NO322732B1 - Saltlakebasert bore- og vedlikeholdsfluid. - Google Patents
Saltlakebasert bore- og vedlikeholdsfluid. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO322732B1 NO322732B1 NO19963296A NO963296A NO322732B1 NO 322732 B1 NO322732 B1 NO 322732B1 NO 19963296 A NO19963296 A NO 19963296A NO 963296 A NO963296 A NO 963296A NO 322732 B1 NO322732 B1 NO 322732B1
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- starch
- fluid
- silica
- brine
- group
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims description 76
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 title claims description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 86
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 33
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc bromide Chemical compound Br[Zn]Br VNDYJBBGRKZCSX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920001222 biopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910001622 calcium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dibromide Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Br-].[Br-] WGEFECGEFUFIQW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- 229920000881 Modified starch Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
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- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- -1 dihydroxypropyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000019426 modified starch Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 9
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- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium formate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=O WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
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- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
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- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- TWNIBLMWSKIRAT-VFUOTHLCSA-N levoglucosan Chemical group O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2CO[C@@H]1O2 TWNIBLMWSKIRAT-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- FEBUJFMRSBAMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2-{[3,5-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-phosphanyloxan-4-yl]oxy}-3,5-dihydroxy-6-({[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}methyl)oxan-4-yl)oxy]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-4-yl phosphinite Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC1C(O)C(OC2C(C(OP)C(O)C(CO)O2)O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(CO)OC(P)C2O)O)O1 FEBUJFMRSBAMES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017550 sodium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/12—Clay-free compositions containing synthetic organic macromolecular compounds or their precursors
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/08—Clay-free compositions containing natural organic compounds, e.g. polysaccharides, or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
- C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/04—Aqueous well-drilling compositions
- C09K8/06—Clay-free compositions
- C09K8/08—Clay-free compositions containing natural organic compounds, e.g. polysaccharides, or derivatives thereof
- C09K8/10—Cellulose or derivatives thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
- C09K2208/18—Bridging agents, i.e. particles for temporarily filling the pores of a formation; Graded salts
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S507/00—Earth boring, well treating, and oil field chemistry
- Y10S507/925—Completion or workover fluid
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/512,675 US5728652A (en) | 1995-02-10 | 1995-08-25 | Brine fluids having improved rheological charactersitics |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO963296D0 NO963296D0 (no) | 1996-08-07 |
| NO963296L NO963296L (no) | 1997-02-10 |
| NO322732B1 true NO322732B1 (no) | 2006-12-04 |
Family
ID=24040071
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO19963296A NO322732B1 (no) | 1995-08-25 | 1996-08-07 | Saltlakebasert bore- og vedlikeholdsfluid. |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5728652A (da) |
| EP (1) | EP0786507B1 (da) |
| AR (1) | AR003318A1 (da) |
| AU (1) | AU701372B2 (da) |
| CA (1) | CA2178767C (da) |
| DE (1) | DE69617623T2 (da) |
| DK (1) | DK0786507T3 (da) |
| NO (1) | NO322732B1 (da) |
Families Citing this family (43)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5728654A (en) * | 1995-08-25 | 1998-03-17 | Texas United Chemical Company, Llc. | Stabilized fluids containing soluble zinc |
