурой |
| EP2261298A1 (en) | 2009-06-10 | 2010-12-15 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery |
| WO2011005746A1 (en) | 2009-07-09 | 2011-01-13 | Shell Oil Company | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery from a formation containing a crude oil with specific solubility groups and chemical families |
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| US8701768B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2014-04-22 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for treating hydrocarbon formations |
| US8889600B2 (en) | 2010-05-22 | 2014-11-18 | Stepan Company | Sulfonated internal olefin surfactant for enhanced oil recovery |
| US20120067571A1 (en) * | 2010-09-17 | 2012-03-22 | Shell Oil Company | Methods for producing oil and/or gas |
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| EP2658947A4 (en) | 2010-12-29 | 2014-05-21 | Shell Oil Co | METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR ADVANCED HYDROCARBON RECOVERY FROM A CRUDE OIL RESULTS |
| RU2471041C2 (ru) * | 2011-03-02 | 2012-12-27 | Валерий Владимирович Бодров | Способ очистки поверхностей от нефти и нефтепродуктов |
| CA2833291A1 (en) | 2011-04-20 | 2012-10-26 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Method and composition for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery |
| US9567512B2 (en) | 2011-05-16 | 2017-02-14 | Stepan Company | Surfactants for enhanced oil recovery |
| MX2013013404A (es) | 2011-05-27 | 2013-12-10 | Shell Int Research | Composicion y metodo para la recuperacion mejorada de hidrocarburos. |
| EP2751219B1 (en) | 2011-08-31 | 2018-11-07 | Shell International Research Maatschappij B.V. | Composition and method for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery |
| US20140262275A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Alkali polymer surfactant sandwich |
| US9605198B2 (en) | 2011-09-15 | 2017-03-28 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Mixed carbon length synthesis of primary Guerbet alcohols |
| CN102434137B (zh) * | 2011-12-16 | 2014-08-06 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 超低界面张力耦合式空气泡沫驱油方法 |
| CN102618246B (zh) * | 2012-03-08 | 2014-07-23 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种适用于油田开发的泡沫复合驱油方法 |
| CN102650206A (zh) * | 2012-04-25 | 2012-08-29 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种提高非均质油层采收率的方法 |
| CN102828733B (zh) * | 2012-09-04 | 2015-06-03 | 北京科技大学 | 一种使用泡沫复合体系开采油田剩余原油的方法 |
| EP2738234A1 (en) | 2012-11-29 | 2014-06-04 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Composition and process for demulsifying oil/water emulsions |
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| US10196555B2 (en) * | 2014-10-30 | 2019-02-05 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Subterranean producing zone treatment |
| CN105985483A (zh) * | 2015-02-05 | 2016-10-05 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 一种包裹无机核的聚合物微粒及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN104762078B (zh) * | 2015-03-18 | 2017-12-15 | 西南石油大学 | 一种多功能空气泡沫驱用发泡体系 |
| CN104989344B (zh) * | 2015-06-04 | 2017-05-10 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 一种确定氮气泡沫驱油过程中气体窜流程度的方法 |
| RU2716265C2 (ru) | 2015-10-19 | 2020-03-11 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Способ получения стирола |
| WO2017176454A1 (en) | 2016-04-03 | 2017-10-12 | Stepan Company | Enhanced oil recovery methods |
| CN106220781A (zh) * | 2016-07-21 | 2016-12-14 | 西安长庆化工集团有限公司 | 一种调剖用聚合物微球及其制备方法 |
| CN106958437B (zh) * | 2017-05-16 | 2019-03-15 | 东北石油大学 | 一种油井压裂提高采收率新方法 |
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| CN112240173B (zh) * | 2019-07-18 | 2023-06-02 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种基于泡沫循环的油气井冲砂洗井方法及用于油气井冲砂洗井的消泡液和起泡液 |
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| CN111648741A (zh) * | 2020-06-02 | 2020-09-11 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种中渗油藏的化学驱方法 |
| CN114517657A (zh) * | 2020-11-20 | 2022-05-20 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种用于高温高盐底水油藏的二元复合控水工艺 |
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| SU1760095A1 (ru) * | 1989-10-25 | 1992-09-07 | Государственный Научно-Исследовательский И Проектный Институт Нефтяной Промышленности "Укргипрониинефть" | Пенообразующий состав дл удалени жидкости с забо скважины |
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| US5074358A (en) | 1990-07-03 | 1991-12-24 | Alberta Oil Sands Technology And Research Authority | Surfactant-stabilized foams for enhanced oil recovery |
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| US5199490A (en) * | 1991-11-18 | 1993-04-06 | Texaco Inc. | Formation treating |
| US5307878A (en) | 1993-01-07 | 1994-05-03 | Marathon Oil Company | Polymer enhanced foams for reducing gas coning |
| US5363914A (en) * | 1993-03-25 | 1994-11-15 | Exxon Production Research Company | Injection procedure for gas mobility control agents |
| US5638902A (en) * | 1995-03-30 | 1997-06-17 | Martin; Waylan C. | Water flow obstruction process |
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| US5834406A (en) * | 1996-03-08 | 1998-11-10 | Marathon Oil Company | Foamed gel for permeability reduction or mobility control in a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation |
| US6022834A (en) * | 1996-05-24 | 2000-02-08 | Oil Chem Technologies, Inc. | Alkaline surfactant polymer flooding composition and process |
| GB2318814B (en) * | 1996-11-01 | 2001-02-21 | Sofitech Nv | Foamable gel composition |
-
1998
- 1998-04-06 AU AU68193/98A patent/AU6819398A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-04-06 US US09/647,854 patent/US6439308B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-06 GB GB0024418A patent/GB2352260B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-06 WO PCT/CN1998/000057 patent/WO1999051854A1/zh active Application Filing
- 1998-04-06 CN CN98813947A patent/CN1093589C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-06 CA CA002327744A patent/CA2327744C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-10-02 NO NO20004970A patent/NO322769B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NO20004970L (no) | 2000-10-24 |
| GB2352260A (en) | 2001-01-24 |
| WO1999051854A1 (fr) | 1999-10-14 |
| CN1093589C (zh) | 2002-10-30 |
| NO20004970D0 (no) | 2000-10-02 |
| AU6819398A (en) | 1999-10-25 |
| US6439308B1 (en) | 2002-08-27 |
| CA2327744C (en) | 2004-07-13 |
| CN1291253A (zh) | 2001-04-11 |
| GB0024418D0 (en) | 2000-11-22 |
| GB2352260B (en) | 2002-10-23 |
| CA2327744A1 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MK1K | Patent expired |