| US6786153B2 (en) | 2002-09-19 | 2004-09-07 | Interflex Laser Engravers, Llc | Printing rolls having wear indicators and methods for determining wear of printing and anilox rolls and sleeves |
| US20030203822A1 (en) | 1996-07-24 | 2003-10-30 | Bradbury Andrew J. | Additive for increasing the density of a fluid for casing annulus pressure control |
| GB2315505B (en) * | 1996-07-24 | 1998-07-22 | Sofitech Nv | An additive for increasing the density of a fluid and fluid comprising such additve |
| US7267291B2 (en) | 1996-07-24 | 2007-09-11 | M-I Llc | Additive for increasing the density of an oil-based fluid and fluid comprising such additive |
| US6123159A (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 2000-09-26 | Actisystems, Inc. | Aphron-containing well drilling and servicing fluids of enhanced stability |
| US5881826A (en) * | 1997-02-13 | 1999-03-16 | Actisystems, Inc. | Aphron-containing well drilling and servicing fluids |
| US5804535A (en) * | 1997-06-09 | 1998-09-08 | Texas United Chemical Company, Llc. | Well drilling and servicing fluids and methods of increasing the low shear rate viscosity thereof |
| US6180571B1 (en) | 1997-07-28 | 2001-01-30 | Monsanto Company | Fluid loss control additives and subterranean treatment fluids containing the same |
| US6103671A (en) * | 1997-11-20 | 2000-08-15 | Texas United Chemical Company Llc. | Glycol solution drilling system |
| FR2774385B1 (fr) * | 1998-02-02 | 2000-08-18 | Schlumberger Cie Dowell | Compositions liquides viscosifiantes ou gelifiantes de facon reversible sous l'effet de cisaillement |
| SE514022C2 (sv) * | 1998-03-23 | 2000-12-11 | Perstorp Ab | En blandad formiat- och bromidsaltlösning för användning i borrvätskor |
| US6133203A (en) * | 1998-04-02 | 2000-10-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Drilling fluids and additives therefor |
| WO1999052991A1 (en) * | 1998-04-14 | 1999-10-21 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Methods and compositions for delaying the crosslinking of crosslinkable polysaccharide-based lost circulation materials |
| US6300286B1 (en) * | 1999-08-05 | 2001-10-09 | Texas United Chemical Company, L.L.C. | Divalent cation-containing well drilling and service fluid |
| FR2805823B1 (fr) * | 2000-03-02 | 2004-02-13 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Additif reducteur de filtrat et fluide de puits contenant cet additif |
| US6649571B1 (en) | 2000-04-04 | 2003-11-18 | Masi Technologies, L.L.C. | Method of generating gas bubbles in oleaginous liquids |
| US6454005B1 (en) | 2001-03-09 | 2002-09-24 | Clearwater, Inc. | Treating shale and clay in hydrocarbon producing formations with combinations of guar and potassium formate |
| US6913915B2 (en) * | 2001-08-02 | 2005-07-05 | Phoenix Pharmacologics, Inc. | PEG-modified uricase |
| DK1499694T3 (da) * | 2002-04-16 | 2010-11-08 | Texas United Chemical Corp | Viskøse olieagtige væsker og fremgangsmåder til boring og servicering af brønde dermed |
| US8034749B2 (en) * | 2002-12-31 | 2011-10-11 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Aerogels effective to reduce drilling fluid density |
| US6983798B2 (en) * | 2003-03-05 | 2006-01-10 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Methods and fluid compositions for depositing and removing filter cake in a well bore |
| US7268101B2 (en) * | 2003-11-13 | 2007-09-11 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Formate based liquid gel concentrates |
| AU2005250481B2 (en) | 2004-06-03 | 2009-10-08 | M-I L.L.C. | The use of sized barite as a weighting agent for drilling fluids |
| IL167566A (en) | 2004-08-16 | 2010-12-30 | Dsm Ip Assets Bv | Methods of preparation of monolayers and bilayers comprising ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and ballistic resistant articles manufactured therefrom |
| CA2613861C (en) * | 2005-06-30 | 2011-02-22 | M-I Llc | Brine based fluid loss pills comprising crosslinked polymer gels and solid salt particles |
| US8017563B2 (en) * | 2006-03-09 | 2011-09-13 | M-I L.L.C. | Diverting compositions, fluid loss control pills, and breakers thereof |
| US8377409B2 (en) * | 2009-09-15 | 2013-02-19 | Ati Properties, Inc. | Methods for making brines |
| US20120073809A1 (en) * | 2010-09-28 | 2012-03-29 | Eric Clum | Diversion pill and methods of using the same |
| AU2012250584B2 (en) | 2011-05-04 | 2016-11-10 | Texas United Chemical Company, Llc | Methods and compositions using hydrocarbon- based crosslinking fluids with non- detectable BTEX levels |
| CA2908866A1 (en) | 2013-04-10 | 2014-10-16 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Choline-based crosslinker compositions for fracturing fluids |
| US10233374B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 | 2019-03-19 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Polymer-based drilling fluids containing non-biodegradable materials and methods for use thereof |
| US10030187B2 (en) | 2014-08-05 | 2018-07-24 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Polymer-based drilling fluids containing non-biodegradable particulates and methods for use thereof |
| WO2017165753A1 (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2017-09-28 | Tetra, Technologies, Inc. | Improving the temperature stability of polyols and sugar alcohols in brines |
| GB2564063B (en) | 2016-03-24 | 2022-04-06 | Tetra Tech | High density, low TCT divalent brines and uses thereof |
| MX2018011602A (es) | 2016-03-24 | 2019-01-10 | Tetra Tech | Salmueras monovalentes con alta densidad y baja tct y usus de ellas. |
| US11091977B2 (en) | 2016-10-25 | 2021-08-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Methods for diversion and controlling fluid-loss using formate brine compositions |
| US10711174B2 (en) | 2016-12-05 | 2020-07-14 | Baker Hughes, A Ge Company, Llc | Divalent brine fluids having improved rheology and multifunctional properties |
| US10851278B2 (en) | 2017-10-24 | 2020-12-01 | Tetra Technologies, Inc. | Stabilization and reduction of TCT of brines containing monovalent iodides |
| US11021645B2 (en) | 2017-10-24 | 2021-06-01 | Tetra Technologies, Inc | Stabilization and reduction of TCT of divalent iodide-containing brines |
| US11453817B2 (en) | 2017-10-24 | 2022-09-27 | Tetra Technologies, Inc. | Stabilization of iodide-containing brines and brine mixtures |
| CN111378421B (zh) * | 2018-12-28 | 2022-06-03 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 压井液及其制备方法 |
| US11773705B1 (en) | 2022-09-30 | 2023-10-03 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Changing calcium carbonate particle size with starch for reservoir fluids |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1499034A (en) * | 1973-04-27 | 1978-01-25 | Chem Additives Co | Well bore fluids and methods for reducing water loss in subterranean formation |
| US4046197A (en) * | 1976-05-03 | 1977-09-06 | Exxon Production Research Company | Well completion and workover method |
| GB1591313A (en) * | 1976-08-09 | 1981-06-17 | Brinadd Co | Wellbore fluids and dry mix additive packages for use in such fluids |
| US4186803A (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1980-02-05 | Texas Brine Corporation | Well completion and work over method |
| US4427556A (en) * | 1980-10-14 | 1984-01-24 | Nl Industries, Inc. | Dispersible hydrophilic polymer compositions |
| US4735659A (en) * | 1986-08-18 | 1988-04-05 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Compositions and a process for preparing water dispersible polymers |
| US4822500A (en) * | 1988-02-29 | 1989-04-18 | Texas United Chemical Corporation | Saturated brine well treating fluids and additives therefore |
| US5514644A (en) * | 1993-12-14 | 1996-05-07 | Texas United Chemical Corporation | Polysaccharide containing fluids having enhanced thermal stability |
| GB9404374D0 (en) * | 1994-03-07 | 1994-04-20 | Ici Plc | Drilling fluids |
| US5616541A (en) * | 1995-02-10 | 1997-04-01 | Texas United Chemical Company, Llc. | Low solids, high density fluids for well drilling |
-
1995
- 1995-08-25 US US08/512,675 patent/US5728652A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-06-11 CA CA002178767A patent/CA2178767C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-06-12 AU AU55946/96A patent/AU701372B2/en not_active Expired
- 1996-07-23 DE DE69617623T patent/DE69617623T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-07-23 DK DK96305404T patent/DK0786507T3/da active
- 1996-07-23 EP EP96305404A patent/EP0786507B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-08-07 NO NO19963296A patent/NO322732B1/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-21 AR ARP960104064A patent/AR003318A1/es unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2178767C (en) | 2008-09-02 |
| DE69617623T2 (de) | 2002-08-08 |
| DE69617623D1 (de) | 2002-01-17 |
| AU701372B2 (en) | 1999-01-28 |
| CA2178767A1 (en) | 1997-02-26 |
| EP0786507A1 (en) | 1997-07-30 |
| DK0786507T3 (da) | 2002-12-02 |
| US5728652A (en) | 1998-03-17 |
| EP0786507B1 (en) | 2001-12-05 |
| AR003318A1 (es) | 1998-07-08 |
| NO963296L (no) | 1997-02-10 |
| NO963296D0 (no) | 1996-08-07 |
| AU5594696A (en) | 1997-02-27 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM1K | Lapsed by not paying the annual fees |